diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/DisambPhrasebookEng.gf b/examples/phrasebook/DisambPhrasebookEng.gf
index 4520a209d..45202924a 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/DisambPhrasebookEng.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/DisambPhrasebookEng.gf
@@ -1,10 +1,21 @@
 --# -path=.:present
 
-concrete DisambPhrasebookEng of Phrasebook = PhrasebookEng - [Polite,Familiar] **  
-  open 
-    (R = Roles) in {
+concrete DisambPhrasebookEng of Phrasebook = PhrasebookEng - 
+   [YouFam, YouPol, GExcuse, GExcusePol, GSorry, GSorryPol, GPleaseGive, GPleaseGivePol] 
+  ** open SyntaxEng, ParadigmsEng, Prelude in {
 lin
-  Polite   = {s = "(polite)"   ; p = R.PPolite} ;
-  Familiar = {s = "(familiar)" ; p = R.PFamiliar} ;
+  YouFam = mkNP (mkNP youSg_Pron) (ParadigmsEng.mkAdv "(familiar)") ;
+  YouPol = mkNP (mkNP youPol_Pron) (ParadigmsEng.mkAdv "(polite)") ;
+
+  GExcuse = fam "excuse me" ;
+  GExcusePol = pol "excuse me" ;
+  GSorry = fam "sorry" ;
+  GSorryPol = pol "sorry" ;
+  GPleaseGive = fam "please" ;
+  GPleaseGivePol = pol "please" ;
+
+oper
+  fam : Str -> SS = \s -> postfixSS "(familiar)" (ss s) ;
+  pol : Str -> SS = \s -> postfixSS "(polite)" (ss s) ;
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/Greetings.gf b/examples/phrasebook/Greetings.gf
index bdbc1b5bc..f9ac0d072 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/Greetings.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/Greetings.gf
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ fun
   GHello  : Greeting ;
   GThanks : Greeting ;
   GHowAreYou : Greeting ;
-  GPleaseGive : Greeting ;
-  GExcuse : Greeting ;
-  GSorry : Greeting ;
+  GPleaseGive, GPleaseGivePol : Greeting ;
+  GExcuse, GExcusePol : Greeting ;
+  GSorry, GSorryPol : Greeting ;
   GGoodbye : Greeting ;
   GBye : Greeting ;
   GWhatsYourName : Greeting ;
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsEng.gf b/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsEng.gf
index b89fdabab..6cc23de57 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsEng.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsEng.gf
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ lin
   GHello = ss "hello" ;
   GThanks = ss "thank you" ;
   GHowAreYou = ss "how are you" ;
-  GPleaseGive = ss "please" ;
-  GExcuse = ss "excuse me" ;
-  GSorry = ss "sorry" ;
+  GPleaseGive, GPleaseGivePol = ss "please" ;
+  GExcuse, GExcusePol = ss "excuse me" ;
+  GSorry, GSorryPol = ss "sorry" ;
   GGoodbye = ss "goodbye" ;
   GBye = ss "bye" ;
   GWhatsYourName = ss "what's your name" ;
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsFin.gf b/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsFin.gf
index 220d1312b..f323beb98 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsFin.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsFin.gf
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ lin
   GThanks = ss "kiitos" ;
   GHowAreYou = ss "mitä kuuluu" ;
   GPleaseGive = ss "ole hyvä" ;
-  GExcuse = ss "anteeksi" ;
-  GSorry = ss "anteeksi" ;
+  GPleaseGivePol = ss "olkaa hyvä" ;
+  GExcuse, GExcusePol = ss "anteeksi" ;
+  GSorry, GSorryPol = ss "anteeksi" ;
   GGoodbye = ss "näkemiin" ;
   GBye = ss "hei hei" ;
   GWhatsYourName = ss "mikä sinun nimesi on" ;
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsFre.gf b/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsFre.gf
index bc5b8e9a5..17946558c 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsFre.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsFre.gf
@@ -3,36 +3,37 @@ concrete GreetingsFre of Greetings = open Roles,Prelude in {
 flags coding = utf8 ;
 
 lincat 
-  Greeting = RolePhrase ;
+  Greeting = SS ;
 
