diff --git a/lib/src/english/ExtraEng.gf b/lib/src/english/ExtraEng.gf
index fc5a54857..6e3993be5 100644
--- a/lib/src/english/ExtraEng.gf
+++ b/lib/src/english/ExtraEng.gf
@@ -118,13 +118,26 @@ concrete ExtraEng of ExtraEngAbs = CatEng **
       VVF VPres => "may" ;
       VVF VPPart => ["been allowed to"] ;
       VVF VPresPart => ["being allowed to"] ;
-      VVF VPast => "might" ;
-      VVPastNeg => "mightn't" ;
+      VVF VPast => "might" ; --# notpresent
+      VVPastNeg => "mightn't" ; --# notpresent
       VVPresNeg => "may not"
       } ;
     typ = VVAux
     } ;
 
+   shall_VV = lin VV {
+     s = table { 
+      VVF VInf => ["be obliged to"] ; ---
+      VVF VPres => "shall" ;
+      VVF VPPart => ["been obliged to"] ;
+      VVF VPresPart => ["being obliged to"] ;
+      VVF VPast => "should" ; --# notpresent
+      VVPastNeg => "shouldn't" ; --# notpresent
+      VVPresNeg => "shall not"  --- shan't
+      } ;
+    typ = VVAux
+    } ;
+
 
    NominalizeVPSlashNP vpslash np = 
      let vp : ResEng.VP = insertObjPre (\\_ => vpslash.c2 ++ np.s ! NPAcc) vpslash 
diff --git a/lib/src/english/ExtraEngAbs.gf b/lib/src/english/ExtraEngAbs.gf
index b5f733aef..0c4514675 100644
--- a/lib/src/english/ExtraEngAbs.gf
+++ b/lib/src/english/ExtraEngAbs.gf
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ abstract ExtraEngAbs = Extra - [ProDrop] ** {
 
    may_VV : VV ;
 
+   shall_VV : VV ;
 ---------------------
 --- these are obsolete: use UncNeg : Pol instead