diff --git a/demos/index.html b/demos/index.html index 9582581fb..05d25ead3 100644 --- a/demos/index.html +++ b/demos/index.html @@ -34,7 +34,10 @@ Gothenburg public transport system, in six languages (film).

Library API browser-editor: construct phrases in -the GF resource library +the GF resource library +

+

+Random library examples

diff --git a/demos/index.txt b/demos/index.txt index a505275d4..292d69209 100644 --- a/demos/index.txt +++ b/demos/index.txt @@ -24,3 +24,4 @@ Gothenburg public transport system, in six languages (film). [Library API browser-editor resource-api/editor.html]: construct phrases in the [GF resource library ../lib/resource/doc/synopsis.html] +[Random library examples ../lib/resource/doc/resdemo.html] diff --git a/doc/gf-manual.html b/doc/gf-manual.html deleted file mode 100644 index 48fcff85e..000000000 --- a/doc/gf-manual.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1085 +0,0 @@ - - -
- - - -

Grammatical Framework User Manual

- -
- - -Aarne Ranta, -June 17, 2006, for (forthcoming) GF Version 2.6 - -

- -Fifth version: December 1, 2005, for GF Version 2.4 -Fourth version: May 17, 2005, for GF Version 2.2.
-Third version: June 25, 2003, for GF Version 1.2.
-Second version: June 17, 2002, for GF Version 1.0.
-First version: April 19, 2002. - -

- -This document describes -the command language available for the user of GF. -The GF grammar language is described in other documents. - -

- -There is a separate -Editor User Manual. - - - - -

Levels of commands

- -GF commands appear on three levels: - -
    -
  1. top-level shell commands, - used for calling GF from Unix/Windows/Mac. - -
  2. internal shell commands, - available in the shell entered by the top-level shell command gf. - -
  3. internal subshell commands, - such as the editor commands, - entered by certain internal shell commands. -
- -By the GF command language we mean the internal shell -commands, which the most part of this document is about; -the sections describing the other levels are much shorter. - - - -

Top-level shell commands

- -The compiled GF program is invoked by a command that has the syntax -
-  gf Option* File*
-
-The files should contain GF -grammars, each of which is imported in the environment in which -GF starts, in the same way as if GF were first started and -the import command i then executed for each of the files. -The currently available options are: - - -

- -Like any program in Unix, GF can be used in a pipeline or -a redirection. For instance, -

-  echo "h" | gf
-
-starts GF and executes the help command. -
-  gf <script
-
-starts GF and executes the commands in the file script. - -

- -The Java GUI is started with the command -

-  jgf File+
-
-which executes a simple shell script. The effect is to start -GF, import each grammar in the files, and enter the -Editor subshell (see below), with which the GUI then communicates. - -

- -If a compiled version of GF is not available, GF can be started within -the Haskell interpreter GHCI, by the command -

-  make ghci 
-
-in the GF source directory, followed by ":l GF" in GHCI. -Unfortunately, the standard binary of the light-weight Hugs interpreter -has insufficient code space for GF. - - -

Batch mode

- -A simple protocol has been defined to run GF in batch mode, e.g. from another -program. The command line syntax is -
-  gf -batch (-s) (-[flag])* 
-
-It reads standard input, which is typically directed from a -script file containing GF commands. -Every command read by GF, GF's reply, and -the whole run, are enclosed in XML tags: - -The DTD is the following: -
-  <!ELEMENT gfbatch ((gfcommand, gfreply)*) >
-  <!ELEMENT gfcommand (#PCDATA) >
-  <!ELEMENT gfreply (#PCDATA) >
-
-The optional +s (silence) flag turns off showing -commands and the XML structure of the run; it is moreove sent -as a global flag to the environment in which the run is -performed, together with the other flags appearing in the -command line. - -

- -Another version of the batch mode is the compiler. Thus -

-  gf -make -s file.gf
-
-silently compiles the file file.gf (as well as -all other files that it depends on). -All flags to the command i are recognized. - - - - - -

Library and grammar paths

- -Environment variables and path wild cards. - - - -

Command line syntax

- -The syntax of the individual commands is described in later sections. -The general structure of a command line is defined by the following -grammar: -
-  CommandLine ::= Pipeline (";;" Pipeline)*
-  Pipeline    ::= Command 
-               |  Command Arg ("|" Command)*
-  Command     ::= CommandId (Option | Flag)* Arg*
-  Arg         ::= QuotedString | Tree | File | Lang | Int
-
-Several commands can be collected on one line, separated by a double -semicolon. The effect is that each of the commands is executed; -the same effect is achieved in a script by putting the commands on -consecutive lines. Thus -
-  i LangEng.gf ;; p -cat=AP "black or green" ;; q
-
-is equivalent to -
-  i LangEng.gf  
-  p -cat=AP "black or green"
-  q
-
-The one-line variant is handy to use as an argument of the echo -command in Unix, to define simple shell scripts using GF. - -

- -A pipeline consists of a first command with an argument, -producing a result which is sent as argument to the next command. -For example, -

-  gr -cat=Phrase | l | sa 
-
-generates a random Phrase, linearizes it, and speaks aloud the -resulting string. No result is seen in the output, but the -phrase is heard spoken. - -

