diff --git a/lib/resource/english/CatEng.gf b/lib/resource/english/CatEng.gf
index 2a8e948c6..384cabe60 100644
--- a/lib/resource/english/CatEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/english/CatEng.gf
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ concrete CatEng of Cat = CommonX ** open ResEng, Prelude in {
 -- Verb
 
     VP = ResEng.VP ;
-
     Comp = {s : Agr => Str} ; 
 
 -- Adjective
diff --git a/lib/resource/english/ExtraEng.gf b/lib/resource/english/ExtraEng.gf
index a8904ec8e..ab7682a9b 100644
--- a/lib/resource/english/ExtraEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/english/ExtraEng.gf
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ concrete ExtraEng of ExtraEngAbs = CatEng **
     ConsVPI = consrTable2 VPIForm Agr comma ;
 
     MkVPI vp = {
-      s = \\v,a => vp.ad ++ vp.inf ++ vp.s2 ! a
+      s = \\v,a => vp.inf ++ vp.s2 ! a
       } ;
     ConjVPI = conjunctTable2 VPIForm Agr ;
     ComplVPIVV vv vpi = 
diff --git a/src/GF/Devel/Compile/SourceToGF.hs b/src/GF/Devel/Compile/SourceToGF.hs
index 64455f907..7e3228dc1 100644
--- a/src/GF/Devel/Compile/SourceToGF.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Devel/Compile/SourceToGF.hs
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ transResDef x = case x of
    mkParamDefs (p,pars) =
      if null pars 
        then [(p,addJType M.meta0 (emptyJudgement G.JParam))]  -- in an interface
-       else (p,resParam pars) : paramConstructors p pars
+       else (p,resParam p pars) : paramConstructors p pars
 
    mkOverload (c,j) = case (G.jtype j, G.jdef j) of
      (_,G.App keyw (G.R fs@(_:_:_))) | isOverloading keyw c fs -> 
diff --git a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Construct.hs b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Construct.hs
index 6d77c1c31..bd480cbe1 100644
--- a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Construct.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Construct.hs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import Data.Map
 import Debug.Trace (trace)
 
 ------------------
--- abstractions on Grammar
+-- abstractions on Grammar, constructing objects
 ------------------
 
 -- abstractions on GF
@@ -111,17 +111,15 @@ resOper ty tr = addJDef tr (resOperType ty)
 resOverload :: [(Type,Term)] -> Judgement
 resOverload tts = resOperDef (Overload tts)
 
--- param p = ci gi  is encoded as p : ((ci : gi) -> EData) -> Type
+-- param p = ci gi  is encoded as p : ((ci : gi) -> p) -> Type
 -- we use EData instead of p to make circularity check easier  
-resParam :: [(Ident,Context)] -> Judgement
-resParam cos = addJType constrs (emptyJudgement JParam) where
-  constrs = mkProd [(c,mkProd co EData) | (c,co) <- cos] typeType
+resParam :: Ident -> [(Ident,Context)] -> Judgement
+resParam p cos = addJDef (EParam cos) (emptyJudgement JParam)
 
 -- to enable constructor type lookup:
 -- create an oper for each constructor p = c g, as c : g -> p = EData
 paramConstructors :: Ident -> [(Ident,Context)] -> [(Ident,Judgement)]
-paramConstructors p cs = 
-  [(c,resOper (mkProd co (Con p)) EData) | (c,co) <- cs]
+paramConstructors p cs = [(c,resOper (mkProd co (Con p)) EData) | (c,co) <- cs]
 
 -- unifying contents of judgements
 
diff --git a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/GFtoSource.hs b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/GFtoSource.hs
index 9cd491e3d..318974f5d 100644
--- a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/GFtoSource.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/GFtoSource.hs
@@ -71,10 +71,8 @@ trAnyDef (i,ju) = let
   ----  JFun ty EData -> [P.DefFunData [P.FunDef [i'] (trt ty)]]
   JParam -> [P.DefPar [
     P.ParDefDir i0 [
-      P.ParConstr (tri c) (map trDecl co) | 
-        (c,co) <- [(k,contextOfType t) | (k,t) <- contextOfType (jtype ju)]
-      ]
-    ]]
+      P.ParConstr (tri c) (map trDecl co) | let EParam cos = jdef ju, (c,co) <- cos]
+    ]] 
   JOper -> case jdef ju of 
     Overload tysts -> 
       [P.DefOper [P.DDef [i'] (
@@ -89,13 +87,6 @@ trAnyDef (i,ju) = let
     [P.DefLin [trDef i (Meta 0) (jdef ju)]] 
     ---- ++ [P.DefPrintFun [P.DDef [mkName i] (trt pr)] | Yes pr <- [ppr]]
   JLink -> []
-{-
-  ---- encoding of AnyInd without changing syntax. AR 20/9/2007
-  AnyInd s b -> 
-    [P.DefOper [P.DDef [mkName i] 
-      (P.EApp (P.EInt (if s then 1 else 0)) (P.EIdent (tri b)))]]
--}
-
 
 trDef :: Ident -> Type -> Term -> P.Def
 trDef i pty ptr = case (pty,ptr) of
diff --git a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Grammar.hs b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Grammar.hs
index 09bcfb2ae..600f74095 100644
--- a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Grammar.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Grammar.hs
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ data Judgement = Judgement {
   jprintname :: Term,      -- -        -     prname  prname  -       -
   jlink :: Ident,
   jposition :: Int
-  }
+  } 
+  deriving Show
 
 data JudgementForm =
     JCat
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ data JudgementForm =
   | JOper
   | JParam
   | JLink
-  deriving Eq
+  deriving (Eq,Show)
 
 type Type = Term
 
@@ -108,6 +109,8 @@ data Term =
  | EPatt Patt
  | EPattType Term
 
+ | EParam [(Ident,Context)] -- to encode parameter constructor sets
+
  | FV [Term]            -- ^ free variation: @variants { s ; ... }@
 
  | Alts (Term, [(Term, Term)]) -- ^ prefix-dependent: @pre {t ; s\/c ; ...}@
diff --git a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Lookup.hs b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Lookup.hs
index d8747a1e4..0d2b343cb 100644
--- a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Lookup.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Lookup.hs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ lookupOperType gr m c = do
   case jform ju of
     JParam -> return typePType
     _ -> case jtype ju of
-      Meta _ -> fail ("no type given to " ++ prIdent m ++ "." ++ prIdent c)
+      Meta _ -> fail ("no type given to " ++ prIdent m ++ "." ++ prIdent c ++ " in " ++ show ju)
       ty -> return ty
 ---- can't be just lookupJField jtype 
 
diff --git a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Macros.hs b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Macros.hs
index e28859416..f08c28a0b 100644
--- a/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Macros.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Devel/Grammar/Macros.hs
@@ -259,6 +259,9 @@ composOp co trm = case trm of
    Eqs cc -> 
      do cc' <- mapPairListM (co . snd) cc
         return (Eqs cc')
+   EParam cos -> 
+     do cos' <- mapPairListM (mapPairListM (co . snd) . snd) cos
+        return (EParam cos')
    V ty vs ->
      do ty' <- co ty
         vs' <- mapM co vs