 lin 
-  GHello = roleNeutral "salut" ;
-  GThanks = roleNeutral "merci" ;
-  GHowAreYou = roleNeutral "comment ça va" ;
-  GPleaseGive = politeDistinct "s'il vous plaît" "s'il te plaît" ;
-  GExcuse = politeDistinct "excusez-moi" "excuse-moi" ;
-  GSorry = roleNeutral "pardon" ;
-  GGoodbye = roleNeutral "au revoir" ;
-  GBye = roleNeutral "au revoir" ;
-  GWhatsYourName = 
-    politeDistinct "comment vous appelez-vous" "comment t'appelles-tu" ;
-  GNiceToMeetYou = speakerDistinct "enchanté" "enchantée" ;
-  GSeeYouSoon = roleNeutral "à bientôt" ;
-  GHelp = roleNeutral "au secours" ;
-  GLookOut = roleNeutral "attention" ;
-  GGoodMorning = roleNeutral "bonjour" ;
-  GGoodDay = roleNeutral "bonjour" ;
-  GGoodEvening = roleNeutral "bon soir" ;
-  GGoodNight = roleNeutral "bonne nuit" ;
-  GImHungry = roleNeutral "j'ai faim" ;
-  GImThirsty = roleNeutral "j'ai soif" ;
-  GImTired = speakerDistinct "je suis fatigué" "je suis fatiguée" ;
-  GImScared = roleNeutral "j'ai peur" ;
-  GIdontUnderstand = roleNeutral "je ne comprends pas" ;
-  GTheCheck = roleNeutral "l'addition" ;
+  GHello = ss "salut" ;
+  GThanks = ss "merci" ;
+  GHowAreYou = ss "comment ça va" ;
+  GPleaseGive = ss "s'il te plaît" ;
+  GPleaseGivePol = ss "s'il vous plaît" ;
+  GExcuse = ss "excuse-moi" ;
+  GExcusePol = ss "excusez-moi" ;
+  GSorry, GSorryPol = ss "pardon" ;
+  GGoodbye = ss "au revoir" ;
+  GBye = ss "au revoir" ;
+  GWhatsYourName = ss "comment vous appelez-vous" ; ----
+  GNiceToMeetYou = ss "enchanté" ;
+  GSeeYouSoon = ss "à bientôt" ;
+  GHelp = ss "au secours" ;
+  GLookOut = ss "attention" ;
+  GGoodMorning = ss "bonjour" ;
+  GGoodDay = ss "bonjour" ;
+  GGoodEvening = ss "bon soir" ;
+  GGoodNight = ss "bonne nuit" ;
+  GImHungry = ss "j'ai faim" ;
+  GImThirsty = ss "j'ai soif" ;
+  GImTired = ss "je suis fatigué" ; ----
+  GImScared = ss "j'ai peur" ;
+  GIdontUnderstand = ss "je ne comprends pas" ;
+  GTheCheck = ss "l'addition" ;
 
-  GYes = roleNeutral "oui" ; ---- si
-  GNo = roleNeutral "non" ;
+  GYes = ss "oui" ; ---- si
+  GNo = ss "non" ;
 
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsIta.gf b/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsIta.gf
index 24a4d7a0e..1758722a5 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsIta.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/GreetingsIta.gf
@@ -1,36 +1,37 @@
-concrete GreetingsIta of Greetings = open Roles,Prelude in {
+concrete GreetingsIta of Greetings = open Prelude in {
 
 lincat 
-  Greeting = RolePhrase ;
+  Greeting = SS ;
 