- -The trace option -tr can be used to show intermediate -results in a pipeline: -

-  rf -tr bible.txt | p -lang=Eng -cat=Text | l -lang=Chi
-
-reads a string from the file bible.txt (displaying the result), -parses it as an English text (without displaying the parse tree), -and linearizes the tree into Chinese (displaying the result, as the -last command in a pipeline always does). - -

- -The Unix Readline facility makes arrow keys, file name completions, -etc, available in the GF shell, but only in the GHC-compiled variant. -For instance, the up-arrow goes backwards in the command history. -If Readline is not available, -a command line consisting of an integer n -repeats a command n lines back in the history. -For instance, 0 repeats the last command, 1 the second-last, etc. -This functionality usually doesn't work in Windows. - -

- -From GF version 2.4: to interrupt the execution of a command, -you can type [Control]-c, and it no longer terminates the GF session. -This functionality doesn't work in Windows. - - -

Options and flags

- -An option consist of a hyphen and an option identifier, e.g. -
-  -retain
-
-What options belong to what commands is explained below. - -

- -A flag consists of a hyphen, a flag identifier, an equality sign, -and a value identifier, e.g. -

-  -lang=Eng
-
-What flags belong to what commands is explained below. -In addition to command lines, flags can be set globally with the -sf command (see below), as well as -in grammars, using a flags directive, e.g. -
-  flags lexer=code ; startcat=Exp ;
-
-either first in a file or immediately after an include directive. -In case of conflicts arising from this, the descending order of priority is: -command line, grammar, global. -The global state is initialized by default values to -all available flags. - - - -

Environment

- -To understand the semantics of commands in a GF session, -one must know their dependence on and their effects to an -environment. The environment consists of - -Normally, the main concrete syntax is the last-imported one. -The name of this is the -value of the flag -lang, which can be reset by the -sf command. -
-  i StoneageEng.gf     -- main concrete is StoneageEng
-  i StoneageSwe.gf     -- main concrete is StoneageSwe
-  sf -lang=StoneageEng -- main concrete is StoneageEng
-  po                   -- show the current environment
-  cm LangSwe           -- change main concrete and abstract
-  e                    -- empty the environment
-
- - - - -

Command arguments

- -Unlike Unix, where command arguments and values are strings, -GF uses a primitive type system, distinguishing between - -A pipeline is only meaningful among strings and terms, and -only if the -argument type of a command matches with the value type of the -preceding one. For instance, -
-  p "hello world" | l -lang=Swe
-
-sends a list of terms (the parsing result) to the linearizer, -which expects terms, so that the types match. But -
-  p "hello world" | p -lang=Swe
-
-tries to parse arguments which are already terms, and this is a -type error. An error value is also displayed as a string -(an error message), but this string is never a meaningful -input for a command, so the pipe breaks there. - - - - -

