From f496c49263c0eecd9e7288d8aeea48fac489bb5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: aarne Date: Thu, 12 May 2005 16:12:03 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] index and tutorial --- doc/gf-index.html | 17 +++- doc/tutorial/Fish.gf | 4 + doc/tutorial/FishEng.gf | 5 + doc/tutorial/Gatherer.gf | 5 + doc/tutorial/Gatherer.gif | Bin 0 -> 12415 bytes doc/tutorial/GathererEng.gf | 5 + doc/tutorial/Mushrooms.gf | 4 + doc/tutorial/MushroomsEng.gf | 5 + doc/tutorial/Neolithic.gf | 5 + doc/tutorial/NeolithicEng.gf | 6 ++ doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html | 168 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 11 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) create mode 100644 doc/tutorial/Fish.gf create mode 100644 doc/tutorial/FishEng.gf create mode 100644 doc/tutorial/Gatherer.gf create mode 100644 doc/tutorial/Gatherer.gif create mode 100644 doc/tutorial/GathererEng.gf create mode 100644 doc/tutorial/Mushrooms.gf create mode 100644 doc/tutorial/MushroomsEng.gf create mode 100644 doc/tutorial/Neolithic.gf create mode 100644 doc/tutorial/NeolithicEng.gf diff --git a/doc/gf-index.html b/doc/gf-index.html index 340f64f44..01397554b 100644 --- a/doc/gf-index.html +++ b/doc/gf-index.html @@ -12,20 +12,27 @@