 lin 
-  GHello = roleNeutral "ciao" ;
-  GThanks = roleNeutral "grazie" ;
-  GHowAreYou = roleNeutral "come sta" ;
-  GPleaseGive = roleNeutral "per favore" ;
-  GExcuse = politeDistinct "scusi" "scusa" ;
-  GSorry = politeDistinct "scusimi" "scusami" ; ----
-  GGoodbye = roleNeutral "arrivederci" ;
-  GBye = roleNeutral "ciao" ;
-  GWhatsYourName = 
-    politeDistinct "come si chiama" "come ti chiami" ;
---  GNiceToMeetYou = roleNeutral "piacevole" ; ----
---  GSeeYouSoon = roleNeutral "a poco tempo" ; ----
-  GHelp = roleNeutral "aiuto" ;
-  GLookOut = roleNeutral "attenzione" ;
-  GGoodMorning = roleNeutral "buongiorno" ;
-  GGoodDay = roleNeutral "buongiorno" ;
-  GGoodEvening = roleNeutral "buona sera" ;
-  GGoodNight = roleNeutral "buona notte" ;
-  GImHungry = roleNeutral "ho fame" ;
-  GImThirsty = roleNeutral "ho sete" ;
-  GImTired = speakerDistinct "sono stanco" "sono stanca" ;
-  GImScared = roleNeutral "ho paura" ;
-  GIdontUnderstand = roleNeutral "non capisco" ;
-  GTheCheck = roleNeutral "il conto" ;
+  GHello = ss "ciao" ;
+  GThanks = ss "grazie" ;
+  GHowAreYou = ss "come sta" ;
+  GPleaseGive, GPleaseGivePol = ss "per favore" ;
+  GExcuse = ss "scusa" ;
+  GExcusePol = ss "scusi" ;
+  GSorry = ss "scusami" ; ----
+  GSorryPol = ss "scusimi" ; ----
+  GGoodbye = ss "arrivederci" ;
+  GBye = ss "ciao" ;
+  GWhatsYourName = ss "come si chiama" ;
+--  GNiceToMeetYou = ss "piacevole" ; ----
+--  GSeeYouSoon = ss "a poco tempo" ; ----
+  GHelp = ss "aiuto" ;
+  GLookOut = ss "attenzione" ;
+  GGoodMorning = ss "buongiorno" ;
+  GGoodDay = ss "buongiorno" ;
+  GGoodEvening = ss "buona sera" ;
+  GGoodNight = ss "buona notte" ;
+  GImHungry = ss "ho fame" ;
+  GImThirsty = ss "ho sete" ;
+  GImTired = ss "sono stanco" ; ----
+  GImScared = ss "ho paura" ;
+  GIdontUnderstand = ss "non capisco" ;
+  GTheCheck = ss "il conto" ;
 
-  GYes = roleNeutral "sì" ; ---- si
-  GNo = roleNeutral "no" ;
+  GYes = ss "sì" ; ---- si
+  GNo = ss "no" ;
 
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/Phrasebook.gf b/examples/phrasebook/Phrasebook.gf
index 6a0fdad80..6872a9ace 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/Phrasebook.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/Phrasebook.gf
@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ abstract Phrasebook =
 flags startcat = Phrase ;
 
 fun
-
--- here rather than Sentences, because not functorial
-  PGreeting : Politeness -> Greeting -> Phrase ;
-----  PGreeting : Politeness -> Gender -> Gender -> Greeting -> Phrase ;
-              -- politeness level, speaker, hearer
+  PGreeting : Greeting -> Phrase ;
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookEng.gf b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookEng.gf
index 88feca11a..366fe90df 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookEng.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookEng.gf
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@
 concrete PhrasebookEng of Phrasebook = 
   GreetingsEng,
   WordsEng ** open 
-    (R = Roles),
     SyntaxEng,
     Prelude in {
 
 lin
-  PGreeting p g = mkText (lin Text g) (lin Text (ss p.s)) ;
+  PGreeting g = lin Text g ;
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookFin.gf b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookFin.gf
index db497db26..adae2240e 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookFin.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookFin.gf
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ concrete PhrasebookFin of Phrasebook =
     Prelude in {
 
 lin
-  PGreeting p g = mkText (lin Text (ss g.s)) (lin Text (ss p.s)) ;
+  PGreeting g = lin Text (ss g.s) ;
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookFre.gf b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookFre.gf
index b14d35eec..1c7b7a4c2 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookFre.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookFre.gf
@@ -4,12 +4,10 @@ concrete PhrasebookFre of Phrasebook =
   GreetingsFre,
   WordsFre
   ** open 
-    (R = Roles),
     SyntaxFre,
     Prelude in {
 
 lin
-  PGreeting p g = mkText (lin Text (ss (g.s ! p.p ! R.Male ! R.Male))) (lin Text (ss p.s)) ;
-----  PGreeting p s h g = mkPhrase (g.s ! p.p ! s.g ! h.g ++ p.s ++ s.s ++ h.s) ;
+  PGreeting g = lin Text (ss g.s) ;
   
