diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/Makefile b/lib/resource-1.0/Makefile
index e4e11087a..861b3afcc 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/Makefile
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/Makefile
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 all: langs test
 
 test:
-	echo "gr -cat=S -number=11 -prob | tb" | gf -probs=lang.gfprob langs.gfcm
+	echo "gr -cat=S -number=11 -prob | tb" | gf -nocf -probs=lang.gfprob langs.gfcm
 langs:
-	echo "s ;; pm | wf langs.gfcm" | gf -src */Lang??*.gf english/LangEng.gf +RTS -M400M
+	echo "s ;; pm | wf langs.gfcm" | gf -src -nocf */Lang??*.gf english/LangEng.gf +RTS -M500M
 
 stat:
 	wc */*.gfc
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/italian/DiffIta.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/italian/DiffIta.gf
index 88c132772..887adf413 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/italian/DiffIta.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/italian/DiffIta.gf
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 instance DiffIta of DiffRomance = open CommonRomance, PhonoIta, BeschIta, Prelude in {
 
+  flags optimize=all ;
+
   param 
     Prep = P_di | P_a | P_da | P_in | P_su | P_con ;
     NPForm = Ton Case | Aton Case | PreClit | Poss {g : Gender ; n : Number} ; --- AAgr
@@ -77,14 +79,27 @@ instance DiffIta of DiffRomance = open CommonRomance, PhonoIta, BeschIta, Prelud
     vpAgrClit : Agr -> VPAgr = \a ->
       vpAgrNone ;
 
---- This assumes that Acc clitics are in place before Dat.
+    pronArg = \n,p,acc,dat ->
+      let 
+        pacc = case acc of {  --- only accusative refl handled
+          CRefl => case p of {
+            P3 => "si" ;
+            _  => argPron Fem n p Acc False --- no clitic after acc
+            } ;
+          CPron a => argPron a.g a.n a.p Acc False ;
+          _ => []
+          } ;
+        hasAcc = case acc of {
+          CNone => False ;
+          _ => True
+          } ;
+        pdat = case dat of {
+          CPron a => argPron a.g a.n a.p dative hasAcc ;
+          _ => []
+          } ;
+       in
+       <pdat ++ pacc, []> ;
 
-    placeNewClitic = \ci,c,pro,isc,old ->
-      case <ci.p1,c,isc> of {
-        <Acc,CPrep P_a, True> => pro.s ! PreClit ++ old ; -- there is an old clitic 
-        {p3 = True}           => pro.s ! Aton c ;         -- no old but a new
-        _                     => []                       -- no clitics
-        } ;
 
     negation : Polarity => (Str * Str) = table {
       Pos => <[],[]> ;
@@ -109,14 +124,14 @@ instance DiffIta of DiffRomance = open CommonRomance, PhonoIta, BeschIta, Prelud
 
     partQIndir = "ciò" ;
 
-    reflPron : Number => Person => Case => Str = 
+    reflPron : Number -> Person -> Case -> Str = 
       let 
-        cases : (x,y : Str) -> (Case => Str) = \me,moi -> table {
+        cases : (x,y : Str) -> (Case -> Str) = \me,moi,c -> case c of {
           Acc | CPrep P_a => me ;
           _ => moi
           } ;
       in 
-      \\n,p => case <n,p> of { 
+      \n,p -> case <n,p> of { 
         <Sg,P1> => cases "mi" "me" ;
         <Sg,P2> => cases "ti" "te" ;
         <Pl,P1> => cases "ci" "noi" ; -- unlike French with just one alt!
@@ -124,6 +139,30 @@ instance DiffIta of DiffRomance = open CommonRomance, PhonoIta, BeschIta, Prelud
         _ => cases "si" "se"
         } ;
 
+    argPron : Gender -> Number -> Person -> Case -> Bool -> Str = 
+      let 
+        cases : (x,y,z : Str) -> Case -> Bool -> Str = 
+          \ci,ce,noi,c,isPre -> case c of {
+          Acc | CPrep P_a => if_then_Str isPre ce ci ;
+          _ => noi
+          } ;
+        cases4 : (x,y,z,u : Str) -> Case -> Bool -> Str =
+          \lo,gli,glie,lui,c,isPre -> case c of {
+          Acc => lo ; 
+          CPrep P_a => if_then_Str isPre glie gli ;
+          _ => lui
+          } ;
+      in 
+      \g,n,p -> case <g,n,p> of { 
+        <_,Sg,P1> => cases "mi" "me" "me" ;
+        <_,Sg,P2> => cases "ti" "te" "te" ;
+        <_,Pl,P1> => cases "ci" "ce" "noi" ; -- unlike French with just one alt!
+        <_,Pl,P2> => cases "vi" "ve" "voi" ;
+        <Masc,Sg,P3> => cases4 "lo" "gli" "glie" "lui" ;
+        <Fem, Sg,P3> => cases4 "la" "le"  "glie" "lei" ;
+        <_,   Pl,P3> => cases4 "li" "li" "glie"  "loro"
+        } ;
+
     vRefl   : VType = VRefl ;
     isVRefl : VType -> Bool = \ty -> case ty of {
       VRefl => True ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/italian/ResIta.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/italian/ResIta.gf
index 4f9efda10..d18906d9a 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/italian/ResIta.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/italian/ResIta.gf
@@ -8,4 +8,6 @@
 
 instance ResIta of ResRomance = DiffIta ** open CommonRomance, Prelude in {
 
+  flags optimize=all ;
+
 } ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/romance/DiffRomance.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/romance/DiffRomance.gf
index 3a7e5f176..42b449c93 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/romance/DiffRomance.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/romance/DiffRomance.gf
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ interface DiffRomance = open CommonRomance, Prelude in {
   partQIndir : Str ; -- ce, ciò
 
   reflPron : Number -> Person -> Case -> Str ;
-  argPron  : Gender -> Number -> Person -> Case -> Str ;
+--  argPron  : Gender -> Number -> Person -> Case -> Str ;
 
   auxPassive : Verb ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/spanish/DiffSpa.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/spanish/DiffSpa.gf
index 180fd89fb..e46470483 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/spanish/DiffSpa.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/spanish/DiffSpa.gf
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 instance DiffSpa of DiffRomance = open CommonRomance, PhonoSpa, BeschSpa, Prelude in {
 
