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--# -path=.:../romance:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
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--1 Spanish Lexical Paradigms
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--
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-- Aarne Ranta 2004 - 2006
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--
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-- This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
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-- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
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-- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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--
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-- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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-- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$.
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--
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-- The main difference with $MorphoSpa.gf$ is that the types
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-- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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-- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
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-- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
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--
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-- The structure of functions for each word class $C$ is the following:
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-- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
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-- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function $mkC$, which serves as an
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-- escape to construct the most irregular words of type $C$. For
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-- verbs, there is a fairly complete list of irregular verbs in
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-- [``IrregSpa`` ../../spanish/IrregSpa.gf].
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resource ParadigmsSpa =
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open
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(Predef=Predef),
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Prelude,
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CommonRomance,
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ResSpa,
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MorphoSpa,
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BeschSpa,
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CatSpa in {
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flags optimize=all ;
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--2 Parameters
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--
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-- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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oper
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Gender : Type ;
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminine : Gender ;
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-- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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Number : Type ;
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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-- Prepositions used in many-argument functions are either strings
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-- (including the 'accusative' empty string) or strings that
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-- amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' "de" and the
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-- 'dative' "a").
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Prep : Type ;
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accusative : Prep ;
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genitive : Prep ;
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dative : Prep ;
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mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
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--2 Nouns
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-- Worst case: two forms (singular + plural),
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-- and the gender.
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mkN : (_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> N ; -- bastón, bastones, masculine
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-- The regular function takes the singular form and the gender,
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-- and computes the plural and the gender by a heuristic.
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-- The heuristic says that the gender is feminine for nouns
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-- ending with "a" or "z", and masculine for all other words.
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-- Nouns ending with "a", "o", "e" have the plural with "s",
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-- those ending with "z" have "ces" in plural; all other nouns
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-- have "es" as plural ending. The accent is not dealt with.
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regN : Str -> N ;
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-- To force a different gender, use one of the following functions.
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mascN : N -> N ;
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femN : N -> N ;
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--3 Compound nouns
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--
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-- Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but
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-- the second part is not inflected. e.g. "número de teléfono".
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-- They could be formed in syntax, but we give a shortcut here since
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-- they are frequent in lexica.
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compN : N -> Str -> N ;
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--3 Relational nouns
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--
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-- Relational nouns ("fille de x") need a case and a preposition.
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mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
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-- The most common cases are the genitive "de" and the dative "a",
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-- with the empty preposition.
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deN2 : N -> N2 ;
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aN2 : N -> N2 ;
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-- Three-place relational nouns ("la connessione di x a y") need two prepositions.
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mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
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--3 Relational common noun phrases
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--
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-- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a
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-- relational noun (e.g. "the old town hall of"). However, $N2$ and
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-- $N3$ are purely lexical categories. But you can use the $AdvCN$
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-- and $PrepNP$ constructions to build phrases like this.
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--
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--3 Proper names and noun phrases
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--
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-- Proper names need a string and a gender.
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mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- Juan
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regPN : Str -> PN ; -- feminine for "-a", otherwise masculine
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-- To form a noun phrase that can also be plural,
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-- you can use the worst-case function.
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mkNP : Str -> Gender -> Number -> NP ;
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--2 Adjectives
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-- Non-comparison one-place adjectives need five forms in the worst
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-- case (masc and fem singular, masc plural, adverbial).
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mkA : (solo,sola,solos,solas, solamiento : Str) -> A ;
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-- For regular adjectives, all other forms are derived from the
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-- masculine singular. The types of adjectives that are recognized are
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-- "alto", "fuerte", "util".
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regA : Str -> A ;
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-- These functions create postfix adjectives. To switch
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-- them to prefix ones (i.e. ones placed before the noun in
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-- modification, as in "bueno vino"), the following function is
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-- provided.
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prefA : A -> A ;
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--3 Two-place adjectives
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--
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-- Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
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mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
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--3 Comparison adjectives
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-- Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two
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-- adjectives: the positive ("bueno"), and the comparative ("mejor").