Descriptions with the individual commands

- -The following is a copy of the current HelpFile. -
--- GF help file updated for GF 2.6, 17/6/2006.
--- *: Commands and options marked with * are currently not implemented.
---
--- Each command has a long and a short name, options, and zero or more
--- arguments. Commands are sorted by functionality. The short name is
--- given first.
-
--- Type "h -all" for full help file, "h " for full help on a command.  
-
--- commands that change the state
-
-i,  import: i File
-      Reads a grammar from File and compiles it into a GF runtime grammar.
-      Files "include"d in File are read recursively, nubbing repetitions.
-      If a grammar with the same language name is already in the state,
-      it is overwritten - but only if compilation succeeds. 
-      The grammar parser depends on the file name suffix:
-        .gf    normal GF source
-        .gfc   canonical GF
-        .gfr   precompiled GF resource  
-        .gfcm  multilingual canonical GF
-        .gfe   example-based grammar files (only with the -ex option)
-        .gfwl  multilingual word list (preprocessed to abs + cncs)
-        .ebnf  Extended BNF format
-        .cf    Context-free (BNF) format
-        .trc   TransferCore format
-  options:
-      -old          old: parse in GF<2.0 format (not necessary)
-      -v            verbose: give lots of messages 
-      -s            silent: don't give error messages
-      -src          from source: ignore precompiled gfc and gfr files
-      -gfc          from gfc: use compiled modules whenever they exist
-      -retain       retain operations: read resource modules (needed in comm cc) 
-      -nocf         don't build context-free grammar (thus no parser)
-      -nocheckcirc  don't eliminate circular rules from CF 
-      -cflexer      build an optimized parser with separate lexer trie
-      -noemit       do not emit code (default with old grammar format)
-      -o            do emit code (default with new grammar format)
-      -ex           preprocess .gfe files if needed
-      -prob         read probabilities from top grammar file  (format --# prob Fun Double)
-      -treebank     read a treebank file to memory (xml format)
-  flags:
-      -abs          set the name used for abstract syntax (with -old option)
-      -cnc          set the name used for concrete syntax (with -old option)
-      -res          set the name used for resource (with -old option)
-      -path         use the (colon-separated) search path to find modules
-      -optimize     select an optimization to override file-defined flags
-      -conversion   select parsing method (values strict|nondet)
-      -probs        read probabilities from file (format (--# prob) Fun Double)
-      -preproc      use a preprocessor on each source file
-      -noparse      read nonparsable functions from file (format --# noparse Funs) 
-  examples:
-      i English.gf                      -- ordinary import of Concrete
-      i -retain german/ParadigmsGer.gf  -- import of Resource to test
-
-r, reload: r
-      Executes the previous import (i) command.
-      
-rl, remove_language: rl Language
-      Takes away the language from the state.
-
-e,  empty: e
-      Takes away all languages and resets all global flags.
-
-sf, set_flags: sf Flag*
-      The values of the Flags are set for Language. If no language
-      is specified, the flags are set globally.
-  examples:
-      sf -nocpu     -- stop showing CPU time
-      sf -lang=Swe  -- make Swe the default concrete
-
-s,  strip: s
-      Prune the state by removing source and resource modules.
-
-dc, define_command Name Anything
-      Add a new defined command. The Name must star with '%'. Later,
-      if 'Name X' is used, it is replaced by Anything where #1 is replaced
-      by X. 
-      Restrictions: Currently at most one argument is possible, and a defined
-      command cannot appear in a pipe.     
-      To see what definitions are in scope, use help -defs.
-  examples:
-      dc %tnp p -cat=NP -lang=Eng #1 | l -lang=Swe    -- translate NPs
-      %tnp "this man"                                 -- translate and parse
-
-dt, define_term Name Tree
-      Add a constant for a tree. The constant can later be called by
-      prefixing it with '$'. 
-      Restriction: These terms are not yet usable as a subterm. 
-      To see what definitions are in scope, use help -defs.
-  examples:
-      p -cat=NP "this man" | dt tm    -- define tm as parse result
-      l -all $tm                      -- linearize tm in all forms
-
--- commands that give information about the state
-
-pg, print_grammar: pg
-      Prints the actual grammar (overridden by the -lang=X flag).
-      The -printer=X flag sets the format in which the grammar is
-      written.
-      N.B. since grammars are compiled when imported, this command
-      generally does not show the grammar in the same format as the
-      source. In particular, the -printer=latex is not supported. 
-      Use the command tg -printer=latex File to print the source 
-      grammar in LaTeX.
-  options:
-      -utf8  apply UTF8-encoding to the grammar
-  flags: 
-      -printer
-      -lang
-      -startcat  -- The start category of the generated grammar.
-                    Only supported by some grammar printers.
-  examples:
-      pg -printer=cf  -- show the context-free skeleton
-
-pm, print_multigrammar: pm
-      Prints the current multilingual grammar in .gfcm form.
-      (Automatically executes the strip command (s) before doing this.)
-  options:
-      -utf8  apply UTF8 encoding to the tokens in the grammar
-      -utf8id apply UTF8 encoding to the identifiers in the grammar
-  examples:
-      pm | wf Letter.gfcm  -- print the grammar into the file Letter.gfcm
-      pm -printer=graph | wf D.dot  -- then do 'dot -Tps D.dot > D.ps'
-
-vg, visualize_graph: vg
-     Show the dependency graph of multilingual grammar via dot and gv.
-
-po, print_options: po
-      Print what modules there are in the state. Also