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookIta.gf b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookIta.gf
index d28531e90..0f104a95a 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookIta.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookIta.gf
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@ concrete PhrasebookIta of Phrasebook =
   GreetingsIta,
   WordsIta
   ** open 
-    (R = Roles),
     SyntaxIta,
-    ParadigmsIta,
     Prelude in {
 
 lin
-  PGreeting p g = mkText (lin Text (ss (g.s ! p.p ! R.Male ! R.Male))) (lin Text (ss p.s)) ;
+  PGreeting g = lin Text (ss g.s) ;
 
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookRon.gf b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookRon.gf
index afb8d9ba8..ccf531634 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookRon.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookRon.gf
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ concrete PhrasebookRon of Phrasebook =
     Prelude in {
 
 lin
-  PGreeting p g = mkText (lin Text (ss g.s)) (lin Text (ss p.s)) ;
+  PGreeting g = lin Text (ss g.s) ;
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookSwe.gf b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookSwe.gf
index 1273c56c0..304949841 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookSwe.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/PhrasebookSwe.gf
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ concrete PhrasebookSwe of Phrasebook =
     Prelude in {
 
 lin
-  PGreeting p g = mkText (lin Text (ss g.s)) (lin Text (ss p.s)) ;
+  PGreeting g = lin Text (ss g.s) ;
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/Sentences.gf b/examples/phrasebook/Sentences.gf
index 97ca5d3bf..453db03f8 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/Sentences.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/Sentences.gf
@@ -7,14 +7,10 @@ abstract Sentences = Numeral ** {
     Place ; PlaceKind ; Currency ; Price ; Language ;
     Person ; Action ;
 
-    -- abstract parameters
-    Politeness ; 
-    -- Gender ; 
-
   fun
     -- these phrases are formed here, not in Phrasebook, as they are functorial
-    PSentence : Politeness -> Sentence -> Phrase ;
-    PQuestion : Politeness -> Question -> Phrase ;
+    PSentence : Sentence -> Phrase ;
+    PQuestion : Question -> Phrase ;
 
     PObject   : Object   -> Phrase ;
     PKind     : Kind     -> Phrase ;
@@ -50,9 +46,6 @@ abstract Sentences = Numeral ** {
 
     ThePlace : PlaceKind -> Place ;
 
-    I, You : Person ;
-
-    Polite, Familiar : Politeness ;
-    -- Male, Female : Gender ;
+    I, YouFam, YouPol : Person ;
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/SentencesFre.gf b/examples/phrasebook/SentencesFre.gf
index 3402c2db0..c4bbc842f 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/SentencesFre.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/SentencesFre.gf
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ concrete SentencesFre of Sentences = NumeralFre ** SentencesI - [WhetherIs, QAct
     (Syntax = SyntaxFre) ** open SyntaxFre, ExtraFre in {
 
