diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/english/ExtEng.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/english/ExtEng.gf
index 714fa31f9..70e51605b 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/english/ExtEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/english/ExtEng.gf
@@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ concrete ExtEng of ExtEngAbs = CatEng ** open ResEng in {
     
   lin
  
-    PredAux np aux vp = mkS (np.s ! Nom) np.a
-      (\\t,ant,b,ord,agr => 
-       let 
-        fin  = aux.s ! b ;
-        vf : Str -> Str -> {fin, inf : Str} = \x,y -> 
-          {fin = x ; inf = y} ;
-      in
-      case ant of {
-        Simul => vf fin [] ;
-        Anter => vf fin "have"
-        }
-      )
-      (\\agr => infVP vp agr) ;
+    PredAux np aux vp = mkClause (np.s ! Nom) np.a {
+      s = \\t,ant,b,ord,agr => 
+        let 
+          fin  = aux.s ! b ;
+          vf : Str -> Str -> {fin, inf : Str} = \x,y -> 
+            {fin = x ; inf = y} ;
+        in
+        case ant of {
+          Simul => vf fin [] ;
+          Anter => vf fin "have"
+          } ;
+      s2 = \\agr => infVP vp agr
+      } ;
 
     can_Aux  = {s = \\p => posneg p "can"} ; ---- cannt
     must_Aux = {s = \\p => posneg p "must"} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/english/QuestionEng.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/english/QuestionEng.gf
index dbe158b80..9f1820f85 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/english/QuestionEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/english/QuestionEng.gf
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ concrete QuestionEng of Question = CatEng ** open ResEng in {
       } ;
 
     QuestVP qp vp = 
-      let cl = mkS (qp.s ! Nom) {n = qp.n ; p = P3} vp.s vp.s2
+      let cl = mkClause (qp.s ! Nom) {n = qp.n ; p = P3} vp
       in {s = \\t,a,b,_ => cl.s ! t ! a ! b ! ODir} ;
 
     QuestSlash ip slash = {
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/english/RelativeEng.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/english/RelativeEng.gf
index c8fce45fd..c81b949b7 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/english/RelativeEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/english/RelativeEng.gf
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ concrete RelativeEng of Relative = CatEng ** open ResEng in {
             RNoAg => ag ;
             RAg a => a
             } ;
-          cl = mkS (rp.s ! Nom) agr vp.s vp.s2
+          cl = mkClause (rp.s ! Nom) agr vp
         in
         cl.s ! t ! ant ! b ! ODir
       } ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/english/ResEng.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/english/ResEng.gf
index 064a584fc..a91ca2ece 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/english/ResEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/english/ResEng.gf
@@ -232,12 +232,12 @@ resource ResEng = ParamEng ** open Prelude in {
     s : Tense => Anteriority => Polarity => Ord => Str
     } ;
 
-  mkS : Str -> Agr -> VerbForms -> (Agr => Str) -> Clause =
-    \subj,agr,verb,compl0 -> {
+  mkClause : Str -> Agr -> VP -> Clause =
+    \subj,agr,vp -> {
       s = \\t,a,b,o => 
         let 
-          verb  = verb ! t ! a ! b ! o ! agr ;
-          compl = compl0 ! agr
+          verb  = vp.s ! t ! a ! b ! o ! agr ;
+          compl = vp.s2 ! agr
         in
         case o of {
           ODir   => subj ++ verb.fin ++ verb.inf ++ compl ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/english/SentenceEng.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/english/SentenceEng.gf
index c39f88cfe..4f97dc897 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/english/SentenceEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/english/SentenceEng.gf
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ concrete SentenceEng of Sentence = CatEng ** open ResEng in {
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
   lin
-    PredVP np vp = mkS (np.s ! Nom) np.a vp.s vp.s2 ;
+    PredVP np vp = mkClause (np.s ! Nom) np.a vp ;
 
-    PredSCVP sc vp = mkS sc.s (agrP3 Sg) vp.s vp.s2 ;
+    PredSCVP sc vp = mkClause sc.s (agrP3 Sg) vp ;
 
     ImpVP vp = {
       s = \\pol,n => 
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ concrete SentenceEng of Sentence = CatEng ** open ResEng in {
         dont ++ verb
     } ;
 
-    SlashV2 np v2 = mkS (np.s ! Nom) np.a (predV v2).s (\\_ => []) **
-      {c2 = v2.c2} ;
+    SlashV2 np v2 = 
+      mkClause (np.s ! Nom) np.a (predV v2) ** {c2 = v2.c2} ;
 
     SlashVVV2 np vv v2 = 
-      mkS (np.s ! Nom) np.a (predV vv).s (\\_ => "to" ++ v2.s ! VInf) **
+      mkClause (np.s ! Nom) np.a (insertObj (\\_ => "to" ++ v2.s ! VInf) (predV vv))  **
       {c2 = v2.c2} ;
 
     AdvSlash slash adv = {