-      prints those flag values in the current state that differ from defaults.
-
-pl, print_languages: pl
-      Prints the names of currently available languages.
-
-pi, print_info: pi Ident
-      Prints information on the identifier.
-
--- commands that execute and show the session history
-
-eh, execute_history: eh File
-      Executes commands in the file.
-
-ph, print_history; ph
-      Prints the commands issued during the GF session.
-      The result is readable by the eh command.
-  examples:
-      ph | wf foo.hist"  -- save the history into a file
-
--- linearization, parsing, translation, and computation
-
-l,  linearize: l PattList? Tree
-      Shows all linearization forms of Tree by the actual grammar
-      (which is overridden by the -lang flag). 
-      The pattern list has the form [P, ... ,Q] where P,...,Q follow GF 
-      syntax for patterns. All those forms are generated that match with the
-      pattern list. Too short lists are filled with variables in the end.
-      Only the -table flag is available if a pattern list is specified.
-      HINT: see GF language specification for the syntax of Pattern and Term.
-      You can also copy and past parsing results.
-  options:  
-      -struct  bracketed form
-      -table   show parameters (not compatible with -record, -all)
-      -record  record, i.e. explicit GF concrete syntax term (not compatible with -table, -all)
-      -all     show all forms and variants (not compatible with -record, -table)
-      -multi   linearize to all languages (can be combined with the other options)
-  flags:
-      -lang    linearize in this grammar
-      -number  give this number of forms at most
-      -unlexer filter output through unlexer
-  examples:
-      l -lang=Swe -table  -- show full inflection table in Swe
-
-p,  parse: p String
-      Shows all Trees returned for String by the actual
-      grammar (overridden by the -lang flag), in the category S (overridden
-      by the -cat flag).
-  options for batch input:
-      -lines     parse each line of input separately, ignoring empty lines
-      -all       as -lines, but also parse empty lines
-      -prob      rank results by probability
-      -cut       stop after first lexing result leading to parser success
-      -fail      show strings whose parse fails prefixed by #FAIL
-      -ambiguous show strings that have more than one parse prefixed by #AMBIGUOUS
-  options for selecting parsing method:
-      (default)parse using an overgenerating CFG
-      -cfg     parse using a much less overgenerating CFG
-      -mcfg    parse using an even less overgenerating MCFG
-      -fcfg    parse using a faster variant of MCFG
-      Note:    the first time parsing with -cfg, -mcfg, and -fcfg might take a long time
-  options that only work for the default parsing method:
-      -n       non-strict: tolerates morphological errors
-      -ign     ignore unknown words when parsing
-      -raw     return context-free terms in raw form
-      -v       verbose: give more information if parsing fails
-  flags:
-      -cat     parse in this category
-      -lang    parse in this grammar
-      -lexer   filter input through this lexer
-      -parser  use this parsing strategy
-      -number  return this many results at most
-  examples:
-      p -cat=S -mcfg "jag är gammal"   -- parse an S with the MCFG
-      rf examples.txt | p -lines      -- parse each non-empty line of the file
-
-at, apply_transfer: at (Module.Fun | Fun)
-      Transfer a term using Fun from Module, or the topmost transfer
-      module. Transfer modules are given in the .trc format. They are
-      shown by the 'po' command.
-  flags:
-     -lang     typecheck the result in this lang instead of default lang
-  examples:
-     p -lang=Cncdecimal "123" | at num2bin | l   -- convert dec to bin
-
-tb, tree_bank: tb
-      Generate a multilingual treebank from a list of trees (default) or compare
-      to an existing treebank.
-  options:
-     -c        compare to existing xml-formatted treebank
-     -trees    return the trees of the treebank
-     -all      show all linearization alternatives (branches and variants)
-     -table    show tables of linearizations with parameters
-     -record   show linearization records
-     -xml      wrap the treebank (or comparison results) with XML tags
-     -mem      write the treebank in memory instead of a file TODO
-  examples:
-     gr -cat=S -number=100 | tb -xml | wf tb.xml -- random treebank into file
-     rf tb.xml | tb -c                           -- compare-test treebank from file
-     rf old.xml | tb -trees | tb -xml            -- create new treebank from old
-
-ut, use_treebank: ut String
-      Lookup a string in a treebank and return the resulting trees.
-      Use 'tb' to create a treebank and 'i -treebank' to read one from
-      a file.
-   options:
-     -assocs   show all string-trees associations in the treebank
-     -strings  show all strings in the treebank
-     -trees    show all trees in the treebank
-     -raw      return the lookup result as string, without typechecking it
-   flags:
-     -treebank use this treebank (instead of the latest introduced one)
-   examples:
-     ut "He adds this to that" | l -multi        -- use treebank lookup as parser in translation
-     ut -assocs | grep "ComplV2"                 -- show all associations with ComplV2
-
-tt, test_tokenizer: tt String
-      Show the token list sent to the parser when String is parsed.
-      HINT: can be useful when debugging the parser.
-  flags: 
-     -lexer    use this lexer
-  examples:
-     tt -lexer=codelit "2*(x + 3)"  -- a favourite lexer for program code
-
-g, grep: g String1 String2
-      Grep the String1 in the String2. String2 is read line by line,
-      and only those lines that contain String1 are returned.
-  flags:
-     -v  return those lines that do not contain String1.
-  examples:
-     pg -printer=cf | grep "mother"  -- show cf rules with word mother
-
-cc, compute_concrete: cc Term
-      Compute a term by concrete syntax definitions. Uses the topmost