     lin 
-      WhetherIs item quality = 
-        {s = \\_ => lin QS {s = \\_ => (EstcequeS (mkS (mkCl item quality))).s}} ;
-      QAction a = 
-        {s = \\r => lin QS {s = \\_ => (EstcequeS (mkS (a.s ! r))).s}} ;
+      WhetherIs item quality = lin QS {s = \\_ => (EstcequeS (mkS (mkCl item quality))).s} ;
+      QAction a = lin QS {s = \\_ => (EstcequeS (mkS a)).s} ;
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/SentencesI.gf b/examples/phrasebook/SentencesI.gf
index 47029360f..e7b7e0832 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/SentencesI.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/SentencesI.gf
@@ -2,14 +2,12 @@ incomplete concrete SentencesI of Sentences = Numeral **
   open
     DiffPhrasebook, 
     Syntax,
-    (R = Roles),
     Prelude
   in {
   lincat
     Phrase = Text ;
-    Politeness = {s : Str ; p : R.Politeness} ;
-    Sentence = {s : R.Politeness => S} ; 
-    Question = {s : R.Politeness => QS} ; 
+    Sentence = S ;
+    Question = QS ;
     Item = NP ;
     Kind = CN ;
     Quality = AP ;
@@ -18,15 +16,12 @@ incomplete concrete SentencesI of Sentences = Numeral **
     PlaceKind = CN ;
     Currency = CN ;
     Price = NP ;
-    Action = {s : R.Politeness => Cl} ;
-    Person = {s : R.Politeness => NP} ;
+    Action = Cl ;
+    Person = NP ;
     Language = NP ;
   lin
---- todo: add speaker and hearer genders
-    PSentence p g = let s = g.s ! p.p in 
-                    mkText (mkText s | lin Text (mkUtt s)) (lin Text (ss p.s)) ;  -- optional '.'
-    PQuestion p g = let s = g.s ! p.p in 
-                    mkText (mkText s | lin Text (mkUtt s)) (lin Text (ss p.s)) ;  -- optional '?'
+    PSentence s = mkText s | lin Text (mkUtt s) ;  -- optional '.'
+    PQuestion s = mkText s | lin Text (mkUtt s) ;  -- optional '?'
 
     PObject x = mkPhrase (mkUtt x) ;
     PKind x = mkPhrase (mkUtt x) ;
@@ -38,17 +33,17 @@ incomplete concrete SentencesI of Sentences = Numeral **
     PPrice x = mkPhrase (mkUtt x) ;
     PLanguage x = mkPhrase (mkUtt x) ;
 
-    Is item quality = neutralS (mkS (mkCl item quality)) ;
-    IsNot item quality = neutralS (mkS negativePol (mkCl item quality)) ;
-    WhetherIs item quality = neutralQS (mkQS (mkQCl (mkCl item quality))) ;
-    WhereIs place = neutralQS (mkQS (mkQCl where_IAdv place)) ;
+    Is item quality = mkS (mkCl item quality) ;
+    IsNot item quality = mkS negativePol (mkCl item quality) ;
+    WhetherIs item quality = mkQS (mkQCl (mkCl item quality)) ;
+    WhereIs place = mkQS (mkQCl where_IAdv place) ;
 
-    SAction a = {s = \\p => mkS (a.s ! p)} ;
-    SNotAction a = {s = \\p => mkS negativePol (a.s ! p)} ;
-    QAction a = {s = \\p => mkQS (mkQCl (a.s ! p))} ;
+    SAction = mkS ;
+    SNotAction = mkS negativePol ;
+    QAction a = mkQS (mkQCl a) ;
 
-    HowMuchCost item = neutralQS (mkQS (mkQCl how8much_IAdv (mkCl item cost_V))) ; 
-    ItCost item price = neutralS (mkS (mkCl item cost_V2 price)) ;
+    HowMuchCost item = mkQS (mkQCl how8much_IAdv (mkCl item cost_V)) ; 
+    ItCost item price = mkS (mkCl item cost_V2 price) ;
  
     AmountCurrency num curr = mkNP <lin Numeral num : Numeral> curr ;
 
@@ -67,23 +62,12 @@ incomplete concrete SentencesI of Sentences = Numeral **
     Too quality = mkAP too_AdA quality ;
     ThePlace kind = mkNP the_Quant kind ;
 
-    I   = {s = \\_ => mkNP i_Pron} ;
-    You = {s = table {R.PPolite => mkNP youPol_Pron ; R.PFamiliar => mkNP youSg_Pron}} ;
-
-    Polite = {s = [] ; p = R.PPolite} ;
-    Familiar = {s = [] ; p = R.PFamiliar} ;
---  Male = {s = [] ; g = R.Male} ;
---  Female = {s = [] ; g = R.Female} ;
+    I = mkNP i_Pron ;
+    YouFam = mkNP youSg_Pron ;
+    YouPol = mkNP youPol_Pron ;
 