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mkADeg : A -> A -> A ;
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-- If comparison is formed by "mas", as usual in Spanish,
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-- the following pattern is used:
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compADeg : A -> A ;
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-- The regular pattern is the same as $regA$ for plain adjectives,
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-- with comparison by "mas".
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regADeg : Str -> A ;
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--2 Adverbs
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-- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
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-- after the verb.
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mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
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-- Some appear next to the verb (e.g. "siempre").
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mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
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-- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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--2 Verbs
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--
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-- Regular verbs are ones inflected like "cortar", "deber", or "vivir".
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-- The regular verb function is the first conjugation ("ar") recognizes
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-- the variations corresponding to the patterns
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-- "actuar, cazar, guiar, pagar, sacar". The module $BeschSpa$ gives
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-- the complete set of "Bescherelle" conjugations.
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regV : Str -> V ;
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-- The module $BeschSpa$ gives all the patterns of the "Bescherelle"
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-- book. To use them in the category $V$, wrap them with the function
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verboV : Verbum -> V ;
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-- To form reflexive verbs:
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reflV : V -> V ;
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-- Verbs with a deviant passive participle: just give the participle
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-- in masculine singular form as second argument.
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special_ppV : V -> Str -> V ;
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--3 Two-place verbs
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--
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-- Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
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-- (transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the $V$.
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
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dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
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-- You can reuse a $V2$ verb in $V$.
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v2V : V2 -> V ;
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--3 Three-place verbs
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--
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-- Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
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-- the first one or both can be absent.
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- hablar, a, di
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dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- dar,(accusative),a
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dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- dar,(dative),(accusative)
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--3 Other complement patterns
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--
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-- Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
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-- questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
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mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
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mkVS : V -> VS ;
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mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
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mkVV : V -> VV ; -- plain infinitive: "quiero hablar"
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deVV : V -> VV ; -- "terminar de hablar"
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aVV : V -> VV ; -- "aprender a hablar"
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mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
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mkVA : V -> VA ;
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mkV2A : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A ;
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mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
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mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
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mkAS : A -> AS ;
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mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
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mkAV : A -> Prep -> AV ;
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mkA2V : A -> Prep -> Prep -> A2V ;
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-- Notice: categories $V2S, V2V, V2Q$ are in v 1.0 treated
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-- just as synonyms of $V2$, and the second argument is given
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-- as an adverb. Likewise $AS, A2S, AV, A2V$ are just $A$.
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-- $V0$ is just $V$.
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V0, V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type ;
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AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
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--.
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--2 The definitions of the paradigms
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--
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-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
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-- hidden from the document.
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Gender = MorphoSpa.Gender ;
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Number = MorphoSpa.Number ;
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masculine = Masc ;
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feminine = Fem ;
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singular = Sg ;
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plural = Pl ;
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Prep = Compl ;
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accusative = complAcc ;
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genitive = complGen ;
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dative = complDat ;
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mkPrep p = {s = p ; c = Acc ; isDir = False} ;