-      resource module (the last in listing by command po) to resolve 
-      constant names. 
-      N.B. You need the flag -retain when importing the grammar, if you want 
-      the oper definitions to be retained after compilation; otherwise this
-      command does not expand oper constants.
-      N.B.' The resulting Term is not a term in the sense of abstract syntax,
-      and hence not a valid input to a Tree-demanding command.
-  flags:
-     -res      use another module than the topmost one
-  examples:
-     cc -res=ParadigmsFin (nLukko "hyppy")   -- inflect "hyppy" with nLukko
-
-so, show_operations: so Type
-      Show oper operations with the given value type. Uses the topmost 
-      resource module to resolve constant names. 
-      N.B. You need the flag -retain when importing the grammar, if you want 
-      the oper definitions to be retained after compilation; otherwise this
-      command does not find any oper constants.
-      N.B.' The value type may not be defined in a supermodule of the
-      topmost resource. In that case, use appropriate qualified name.
-  flags:
-     -res      use another module than the topmost one
-  examples:
-     so -res=ParadigmsFin ResourceFin.N  -- show N-paradigms in ParadigmsFin
-
-t,  translate: t Lang Lang String
-      Parses String in Lang1 and linearizes the resulting Trees in Lang2.
-  flags:
-      -cat
-      -lexer
-      -parser
-  examples:
-      t Eng Swe -cat=S "every number is even or odd"
-
-gr, generate_random: gr Tree?
-      Generates a random Tree of a given category. If a Tree
-      argument is given, the command completes the Tree with values to
-      the metavariables in the tree. 
-  options:
-      -prob    use probabilities (works for nondep types only)
-      -cf      use a very fast method (works for nondep types only)
-  flags:
-      -cat     generate in this category
-      -lang    use the abstract syntax of this grammar
-      -number  generate this number of trees (not impl. with Tree argument)
-      -depth   use this number of search steps at most
-  examples:
-      gr -cat=Query            -- generate in category Query
-      gr (PredVP ? (NegVG ?))  -- generate a random tree of this form
-      gr -cat=S -tr | l        -- gererate and linearize
-
-gt, generate_trees: gt Tree?
-      Generates all trees up to a given depth. If the depth is large,
-      a small -alts is recommended. If a Tree argument is given, the
-      command completes the Tree with values to the metavariables in
-      the tree.
-  options:
-      -metas    also return trees that include metavariables
-  flags:
-      -depth    generate to this depth (default 3)
-      -atoms    take this number of atomic rules of each category (default unlimited)
-      -alts     take this number of alternatives at each branch (default unlimited)
-      -cat      generate in this category
-      -lang     use the abstract syntax of this grammar
-      -number   generate (at most) this number of trees
-      -noexpand don't expand these categories (comma-separated, e.g. -noexpand=V,CN)
-      -doexpand only expand these categories (comma-separated, e.g. -doexpand=V,CN)
-  examples:
-      gt -depth=10 -cat=NP              -- generate all NP's to depth 10 
-      gt (PredVP ? (NegVG ?))           -- generate all trees of this form
-      gt -cat=S -tr | l                 -- generate and linearize
-      gt -noexpand=NP | l -mark=metacat -- the only NP is meta, linearized "?0 +NP"
-      gt | l | p -lines -ambiguous | grep "#AMBIGUOUS" -- show ambiguous strings
-
-ma, morphologically_analyse: ma String
-      Runs morphological analysis on each word in String and displays
-      the results line by line.
-  options:
-      -short   show analyses in bracketed words, instead of separate lines
-  flags:
-      -lang
-  examples:
-      wf Bible.txt | ma -short | wf Bible.tagged  -- analyse the Bible
-
-
--- elementary generation of Strings and Trees
-
-ps, put_string: ps String
-      Returns its argument String, like Unix echo.
-      HINT. The strength of ps comes from the possibility to receive the 
-      argument from a pipeline, and altering it by the -filter flag.
-  flags:
-      -filter  filter the result through this string processor 
-      -length  cut the string after this number of characters
-  examples:
-      gr -cat=Letter | l | ps -filter=text -- random letter as text
-
-pt, put_tree: pt Tree
-      Returns its argument Tree, like a specialized Unix echo.
-      HINT. The strength of pt comes from the possibility to receive 
-      the argument from a pipeline, and altering it by the -transform flag.
-  flags:
-      -transform   transform the result by this term processor
-      -number      generate this number of terms at most
-  examples:
-      p "zero is even" | pt -transform=solve  -- solve ?'s in parse result
-
-* st, show_tree: st Tree
-      Prints the tree as a string. Unlike pt, this command cannot be
-      used in a pipe to produce a tree, since its output is a string.
-  flags:
-      -printer     show the tree in a special format (-printer=xml supported)
-
-wt, wrap_tree: wt Fun
-      Wraps the tree as the sole argument of Fun.
-  flags:
-      -c           compute the resulting new tree to normal form
-
-vt, visualize_tree: vt Tree
-      Shows the abstract syntax tree via dot and gv (via temporary files
-      grphtmp.dot, grphtmp.ps).
-  flags:
-      -c           show categories only (no functions)
-      -f           show functions only (no categories)
-      -g           show as graph (sharing uses of the same function)
-      -o           just generate the .dot file
-  examples:
-    p "hello world" | vt -o | wf my.dot ;; ! open -a GraphViz my.dot
-    -- This writes the parse tree into my.dot and opens the .dot file
-    -- with another application without generating .ps.
-
--- subshells
-
-es, editing_session: es
-      Opens an interactive editing session.
-      N.B. Exit from a Fudget session is to the Unix shell, not to GF. 