 oper 
   mkPhrase : Utt -> Text = \u -> lin Text u ; -- no punctuation
 
-  politeS   : S -> S   -> {s : R.Politeness => S}  = \pol,fam -> 
-    {s = table {R.PPolite => pol ; R.PFamiliar => fam}} ;
-  neutralS  : S        -> {s : R.Politeness => S}  = \pol -> politeS pol pol ;
-  politeQS  : QS -> QS -> {s : R.Politeness => QS} = \pol,fam -> 
-    {s = table {R.PPolite => pol ; R.PFamiliar => fam}} ;
-  neutralQS : QS       -> {s : R.Politeness => QS} = \pol -> politeQS pol pol ;
----- it would be greate to use overloading here
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/WordsEng.gf b/examples/phrasebook/WordsEng.gf
index d1ce58811..2e94eb4ff 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/WordsEng.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/WordsEng.gf
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 -- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
 
 concrete WordsEng of Words = SentencesEng ** 
-    open SyntaxEng, ParadigmsEng, IrregEng, (R = Roles) in {
+    open SyntaxEng, ParadigmsEng, IrregEng in {
   lin
     Wine = mkCN (mkN "wine") ;
     Beer = mkCN (mkN "beer") ;
@@ -33,13 +33,11 @@ concrete WordsEng of Words = SentencesEng **
     Romanian = mkNP (mkPN "Romanian") ;
     Swedish = mkNP (mkPN "Swedish") ;
 
-    AWant p obj = neutralA (mkCl (np p) (mkV2 (mkV "want")) obj) ;
-    ALike p item = neutralA (mkCl (np p) (mkV2 (mkV "like")) item) ;
-    AHave p kind = neutralA (mkCl (np p) have_V2 (mkNP kind)) ;
-    ASpeak p lang = neutralA (mkCl (np p)  (mkV2 IrregEng.speak_V) lang) ;
-    ALove p q = neutralA (mkCl (np p) (mkV2 (mkV "love")) (np q)) ;
+    AWant p obj = mkCl p (mkV2 (mkV "want")) obj ;
+    ALike p item = mkCl p (mkV2 (mkV "like")) item ;
+    AHave p kind = mkCl p have_V2 (mkNP kind) ;
+    ASpeak p lang = mkCl p  (mkV2 IrregEng.speak_V) lang ;
+    ALove p q = mkCl p (mkV2 (mkV "love")) q ;
+
 
-  oper
-    neutralA : Cl -> {s : R.Politeness => Cl}  = \pol -> {s = \\_ => pol} ;
-    np : {s : R.Politeness => NP} -> NP = \p -> p.s ! R.PPolite ;
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/WordsFin.gf b/examples/phrasebook/WordsFin.gf
index 53d8c1897..140c7a343 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/WordsFin.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/WordsFin.gf
@@ -31,16 +31,15 @@ concrete WordsFin of Words = SentencesFin **
     Dollar = mkCN (mkN "dollari") ;
     Lei = mkCN (mkN "lei") ;
 
+    AWant p obj = mkCl p want_V2 obj ;
+    ALike p item = mkCl p like_V2 item ;
+    AHave p kind = mkCl p have_V2 (mkNP kind) ;
+    ASpeak p lang = mkCl p  (mkV2 (mkV "puhua") partitive) lang ;
+    ALove p q = mkCl p (mkV2 (mkV "rakastaa") partitive) q ;
+
     English = mkNP (mkPN "englanti") ;
     Finnish = mkNP (mkPN (mkN "suomi" "suomia")) ;
     French = mkNP (mkPN "ranska") ; 
     Romanian = mkNP (mkPN "romania") ;
     Swedish = mkNP (mkPN "ruotsi") ;
-
-    AWant p obj = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) want_V2 obj} ;
-    ALike p item = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) like_V2 item} ;
-    AHave p kind = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) have_V2 (mkNP kind)} ;
-    ASpeak p lang = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) (mkV2 (mkV "puhua") partitive) lang} ;
-    ALove p q = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) (mkV2 (mkV "rakastaa") partitive) (q.s ! r)} ;
-
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/WordsFre.gf b/examples/phrasebook/WordsFre.gf
index a0f406953..266d0ed6c 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/WordsFre.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/WordsFre.gf
@@ -35,21 +35,19 @@ Boring = mkAPA "ennuyeux" ;
     Dollar = mkCN (mkN "dollar") ;
     Lei = mkCN (mkN "lei") ; ---- ?
 