Version 2.1

November 8, 2004. + +

+ +Version 2.2 scheduled to be released May 16, 2005! See +highlights. +

News

- May 9, 2005. PhD Thesis by diff --git a/doc/tutorial/Fish.gf b/doc/tutorial/Fish.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c404115e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/tutorial/Fish.gf @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +abstract Fish = { + cat Fish ; + fun Salmon, Perch : Fish ; +} diff --git a/doc/tutorial/FishEng.gf b/doc/tutorial/FishEng.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..560f6cda4 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/tutorial/FishEng.gf @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +concrete FishEng of Fish = { + lin + Salmon = {s = "salmon"} ; + Perch = {s = "perch"} ; +} diff --git a/doc/tutorial/Gatherer.gf b/doc/tutorial/Gatherer.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..254a46ec0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/tutorial/Gatherer.gf @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +abstract Gatherer = Paleolithic, Fish, Mushrooms ** { + fun + UseFish : Fish -> CN ; + UseMushroom : Mushroom -> CN ; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/doc/tutorial/Gatherer.gif b/doc/tutorial/Gatherer.gif new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..758b8ea8b3443763579e1a02a9776e18e114c82b GIT binary patch literal 12415 zcmZ?wbhEHb%wQ5`oXEiN|Nnmm5c!XRfkE*n3nK#q6N3%|0|Ns{o`LCqOaIE#Z}}I` z*>bCU^SwR4`P&|OOncV3?A57l@3@bD^11%4_xZ1L-~aLRaJ3&<^s&Q7Yx7liBl$r zRTo~HUH<=IKud>!-7>xH_B};G4o*L2?7H*M;FRa;y%w*}?*5;k(U+2$MBJP_^43)42iJDsrhI?dAUOEDI(xoi@b5)<;*-LaON6wNEJaqiZ({Js8 zeo=3aM&{r9%kEsL;w`L<)z$MdR;|lp z*PQ7I2wggbNu^Gp#wQllUB@SKJWM{~Dp0efgNN&3@~cllSp2Bs)bc@}N${eF(+xou z`QYi(g+RfR2U3q3EgXW1f4Uu5x_ArN9Xu42ILcg(u(Eb?Fes=9G6;yMC^0lS{SaUj z6k%vcat67Dy9qt@E^$bluGhQWft zi-CZp{!} zf4Zx~AG=qTBWJ14TBUt^m%hwtE^63Cbn!+og#Lp{e3v7~6@IvXocKWbD4gNm)Gs2>X%|$ZaswmL z1YGF=m4=d_9Fu3IbVtTSM_b zhFOvjvzCC&(gvH=57vib)<*@9tDb&q{|JuP@*p4d%)ueV38{5Iy!n}7{@>jrffQq9u_cED|U zx0MjaM2JdAo&O(F>9Y$$E#EW|EgUXJHpt#>z>j`xmyb506262lY zSi%<+`+513z{c746v2{xh9JZf(hx6!BBN;cWU!G)mAzvp#I66q!Mj}=q6br1J4Bg0 z#MSZ;Wzrayt`LC8XhSSj0lV$Lv(TaA|52-HUP$EscLn=l9wemZd!Waz3^cfu!3M>H zP5l*Me>qEOkJ0!h1;I%e$cmlrc1I+X*o! zaQp}7ITc0*P<>wX+u0p0|7b!i1)0LY0;%Iv99%%Xi?$4ph7L$=d11m2 zP`P$n-pv8cU{R>S$6T0T2Dcqihm;~pkhp>6nqn`fAL8JK({1@hYr8+;D9oXh5kbu54|ca@=){sL)*%hoy-jGkm9IDrKKKJsPFtM z+Sw0bB$lYKHAq6d4=q`IA4x;`lLYLb0pj*Z86svl=?6;lU3&5ls6kWOT0S&`n_SL9 z_o2=angEvtH}-c=`r!d_$`q9rS%}7kiXVHy+73&2)~G;&2~zUtde-njn}LXEbbTZY zDcF_aUVwBYq$mBTfCSqy4<;9Zn*X2%?Fo+@hzZInA3s7J1u3wsh2$r~tQCN$QG_NR zH;+fkLJ&(J9f&j)J2r^-1EqwZ#c2biNaSD4f{^s{^5nqP>GAl`|0r3YrUw$87bXbU zf$Pq^d?9RoCI1hGSCjf5DIZ+^qXTC@%HxBgfFQW>2kPdPK$4bqXaCA-P&oX*Jr`Q` zx*&>%TihNT@`x5HB$?NNoBwwgL*ojTyFgV`79@^9eKk*~9~E#Oq!`NUat6hwCLbtp zV2%C`kbYfwSZjG=TIjKn({7obc`!6?7SGuN%K1^yy!UiT=p+FvxCRaaD;|>X)c`ts(6mxSp5G78$$w%yuMQJBX&^w{8q2R$RKg>_z|$O zR*yeWYbFZ(b4_45c)a_>8Bk@|;lRz6=zd2w!0AT?v?K-P)g!E}A1*2xL2{eF(~lWl z8{Ih{CbK9pf%=V*bf+Z5tixfa=C)#0ke8+lw4&|j+jN5=vN z1`+9|2gy+@R!tJHOLI{=%C>`9K}A52#aii6Qk%y1NL!hRkfrE>|VWT34-Lj}R?}Ahs8yguJI~W%HU|?fsQBhE8N^o(R6DY&L zVc^8XAR>Q&!_LKlg_U8!4FOQ_SZlWQi+76HGaP7WU}10w;IKZV)F;#+_@={}gX^LD z9M^ybjwabcF~DDx?CxE*n1IoQszX8{9)pnwR25{KQh z)>Uep50jma1p53CC=_I|ex%R@?ubt?*v!!+m4S2Ad7Xqo9M(8JMTv4Dk*jctm6oy!AOqydPX zQ=NWPOqBR9a>%?