-  options:
-      -f Fudget GUI (necessary for Unicode; only available in X Window System)
-
-ts, translation_session: ts
-      Translates input lines from any of the actual languages to all other ones.
-      To exit, type a full stop (.) alone on a line.
-      N.B. Exit from a Fudget session is to the Unix shell, not to GF. 
-      HINT: Set -parser and -lexer locally in each grammar.
-  options:
-      -f    Fudget GUI (necessary for Unicode; only available in X Windows)
-      -lang prepend translation results with language names
-  flags:
-      -cat    the parser category
-  examples:
-      ts -cat=Numeral -lang  -- translate numerals, show language names
-
-tq, translation_quiz: tq Lang Lang
-      Random-generates translation exercises from Lang1 to Lang2,
-      keeping score of success.
-      To interrupt, type a full stop (.) alone on a line.
-      HINT: Set -parser and -lexer locally in each grammar.
-  flags:
-      -cat
-  examples:
-      tq -cat=NP TestResourceEng TestResourceSwe  -- quiz for NPs
-
-tl, translation_list: tl Lang Lang
-      Random-generates a list of ten translation exercises from Lang1
-      to Lang2. The number can be changed by a flag.
-      HINT: use wf to save the exercises in a file.
-  flags:
-      -cat
-      -number
-  examples:
-      tl -cat=NP TestResourceEng TestResourceSwe  -- quiz list for NPs
-
-mq, morphology_quiz: mq
-      Random-generates morphological exercises,
-      keeping score of success.
-      To interrupt, type a full stop (.) alone on a line.
-      HINT: use printname judgements in your grammar to
-      produce nice expressions for desired forms.
-  flags:
-      -cat
-      -lang
-  examples:
-      mq -cat=N -lang=TestResourceSwe  -- quiz for Swedish nouns
-
-ml, morphology_list: ml
-      Random-generates a list of ten morphological exercises,
-      keeping score of success. The number can be changed with a flag.
-      HINT: use wf to save the exercises in a file.
-  flags:
-      -cat
-      -lang
-      -number
-  examples:
-      ml -cat=N -lang=TestResourceSwe  -- quiz list for Swedish nouns
-
-
--- IO related commands
-
-rf, read_file: rf File
-      Returns the contents of File as a String; error if File does not exist.
-
-wf, write_file: wf File String
-      Writes String into File; File is created if it does not exist.
-      N.B. the command overwrites File without a warning.
-
-af, append_file: af File
-      Writes String into the end of File; File is created if it does not exist.
-
-* tg, transform_grammar: tg File
-      Reads File, parses as a grammar, 
-      but instead of compiling further, prints it. 
-      The environment is not changed. When parsing the grammar, the same file
-      name suffixes are supported as in the i command.
-      HINT: use this command to print the grammar in 
-      another format (the -printer flag); pipe it to wf to save this format.
-  flags:
-      -printer  (only -printer=latex supported currently)
-
-* cl, convert_latex: cl File
-      Reads File, which is expected to be in LaTeX form.
-      Three environments are treated in special ways:
-        \begGF    - \end{verbatim}, which contains GF judgements,
-        \begTGF   - \end{verbatim}, which contains a GF expression (displayed)
-        \begInTGF - \end{verbatim}, which contains a GF expressions (inlined).
-      Moreover, certain macros should be included in the file; you can
-      get those macros by applying 'tg -printer=latex foo.gf' to any grammar
-      foo.gf. Notice that the same File can be imported as a GF grammar,
-      consisting of all the judgements in \begGF environments.
-      HINT: pipe with 'wf Foo.tex' to generate a new Latex file.
-
-sa, speak_aloud: sa String
-      Uses the Flite speech generator to produce speech for String.
-      Works for American English spelling. 
-  examples:
-    h | sa              -- listen to the list of commands
-    gr -cat=S | l | sa  -- generate a random sentence and speak it aloud
-
-si, speech_input: si
-      Uses an ATK speech recognizer to get speech input. 
-  flags:
-      -lang: The grammar to use with the speech recognizer.
-      -cat: The grammar category to get input in.
-      -language: Use acoustic model and dictionary for this language.
-      -number: The number of utterances to recognize.
-
-h, help: h Command?
-      Displays the paragraph concerning the command from this help file.
-      Without the argument, shows the first lines of all paragraphs.
-  options
-       -all   show the whole help file
-       -defs  show user-defined commands and terms
-       -FLAG  show the values of FLAG (works for grammar-independent flags)
-  examples:
-       h print_grammar  -- show all information on the pg command
-
-q, quit: q
-      Exits GF.
-      HINT: you can use 'ph | wf history' to save your session.
-
-!, system_command: ! String
-      Issues a system command. No value is returned to GF.
-   example:
-      ! ls
-
-?, system_command: ? String
-      Issues a system command that receives its arguments from GF pipe
-      and returns a value to GF.
-   example:
-      h | ? 'wc -l' | p -cat=Num
-
-
--- Flags. The availability of flags is defined separately for each command.
-
--cat, category in which parsing is performed.
-      The default is S.
-
--depth, the search depth in e.g. random generation.
-      The default depends on application.
-
--filter, operation performed on a string. The default is identity.
-    -filter=identity     no change
-    -filter=erase        erase the text
-    -filter=take100      show the first 100 characters
-    -filter=length       show the length of the string
-    -filter=text         format as text (punctuation, capitalization)
-    -filter=code         format as code (spacing, indentation)
-
--lang, grammar used when executing a grammar-dependent command.
-       The default is the last-imported grammar.
-
--language, voice used by Festival as its --language flag in the sa command. 
-       The default is system-dependent. 
-