+    AWant p obj = mkCl p want_V2 obj ;
+    ALike p item = mkCl item plaire_V2 p ;
+    AHave p kind = mkCl p have_V2 (mkNP kind) ;
+    ASpeak p lang = mkCl p  (mkV2 (mkV "parler")) lang ;
+    ALove p q = mkCl p (mkV2 (mkV "aimer")) q ;
+
     English = mkNP (mkPN "anglais") ;
     Finnish = mkNP (mkPN "finnois") ;
     French = mkNP (mkPN "français") ; 
     Romanian = mkNP (mkPN "roumain") ;
     Swedish = mkNP (mkPN "suédois") ;
 
-    AWant p obj = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) want_V2 obj} ;
-    ALike p item = {s = \\r => mkCl item plaire_V2 (p.s ! r)} ;
-    AHave p kind = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) have_V2 (mkNP kind)} ;
-    ASpeak p lang = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) (mkV2 (mkV "parler")) lang} ;
-    ALove p q = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) (mkV2 (mkV "aimer")) (q.s ! r)} ;
-
-
-  oper
-    mkAPA : (_ : Str) -> AP = \x -> mkAP (mkA x) ;
-
+oper
+mkAPA : (_ : Str) -> AP = \x -> mkAP (mkA x) ;
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/WordsIta.gf b/examples/phrasebook/WordsIta.gf
index c28fbc302..43a19c4fe 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/WordsIta.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/WordsIta.gf
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Cheese = mkCN (mkN "formaggio") ;
 Fish = mkCN (mkN "pesce") ;
 Pizza = mkCN (mkN "pizza") ;
 
-Itash = mkAP (mkA "frasco") ;
+Fresh = mkAP (mkA "fresco") ;
 Warm = mkAPA "caldo" ;
 Italian = mkAPA "italiano" ;
 Expensive = mkAPA "caro" ;
@@ -33,18 +33,18 @@ Boring = mkAPA "noioso" ;
     Dollar = mkCN (mkN "dollar") ;
     Lei = mkCN (mkN "lei") ; ---- ?
 
+    AWant p obj = mkCl p want_V2 obj ;
+    ALike p item = mkCl item (mkV2 (mkV (piacere_64 "piacere")) dative) p ;
+    AHave p kind = mkCl p have_V2 (mkNP kind) ;
+    ASpeak p lang = mkCl p  (mkV2 (mkV "parlare")) lang ;
+    ALove p q = mkCl p (mkV2 (mkV "amare")) q ;
+
     English = mkNP (mkPN "inglese") ;
     Finnish = mkNP (mkPN "finnico") ;
-    Itanch = mkNP (mkPN "francese") ; 
+    French = mkNP (mkPN "francese") ; 
     Romanian = mkNP (mkPN "romano") ;
     Swedish = mkNP (mkPN "svedese") ;
 
-    AWant p obj = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) want_V2 obj} ;
-    ALike p item = {s = \\r => mkCl item (mkV2 (mkV (piacere_64 "piacere")) dative) (p.s ! r)} ;
-    AHave p kind = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) have_V2 (mkNP kind)} ;
-    ASpeak p lang = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) (mkV2 (mkV "parlare")) lang} ;
-    ALove p q = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) (mkV2 (mkV "amare")) (q.s ! r)} ;
-
 oper
 mkAPA : (_ : Str) -> AP = \x -> mkAP (mkA x) ;
 
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/WordsRon.gf b/examples/phrasebook/WordsRon.gf
index 69c9bcd93..922ee0e71 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/WordsRon.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/WordsRon.gf
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 concrete WordsRon of Words = SentencesRon ** open
   SyntaxRon,
   ParadigmsRon,
-  DiffPhrasebookRon,
-  (R = Roles) in
+  DiffPhrasebookRon in
 {
 flags coding=utf8 ;
 
@@ -35,18 +34,18 @@ Boring = mkAPA "plictisitor" "plictisitoare" "plictisitori" "plictisitoare" ;
     Dollar = mkCN (mkN "dolar" masculine) ;
     Lei = mkCN (mkN "leu" "lei") ;
 
