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Grammatical Framework: Tutorial, Applications, and Reference Manual
Author: Aarne Ranta aarne (at) cs.chalmers.se
Last update: %%date(%c)
Aarne Ranta
Draft %%date(%c)
% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.
% Create an html file from this file using:
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ Last update: %%date(%c)
%!postproc(tex): #PARTone "part{Tutorial}"
%!postproc(tex): #PARTtwo "part{Advanced Grammars and Applications}"
%!postproc(tex): #PARTtwo "part{Applications of Grammars}"
%!postproc(tex): #PARTfour "part{Advanced Grammar Writing}"
%!postproc(tex): #PARTthree "part{Reference Manual}"
%!postproc(tex): #PARTbnf "include{DocGF}"
@@ -4365,31 +4366,68 @@ from source by typing ``make``. Here is a minimal such ``Makefile``:
=Embedded grammars in Java=
=Embedded grammars in Java FORTHCOMING=
Forthcoming; at the moment, the document
In this chapter, we will build a similar application in Java as was
built in Haskell in the previous chapter. This application gives
a template with the overall program structure that can be
extended with larger grammars and more Java functionalities.
Before the chapter is written, the document
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~bringert/gf/gf-java.html`` http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~bringert/gf/gf-java.html]
by Björn Bringert gives more information on Java.
by Björn Bringert gives more information on embedded grammars in Java.
=Spoken language translators=
=Spoken language translators FORTHCOMING=
In this chapter, it will be shown how a multilingual grammar is
equipped with speech recognition and speech synthesis to obtain
a spoken language translator.
Before the chapter is written, the document
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~bringert/gf/translatespeech.html`` http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~bringert/gf/translatespeech.html]
by Björn Bringert gives more information on spoken language translation with GF.
=Multimodal dialogue systems=
=Multimodal dialogue systems FORTHCOMING=
In this chapter, we will show how to build a dialogue system in GF:
a system in which the user can talk with the computer to accomplish
a task such as finding a route on a map of transfer systems.
The grammars are **multimodal**, which means that spoken input
can be completed with mouse clicks.
Before the chapter is written, the article
"Multimodal Dialogue System Grammars" by
Björn Bringert, Robin Cooper, Peter Ljunglöf, and Aarne Ranta
(//Proceedings of DIALOR'05, Ninth Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue//,
Nancy, France, June 9-11, 2005)
provides information on multilingual grammars. The paper is available in
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~bringert/publ/mm-grammars-dialor/mm-grammars-dialor.pdf`` http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~bringert/publ/mm-grammars-dialor/mm-grammars-dialor.pdf]
=Grammars of formal languages=
=Grammars of formal languages FORTHCOMING=
In this chapter, we will build a grammar for a formal language and interface
it with natural language.
==Precedence and fixity==
==Higher-order abstract syntax==
==Extensible natural-language interfaces==
#PARTfour
=Implementing morphology and syntax=
In this chapter, we will dig deeper into linguistic concepts than
@@ -4840,7 +4878,7 @@ The ``number`` flag gives the number of exercises generated.
==Concrete syntax: English phrase building==
==Concrete syntax: English phrase building FORTHCOMING==
===Predication===
@@ -4858,87 +4896,99 @@ The ``number`` flag gives the number of exercises generated.
===Putting the syntax together===
==Concrete syntax for Italian==
==Concrete syntax for Italian FORTHCOMING==
=Inside the resource grammar library=
=Inside the resource grammar library FORTHCOMING=
==Writing your own resource implementation==
This chapter is meant for those who want to understand the GF resource
grammar library more thoroughly - in particular, for those who
want to write their own implementations.
==Parametrized modules for language families==
Before the chapter is finished, more information can be found in
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/doc/Resource-HOWTO.html`` http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/doc/Resource-HOWTO.html]
=Using Transfer for semantics actions=
=Building a compiler in GF FORTHCOMING=
The purpose of this chapter is to show how the expressive power
of GF can be used in a complete definition of a language, which
includes both its syntax and semantics. We will write a grammar
for a subset of the C programming language, taking care of
parsing and type checking. As an alternative concrete syntax,
we will use JVM (Java Virtual Machine), so that we can use
the grammar to compile C code into runnable JVM code.