+  flags optimize=noexpand ;
+
   param 
     Prep = P_de | P_a ;
     NPForm = Ton Case | Aton Case | Poss {g : Gender ; n : Number} ; --- AAgr
@@ -52,25 +54,24 @@ instance DiffSpa of DiffRomance = open CommonRomance, PhonoSpa, BeschSpa, Prelud
     vpAgrClit : Agr -> VPAgr = \a ->
       vpAgrNone ;
 
---- This assumes that Acc clitics are in place before Dat.
-
-    placeNewClitic = \ci,c,pro,isc,old ->
-      if_then_Str isc (
-        case <ci.p3, pro.a.p> of {
-          <P2,P1> => old ++ pro.s ! Aton c ;    -- te me, ---se me
-          <P3,P3> => "se" ++ old ;              -- se lo
-          _       => pro.s ! Aton c ++ old      -- indirect first
-          }) [] ;                               -- no clitics
-
-{-
-    placeNewClitic = \ci,c,pro,isc,old ->
-      case <ci.p1, ci.p2, ci.p3, pro.a.p, isc> of {
-        <Acc, Sg, P2,      P1, True> => old ++ pro.s ! Aton c ;    -- te me, ---se me
-        <Acc, _,  P3,      P3, True> => "se" ++ old ;              -- se lo
-        {p5 = True}                  => pro.s ! Aton c ++ old ;    -- indirect first
-        _                            => []                         -- no clitics
-        } ;
--}
+    pronArg = \n,p,acc,dat ->
+      let 
+        paccp = case acc of {
+          CRefl   => <reflPron n p Acc, p> ;
+          CPron a => <argPron a.g a.n a.p Acc, a.p> ;
+          _ => <[],P2>
+          } ;
+        pdatp = case dat of {
+          CPron a => <argPron a.g a.n a.p dative, a.p> ;
+          _ => <[],P2>
+          }
+       in case <paccp.p2, pdatp.p2> of {
+         <P3,P3> => <"se" ++ paccp.p1, []> ;
+         _       => <pdatp.p1 ++ paccp.p1, []>
+         } ;
+--      case <p,acc,dat> of {
+--        <Sg,P2,CRefl,CPron {n = Sg ; p = P1}> => <"te" ++ "me", []> ;
+--        <_,_,CPron {n = Sg ; p = P2},CPron {n = Sg ; p = P1}> => <"te" ++ "me", []> ;
 
     negation : Polarity => (Str * Str) = table {
       Pos => <[],[]> ;
@@ -95,19 +96,38 @@ instance DiffSpa of DiffRomance = open CommonRomance, PhonoSpa, BeschSpa, Prelud
 
     partQIndir = [] ; ---- ?
 
-    reflPron : Number => Person => Case => Str = 
+    reflPron : Number -> Person -> Case -> Str = \n,p,c -> 
+        let pro = argPron Fem n p c 
+        in
+        case p of { 
+        P3 => case c of {
+          Acc | CPrep P_a => "se" ;
+          _ => "sí"
+          } ;
+        _ => pro
+        } ; 
+
+    argPron : Gender -> Number -> Person -> Case -> Str = 
       let 
-        cases : (x,y : Str) -> (Case => Str) = \me,moi -> table {
+        cases : (x,y : Str) -> Case -> Str = \me,moi,c -> case c of {
           Acc | CPrep P_a => me ;
           _ => moi
           } ;
+        cases3 : (x,y,z : Str) -> Case -> Str = \les,leur,eux,c -> case c of {
+          Acc => les ;
+          CPrep P_a => leur ;
+          _ => eux
+          } ;
       in 
-      \\n,p => case <n,p> of { 
-        <Sg,P1> => cases "mi" "me" ;
-        <Sg,P2> => cases "ti" "te" ;
-        <Pl,P1> => cases "ci" "noi" ; -- unlike French with just one alt!
-        <Pl,P2> => cases "vi" "voi" ;
-        _ => cases "si" "se"
+      \g,n,p -> case <g,n,p> of { 
+        <_,Sg,P1> => cases "me" "mí" ;
+        <_,Sg,P2> => cases "te" "tí" ;
+        <_,Pl,P1> => cases "nos" "nosotras" ; --- nosotros
+        <_,Pl,P2> => cases "vos" "vosotras" ; --- vosotros
+        <Fem,Sg,P3> => cases3 "la" "le" "ella" ;
+        <_,  Sg,P3> => cases3 "lo" "le" "èl" ;
+        <Fem,Pl,P3> => cases3 "las" "les" "ellas" ;
+        <_,  Pl,P3> => cases3 "los" "les" "ellos"
         } ;
 
     vRefl   : VType = VRefl ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/spanish/ResSpa.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/spanish/ResSpa.gf
index 050e40467..0479b8ebc 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/spanish/ResSpa.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/spanish/ResSpa.gf
@@ -8,4 +8,6 @@
 
 instance ResSpa of ResRomance = DiffSpa ** open CommonRomance, Prelude in {
 
+  flags optimize=noexpand ;
+
 } ;