(o`J#5Kx1DcBZDF%Lx;i-fkrWrL!hw_2|;#27I~!)O-u|f4gnyk z8RDyEskHQS3VLuJIK#x@A@HW7nS<%Ebc0|`S3U!%(g)QW>)2X97&0|JVwPYK5CR)0 z*unzx?6SBw>l77hdJb?nF);`@GCT&WXy9m)FNB6Er;7s%V-J4<*bfsJ9KdNij0>EG zIY9nOaFKBlsOdPs(Ii;N?x^^u0~AVy0*(es?-Vq^qcaT2!ZkiTp}s|0{jbr|FWBM6$-{5}8m0}PY9|TBnI9CHlsMd4 zT<-)jF&G#$2{H;gaP~ZKW`VeaNn$priJ%XSetto5Q1o+@9dVUVWl+8$SS}!PsDA^; z0u~0)U| zb_kqkKpE|JV+%O7{%^?_6m;NZIKyFfl#OAB!VN(|c9HoB?k*AF5~GWsp}>vdF?$1} zzyyW`KUm~HJB3bd`C!faAV~9m5?) zaEdahV~_x4g)aXOhOpG?CNPJi!=Q^lfx*FpL5X9ZtBXQ_41^ zIW?jA50c|ntYU(x`L6_JO$0T*t04IwJnq~H64-Ue3sMb(2Z>>$&R(EK4`lcm+B1b$ zbo)>$Dac@HAGG3yv_NN<--mb95H&G;1p0UfbhMfS=0l{x>_V7paaFPvFzY2j6$PTL z1UKFgRPTYDB?vP9d((eV(nT2>p8@TlAI<=`JS4!W1vaE^i8RRN2Wd*$*MNP&3uzrg zClX|!9Y;{VUmIl8^xN`!VD*q%7S?O!gSR9=jWM5CGe}!Zo=FItr$FgDuU-P?A`SJm z-#{^kvoUr<5R|Enq0LHoFi#GvX5@VM7?g`Z>B7$n?4s$Qw&MS%-|SV?YI-y?Hy=hB6Q?bKXY4jvEby&IdocI&k$Zo+NUiAmtT$+8WMb_X}x&t@}z-b)PNdOfDVcy_0aQnZ!+fI;Irb~kcGfzXt&k$|PY*j?|4}z8y zfokA{ydBgon|^yDsE5Z5N_OD3_BAi4Lr!_FUJD9aP$)yXR(HWZF9Y=qvJlN*U4-kd zLCm%95dwD^cFqMGbq+Mn(F%{y)krRigSiNz5i&Bgd-9AAhM-CqIsYo z9^xX9wGxPQ;07@U+&_VJs-V3y(75B3r{6$hahc!(3!HMoAY+c8zU1n?U63l{A;i7) z72qU#8#K(B<_0YkpDuxo&VdTq_fVBHz=igme*&O#NN@XpP?5Hk1JpHu%(Own22@P% z1{wN)`fYhRXq?7CB|+k*;DQE}X+T|O*c9<;kks_s@~|ql7vfA%R=VB<35NDSzh6*Q zprNJhPK%bv2=M4nflb!7L!6yBrQrz1{I?Qx8tNFlj)z7UtjfCg zmmLv^XSa?0cX|EpbX8%skj^yg#fu zhXtR8JX)ew2WPr`XkZ0GW3ne`5_~WNJbj)GQ2;7?z-0lXP|$Dv@ES;yxz&7<1p_$mKutF|1sTDMgQQ$%*y!oSi4aFXbcs)b z4kjAI8hBkt%t7rCZ-`wT(9B?9B*dTuPta?>*$Exu2Ps=SMF2AX+ha5lJmhH30jeZp z^XhlNVoOcvP(PyV-P;SX&?txlK5;DBSwuD6Wlhm6FS5PveMn~ zp*u9RmMVjXG_wQ*VC@<3$Vk!e!yd3PUT}s`H#M4X;A%0Fi8l44Qk z0FPhybV6f87OEDMN21>Lsz8R87vD&LR+E;V-~kOu7G-E~{67KpX~0B*GN{9zF1dQo zlZoZv@hhpY(Z0kfpTQ&9=FJblZUGJRKvLL4McCLm*q=c{3Lqy*gT^5srAGS^wI4Hf zNwD09+Qb@?QAZ`8ju|AL1Py9*i)JMNE)U`tLy;umA(KdhLYdFFTlW+Q}US1tw_W zi=}6ckID}T@L~dx+l43o0FB@GKT1|xktF~hAa7OKCs^ZicPV6;3!Hc?RXcq@7*0$Q ze#6n!{~r=bouC=u8C)XZA$jGa_MoH+8ZO=v1ZjwC!|j#y^!YJkl_0n+14?D?j~)xw z_;i8RChWWm8%JL}XN#UtJ1D4kPqF|9gS?xiC@5aco1ytX(9iWzvQW)p===ycb%9Ik zl`4hcK>V)=q3wH$Km&rMKQ$nkTH>jTid`B5!%;=BCj}lwlG#VG^e}VJt6rkSIYE+xI|*onv8|PQsL)s)Vt;K=}?l?F#jaeGSB6J}^JQ zO+DudO)Z8n<1axX#~wOMm<|*F1Zgt=O`NhB=6$G=dI?n(NZZvJ(k6Qcu?;k34j%sp z#SNqnn^!L(33Iq6w3rHjS_td-!mH5du+SCfeE2xgb7WNFC_56#a*)&5*cj4! zI1K6>ip+oDF5?0k5anPJVv#q7_ILij@ZgX)W@>6;abXac02(6~5)gFoU{Fxv@Bj^+ zHE=X6U=S2woN@p>yz~mxl?FAL5-=M3N6Oz6%=Z zUpmDK9K4?31ye4dxr8Iw!axC3ak&XV27eg^*{2*haG(L43!rVG!yMqKs}!+kVCYE* zs9|Pi0FS}J5((U1SMUtO(kVfpu9D7lEFR-Mg(}!)V~RKd?Z7kwHM@P&)@G(!~nhIT;Qd z;BaGcVNf+_;s>W;Y1n85I1QP2F(fcLI5Z`=$Fu}8ftJ~UMu9oH8N3)6*dXFZ?#hBg z>{~mirLSzH30jlK$l1Z5py2qy5VnL4)a+LNZ=m78;=sZR8m0$31Qh-)t^#v5aBy=8 z2{3|(azWFOp!pb3nGH%yf|VldJPdkxhD<+v1h*P~gOi?MrHDMkJILy~8XwqXwX$N( z84eyU20=zgMh&|L(Aay2!VfXQMu$RB2ymh&dsx9_32Uu`W+|_LhOfX=k^GM#i%~$! zHbA~E-T5~WGVTDX$DtyMpt+@2MZcM0#b!Tv{0H1T5rLJUKCtp}4x}vqyAWC|!Qu_k zf9Hbr7hvUdpcm9+Sl0-q09u+FoU(-Z18#~FR7(oPUdZyHe+FLge%CozpW!1kN%fFW z3&1NuRahSi(gi&SvF$(qVtBRt6uyK-6;|zP!0T#==hs1W@h?t+mHtm{U@TQ=;2zfC zh4~TUg)(UUb67(fCSl14W9DW177RU|5IYdz1FP6CO@uVL6Q}e;l<+IV`~+oW`w`L^_J;e2 zRRz3&;9Gky%*IomqMhKS1%LUWbmElBAWxkJO}c{nx$3bnU9hH~!6{Ewi0W8R8F>2_ z+?$>42)C?P1+?V#={I&L4eI<0gPP5yJEua1Z|fzV_J9KAD$?LeC%CI~Cr`x;Je3U6 zqzPW7Q?3bWg+m4iIzWmbYa2jI*)MTH`f@!Yu+=$5m$KwL`!g5Jf;F5oRX-X+SD|RA zuPvMSV+Q9cDHce_ujo?Ndhl=us1>v1su47jL5p3rd Edition, for GF version 2.2 or later -