--length, the maximum number of characters shown of a string. 
-       The default is unlimited.
-
--lexer, tokenization transforming a string into lexical units for a parser.
-       The default is words.
-    -lexer=words         tokens are separated by spaces or newlines
-    -lexer=literals      like words, but GF integer and string literals recognized
-    -lexer=vars          like words, but "x","x_...","$...$" as vars, "?..." as meta
-    -lexer=chars         each character is a token
-    -lexer=code          use Haskell's lex
-    -lexer=codevars      like code, but treat unknown words as variables, ?? as meta 
-    -lexer=text          with conventions on punctuation and capital letters
-    -lexer=codelit       like code, but treat unknown words as string literals
-    -lexer=textlit       like text, but treat unknown words as string literals
-    -lexer=codeC         use a C-like lexer
-    -lexer=ignore        like literals, but ignore unknown words
-    -lexer=subseqs       like ignore, but then try all subsequences from longest
-
--number, the maximum number of generated items in a list. 
-       The default is unlimited.
-
--optimize, optimization on generated code.
-       The default is share for concrete, none for resource modules.
-       Each of the flags can have the suffix _subs, which performs
-       common subexpression elimination after the main optimization.
-       Thus, -optimize=all_subs is the most aggressive one.
-    -optimize=share        share common branches in tables
-    -optimize=parametrize  first try parametrize then do share with the rest
-    -optimize=values       represent tables as courses-of-values
-    -optimize=all          first try parametrize then do values with the rest
-    -optimize=none         no optimization
-
--parser, parsing strategy. The default is chart. If -cfg or -mcfg are
-       selected, only bottomup and topdown are recognized.
-    -parser=chart          bottom-up chart parsing
-    -parser=bottomup       a more up to date bottom-up strategy
-    -parser=topdown        top-down strategy
-    -parser=old            an old bottom-up chart parser
-
--printer, format in which the grammar is printed. The default is
-       gfc. Those marked with M are (only) available for pm, the rest
-       for pg.
-    -printer=gfc            GFC grammar
-    -printer=gf             GF grammar
-    -printer=old            old GF grammar
-    -printer=cf             context-free grammar, with profiles
-    -printer=bnf            context-free grammar, without profiles
-    -printer=lbnf           labelled context-free grammar for BNF Converter
-    -printer=plbnf          grammar for BNF Converter, with precedence levels
-   *-printer=happy          source file for Happy parser generator (use lbnf!)
-    -printer=srg            speech recognition grammar
-    -printer=haskell        abstract syntax in Haskell, with transl to/from GF
-    -printer=morpho         full-form lexicon, long format
-   *-printer=latex          LaTeX file (for the tg command)
-    -printer=fullform       full-form lexicon, short format
-   *-printer=xml            XML: DTD for the pg command, object for st
-    -printer=old            old GF: file readable by GF 1.2
-    -printer=stat           show some statistics of generated GFC
-    -printer=probs          show probabilities of all functions
-    -printer=gsl            Nuance GSL speech recognition grammar
-    -printer=jsgf           Java Speech Grammar Format
-    -printer=srgs_xml       SRGS XML format
-    -printer=srgs_xml_prob  SRGS XML format, with weights
-    -printer=srgs_xml_ms_sem SRGS XML format, with semantic tags for the
-                             Microsoft Speech API.
-    -printer=vxml           Generate a dialogue system in VoiceXML.
-    -printer=slf            a finite automaton in the HTK SLF format
-    -printer=slf_graphviz   the same automaton as slf, but in Graphviz format
-    -printer=slf_sub        a finite automaton with sub-automata in the 
-                            HTK SLF format
-    -printer=slf_sub_graphviz the same automaton as slf_sub, but in  
-                              Graphviz format
-    -printer=fa_graphviz    a finite automaton with labelled edges
-    -printer=regular        a regular grammar in a simple BNF
-    -printer=unpar          a gfc grammar with parameters eliminated
-    -printer=functiongraph  abstract syntax functions in 'dot' format
-    -printer=typegraph      abstract syntax categories in 'dot' format
-    -printer=transfer       Transfer language datatype (.tr file format)
-    -printer=gfcm        M  gfcm file (default for pm)
-    -printer=header      M  gfcm file with header (for GF embedded in Java)
-    -printer=graph       M  module dependency graph in 'dot' (graphviz) format
-    -printer=missing     M  the missing linearizations of each concrete
-    -printer=gfc-prolog  M  gfc in prolog format (also pg)
-    -printer=mcfg-prolog M  mcfg in prolog format (also pg)
-    -printer=cfg-prolog  M  cfg in prolog format (also pg)
-
--startcat, like -cat, but used in grammars (to avoid clash with keyword cat)
-
--transform, transformation performed on a syntax tree. The default is identity.
-    -transform=identity     no change
-    -transform=compute      compute by using definitions in the grammar
-    -transform=nodup        return the term only if it has no constants duplicated
-    -transform=nodupatom    return the term only if it has no atomic constants duplicated
-    -transform=typecheck    return the term only if it is type-correct
-    -transform=solve        solve metavariables as derived refinements
-    -transform=context      solve metavariables by unique refinements as variables
-    -transform=delete       replace the term by metavariable
-
--unlexer, untokenization transforming linearization output into a string.
-       The default is unwords.
-    -unlexer=unwords     space-separated token list (like unwords)
-    -unlexer=text        format as text: punctuation, capitals, paragraph 