Before the chapter is finished, more information can be found in
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc/gfcc.pdf`` http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc/gfcc.pdf]
=Using Transfer for semantics actions FORTHCOMING=
Semantic actions on syntax trees can be defined in a general purpose language,
as is done in embedded Java and Haskell applications. But this method has
two drawbacks:
- the definitions are not portable from one language to another
- the host languages do not support the dependent type system of GF
In this chapter, a powerful technique provided by a separate ``transfer`` language
is introduced, and applied to build logical representations from syntax trees,
perform anaphora resolution and generation, and optimize text generation by
aggregagation.
Before the chapter is ready, more information on ``transfer`` can be found in
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc/transfer.html`` http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc/transfer.html]
Many aspects of logical semantics and how they are implemented by using ``def``
definitions are covered in the article
"Computational semantics in type theory" by Aarne Ranta
(// Mathematics and Social Sciences//, 165, pp. 31-57, 2004),
available in
[``http://msh.revues.org/document2925.html`` http://msh.revues.org/document2925.html]
#PARTthree
=Syntax and semantics of the GF language=
=Syntax and semantics of the GF language FORTHCOMING=
=The resource grammar API=
=The low-level GFC format=
=The command language of the GF shell=
==Lexers and unlexers==
Lexers and unlexers can be chosen from
a list of predefined ones, using the flags``-lexer`` and `` -unlexer`` either
in the grammar file or on the GF command line. Here are some often-used lexers
and unlexers:
```
The default is words.
-lexer=words tokens are separated by spaces or newlines
-lexer=literals like words, but GF integer and string literals recognized
-lexer=vars like words, but "x","x_...","$...$" as vars, "?..." as meta
-lexer=chars each character is a token
-lexer=code use Haskell's lex
-lexer=codevars like code, but treat unknown words as variables, ?? as meta
-lexer=text with conventions on punctuation and capital letters
-lexer=codelit like code, but treat unknown words as string literals
-lexer=textlit like text, but treat unknown words as string literals
The default is unwords.
-unlexer=unwords space-separated token list (like unwords)
-unlexer=text format as text: punctuation, capitals, paragraph <p>
-unlexer=code format as code (spacing, indentation)
-unlexer=textlit like text, but remove string literal quotes
-unlexer=codelit like code, but remove string literal quotes
-unlexer=concat remove all spaces
```
More options can be found by ``help -lexer`` and ``help -unlexer``:
Before this chapter is written, we refer to Appendix A with a BNF grammar of GF,
and Appendix B with a quick reference.
=The resource grammar API FORTHCOMING=
==Speech input and output==
Before this chapter is written, we refer to the
Resource Grammar Synopsis:
The ``speak_aloud = sa`` command sends a string to the speech
synthesizer
[Flite http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/flite/doc/].
It is typically used via a pipe:
``` generate_random | linearize | speak_aloud
The result is only satisfactory for English.
The ``speech_input = si`` command receives a string from a
speech recognizer that requires the installation of
[ATK http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~sjy/software.htm].
It is typically used to pipe input to a parser:
``` speech_input -tr | parse
The method words only for grammars of English.
Both Flite and ATK are freely available through the links
above, but they are not distributed together with GF.
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/synopsis.html`` ../../lib/resource-1.0/synopsis.html]
=The low-level GFC format FORTHCOMING=
==Multilingual syntax editor==
This is the format generated by the GF grammar compiler. The format is
undergoing a revision, so a reference manual will appear later.
=The GF system FORTHCOMING=
==The command language of the GF shell==
Before this chapter is written, we refer to online help obtained
in the GF shell with the command ``help``.
==The multilingual syntax editor==
The
[Editor User Manual http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF2.0/doc/javaGUImanual/javaGUImanual.htm]
@@ -4973,29 +5023,19 @@ Thus the most silent way to invoke GF is
=Documenting grammars with GFDoc=
=Documenting grammars with GFDoc FORTHCOMING=
GFDoc is a very simple system generating HTML and LaTeX from GF grammars.
Some mark-up has been defined to enable annotations of the source code.
Before this chapter is written, a summary of the tool is obtained by
the command
```
% gfdoc
```
provided `gfdoc`` has been installed as a part of one's GF installation.
=Further reading=
Syntax Editor User Manual:
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF2.0/doc/javaGUImanual/javaGUImanual.htm`` http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF2.0/doc/javaGUImanual/javaGUImanual.htm]
Resource Grammar Synopsis (on using resource grammars):
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/synopsis.html`` ../../lib/resource-1.0/synopsis.html]
Resource Grammar HOWTO (on writing resource grammars):
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/synopsis.html`` ../../lib/resource-1.0/doc/Resource-HOWTO.html]
GF Homepage:
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc`` ../..]
#startappendix