+

Aarne Ranta -

aarne@cs.chalmers.se -

+ +

+ +12 May 2005 + @@ -29,12 +32,13 @@ The term GF is used for different things:

  • a program used for working with grammars
  • a programming language in which grammars can be written -
  • a theory about the concepts of grammars and languages +
  • a theory about grammars and languages

-This tutorial is about the GF program and the GF programming language. +This tutorial is primarily about the GF program and +the GF programming language. It will guide you

  • to use the GF program @@ -43,8 +47,9 @@ It will guide you
+ -

The GF program

+

Getting the GF program

The program is open-source free software, which you can download from the GF Homepage:
@@ -60,8 +65,8 @@ There you can download
  • grammar libraries and examples If you want to compile GF from source, you need Haskell and Java -compilers. But normally you don't have to compile, and you don't -need to know Haskell or Java to use GF. +compilers. But normally you don't have to compile, and you definitely +don't need to know Haskell or Java to use GF.

    @@ -127,7 +132,7 @@ you imported. Try parsing something else, and you fail > p "hello world" No success in cf parsing no tree found -

    +
    @@ -183,6 +188,7 @@ generate ten strings with one and the same command: To generate all sentence that a grammar can generate, use the command generate_trees = gt. 
    +  > generate_trees | l
   this louse laughs
   this louse sleeps
   this louse swims
@@ -197,12 +203,13 @@ You get quite a few trees but not all of them: only up to a given
 depth of trees. To see how you can get more, use the
 help = h command,
 
    -  h gr
+  help gr
 
    
 Quiz. If the command gt generated all
 trees in your grammar, it would never terminate. Why?
 
 
+
 
 
    More on pipes; tracing
    
 
@@ -509,10 +516,38 @@ Each module is compiled into a .gfc file.
 