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mkN x y g = mkNounIrreg x y g ** {lock_N = <>} ;
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regN x = mkNomReg x ** {lock_N = <>} ;
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compN x y = {s = \\n => x.s ! n ++ y ; g = x.g ; lock_N = <>} ;
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femN x = {s = x.s ; g = feminine ; lock_N = <>} ;
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mascN x = {s = x.s ; g = masculine ; lock_N = <>} ;
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mkN2 = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = p} ;
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deN2 n = mkN2 n genitive ;
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aN2 n = mkN2 n dative ;
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mkN3 = \n,p,q -> n ** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = p ; c3 = q} ;
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mkPN x g = {s = x ; g = g} ** {lock_PN = <>} ;
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regPN x = mkPN x g where {
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g = case last x of {
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"a" => feminine ;
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_ => masculine
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}
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} ;
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mkNP x g n = {s = (pn2np (mkPN x g)).s; a = agrP3 g n ; hasClit = False} ** {lock_NP = <>} ;
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mkA a b c d e =
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compADeg {s = \\_ => (mkAdj a b c d e).s ; isPre = False ; lock_A = <>} ;
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regA a = compADeg {s = \\_ => (mkAdjReg a).s ; isPre = False ; lock_A = <>} ;
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prefA a = {s = a.s ; isPre = True ; lock_A = <>} ;
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mkA2 a p = a ** {c2 = p ; lock_A2 = <>} ;
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mkADeg a b =
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{s = table {Posit => a.s ! Posit ; _ => b.s ! Posit} ;
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isPre = a.isPre ; lock_A = <>} ;
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compADeg a =
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{s = table {Posit => a.s ! Posit ; _ => \\f => "más" ++ a.s ! Posit ! f} ;
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isPre = a.isPre ;
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lock_A = <>} ;
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regADeg a = compADeg (regA a) ;
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mkAdv x = ss x ** {lock_Adv = <>} ;
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mkAdV x = ss x ** {lock_AdV = <>} ;
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mkAdA x = ss x ** {lock_AdA = <>} ;
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regV x = -- cortar actuar cazar guiar pagar sacar
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let
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ar = Predef.dp 2 x ;
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z = Predef.dp 1 (Predef.tk 2 x) ;
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verb = case ar of {
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"ir" => vivir_7 x ;
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"er" => deber_6 x ;
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_ => case z of {
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"u" => actuar_9 x ;
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"z" => cazar_21 x ;
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"i" => guiar_43 x ;
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"g" => pagar_53 x ;
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"c" => sacar_72 x ;
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_ => cortar_5 x
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}
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}
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in verbBesch verb ** {vtyp = VHabere ; lock_V = <>} ;
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reflV v = {s = v.s ; vtyp = VRefl ; lock_V = <>} ;
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verboV ve = verbBesch ve ** {vtyp = VHabere ; lock_V = <>} ;
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reflVerboV : Verbum -> V = \ve -> reflV (verboV ve) ;
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special_ppV ve pa = {
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s = table {
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VPart g n => (adjSolo pa).s ! AF g n ;
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p => ve.s ! p
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} ;
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lock_V = <> ;
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vtyp = VHabere
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} ;
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mkV2 v p = {s = v.s ; vtyp = v.vtyp ; c2 = p ; lock_V2 = <>} ;
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dirV2 v = mkV2 v accusative ;
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v2V v = v ** {lock_V = <>} ;
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mkV3 v p q = {s = v.s ; vtyp = v.vtyp ;
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c2 = p ; c3 = q ; lock_V3 = <>} ;
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dirV3 v p = mkV3 v accusative p ;
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dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v dative ;
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V0 : Type = V ;
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V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type = V2 ;
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AS, AV : Type = A ;
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A2S, A2V : Type = A2 ;
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mkV0 v = v ** {lock_V0 = <>} ;
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mkVS v = v ** {m = \\_ => Indic ; lock_VS = <>} ; ---- more moods
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mkV2S v p = mkV2 v p ** {mn,mp = Indic ; lock_V2S = <>} ;
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mkVV v = v ** {c2 = complAcc ; lock_VV = <>} ;
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deVV v = v ** {c2 = complGen ; lock_VV = <>} ;
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aVV v = v ** {c2 = complDat ; lock_VV = <>} ;
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mkV2V v p t = mkV2 v p ** {c3 = t.p1 ; s3 = p.p2 ; lock_V2V = <>} ;
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mkVA v = v ** {lock_VA = <>} ;
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mkV2A v p q = mkV3 v p q ** {lock_V2A = <>} ;
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mkVQ v = v ** {lock_VQ = <>} ;
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mkV2Q v p = mkV2 v p ** {lock_V2Q = <>} ;
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mkAS v = v ** {lock_AS = <>} ; ---- more moods
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mkA2S v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A2S = <>} ;
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mkAV v p = v ** {c = p.p1 ; s2 = p.p2 ; lock_AV = <>} ;
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mkA2V v p q = mkA2 v p ** {s3 = q.p2 ; c3 = q.p1 ; lock_A2V = <>} ;
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} ;
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