+    AWant p obj = mkCl p want_V2 obj ;
+    ALike p item = mkCl p like_V2 item ;
+    AHave p kind = mkCl p have_V2 (SyntaxRon.mkNP kind) ;
+    ASpeak p lang = mkCl p  (dirV2 (mkV "vorbi")) lang ;
+    ALove p q = mkCl p (dirV2 (mkV "iubi")) q ;
+
     English = SyntaxRon.mkNP (mkPN "engleză") ; ---- ?
 --    Finnish = mkNP (mkPN "finnois") ;
 --    French = mkNP (mkPN "français") ; 
     Romanian = SyntaxRon.mkNP (mkPN "română") ; ---- ?
 --    Swedish = mkNP (mkPN "suédois") ;
 
-    AWant p obj = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) want_V2 obj} ;
-    ALike p item = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) like_V2 item} ;
-    AHave p kind = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) have_V2 (SyntaxRon.mkNP kind)} ;
-    ASpeak p lang = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) (dirV2 (mkV "vorbi")) lang} ;
-    ALove p q = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! R.PPolite) (dirV2 (mkV "iubi")) (q.s ! r)} ; ---- linking slow
-
 oper
 mkAPA : (_,_,_,_ : Str) -> AP = \x,y,z,u -> mkAP (mkA x y z u) ;
 
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/WordsSwe.gf b/examples/phrasebook/WordsSwe.gf
index 2f5f83944..19160d004 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/WordsSwe.gf
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/WordsSwe.gf
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ concrete WordsSwe of Words = SentencesSwe **
     Romanian = mkNP (mkPN "rumänska") ;
     Swedish = mkNP (mkPN "svenska") ;
 
-    AWant p obj = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) want_VV (mkVP have_V2 obj)} ;
-    ALike p item = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) (mkV2 (mkV "tycker") (mkPrep "om")) item} ;
-    AHave p kind = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) have_V2 (mkNP kind)} ;
-    ASpeak p lang = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r)  (mkV2 (mkV "tala")) lang} ;
-    ALove p q = {s = \\r => mkCl (p.s ! r) (mkV2 (mkV "älska")) (q.s ! r)} ;
+    AWant p obj = mkCl p want_VV (mkVP have_V2 obj) ;
+    ALike p item = mkCl p (mkV2 (mkV "tycker") (mkPrep "om")) item ;
+    AHave p kind = mkCl p have_V2 (mkNP kind) ;
+    ASpeak p lang = mkCl p  (mkV2 (mkV "tala")) lang ;
+    ALove p q = mkCl p (mkV2 (mkV "älska")) q ;
 
 
 }
diff --git a/examples/phrasebook/missing.txt b/examples/phrasebook/missing.txt
index 6f52ffa7b..920dc0876 100644
--- a/examples/phrasebook/missing.txt
+++ b/examples/phrasebook/missing.txt
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ DisambPhrasebookEng :
 PhrasebookEng :
 PhrasebookFin :
 PhrasebookFre :
-PhrasebookIta : French Fresh GNiceToMeetYou GSeeYouSoon Tea
-PhrasebookRon : Coffee Finnish French Swedish Tea
-PhrasebookSwe :
+PhrasebookIta : GNiceToMeetYou GSeeYouSoon Tea
+PhrasebookRon : Coffee Finnish French GExcusePol GPleaseGivePol GSorryPol Swedish Tea
+PhrasebookSwe : GExcusePol GPleaseGivePol GSorryPol
diff --git a/src/server/PGFService.hs b/src/server/PGFService.hs
index 013af0e28..b03741f31 100644
--- a/src/server/PGFService.hs
+++ b/src/server/PGFService.hs
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ doTranslateGroup pgf input mcat mfrom mto =
    disamb lg from t = 
      if lg < 2 
        then [] 
-       else [("tree", "-- " ++ doText (doBind PGF.linearize pgf (disambLang from)) t)]
+       else [("tree", "-- " ++ doText (doBind (PGF.linearize pgf (disambLang from) t)))]
 
    disambLang f = maybe f id $ PGF.readLanguage $ "Disamb" ++ PGF.showLanguage f
    notDisamb = (/="Disamb") . take 6 . PGF.showLanguage