 Import PaleolithicEng.gf and try what happens
 
    -
+  > i PaleolithicEng.gf
 
    
-Nothing more than before, except that the GFC files
-are generated.
+The GF program does not only read the file 
+PaleolithicEng.gf, but also all other files that it
+depends on - in this case,  Paleolithic.gf.
+
+
    
+
+For each file that is compiles, a .gfc file
+is generated. The GFC format (="GF Canonical") is the
+"machine code" of GF, which is faster to process than
+GF source files. When reading a module, GF knows whether
+to use an existing .gfc file or to generate
+a new one, by looking at modification times.
+
+
+
+
+
    Multilingual grammar
    
+
+The main advantage of separating abstract from concrete syntax is that
+one abstract syntax can be equipped with many concrete syntaxes.
+A system with this property is called a multilingual grammar.
+
+
    
+
+Multilingual grammars can be used for applications such as
+translation. Let us buid an Italian concrete syntax for
+Paleolithic and then test the resulting 
+multilingual grammar.
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -554,17 +589,39 @@ lin
 
 Import without first emptying
 
    -
+  > i PaleolithicEng.gf
+  > i PaleolithicIta.gf
 
    
 Try generation now:
 
    +  > gr | l
+  un pidocchio uccide questo ragazzo
 
+  > gr | l -lang=PaleolithicEng
+  that louse eats a louse
 
    
 Translate by using a pipe:
 
    -
+  > p -lang=PaleolithicEng "the boy eats the snake" | l -lang=PaleolithicIta
+  il ragazzo mangia il serpente
 
    
-Inspect the shell state (print_options = po):
+
+
+
+
    The multilingual shell state
    
+
+A GF shell is at any time in a state, which 
+contains a multilingual grammar. One of the concrete
+syntaxes is the "main" one, which means that parsing and linearization
+are performed by using it. By default, the main concrete syntax is the
+last-imported one. As we saw on previous slide, the lang flag
+can be used to change the linearization and parsing grammar.
+
+
    
+
+To see what the multilingual grammar is (as well as some other
+things), you can use the command
+print_options = po:
 
       > print_options
   main abstract :     Paleolithic
@@ -574,11 +631,86 @@ Inspect the shell state (print_options = po):
 
 
 
-
    Extending the grammar
    
+
    Extending a grammar
    
 
-Neolithic: fire, wheel, think,...
+The module system of GF makes it possible to extend a
+grammar in different ways. The syntax of extension is
+shown by the following example.
+
    +  abstract Neolithic = Paleolithic ** {
+    fun
+      Fire, Wheel : CN ;
+      Think : V ;
+  }
+
    
+Parallel to the abstract syntax, extensions can
+be built for concrete syntaxes:
+
    +  concrete NeolithicEng of Neolithic = PaleolithicEng ** {
+    lin
+      Fire  = {s = "fire"} ;
+      Wheel = {s = "wheel"} ;
+      Think = {s = "thinks"} ;
+  }
+
    
+The effect of extension is that all of the contents of the extended
+and extending module are put together.
 
 
 
+
+
    Multiple inheritance
    
+
+Specialized vocabularies can be represented as small grammars that
+only do "one thing" each, e.g.
+
    +  abstract Fish = {
+    cat Fish ;
+    fun Salmon, Perch : Fish ;
+  }
+
+  abstract Mushrooms = {
+    cat Mushroom ;
+    fun Cep, Agaric : Mushroom ;
+  }
+
    
+They can afterwards be combined in bigger grammars by using
+multiple inheritance, i.e. extension of several grammars at the
+same time:
+
    +  abstract Gatherer = Paleolithic, Fish, Mushrooms ** {
+    fun 
+      UseFish     : Fish     -> CN ;
+      UseMushroom : Mushroom -> CN ;
+    }
+
    
+
+
+
+
+
    Visualizing module structure
    
+
+When you have created all the abstract syntaxes and
+one set of concrete syntaxes needed for Gatherer,
+your grammar consists of eight GF modules. To see how their
+dependences look like, you can use the command 
+visualize_graph = vg,
+
    +  > visualize_graph
+
    
+and the graph will pop up in a separate window. It can also
+be printed out into a file, e.g. a .gif file that
+can be included in an HTML document
+
    +  > pm -printer=graph | wf Gatherer.dot
+  > ! dot -Tgif Gatherer.dot > Gatherer.gif
+
    
+The latter command is a Unix command, issued from GF by using the
+shell escape symbol !. The resulting graph is shown below.
+
+
    
+
+
+
 
 
\ No newline at end of file