-    -unlexer=code        format as code (spacing, indentation)
-    -unlexer=textlit     like text, but remove string literal quotes
-    -unlexer=codelit     like code, but remove string literal quotes
-    -unlexer=concat      remove all spaces
-    -unlexer=bind        like identity, but bind at "&+"
-
--mark, marking of parts of tree in linearization. The default is none.
-    -mark=metacat        append "+CAT" to every metavariable, showing its category
-    -mark=struct         show tree structure with brackets
-    -mark=java           show tree structure with XML tags (used in gfeditor)
-
--coding, Some grammars are in UTF-8, some in isolatin-1.
-    If the letters ä (a-umlaut) and ö (o-umlaut) look strange, either
-    change your terminal to isolatin-1, or rewrite the grammar with
-    'pg -utf8'.
-
--- *: Commands and options marked with * are not currently implemented.
-
- - - -

Commands in subshells

- -

The interactive editor

- -The command es (edit session) opens a subshell, where editing is -commenced by selecting a new category, which initializes a syntax tree -with a metavariable. Editing has its own state, expressed by a Tree -Zipper, where the current subtree is marked by a star *. -A subtree that is a metavariable (of form ?n) is -a subgoal. - -

- -There are currently three interfaces to the editor: a line-based GF subshell, -a Fudget GUI, and a Java GUI. They all use the same abstract command language, -the difference being that the subshell has a string syntax for each command, -whereas the GUIs mostly use menus and buttons to issue commands. -There is a separate -Editor User Manual. - -

- -The command syntax for the string-based editor is the following: - -

- -Start/finish editing: -

-Navigation (change current subtree): - -Refinement and wrapping (of current subtree): - -Information and display: - - - - - -

Translate, parse, and teach yourself sessions

- -The system expects a string which it then tries to parse. A string consisting -of a dot (.) serves as exit command. The graphical translation session has a -Quit button. - - - - diff --git a/doc/gf-people.html b/doc/gf-people.html index 05598dd9e..c5affabc3 100644 --- a/doc/gf-people.html +++ b/doc/gf-people.html @@ -14,20 +14,22 @@ Most of the code is by -Aarne Ranta, -and bug reports should be mailed -to him. +Krasimir Angelov, +Björn Bringert, +and +Aarne Ranta. Bug reports should be +posted via the GF bug tracker.

-The following people have contributed code to the current version: +Also the following people have contributed code to some of the versions:

-Björn Bringert (Chalmers) +Håkan Burden (Chalmers)
-Håkan Burden (Göteborg University) +Hans-Joachim Daniels (Karlsruhe)
Markus Forsberg (Chalmers)
@@ -44,7 +46,8 @@ Petri M

At least the following colleagues are thanked for suggestions, -bug reports, and other indirect contributions to the code: +bug reports, and other indirect contributions to the code. (Notice: +these are early contributors - the list has not been updated since 2004 or so).

diff --git a/download/index.html b/download/index.html index b1fd1774f..83081dd03 100644 --- a/download/index.html +++ b/download/index.html @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@

Old releases

-GF 2.9 download page +GF 2.9 download page

Installation instructions

diff --git a/download/index.txt b/download/index.txt index b036e0ccc..1c9273dcd 100644 --- a/download/index.txt +++ b/download/index.txt @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Grammatical Framework Download and Installation ==Old releases== -[GF 2.9 download page ../GF2/download/index.html] +[GF 2.9 download page ../../GF2/download/index.html] ==Installation instructions== diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 6d046daf6..7376ce428 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -37,11 +37,9 @@ June 2008 [ Demos | Download | Developers -| Events | Libraries | People -| Projects -| Publications +| Publications | QuickRefCard | Reference | Tutorial @@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ June 2008

27 June 2008: release of GF 3.0 and this new web page; the old web page is -here. +here.

@@ -101,24 +99,25 @@ GF can be used for building

Availability

-GF is open-source, licensed under [GPL ] (the program) and [LGPL ] (the libraries). It +GF is open-source, licensed under GPL (the program) and +LGPL (the libraries). It is available for

Projects

-GF was born in 1998 at Xerox Research Centre Europe, Grenoble in the project +GF was first created in 1998 at Xerox Research Centre Europe, Grenoble in the project Multilingual Document Authoring. At Xerox, it was used for prototypes including -a restaurant phrase book in 6 languages, -a database query system in 7 languages, +a restaurant phrase book, +a database query system, a formalization of an alarm system instructions with translations to 5 languages, and -an authoring system for medical drug descriptions in 2 languages. +an authoring system for medical drug descriptions.

Later projects using GF and involving third parties include, in chronological order, @@ -138,14 +137,14 @@ fifty [scientific publications ].

Programming in GF

-GF is easy to learn by following the tutorial. You can write your -first translator in 15 minutes. +GF is easy to learn by following the tutorial. +You can write your first translator in 15 minutes.

-GF has an interactive command interpreter, as well as a batch compiler. Grammars can be -compiled to parser and translator code in many different formats. These components can -then be embedded in applications written in other programming languages. The formats -currently supported are: +GF has an interactive command interpreter, as well as a batch compiler. +Grammars can be compiled to parser and translator code in many different +formats. These components can then be embedded in applications written +in other programming languages. The formats currently supported are: