Merge branch 'c-runtime' into compact-pgf

silence encoding error
2019-09-20 14:08:30 +02:00 · 2019-09-20 14:07:07 +02:00 · 2019-09-20 11:22:15 +02:00 · 2019-09-20 11:18:17 +02:00 · 2019-09-20 10:55:23 +02:00 · 2019-09-20 10:52:40 +02:00
208 changed files with 10316 additions and 18081 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -44,16 +44,19 @@ cabal.sandbox.config
 .stack-work
 DATA_DIR

+stack*.yaml.lock
+
 # Generated documentation (not exhaustive)
 demos/index-numbers.html
 demos/resourcegrammars.html
 demos/translation.html
 doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.html
+doc/index.html
 doc/gf-bibliography.html
 doc/gf-developers.html
 doc/gf-editor-modes.html
 doc/gf-people.html
-doc/gf-reference.html
+doc/gf-refman.html
 doc/gf-shell-reference.html
 doc/icfp-2012.html
 download/*.html
--- a/Setup.hs
+++ b/Setup.hs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import Distribution.System(Platform(..),OS(..))
 import Distribution.Simple(defaultMainWithHooks,UserHooks(..),simpleUserHooks)
 import Distribution.Simple.LocalBuildInfo(LocalBuildInfo(..),absoluteInstallDirs,datadir)
 import Distribution.Simple.Setup(BuildFlags(..),Flag(..),InstallFlags(..),CopyDest(..),CopyFlags(..),SDistFlags(..))
@@ -73,5 +74,9 @@ dataDirFile = "DATA_DIR"
 default_gf :: LocalBuildInfo -> FilePath
 default_gf lbi = buildDir lbi </> exeName' </> exeNameReal
  where
+    -- shadows Distribution.Simple.BuildPaths.exeExtension, which changed type signature in Cabal 2.4
+    exeExtension = case hostPlatform lbi of
+      Platform arch Windows -> "exe"
+      _ -> ""
    exeName' = "gf"
    exeNameReal = exeName' <.> exeExtension
--- a/bin/build-binary-dist.sh
+++ b/bin/build-binary-dist.sh
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 ### This script builds a binary distribution of GF from the source
 ### package that this script is a part of. It assumes that you have installed
-### the Haskell Platform, version 2013.2.0.0 or 2012.4.0.0.
+### a recent version of the Haskell Platform.
 ### Two binary package formats are supported: plain tar files (.tar.gz) and
 ### OS X Installer packages (.pkg).

--- a/bin/clean_html
+++ b/bin/clean_html
@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 #!/bin/bash

-### This script finds all .t2t (txt2tags) files and deletes the corresponding html file
+# This script finds all .t2t (txt2tags) and .md (Markdown) files
+# and deletes the corresponding HTML file of the same name.

 find . -name '*.t2t' | while read t2t ; do
  html="${t2t%.t2t}.html"
-  rm -f "$html"
+  if [ -f "$html" ] ; then
+    echo "$html"
+    rm -f "$html"
+  fi
+done
+
+find . -name '*.md' | while read md ; do
+  html="${md%.md}.html"
+  if [ -f "$html" ] ; then
+    echo "$html"
+    rm -f "$html"
+  fi
 done
--- a/bin/template.html
+++ b/bin/template.html
@@ -28,16 +28,17 @@ $for(header-includes)$
  $header-includes$
 $endfor$
 </head>
-<body>
+<body class="bg-light">
+  <div class="bg-white pb-5">
 $for(include-before)$
 $include-before$
 $endfor$
-<div class="container-fluid my-5" style="max-width:1200px">
+<div class="container-fluid py-5" style="max-width:1200px">

 $if(title)$
 <header id="title-block-header">
 <a href="$rel-root$" title="Home">
-  <img src="$rel-root$/doc/Logos/gf1.svg" height="200px" class="float-md-right mb-3 bg-white" alt="GF Logo">
+  <img src="$rel-root$/doc/Logos/gf1.svg" height="200" class="float-md-right ml-3 mb-3 bg-white" alt="GF Logo">
 </a>
 <h1 class="title">$title$</h1>
 $if(subtitle)$
@@ -53,13 +54,20 @@ $endif$
 $endif$
 $if(toc)$
 <nav id="$idprefix$TOC">
-$table-of-contents$
+$if(table-of-contents)$
+  <!-- pandoc >= 2.0 -->
+  $table-of-contents$
+$else$
+  <!-- pandoc < 2.0 -->
+  $toc$
+$endif$
 </nav>
 $endif$
 $body$
 </div><!-- .container -->
+</div><!-- .bg-white -->

-<footer class="bg-light mt-5 py-5">
+<footer class="py-5">
  <div class="container">
    <div class="row">

@@ -72,7 +80,11 @@ $body$
        <ul class="list-unstyled">
          <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1LFbDQhbso">Google Tech Talk</a></li>
          <li><a href="http://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/">GF Cloud</a></li>
-          <li><a href="$rel-root$/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.html">Tutorial</a></li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="$rel-root$/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.html">Tutorial</a>
+            /
+            <a href="$rel-root$/lib/doc/rgl-tutorial/index.html">RGL Tutorial</a>
+          </li>
          <li><a href="$rel-root$/download"><strong>Download GF</strong></a></li>
        </ul>
      </div>
@@ -100,8 +112,7 @@ $body$
      </div>

      <div class="col-6 col-sm-3">
-        <h6 class="text-muted">Contribute</i>
-        </h6>
+        <h6 class="text-muted">Contribute</h6>
        <ul class="list-unstyled">
          <li><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/gf-dev">Mailing List</a></li>
          <li><a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
@@ -116,8 +127,8 @@ $body$
        <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl">RGL</a> ·
        <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-contrib">Contributions</a>
      </div>
-    <div>
-  <div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
 </footer>
 $for(include-after)$
 $include-after$
--- a/bin/update_html
+++ b/bin/update_html
@@ -1,9 +1,29 @@
 #!/bin/bash

+# Generate HTML from txt2tags (.t2t) and Markdown (.md)
+# Usage:
+# - update_html
+#   Look for all .t2t and .md files in the current directory and below,
+#   generating the output HTML when the source is newer than the HTML.
+# - update_html path/to/file.t2t path/to/another.md
+#   Generate HTML for the specified file(s), ignoring modification time.
+#
+# Requires:
+# - txt2tags for .t2t files. Tested with 2.6.
+# - pandoc for both .t2t and .md files. Tested with 1.16.0.2 and 2.3.1.
+# - the template file `template.html` in the same directory as this script.
+#
+# Tested with Ubuntu 16.04 and macOS Mojave.
+#
+# See also clean_html for removing the files generated by this script.
+
 # Path to directory where this script is
 # https://stackoverflow.com/a/246128/98600
 DIR="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" >/dev/null && pwd )"

+# HTML template
+template="$DIR/template.html"
+
 # Render txt2tags into html file
 # Arguments:
 # 1. txt2tags source file, e.g. download/index.t2t
@@ -22,6 +42,12 @@ function render_t2t_html {
    --outfile="$tmp" \
    --infile="$t2t"

+  # Replace <A NAME="toc3"></A> with <div id="toc3"></div> so that Pandoc retains it
+  # Do this for both cases since BSD sed doesn't support /i
+  sed -i.bak "s/<a name=\"\(.*\)\"><\/a>/<div id=\"\1\"><\/div>/" "$tmp"
+  sed -i.bak "s/<A NAME=\"\(.*\)\"><\/A>/<div id=\"\1\"><\/div>/" "$tmp"
+  rm -f "$tmp.bak"
+
  # Capture first 3 lines of t2t file: title, author, date
  # Documentation here: https://txt2tags.org/userguide/headerarea
  l1=$(head -n 1 "$t2t")
@@ -41,7 +67,8 @@ function render_t2t_html {
    --from=html \
    --to=html5 \
    --standalone \
-    --template="$DIR/template.html" \
+    --template="$template" \
+    --variable="lang:en" \
    --variable="rel-root:$relroot" \
    --metadata="title:$title" \
    --metadata="author:$author" \
@@ -60,28 +87,43 @@ function render_t2t_html {
 # Render markdown into html file
 # Arguments:
 # 1. markdown source file, e.g. download/index.md
-# 2. html target filen, e.g. download/index.html
+# 2. html target file, e.g. download/index.html
 function render_md_html {
  md="$1"
  html="$2"
  relroot="$( dirname $md | sed -E 's/^.\///' | sed -E 's/[^/]+/../g' )"

+  # Look for `show-toc: true` in metadata (first ten lines of file)
+  if head -n 10 "$md" | grep --quiet 'show-toc: true' ; then
+    tocflag='--table-of-contents'
+  else
+    tocflag=''
+  fi
+
  pandoc \
    --from=markdown \
    --to=html5 \
    --standalone \
-    --template="$DIR/template.html" \
+    $tocflag \
+    --template="$template" \
+    --variable="lang:en" \
    --variable="rel-root:$relroot" \
    "$md" \
    --output="$html"

  # Final post-processing
  if [ -f "$html" ] ; then
-    sed -i.bak "s/<table/<table class=\"table\"/" "$html" && rm "$html.bak"
+    # add "table" class to tables
+    sed -i.bak "s/<table/<table class=\"table\"/" "$html"
+    # rewrite anchors that Pandoc 1.16 ignores: [content]{#anchor} -> <span id="anchor">content</span>
+    sed -i.bak -E "s/\[(.*)\]\{#(.+)\}/<span id=\"\2\">\1<\/span>/" "$html"
+    rm -f "$html.bak"
    echo "$html"
  fi
 }

+# Main entry point
+# Script can be run in one of two modes:
 if [ $# -gt 0 ] ; then
  # Render specific file(s) from args, ignoring dates
  for file in "$@" ; do
@@ -100,14 +142,14 @@ else
  # Render all files found in cwd and deeper if source is newer
  find . -name '*.t2t' | while read file ; do
    html="${file%.t2t}.html"
-    if [ "$file" -nt "$html" ] ; then
+    if [ "$file" -nt "$html" ] || [ "$template" -nt "$html" ] ; then
      render_t2t_html "$file" "$html"
    fi
  done
  find . -name '*.md' | while read file ; do
    if [[ "$file" == *"README.md" ]] ; then continue ; fi
    html="${file%.md}.html"
-    if [ "$file" -nt "$html" ] ; then
+    if [ "$file" -nt "$html" ] || [ "$template" -nt "$html" ] ; then
      render_md_html "$file" "$html"
    fi
  done
--- a/debian/changelog
+++ b/debian/changelog
@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
+gf (3.10.3-1) xenial bionic cosmic; urgency=low
+
+  * GF 3.10.3
+
+ -- Thomas Hallgren <hallgren@chalmers.se>  Fri,  5 Mar 2019 19:30:00 +0100
+
+gf (3.10-2) xenial bionic cosmic; urgency=low
+
+  * GF 3.10
+
+ -- Thomas Hallgren <hallgren@chalmers.se>  Fri,  5 Mar 2019 16:00:00 +0100
+
 gf (3.10-1) xenial bionic cosmic; urgency=low

  * GF 3.10

- -- Thomas Hallgren <hallgren@chalmers.se>  Fri, 30 Nov 2018 20:00:00 +0100
+ -- Thomas Hallgren <hallgren@chalmers.se>  Fri,  2 Dec 2018 15:00:00 +0100

 gf (3.9-1) vivid xenial zesty; urgency=low

--- a/debian/control
+++ b/debian/control
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Section: devel
 Priority: optional
 Maintainer: Thomas Hallgren <hallgren@chalmers.se>
 Standards-Version: 3.9.2
-Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 5), haskell-platform (>= 2011.2.0.1), libghc-haskeline-dev, libghc-mtl-dev, libghc-json-dev, autoconf, automake, libtool-bin, python-dev, java-sdk, txt2tags
+Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 5), haskell-platform (>= 2011.2.0.1), libghc-haskeline-dev, libghc-mtl-dev, libghc-json-dev, autoconf, automake, libtool-bin, python-dev, java-sdk, txt2tags, pandoc
 Homepage: http://www.grammaticalframework.org/

 Package: gf
--- a/debian/rules
+++ b/debian/rules
@@ -13,21 +13,6 @@
 override_dh_shlibdeps:
 	dh_shlibdeps --dpkg-shlibdeps-params=--ignore-missing-info

-override_dh_auto_build:
-	cd src/runtime/python && EXTRA_INCLUDE_DIRS=$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c EXTRA_LIB_DIRS=$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs python setup.py build
-	cd src/runtime/java && make CFLAGS="-I$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c -L$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs" INSTALL_PATH=/usr/lib
-	echo LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs
-	LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs cabal build
-	LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs cabal copy --destdir=$(CURDIR)/debian/gf # create www directory
-	PATH=$(CURDIR)/dist/build/gf:$$PATH && export GF_LIB_PATH="$$(dirname $$(find "$(CURDIR)/debian/gf" -name www))/lib" && echo "GF_LIB_PATH=$$GF_LIB_PATH" && mkdir -p "$$GF_LIB_PATH" && ( cd ../gf-rgl && make build && make copy ) && LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs cabal build
-	make html
-
-override_dh_auto_clean:
-	rm -fr dist/build
-	-cd src/runtime/python && rm -fr build
-	-cd src/runtime/java && make clean
-	-cd src/runtime/c && make clean
-
 override_dh_auto_configure:
 	cd src/runtime/c && bash setup.sh configure --prefix=/usr
 	cd src/runtime/c && bash setup.sh build
@@ -35,13 +20,31 @@ override_dh_auto_configure:
 	cabal install --only-dependencies
 	cabal configure --prefix=/usr -fserver -fc-runtime --extra-lib-dirs=$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs --extra-include-dirs=$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c

+SET_LDL=LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs
+
+override_dh_auto_build:
+	cd src/runtime/python && EXTRA_INCLUDE_DIRS=$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c EXTRA_LIB_DIRS=$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs python setup.py build
+	cd src/runtime/java && make CFLAGS="-I$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c -L$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs" INSTALL_PATH=/usr/lib
+	echo $(SET_LDL)
+	-$(SET_LDL) cabal build # builds gf, fails to build example grammars
+	export $(SET_LDL); PATH=$(CURDIR)/dist/build/gf:$$PATH && make -C ../gf-rgl build
+	GF_LIB_PATH=$(CURDIR)/../gf-rgl/dist $(SET_LDL) cabal build # have RGL now, ok to build example grammars
+	make html
+
 override_dh_auto_install:
-	LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$(CURDIR)/src/runtime/c/.libs cabal copy --destdir=$(CURDIR)/debian/gf
+	$(SET_LDL) cabal copy --destdir=$(CURDIR)/debian/gf # creates www directory
+	export GF_LIB_PATH="$$(dirname $$(find "$(CURDIR)/debian/gf" -name www))/lib" && echo "GF_LIB_PATH=$$GF_LIB_PATH" && mkdir -p "$$GF_LIB_PATH" && make -C ../gf-rgl copy
 	cd src/runtime/c && bash setup.sh copy prefix=$(CURDIR)/debian/gf/usr
 	cd src/runtime/python && python setup.py install --prefix=$(CURDIR)/debian/gf/usr
 	cd src/runtime/java && make INSTALL_PATH=$(CURDIR)/debian/gf/usr/lib install
 	D="`find debian/gf -name site-packages`" && [ -n "$$D" ] && cd $$D && cd .. && mv site-packages dist-packages

+override_dh_auto_clean:
+	rm -fr dist/build
+	-cd src/runtime/python && rm -fr build
+	-cd src/runtime/java && make clean
+	-cd src/runtime/c && make clean
+
 override_dh_auto_test:
 ifneq (nocheck,$(filter nocheck,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS)))
 	true
--- a/doc/error-messages.txt
+++ b/doc/error-messages.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,551 @@
+Compiler.hs
+mainGFC :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IO ()
+                 _ | null fs -> fail $ "No input files."
+                 _ | all (extensionIs ".pgf") fs -> unionPGFFiles opts fs
+                 _ -> fail $ "Don't know what to do with these input files: " ++ unwords fs)
+
+
+----------------------------------------
+Compile.hs
+
+compileModule
+                       case length file1s of
+                         0 -> raise (render ("Unable to find: " $$ nest 2 candidates))
+                         1 -> do return $ head file1s
+                         _ -> do putIfVerb opts1 ("matched multiple candidates: " +++ show file1s)
+                                 return $ head file1s
+               else raise (render ("File" <+> file <+> "does not exist"))
+
+---------------------------------------
+Grammar.Lexer.x
+token :: P Token
+        AlexError (AI pos _ _) -> PFailed pos "lexical error"
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+Grammar.Parser.y
+
+happyError = fail "syntax error"
+
+tryLoc (c,mty,Just e) = return (c,(mty,e))
+tryLoc (c,_  ,_     ) = fail ("local definition of" +++ showIdent c +++ "without value")
+
+mkR []       = return $ RecType [] --- empty record always interpreted as record type
+mkR fs@(f:_) =
+  case f of
+    (lab,Just ty,Nothing) -> mapM tryRT fs >>= return . RecType
+    _                     -> mapM tryR  fs >>= return . R
+  where
+    tryRT (lab,Just ty,Nothing) = return (ident2label lab,ty)
+    tryRT (lab,_      ,_      ) = fail $ "illegal record type field" +++ showIdent lab --- manifest fields ?!
+
+    tryR (lab,mty,Just t) = return (ident2label lab,(mty,t))
+    tryR (lab,_  ,_     ) = fail $ "illegal record field" +++ showIdent lab
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+ModDeps.hs
+
+mkSourceGrammar :: [SourceModule] -> Err SourceGrammar
+  deplist <- either 
+               return 
+               (\ms -> Bad $ "circular modules" +++ unwords (map show ms)) $ 
+
+
+checkUniqueImportNames :: [Ident] -> SourceModInfo -> Err ()
+   test ms = testErr (all (`notElem` ns) ms)
+                     ("import names clashing with module names among" +++ unwords (map prt ms))
+
+
+moduleDeps :: [SourceModule] -> Err Dependencies
+  deps (c,m) = errIn ("checking dependencies of module" +++ prt c) $ case mtype m of
+      MTConcrete a -> do
+        am <- lookupModuleType gr a
+        testErr (mtype am == MTAbstract) "the of-module is not an abstract syntax" 
+
+    testErr (all (compatMType ety . mtype) ests) "inappropriate extension module type" 
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+Update.hs
+
+buildAnyTree
+        Just i  -> case unifyAnyInfo m i j of
+		     Ok k  -> go (Map.insert c k map) is
+		     Bad _ -> fail $ render ("conflicting information in module"<+>m $$
+		                             nest 4 (ppJudgement Qualified (c,i)) $$
+		                             "and" $+$
+		                             nest 4 (ppJudgement Qualified (c,j)))
+extendModule
+    unless (sameMType (mtype m) (mtype mo)) 
+            (checkError ("illegal extension type to module" <+> name))
+
+rebuildModule
+      unless (null is || mstatus mi == MSIncomplete) 
+             (checkError ("module" <+> i <+> 
+                          "has open interfaces and must therefore be declared incomplete"))
+
+         unless (isModRes m1)
+                 (checkError ("interface expected instead of" <+> i0))
+          js' <- extendMod gr False ((i0,m1), isInherited mincl) i (jments mi)
+
+     unless (stat' == MSComplete || stat == MSIncomplete) 
+             (checkError ("module" <+> i <+> "remains incomplete"))
+
+
+extendMod
+		                                 checkError ("cannot unify the information" $$ 
+		                                             nest 4 (ppJudgement Qualified (c,i)) $$
+		                                             "in module" <+> name <+> "with" $$
+		                                             nest 4 (ppJudgement Qualified (c,j)) $$
+		                                             "in module" <+> base)
+
+unifyAnyInfo
+  (ResValue (L l1 t1), ResValue (L l2 t2)) 
+      | t1==t2    -> return (ResValue (L l1 t1))
+      | otherwise -> fail ""
+
+  (AnyInd b1 m1, AnyInd b2 m2) -> do
+    testErr (b1 == b2) $ "indirection status"
+    testErr (m1 == m2) $ "different sources of indirection"
+
+unifAbsDefs _         _         = fail ""
+
+----------------------------------
+
+Rename.hs
+
+renameIdentTerm'
+        _    -> case lookupTreeManyAll showIdent opens c of
+                  [f]  -> return (f c)
+                  []   -> alt c ("constant not found:" <+> c $$
+                                 "given" <+> fsep (punctuate ',' (map fst qualifs)))
+
+                           ts@(t:_) -> do checkWarn ("atomic term" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 t0 $$
+                                                      "conflict" <+> hsep (punctuate ',' (map (ppTerm Qualified 0) ts)) $$
+                                                      "given" <+> fsep (punctuate ',' (map fst qualifs)))
+                                           return t
+
+renameInfo
+    renLoc ren (L loc x) =
+      checkInModule cwd mi loc ("Happened in the renaming of" <+> i) $ do
+
+renameTerm
+      | otherwise -> checks [ renid' (Q (MN r,label2ident l))      -- .. and qualified expression second.
+                            , renid' t >>= \t -> return (P t l) -- try as a constant at the end
+                            , checkError ("unknown qualified constant" <+> trm)
+                            ]
+
+renamePattern env patt =
+    do r@(p',vs) <- renp patt
+       let dupl = vs \\ nub vs
+       unless (null dupl) $ checkError (hang ("[C.4.13] Pattern is not linear:") 4
+                                             patt)
+       return r
+
+       case c' of
+          Q d -> renp $ PM d
+          _ -> checkError ("unresolved pattern" <+> patt)
+
+          Q  _ -> checkError ("data constructor expected but" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 c' <+> "is found instead")
+          _    -> checkError ("unresolved data constructor" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 c')
+
+      PM c -> do
+        x <- renid (Q c)
+        c' <- case x of
+                (Q c') -> return c'
+                _      -> checkError ("not a pattern macro" <+> ppPatt Qualified 0 patt)
+
+     PV x -> checks [ renid' (Vr x) >>= \t' -> case t' of
+                                                 QC c -> return (PP c [],[])
+                                                 _    -> checkError (pp "not a constructor")
+                     , return (patt, [x])
+ 
+
+
+-----------------------------------
+CheckGrammar.hs
+
+checkRestrictedInheritance :: FilePath -> SourceGrammar -> SourceModule -> Check ()
+     let illegals = [(f,is) | 
+           (f,cs) <- allDeps, incld f, let is = filter illegal cs, not (null is)]
+     case illegals of 
+       [] -> return ()
+       cs -> checkWarn ("In inherited module" <+> i <> ", dependence of excluded constants:" $$
+                         nest 2 (vcat [f <+> "on" <+> fsep is | (f,is) <- cs]))
+
+checkCompleteGrammar :: Options -> FilePath -> Grammar -> Module -> Module -> Check Module
+                       case info of
+                         CncCat (Just (L loc (RecType []))) _ _ _ _ -> return (foldr (\_ -> Abs Explicit identW) (R []) cxt)
+                         _                                          -> Bad "no def lin"
+
+         where noLinOf c = checkWarn ("no linearization of" <+> c)
+
+         Ok (CncCat Nothing md mr mp mpmcfg) -> do
+           checkWarn ("no linearization type for" <+> c <> ", inserting default {s : Str}")
+           return $ updateTree (c,CncCat (Just (L NoLoc defLinType)) md mr mp mpmcfg) js
+         _ -> do
+           checkWarn ("no linearization type for" <+> c <> ", inserting default {s : Str}")
+
+                             _       -> do checkWarn ("function" <+> c <+> "is not in abstract")
+
+           Ok (_,AbsFun {}) ->
+                   checkError ("lincat:"<+>c<+>"is a fun, not a cat")
+           -}
+           _ -> do checkWarn ("category" <+> c <+> "is not in abstract")
+
+checkInfo :: Options -> FilePath -> SourceGrammar -> SourceModule -> Ident -> Info -> Check Info
+         (Just (L loct ty), Nothing) -> do
+           chIn loct "operation" $
+             checkError (pp "No definition given to the operation")
+
+    ResOverload os tysts -> chIn NoLoc "overloading" $ do
+    
+       checkUniq xss = case xss of
+     x:y:xs 
+      | x == y    -> checkError $ "ambiguous for type" <+>
+                                  ppType (mkFunType (tail x) (head x))
+
+   compAbsTyp g t = case t of
+     Vr x -> maybe (checkError ("no value given to variable" <+> x)) return $ lookup x g
+
+checkReservedId x =
+  when (isReservedWord x) $
+       checkWarn ("reserved word used as identifier:" <+> x)
+
+
+--------------------------------
+TypeCheck/Abstract.hs
+
+grammar2theory :: SourceGrammar -> Theory
+  Bad s -> case lookupCatContext gr m f of
+    Ok cont -> return $ cont2val cont
+    _ -> Bad s
+
+
+--------------------------------
+TypeCheck/ConcreteNew.hs
+-- Concrete.hs has all its code commented out
+
+
+--------------------------------
+TypeCheck/RConcrete.hs
+-- seems to be used more than ConcreteNew
+
+computeLType :: SourceGrammar -> Context -> Type -> Check Type
+   AdHocOverload ts -> do
+     over <- getOverload gr g (Just typeType) t
+     case over of
+       Just (tr,_) -> return tr
+       _ -> checkError ("unresolved overloading of constants" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 t) 
+
+inferLType :: SourceGrammar -> Context -> Term -> Check (Term, Type)
+   Q (m,ident) | isPredef m -> termWith trm $ case typPredefined ident of
+                                                Nothing -> checkError ("unknown in Predef:" <+> ident)
+
+   Q ident -> checks [
+     checkError ("cannot infer type of constant" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm)
+     ]
+
+   QC ident -> checks [
+       checkError ("cannot infer type of canonical constant" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm)
+       ]
+
+   Vr ident -> termWith trm $ checkLookup ident g
+
+   AdHocOverload ts -> do
+       _ -> checkError ("unresolved overloading of constants" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 trm) 
+
+   App f a -> do
+         case fty' of
+           Prod bt z arg val -> do 
+           _ -> checkError ("A function type is expected for" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 f <+> "instead of type" <+> ppType fty)
+
+   S f x -> do
+       _ -> checkError ("table lintype expected for the table in" $$ nest 2 (ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm))
+
+   P t i -> do
+                       Nothing -> checkError ("unknown label" <+> i <+> "in" $$ nest 2 (ppTerm Unqualified 0 ty'))
+       _          -> checkError ("record type expected for:" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 t $$
+                                 " instead of the inferred:" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 ty')
+
+   R r -> do
+     checkCond ("cannot infer type of record" $$ nest 2 (ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm)) (length ts == length fsts)
+
+   T ti pts -> do  -- tries to guess: good in oper type inference
+       [] -> checkError ("cannot infer table type of" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm)
+
+   ---- hack from Rename.identRenameTerm, to live with files with naming conflicts 18/6/2007
+   Strs (Cn c : ts) | c == cConflict -> do
+     checkWarn ("unresolved constant, could be any of" <+> hcat (map (ppTerm Unqualified 0) ts))
+
+   ExtR r s -> do
+     case (rT', sT') of
+       (RecType rs, RecType ss) -> do
+       _ -> checkError ("records or record types expected in" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm)
+
+   _ -> checkError ("cannot infer lintype of" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm)
+
+
+getOverload :: SourceGrammar -> Context -> Maybe Type -> Term -> Check (Maybe (Term,Type))
+   matchOverload f typs ttys = do
+         checkWarn $  "ignoring lock fields in resolving" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 ot $$
+                      "for" $$
+                      nest 2 (showTypes tys) $$
+                      "using" $$
+                      nest 2 (showTypes pre)
+       ([],[]) -> do
+         checkError $ "no overload instance of" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 f $$
+                      "for" $$
+                      nest 2 stysError $$
+                      "among" $$
+                      nest 2 (vcat stypsError) $$
+                      maybe empty (\x -> "with value type" <+> ppType x) mt
+        ([],[(val,fun)]) -> do
+           checkWarn ("ignoring lock fields in resolving" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 ot) 
+         (nps1,nps2) -> do 
+              checkWarn $  "ambiguous overloading of" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 f <+>
+                  ----     "with argument types" <+> hsep (map (ppTerm Qualified 0) tys) $$ 
+                           "resolved by selecting the first of the alternatives" $$
+                           nest 2 (vcat [ppTerm Qualified 0 fun | (_,ty,fun) <- vfs1 ++ if null vfs1 then vfs2 else []])
+              case [(mkApp fun tts,val) | (val,fun) <- nps1 ++ nps2] of
+                 [] -> checkError $ "no alternatives left when resolving" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 f
+ 
+checkLType :: SourceGrammar -> Context -> Term -> Type -> Check (Term, Type)
+    Abs bt x c -> do
+      case typ of
+        Prod bt' z a b -> do 
+        _ -> checkError $ "function type expected instead of" <+> ppType typ
+    AdHocOverload ts -> do
+        _ -> checkError ("unresolved overloading of constants" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 trm) 
+    T _ [] ->
+      checkError ("found empty table in type" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 typ)
+    T _ cs -> case typ of 
+              else checkWarn ("patterns never reached:" $$
+                              nest 2 (vcat (map (ppPatt Unqualified 0) ps)))
+      _ -> checkError $ "table type expected for table instead of" $$ nest 2 (ppType typ)
+    V arg0 vs ->
+              if length vs1 == length vs
+                 then return ()
+                 else checkError $ "wrong number of values in table" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm
+
+    R r -> case typ of --- why needed? because inference may be too difficult
+       RecType rr -> do
+       _ -> checkError ("record type expected in type checking instead of" $$ nest 2 (ppTerm Unqualified 0 typ))
+
+    ExtR r s -> case typ of
+         case trm' of
+           RecType _ -> termWith trm' $ return typeType
+           ExtR (Vr _) (RecType _) -> termWith trm' $ return typeType 
+                                      -- ext t = t ** ...
+           _ -> checkError ("invalid record type extension" <+> nest 2 (ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm))
+
+             case typ2 of
+               RecType ss -> return $ map fst ss
+               _ ->  checkError ("cannot get labels from" $$ nest 2 (ppTerm Unqualified 0 typ2))
+       _ -> checkError ("record extension not meaningful for" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 typ)
+
+    S tab arg -> checks [ do
+        _ -> checkError ("table type expected for applied table instead of" <+> ppType ty')
+
+    _ -> do
+      (trm',ty') <- inferLType gr g trm
+      termWith trm' $ checkEqLType gr g typ ty' trm'
+
+   checkM rms (l,ty) = case lookup l rms of
+     _ -> checkError $ 
+            if isLockLabel l 
+              then let cat = drop 5 (showIdent (label2ident l))
+                   in ppTerm Unqualified 0 (R rms) <+> "is not in the lincat of" <+> cat <> 
+                      "; try wrapping it with lin" <+> cat
+              else "cannot find value for label" <+> l <+> "in" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 (R rms)
+
+checkEqLType :: SourceGrammar -> Context -> Type -> Type -> Term -> Check Type
+    False -> checkError $ s <+> "type of" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 trm $$
+                          "expected:" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 t $$ -- ppqType t u $$
+                          "inferred:" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 u -- ppqType u t
+
+checkIfEqLType :: SourceGrammar -> Context -> Type -> Type -> Term -> Check (Bool,Type,Type,String)
+      Ok lo -> do
+        checkWarn $ "missing lock field" <+> fsep lo
+
+   missingLock g t u = case (t,u) of  
+         _:_ -> Bad $ render ("missing record fields:" <+> fsep (punctuate ',' (others)))
+
+
+
+pattContext :: SourceGrammar -> Context -> Type -> Patt -> Check Context
+    checkCond ("wrong number of arguments for constructor in" <+> ppPatt Unqualified 0 p) 
+              (length cont == length ps)
+  PR r -> do
+      _ -> checkError ("record type expected for pattern instead of" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 typ')
+
+  PAlt p' q -> do
+    g1 <- pattContext env g typ p'
+    g2 <- pattContext env g typ q
+    let pts = nub ([x | pt@(_,x,_) <- g1, notElem pt g2] ++ [x | pt@(_,x,_) <- g2, notElem pt g1])
+    checkCond 
+      ("incompatible bindings of" <+>
+       fsep pts <+> 
+       "in pattern alterantives" <+> ppPatt Unqualified 0 p) (null pts) 
+    return g1 -- must be g1 == g2
+    
+   noBind typ p' = do
+    co <- pattContext env g typ p'
+    if not (null co)
+      then checkWarn ("no variable bound inside pattern" <+> ppPatt Unqualified 0 p) 
+           >> return []
+      else return []
+
+checkLookup :: Ident -> Context -> Check Type -- used for looking up Vr x type in context
+    []     -> checkError ("unknown variable" <+> x)
+ 
+
+
+-------------------------------
+Grammar/Lookup.hs
+
+lookupIdent :: ErrorMonad m => Ident -> BinTree Ident b -> m b
+    Bad _ -> raise ("unknown identifier" +++ showIdent c)
+
+lookupResDefLoc
+        _   -> raise $ render (c <+> "is not defined in resource" <+> m)
+
+lookupResType :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> QIdent -> m Type
+    _   -> raise $ render (c <+> "has no type defined in resource" <+> m)
+
+lookupOverloadTypes :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> QIdent -> m [(Term,Type)]
+    _            -> raise $ render (c <+> "has no types defined in resource" <+> m)
+
+lookupOverload :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> QIdent -> m [([Type],(Type,Term))]
+      _   -> raise $ render (c <+> "is not an overloaded operation")
+
+
+lookupParamValues :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> QIdent -> m [Term]
+  case info of
+    ResParam _ (Just pvs) -> return pvs
+    _                     -> raise $ render (ppQIdent Qualified c <+> "has no parameter values defined")
+
+
+allParamValues :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> Type -> m [Term]
+    _ -> raise (render ("cannot find parameter values for" <+> ptyp))
+
+
+lookupFunType :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> ModuleName -> Ident -> m Type
+    _                           -> raise (render ("cannot find type of" <+> c))
+
+lookupCatContext :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> ModuleName -> Ident -> m Context
+    _                      -> raise (render ("unknown category" <+> c))
+
+
+-------------------------
+PatternMatch.hs
+
+matchPattern :: ErrorMonad m => [(Patt,rhs)] -> Term -> m (rhs, Substitution)
+  if not (isInConstantForm term)
+    then raise (render ("variables occur in" <+> pp term))
+
+findMatch :: ErrorMonad m => [([Patt],rhs)] -> [Term] -> m (rhs, Substitution)
+   [] -> raise (render ("no applicable case for" <+> hsep (punctuate ',' terms)))
+   (patts,_):_ | length patts /= length terms -> 
+       raise (render ("wrong number of args for patterns :" <+> hsep patts <+> 
+                    "cannot take" <+> hsep terms))
+
+tryMatch :: (Patt, Term) -> Err [(Ident, Term)]
+      (PNeg p',_) -> case tryMatch (p',t) of
+        Bad _ -> return []
+        _ -> raise (render ("no match with negative pattern" <+> p))
+
+
+---------------------------------------------
+Compile.Optimize.hs
+
+mkLinDefault :: SourceGrammar -> Type -> Err Term
+                            _   -> Bad (render ("no parameter values given to type" <+> ppQIdent Qualified p))
+     _ -> Bad (render ("linearization type field cannot be" <+> typ))
+
+mkLinReference :: SourceGrammar -> Type -> Err Term
+                            []     -> Bad "no string"
+
+
+---------------------------------------------
+Compile.Compute.Concrete.hs
+
+nfx env@(GE _ _ _ loc) t = do
+    Left i  -> fail ("variable #"++show i++" is out of scope")
+
+var :: CompleteEnv -> Ident -> Err OpenValue
+var env x = maybe unbound pick' (elemIndex x (local env))
+  where
+    unbound = fail ("Unknown variable: "++showIdent x)
+    pick' i = return $ \ vs -> maybe (err i vs) ok (pick i vs)
+    err i vs = bug $ "Stack problem: "++showIdent x++": "
+                    ++unwords (map showIdent (local env))
+                    ++" => "++show (i,length vs)
+
+resource env (m,c) =
+  where e = fail $ "Not found: "++render m++"."++showIdent c
+
+extR t vv =
+      (VRecType rs1, VRecType rs2) ->
+          case intersect (map fst rs1) (map fst rs2) of
+            [] -> VRecType (rs1 ++ rs2)
+            ls -> error $ "clash"<+>show ls
+      (v1,v2) -> error $ "not records" $$ show v1 $$ show v2
+  where
+    error explain = ppbug $ "The term" <+> t
+                            <+> "is not reducible" $$ explain
+ 
+glue env (v1,v2) = glu v1 v2
+                                         ppL loc (hang "unsupported token gluing:" 4
+                                                        (Glue (vt v1) (vt v2)))
+
+strsFromValue :: Value -> Err [Str]
+  _ -> fail ("cannot get Str from value " ++ show t)
+
+match loc cs v = 
+  case value2term loc [] v of
+    Left i  -> bad ("variable #"++show i++" is out of scope")
+    Right t -> err bad return (matchPattern cs t)
+  where
+    bad = fail . ("In pattern matching: "++)
+
+    inlinePattMacro p =
+                        VPatt p' -> inlinePattMacro p'
+                        _ -> ppbug $ hang "Expected pattern macro:" 4
+
+linPattVars p =
+    if null dups
+    then return pvs
+    else fail.render $ hang "Pattern is not linear:" 4 (ppPatt Unqualified 0 p)
+
+---------------------------------------------
+Compile.Compute.Abstract.hs
+
+
+---------------------------------------------
+PGF.Linearize.hs
+
+bracketedLinearize :: PGF -> Language -> Tree -> [BracketedString]
+    cnc = lookMap (error "no lang") lang (concretes pgf)
+
+
+---------------------------------------------
+PGF.TypeCheck.hs
+
+ppTcError :: TcError -> Doc
+ppTcError (UnknownCat cat)             = text "Category" <+> ppCId cat <+> text "is not in scope"
+ppTcError (UnknownFun fun)             = text "Function" <+> ppCId fun <+> text "is not in scope"
+ppTcError (WrongCatArgs xs ty cat m n) = text "Category" <+> ppCId cat <+> text "should have" <+> int m <+> text "argument(s), but has been given" <+> int n $$
+                                         text "In the type:" <+> ppType 0 xs ty
+ppTcError (TypeMismatch xs e ty1 ty2)  = text "Couldn't match expected type" <+> ppType 0 xs ty1 $$
+                                         text "       against inferred type" <+> ppType 0 xs ty2 $$
+                                         text "In the expression:" <+> ppExpr 0 xs e
+ppTcError (NotFunType xs e ty)         = text "A function type is expected for the expression" <+> ppExpr 0 xs e <+> text "instead of type" <+> ppType 0 xs ty
+ppTcError (CannotInferType xs e)       = text "Cannot infer the type of expression" <+> ppExpr 0 xs e
+ppTcError (UnresolvedMetaVars xs e ms) = text "Meta variable(s)" <+> fsep (List.map ppMeta ms) <+> text "should be resolved" $$
+                                         text "in the expression:" <+> ppExpr 0 xs e
+ppTcError (UnexpectedImplArg xs e)     = braces (ppExpr 0 xs e) <+> text "is implicit argument but not implicit argument is expected here"
+ppTcError (UnsolvableGoal xs metaid ty)= text "The goal:" <+> ppMeta metaid <+> colon <+> ppType 0 xs ty $$
+                                         text "cannot be solved"
+
--- a/doc/gf-developers.t2t
+++ b/doc/gf-developers.t2t
@@ -405,13 +405,13 @@ There is also ``make build``, ``make copy`` and ``make clean`` which do what you
 === Advanced ===
 For advanced build options, call the Haskell build script directly:
 ```
-$ runghc Make.hs ...
+$ runghc Setup.hs ...
 ```
 For more details see the [README https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl/blob/master/README.md].

 === Haskell-free ===
-If you do not have Haskell installed, you can use the simple build script ``Make.sh``
-(or ``Make.bat`` for Windows).
+If you do not have Haskell installed, you can use the simple build script ``Setup.sh``
+(or ``Setup.bat`` for Windows).


 == Creating binary distribution packages ==
--- a/doc/gf-refman.html
+++ b/doc/gf-refman.html
--- a/doc/gf-refman.md
+++ b/doc/gf-refman.md
--- a/doc/index.html
+++ b/doc/index.html
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>GF Documentation</title>
-<link rel=stylesheet href="../css/style.css">
-</head>
- 
-
-<body>
-
-<div class=center>
-<a href="../"><img src="Logos/gf0.png"></a>
-
-
-
-
-<h1>Grammatical Framework Documents</h1>
-</div>
-
-
-<b>Top-5 documents</b>:
-
-<a href="gf-quickstart.html">Quick start instruction</a>.
-
-
-<a href="tutorial/gf-tutorial.html">Old Tutorial</a>, application-oriented.
-
-<a href="gf-lrec-2010.pdf">New Tutorial</a>, linguistics-oriented.
-
-<a href="gf-refman.html">ReferenceManual</a>.
-
-<a href="../lib/resource/doc/synopsis.html">LibrarySynopsis</a>.
-
-
-
-
-<h2>Language and system documentation</h2>
-
-<ul>
-
-  <li>
-  <a href="gf-reference.html">GF Quick Reference</a>. Also available in
-  <a href="gf-reference.pdf">pdf</a>. Covers all features of GF language
-  in a summary format.
-
-  <li>
-  <a href="gf-refman.html">GF Reference Manual</a>. A full-scale reference
-  manual of the GF language.
-  
-  <li>
-  <a href="gf-shell-reference.html">GF Shell Reference</a>.
-  Describes the commands available in the interactive GF shell. Also
-  summarizes how to run GF as a batch compiler.
-
-  <li>
-  <a href="gf-editor-modes.html">Editor modes for GF</a>.
-  Editor modes for GF provides syntax highligting, automatic indentation and
-  other features that makes editing GF grammar files easier.
-  
-</ul>
-
-
-<h2>Publications</h2>
-
-<a href="gf-bibliography.html">
-Bibliography</a>: more publications on GF, as well as background literature.
-
-
-</body></html>
--- a/doc/index.md
+++ b/doc/index.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+title: Grammatical Framework Documentation
+---
+
+Perhaps you're looking for one of the following:
+
+- [Tutorial](tutorial/gf-tutorial.html). This is a hands-on introduction to grammar writing in GF.
+- [Reference Manual](gf-refman.html). A full-scale reference manual of the GF language.
+- [RGL Tutorial](../lib/doc/rgl-tutorial/index.html)
+- [RGL Synopsis](../lib/doc/synopsis/index.html). Documentation of the Resource Grammar Library, including the syntax API and lexical paradigms for each language.
+- [Shell Reference](gf-shell-reference.html). Describes the commands available in the interactive GF shell.
+  Also summarizes how to run GF as a batch compiler.
+- [Developers Guide](gf-developers/html). Detailed information about building and developing GF.
--- a/doc/runtime-api.html
+++ b/doc/runtime-api.html
@@ -1,29 +1,26 @@
-<html>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
 	<head>
+		<title>C Runtime API</title>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.3/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-MCw98/SFnGE8fJT3GXwEOngsV7Zt27NXFoaoApmYm81iuXoPkFOJwJ8ERdknLPMO" crossorigin="anonymous">
 		<style>
-			body { background: #eee; padding-top: 200px; }
-
-			pre.python   {background-color:#ffc; display: none}
-			pre.haskell  {background-color:#ffc; display: block}
-			pre.java     {background-color:#ffc; display: none}
-			pre.csharp   {background-color:#ffc; display: none}
+			pre {
+				background-color:#eee;
+				margin-top: 1em;
+				padding: 0.5em 1em;
+			}
+			pre.python   {display: none}
+			pre.haskell  {display: block}
+			pre.java     {display: none}
+			pre.csharp   {display: none}
 			span.python  {display: none}
 			span.haskell {display: inline}
 			span.java    {display: none}
 			span.csharp  {display: none}
-			
-			.header {
-               position: fixed;
-               top: 0;
-               left: 0;
-               background: #ddd;
-               width: 100%;
-               padding: 5pt;
-               border-bottom: solid #bbb 2pt;
-            }
 		</style>

-
 <script lang="javascript">
 	function change_language(href) {
 		var name = href.split("#")[1];
@@ -50,14 +47,28 @@
 </script>
 	</head>
 	<body onload="change_language(window.location.href); window.addEventListener('hashchange', function(e){change_language(window.location.href);});">
-		<span class="header">
-		<h1>Using the <span class="python">Python</span> <span class="haskell">Haskell</span> <span class="java">Java</span> <span class="csharp">C#</span> binding to the C runtime</h1>
-		
-		Choose a language: <a href="#haskell">Haskell</a> <a href="#python">Python</a> <a href="#java">Java</a> <a href="#csharp">C#</a>
-		</span>
+		<div class="container-fluid" style="max-width: 1200px">
+		<div class="header sticky-top border-bottom py-3 bg-white">
+			<a href=".." title="Home">
+			  <img src="../doc/Logos/gf1.svg" height="120px" class="float-md-right ml-3 mb-3 bg-white" alt="GF Logo">
+			</a>
+			<h1>
+				Using the
+				<span class="python">Python</span>
+				<span class="haskell">Haskell</span>
+				<span class="java">Java</span>
+				<span class="csharp">C#</span>
+				binding to the C runtime
+			</h1>
+			<h4 class="text-muted">Krasimir Angelov, July 2015 - August 2017</h4>
+			Choose a language:
+			<a href="#haskell" class="mx-1">Haskell</a>
+			<a href="#python" class="mx-1">Python</a>
+			<a href="#java" class="mx-1">Java</a>
+			<a href="#csharp" class="mx-1">C#</a>
+		</div>
+		<main class="py-4">

-		<h4>Krasimir Angelov, July 2015 - August 2017</h4>
-		
 <h2>Loading the Grammar</h2>

 Before you use the <span class="python">Python</span> binding you need to import the <span class="haskell">PGF2 module</span><span class="python">pgf module</span><span class="java">pgf package</span><span class="csharp">PGFSharp package</span>:
@@ -127,7 +138,7 @@ Concr eng = gr.Languages["AppEng"];

 <h2>Parsing</h2>

-All language specific services are available as 
+All language specific services are available as
 <span class="python">methods of the class <tt>pgf.Concr</tt></span><span class="haskell">functions that take as an argument an object of type <tt>Concr</tt></span><span class="java">methods of the class <tt>Concr</tt></span><span class="csharp">methods of the class <tt>Concr</tt></span>.
 For example to invoke the parser, you can call:
 <pre class="python">
@@ -220,10 +231,10 @@ Console.WriteLine(ep.Item1);
 PhrUtt NoPConj (UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (DetNP (DetQuant this_Quant NumSg)) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA small_A) (UseN theatre_N)))))))) NoVoc
 </pre>

-<p>Note that depending on the grammar it is absolutely possible that for 
-a single sentence you might get infinitely many trees. 
+<p>Note that depending on the grammar it is absolutely possible that for
+a single sentence you might get infinitely many trees.
 In other cases the number of trees might be finite but still enormous.
-The parser is specifically designed to be lazy, which means that 
+The parser is specifically designed to be lazy, which means that
 each tree is returned as soon as it is found before exhausting
 the full search space. For grammars with a patological number of
 trees it is advisable to pick only the top <tt>N</tt> trees
@@ -246,16 +257,16 @@ parsing with a different start category can be done as follows:</p>
 </pre>
 </span>
 <span class="haskell">
-There is also the function <tt>parseWithHeuristics</tt> which 
-takes two more paramaters which let you to have a better control 
+There is also the function <tt>parseWithHeuristics</tt> which
+takes two more paramaters which let you to have a better control
 over the parser's behaviour:
 <pre class="haskell">
 Prelude PGF2> let res = parseWithHeuristics eng (startCat gr) heuristic_factor callbacks
 </pre>
 </span>
 <span class="java">
-There is also the method <tt>parseWithHeuristics</tt> which 
-takes two more paramaters which let you to have a better control 
+There is also the method <tt>parseWithHeuristics</tt> which
+takes two more paramaters which let you to have a better control
 over the parser's behaviour:
 <pre class="java">
 Iterable&lt;ExprProb&gt; iterable = eng.parseWithHeuristics(gr.startCat(), heuristic_factor, callbacks);
@@ -281,7 +292,7 @@ to factor 0.0. When we increase the factor then parsing becomes faster
 but at the same time the sorting becomes imprecise. The worst
 factor is 1.0. In any case the parser always returns the same set of
 trees but in different order. Our experience is that even a factor
-of about 0.6-0.8 with the translation grammar still orders 
+of about 0.6-0.8 with the translation grammar still orders
 the most probable tree on top of the list but further down the list,
 the trees become shuffled.
 </p>
@@ -457,7 +468,7 @@ the object has the following public final variables:
 </span>
 </p>

-The linearization works even if there are functions in the tree 
+The linearization works even if there are functions in the tree
 that doesn't have linearization definitions. In that case you
 will just see the name of the function in the generated string.
 It is sometimes helpful to be able to see whether a function
@@ -483,7 +494,7 @@ true

 <p>
 An already constructed tree can be analyzed and transformed
-in the host application. For example you can deconstruct 
+in the host application. For example you can deconstruct
 a tree into a function name and a list of arguments:
 <pre class="python">
 >>> e.unpack()
@@ -523,8 +534,8 @@ literal. For example the result from:
 <span class="haskell">
 The result from <tt>unApp</tt> is <tt>Just</tt> if the expression
 is an application and <tt>Nothing</tt> in all other cases.
-Similarly, if the tree is a literal string then the return value 
-from <tt>unStr</tt> will be <tt>Just</tt> with the actual literal. 
+Similarly, if the tree is a literal string then the return value
+from <tt>unStr</tt> will be <tt>Just</tt> with the actual literal.
 For example the result from:
 </span>
 <pre class="haskell">
@@ -534,8 +545,8 @@ Prelude PGF2> readExpr "\"literal\"" >>= unStr
 <span class="java">
 The result from <tt>unApp</tt> is not <tt>null</tt> if the expression
 is an application, and <tt>null</tt> in all other cases.
-Similarly, if the tree is a literal string then the return value 
-from <tt>unStr</tt> will not be <tt>null</tt> with the actual literal. 
+Similarly, if the tree is a literal string then the return value
+from <tt>unStr</tt> will not be <tt>null</tt> with the actual literal.
 For example the output from:
 </span>
 <pre class="java">
@@ -545,15 +556,15 @@ System.out.println(elit.unStr());
 <span class="csharp">
 The result from <tt>UnApp</tt> is not <tt>null</tt> if the expression
 is an application, and <tt>null</tt> in all other cases.
-Similarly, if the tree is a literal string then the return value 
-from <tt>UnStr</tt> will not be <tt>null</tt> with the actual literal. 
+Similarly, if the tree is a literal string then the return value
+from <tt>UnStr</tt> will not be <tt>null</tt> with the actual literal.
 For example the output from:
 </span>
 <pre class="csharp">
 Expr elit = Expr.ReadExpr("\"literal\"");
 Console.WriteLine(elit.UnStr());
 </pre>
-is just the string "literal". 
+is just the string "literal".
 <span class="python">Situations like this can be detected
 in Python by checking the type of the result from <tt>unpack</tt>.
 It is also possible to get an integer or a floating point number
@@ -569,7 +580,7 @@ There are also the methods <tt>UnAbs</tt>, <tt>UnInt</tt>, <tt>UnFloat</tt> and
 </span>
 </p>

-Constructing new trees is also easy. You can either use 
+Constructing new trees is also easy. You can either use
 <tt>readExpr</tt> to read trees from strings, or you can
 construct new trees from existing pieces. This is possible by
 <span class="python">
@@ -612,7 +623,7 @@ Console.WriteLine(e2);
 <p>If the host application needs to do a lot of expression manipulations,
 then it is helpful to use a higher-level API to the grammar,
 also known as "embedded grammars" in GF. The advantage is that
-you can construct and analyze expressions in a more compact way.</p> 
+you can construct and analyze expressions in a more compact way.</p>

 <span class="python">
 <p>In Python you first have to <tt>embed</tt> the grammar by calling:
@@ -721,7 +732,7 @@ call the method <tt>default</tt>. The following is an example:
      def on_DetCN(self,quant,cn):
        print("Found DetCN")
        cn.visit(self)
-			
+
      def on_AdjCN(self,adj,cn):
        print("Found AdjCN")
        cn.visit(self)
@@ -1007,7 +1018,7 @@ Traceback (most recent call last):
 pgf.PGFError: The concrete syntax is not loaded
 </pre>

-Before using the concrete syntax, you need to explicitly load it: 
+Before using the concrete syntax, you need to explicitly load it:
 <pre class="python">
 >>> eng.load("AppEng.pgf_c")
 >>> print(eng.lookupMorpho("letter"))
@@ -1060,7 +1071,7 @@ Traceback (most recent call last):
 pgf.PGFError: The concrete syntax is not loaded
 </pre>

-Before using the concrete syntax, you need to explicitly load it: 
+Before using the concrete syntax, you need to explicitly load it:
 <pre class="java">
 eng.load("AppEng.pgf_c")
 for (MorphoAnalysis an : eng.lookupMorpho("letter")) {
@@ -1289,6 +1300,7 @@ graph {
 }
 </pre>

+		</main>
+		</div>
 	</body>
 </html>
-
--- a/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.t2t
+++ b/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.t2t
@@ -618,32 +618,32 @@ and **semantic definitions**.



-#NEW
-
-==Slides==
-
-You can chop this tutorial into a set of slides by the command
-```
-  htmls gf-tutorial.html
-```
-where the program ``htmls`` is distributed with GF (see below), in
-
-  [``GF/src/tools/Htmls.hs`` http://grammaticalframework.org/src/tools/Htmls.hs]
-
-The slides will appear as a set of files beginning with ``01-gf-tutorial.htmls``.
-
-Internal links will not work in the slide format, except for those in the
-upper left corner of each slide, and the links behind the "Contents" link.
+% #NEW
+%
+% ==Slides==
+%
+% You can chop this tutorial into a set of slides by the command
+% ```
+%   htmls gf-tutorial.html
+% ```
+% where the program ``htmls`` is distributed with GF (see below), in
+%
+%   [``GF/src/tools/Htmls.hs`` http://grammaticalframework.org/src/tools/Htmls.hs]
+%
+% The slides will appear as a set of files beginning with ``01-gf-tutorial.htmls``.
+%
+% Internal links will not work in the slide format, except for those in the
+% upper left corner of each slide, and the links behind the "Contents" link.



 #NEW

+#Lchaptwo
+
 =Lesson 1: Getting Started with GF=


-#Lchaptwo
-
 Goals:
 - install and run GF
 - write the first GF grammar: a "Hello World" grammar in three languages
@@ -1037,9 +1037,10 @@ Application programs, using techniques from #Rchapeight:

 #NEW

+#Lchapthree
+
 =Lesson 2: Designing a grammar for complex phrases=

-#Lchapthree

 Goals:
 - build a larger grammar: phrases about food in English and Italian
@@ -1797,9 +1798,10 @@ where

 #NEW

+#Lchapfour
+
 =Lesson 3: Grammars with parameters=

-#Lchapfour

 Goals:
 - implement sophisticated linguistic structures:
@@ -2772,9 +2774,10 @@ Thus

 #NEW

+#Lchapfive
+
 =Lesson 4: Using the resource grammar library=

-#Lchapfive

 Goals:
 - navigate in the GF resource grammar library and use it in applications
@@ -3614,9 +3617,10 @@ tenses and moods, e.g. the Romance languages.

 #NEW

+#Lchapsix
+
 =Lesson 5: Refining semantics in abstract syntax=

-#Lchapsix

 Goals:
 - include semantic conditions in grammars, by using
@@ -4177,11 +4181,11 @@ Type checking can be invoked with ``put_term -transform=solve``.

 #NEW

+#Lchapseven
+
 ==Lesson 6: Grammars of formal languages==


-#Lchapseven
-
 Goals:
 - write grammars for formal languages (mathematical notation, programming languages)
 - interface between formal and natural langauges
@@ -4516,9 +4520,10 @@ point literals as arguments.

 #NEW

+#Lchapeight
+
 =Lesson 7: Embedded grammars=

-#Lchapeight

 Goals:
 - use grammars as parts of programs written in Haskell and JavaScript
@@ -4958,12 +4963,12 @@ syntax name. This file contains the multilingual grammar as a JavaScript object.
 ===Using the JavaScript grammar===

 To perform parsing and linearization, the run-time library
-``gflib.js`` is used. It is included in ``GF/lib/javascript/``, together with
+``gflib.js`` is used. It is included in ``/src/runtime/javascript/``, together with
 some other JavaScript and HTML files; these files can be used
 as templates for building applications.

 An example of usage is
-[``translator.html`` http://grammaticalframework.org:41296],
+[``translator.html`` ../../src/runtime/javascript/translator.html],
 which is in fact initialized with
 a pointer to the Food grammar, so that it provides translation between the English
 and Italian grammars:
--- a/download/index.md
+++ b/download/index.md
@@ -3,22 +3,23 @@ title: Grammatical Framework Download and Installation
 ...

 **GF 3.10** was released on 2 December 2018.
-It is the first version of GF which _does not include the RGL_.

 What's new? See the [release notes](release-3.10.html).

 ## Binary packages

+These binary packages include both the GF core (compiler and runtime) as well as the pre-compiled RGL.
+
 | Platform        | Download                                           | Features       | How to install                     |
 |:----------------|:---------------------------------------------------|:---------------|:-----------------------------------|
 | macOS           | [gf-3.10.pkg](gf-3.10.pkg)                         | GF, S, C, J, P | Double-click on the package icon   |
-| Ubuntu (64-bit) | [gf\_3.10-1\_amd64.deb](gf_3.10-1_amd64.deb)       | GF, S, C, J, P | `sudo dpkg -i gf_3.10-1_amd64.deb` |
+| Raspbian 10 (buster) | [gf\_3.10-2\_armhf.deb](gf_3.10-2_armhf.deb)  | GF,S,C,J,P | `sudo dpkg -i gf_3.10-2_armhf.deb`     |
+| Ubuntu (32-bit) | [gf\_3.10-2\_i386.deb](gf_3.10-2_i386.deb)         | GF, S, C, J, P | `sudo dpkg -i gf_3.10-2_i386.deb`  |
+| Ubuntu (64-bit) | [gf\_3.10-2\_amd64.deb](gf_3.10-2_amd64.deb)       | GF, S, C, J, P | `sudo dpkg -i gf_3.10-2_amd64.deb` |
 | Windows         | [gf-3.10-bin-windows.zip](gf-3.10-bin-windows.zip) | GF, S          | `unzip gf-3.10-bin-windows.zip`    |

 <!--
 | macOS           | [gf-3.10-bin-intel-mac.tar.gz](gf-3.10-bin-intel-mac.tar.gz) | GF,S,C,J,P | `sudo tar -C /usr/local -zxf gf-3.10-bin-intel-mac.tar.gz` |
-| Raspbian 9.1     | [gf\_3.10-1\_armhf.deb](gf_3.10-1_armhf.deb)                 | GF,S,C,J,P | `sudo dpkg -i gf_3.10-1_armhf.deb`                         |
-| Ubuntu (32-bit) | [gf\_3.10-1\_i386.deb](gf_3.10-1_i386.deb)                   | GF,S,C,J,P | `sudo dpkg -i gf_3.10-1_i386.deb`                          |
 -->

 **Features**
@@ -35,7 +36,10 @@ probably need to set the `PATH` and `GF_LIB_PATH` environment variables,
 see Inari's notes on [Installing GF on Windows](http://www.grammaticalframework.org/~inari/gf-windows.html#toc3).

 The Ubuntu `.deb` packages should work on Ubuntu 16.04 and 18.04 and
-similar Linux distributions.
+similar Linux distributions. The `.deb` packages were updated
+to version 3.10-2 after the release of GF 3.10.
+(Because of a packaging bug the Resource Grammar Library was missing
+in the 3.10-1 packages.)

 <!-- The Raspbian `.deb` package was created on a Raspberry Pi 3 and will
 probably work on other ARM-based systems running Debian 9 (stretch) or
@@ -66,12 +70,10 @@ normal circumstances the procedure is fairly simple:
 3.  On Linux: install some C libraries from your Linux distribution (see note below)
 4.  `cabal install gf`

-Note that this installs GF _without_ the RGL.
+This installs the GF executable and Haskell libraries, but **does not include the RGL**.

-You can also download full source packages from GitHub at the following links:
-
- [GF releases](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/releases)
- [RGL releases](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl/releases)
+You can also download the source code release from [GitHub](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/releases),
+and follow the instructions below under **Installing from the latest developer source code**.

 ### Notes

@@ -166,6 +168,7 @@ make
 ```

 in the RGL folder.
+This assumes that you already have GF installed.
 For more details about building the RGL, see the [RGL README](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl/blob/master/README.md).

 ## Older releases
--- a/download/release-3.10.md
+++ b/download/release-3.10.md
@@ -9,8 +9,58 @@ See the [download page](index.html).

 ## What's new

- In this release, the GF "core" (compiler and runtimes) have been split from the RGL.
+In this release, the GF "core" (compiler and runtimes) and RGL have been split into separate repositories.
+The binary packages on the downloads page contain both GF and the RGL, but the sources are now separate:
+[gf-core](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core) and
+[gf-rgl](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl).

-### Other
+Over 300 changes have been pushed to GF and over 600 changes have been made to the RGL
+since the release of GF 3.9 in August 2017.

- A lot of repository cleanup
+## General
+
+- Travis integration:
+GF [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core) and
+RGL [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl)
+- A lot of bug fixes and repository cleanup, including things moved to new repositories:
+    - [Phrasebook](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-contrib/tree/master/phrasebook)
+    - [Wide coverage translator](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/wide-coverage)
+    - [Mobile apps](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-offline-translator)
+    - [gftest](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gftest)
+    - [gf-mode](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-emacs-mode) for Emacs
+    - [RGL browser](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/rgl-source-browser) (live [here](http://www.grammaticalframework.org/~john/rgl-browser/))
+- A fresh look for the GF website.
+
+## GF compiler and run-time library
+
+- Extensive improvements in the C runtime and bindings to it from Python, Java, Haskell, C#
+- A GF shell which uses the C runtime
+- Better error messages
+- GF now has a Stack configuration file
+- The compiler source code has been updated for compatibility with GHC 8.4.3.
+- `GF_LIB_PATH` can now be `path1:path2:path3`, not just `path1`
+- Add TypeScript type definitions for `gflib.js`
+- New compiler/shell options
+    - added option `-output-format=java` for producing code for embedded grammars in Java
+    - `rf -paragraphs`
+    - `linearize -tabtreebank`
+    - A new function called `completions` is added in the Haskell runtime and used in PGFService. This makes the extraction of completions more platform independent
+
+## Resource Grammar Library
+
+- [Bash build script](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl/blob/master/Setup.sh), for building the RGL without Haskell
+- [Windows build script](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl/blob/master/Setup.bat), for building the RGL without Haskell on a regular Windows command shell
+- New languages:
+    - Basque
+    - Portuguese
+- Big progress with Arabic, Turkish, Persian
+- Introduction of `Extend` module to combine the functions of `Extra` and `Extensions` in a more disciplined way
+- Various fixes for several languages.
+- Various fixes in the translation dictionaries.
+
+## Apps and Cloud services
+
+- Sort list of public grammars by age by default
+- Browser compatibility fixes
+- Allow public grammars to be deleted in more cases
+- Show grammar comments in the list of public grammars
--- a/gf.cabal
+++ b/gf.cabal
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: gf
-version: 3.10
+version: 3.10.3-git

 cabal-version: >= 1.22
 build-type: Custom
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@ custom-setup
    filepath,
    process >=1.0.1.1

+--source-repository head
+--  type:     darcs
+--  location: http://www.grammaticalframework.org/
+
 source-repository head
  type:     git
  location: https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.git
@@ -63,17 +67,12 @@ flag network-uri
   description: Get Network.URI from the network-uri package
   default: True

--flag new-comp
--  Description: Make -new-comp the default
--  Default:     True
-
-flag c-runtime
-  Description: Include functionality from the C run-time library (which must be installed already)
-  Default:     False
-
-Library
+executable gf
+  hs-source-dirs: src/programs
+  main-is: gf-main.hs
  default-language:    Haskell2010
-  build-depends: base >= 4.6 && <5,
+  build-depends: pgf2,
+                 base >= 4.6 && <5,
                 array,
                 containers,
                 bytestring,
@@ -81,77 +80,28 @@ Library
                 random,
                 pretty,
                 mtl,
-                 exceptions
-  hs-source-dirs: src/runtime/haskell
+                 exceptions,
+                 ghc-prim,
+                 filepath, directory>=1.2, time,
+                 process, haskeline, parallel>=3, json
+  ghc-options: -threaded

-  other-modules:
-    -- not really part of GF but I have changed the original binary library
-    -- and we have to keep the copy for now.
-    Data.Binary
-    Data.Binary.Put
-    Data.Binary.Get
-    Data.Binary.Builder
-    Data.Binary.IEEE754
+  if impl(ghc>=7.0)
+    ghc-options: -rtsopts -with-rtsopts=-I5
+    if impl(ghc<7.8)
+      ghc-options: -with-rtsopts=-K64M

--ghc-options: -fwarn-unused-imports
--if impl(ghc>=7.8)
--  ghc-options: +RTS -A20M -RTS
-  ghc-prof-options: -fprof-auto
-  extensions:
-
-  exposed-modules:
-    PGF
-    PGF.Internal
-    PGF.Haskell
-
-  other-modules:
-    PGF.Data
-    PGF.Macros
-    PGF.Binary
-    PGF.Optimize
-    PGF.Printer
-    PGF.CId
-    PGF.Expr
-    PGF.Generate
-    PGF.Linearize
-    PGF.Morphology
-    PGF.Paraphrase
-    PGF.Parse
-    PGF.Probabilistic
-    PGF.SortTop
-    PGF.Tree
-    PGF.Type
-    PGF.TypeCheck
-    PGF.Forest
-    PGF.TrieMap
-    PGF.VisualizeTree
-    PGF.ByteCode
-    PGF.OldBinary
-    PGF.Utilities
-
-  if flag(c-runtime)
-    exposed-modules: PGF2
-    other-modules:   PGF2.FFI PGF2.Expr PGF2.Type
-                     GF.Interactive2 GF.Command.Commands2
-    hs-source-dirs:  src/runtime/haskell-bind
-    build-tools:     hsc2hs
-    extra-libraries: pgf gu
-    c-sources:       src/runtime/haskell-bind/utils.c
-    cc-options:      -std=c99
-
---- GF compiler as a library:
-
-  build-depends: filepath, directory, time, time-compat,
-                 process, haskeline, parallel>=3
+  ghc-prof-options: -auto-all

  hs-source-dirs: src/compiler
-  exposed-modules:
+
+  other-modules:
    GF
    GF.Support
    GF.Text.Pretty
    GF.Text.Lexing
+    GF.Grammar.Canonical

-  other-modules:
    GF.Main GF.Compiler GF.Interactive

    GF.Compile GF.CompileInParallel GF.CompileOne  GF.Compile.GetGrammar
@@ -174,7 +124,6 @@ Library
    GF.Compile.CheckGrammar
    GF.Compile.Compute.AppPredefined
    GF.Compile.Compute.ConcreteNew
--  GF.Compile.Compute.ConcreteNew1
    GF.Compile.Compute.Predef
    GF.Compile.Compute.Value
    GF.Compile.ExampleBased
@@ -184,13 +133,14 @@ Library
    GF.Compile.GrammarToPGF
    GF.Compile.Multi
    GF.Compile.Optimize
+    GF.Compile.OptimizePGF
    GF.Compile.PGFtoHaskell
    GF.Compile.PGFtoJava
    GF.Haskell
    GF.Compile.ConcreteToHaskell
-    GF.Compile.PGFtoJS
-    GF.Compile.PGFtoProlog
-    GF.Compile.PGFtoPython
+    GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical
+    GF.Grammar.CanonicalJSON
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoJSON
    GF.Compile.ReadFiles
    GF.Compile.Rename
    GF.Compile.SubExOpt
@@ -260,14 +210,20 @@ Library
    GF.System.Signal
    GF.Text.Clitics
    GF.Text.Coding
+    GF.Text.Lexing
    GF.Text.Transliterations
    Paths_gf
-
-  if flag(c-runtime)
-    cpp-options: -DC_RUNTIME
+    
+    -- not really part of GF but I have changed the original binary library
+    -- and we have to keep the copy for now.
+    Data.Binary
+    Data.Binary.Put
+    Data.Binary.Get
+    Data.Binary.Builder
+    Data.Binary.IEEE754

  if flag(server)
-    build-depends: httpd-shed>=0.4.0.3, network>=2.3 && <2.7, json,
+    build-depends: httpd-shed>=0.4.0.3, network>=2.3 && <2.7,
                   cgi>=3001.2.2.0
    if flag(network-uri)
      build-depends: network-uri>=2.6, network>=2.6
@@ -287,8 +243,6 @@ Library
      CGIUtils
      Cache
      Fold
-      ExampleDemo
-      ExampleService
    hs-source-dirs: src/server src/server/transfer src/example-based

  if flag(interrupt)
@@ -299,7 +253,6 @@ Library

  if impl(ghc>=7.8)
    build-tools: happy>=1.19, alex>=3.1
--  ghc-options: +RTS -A20M -RTS
  else
    build-tools: happy, alex>=3

@@ -310,36 +263,13 @@ Library
  else
    build-depends: unix, terminfo>=0.4

-  if impl(ghc>=8.2)
-    ghc-options: -fhide-source-paths

-Executable gf
-  hs-source-dirs: src/programs
-  main-is: gf-main.hs
+test-suite rgl-tests
+  type:           exitcode-stdio-1.0
+  main-is:        run.hs
+  hs-source-dirs: lib/tests/
+  build-depends:  base, HTF, process, HUnit, filepath, directory
  default-language:    Haskell2010
-  build-depends: gf, base
-  ghc-options: -threaded
--ghc-options: -fwarn-unused-imports
-
-  if impl(ghc>=7.0)
-    ghc-options: -rtsopts -with-rtsopts=-I5
-    if impl(ghc<7.8)
-      ghc-options: -with-rtsopts=-K64M
-
-  ghc-prof-options: -auto-all
-
-  if impl(ghc>=8.2)
-    ghc-options: -fhide-source-paths
-
-executable pgf-shell
--if !flag(c-runtime)
-  buildable: False
-  main-is:             pgf-shell.hs
-  hs-source-dirs:      src/runtime/haskell-bind/examples
-  build-depends:       gf, base, containers, mtl, lifted-base
-  default-language:    Haskell2010
-  if impl(ghc>=7.0)
-    ghc-options: -rtsopts

 test-suite gf-tests
  type:           exitcode-stdio-1.0
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -26,15 +26,19 @@

  <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-3">
    <h3>Get started</h3>
-    <ul>
+    <ul class="mb-2">
      <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1LFbDQhbso">Google Tech Talk</a></li>
      <li>
-        <a href="http://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/">
+        <a href="//cloud.grammaticalframework.org/">
          GF Cloud
-          <img src="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/src/www/P/gf-cloud.png" style="height:30px" class="ml-2">
+          <img src="src/www/P/gf-cloud.png" style="height:30px" class="ml-2" alt="Cloud logo">
        </a>
      </li>
-      <li><a href="doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.html">Tutorial</a></li>
+      <li>
+        <a href="doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.html">Tutorial</a>
+        /
+        <a href="lib/doc/rgl-tutorial/index.html">RGL Tutorial</a>
+      </li>
    </ul>

    <a href="download/index.html" class="btn btn-primary ml-3">
@@ -46,7 +50,7 @@
  <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-3">
    <h3>Learn more</h3>

-    <ul>
+    <ul class="mb-2">
      <li><a href="gf-book">The GF Book</a></li>
      <li><a href="doc/gf-refman.html">Reference Manual</a></li>
      <li><a href="doc/gf-shell-reference.html">Shell Reference</a></li>
@@ -61,7 +65,7 @@

  <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-3">
    <h3>Develop</h3>
-    <ul>
+    <ul class="mb-2">
      <li><a href="doc/gf-developers.html">Developers Guide</a></li>
      <!-- <li><a href="/~hallgren/gf-experiment/browse/">Browse Source Code</a></li> -->
      <li><a href="http://hackage.haskell.org/package/gf/docs/PGF.html">PGF library API (Haskell runtime)</a></li>
@@ -75,11 +79,11 @@

  <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-3">
    <h3>Contribute</h3>
-    <ul>
+    <ul class="mb-2">
      <li><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/gf-dev">Mailing List</a></li>
      <li><a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
      <li><a href="doc/gf-people.html">Authors</a></li>
-      <li><a href="http://school.grammaticalframework.org/2018/">Summer School</a></li>
+      <li><a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/2018/">Summer School</a></li>
    </ul>
    <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/" class="btn btn-primary ml-3">
      <i class="fab fa-github mr-1"></i>
@@ -148,9 +152,9 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
    <h2>Applications & Availability</h2>
    <p>
    GF can be used for building
-    <a href="http://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/translator/">translation systems</a>,
-    <a href="http://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/minibar/minibar.html">multilingual web gadgets</a>,
-    <a href="http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~hallgren/Alfa/Tutorial/GFplugin.html">natural-language interfaces</a>,
+    <a href="//cloud.grammaticalframework.org/translator/">translation systems</a>,
+    <a href="//cloud.grammaticalframework.org/minibar/minibar.html">multilingual web gadgets</a>,
+    <a href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~hallgren/Alfa/Tutorial/GFplugin.html">natural-language interfaces</a>,
    <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bfaYHWS6zU">dialogue systems</a>, and
    <a href="lib/doc/synopsis/index.html">natural language resources</a>.
    </p>
@@ -205,7 +209,10 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.

    <p>
    We run the IRC channel <strong><code>#gf</code></strong> on the Freenode network, where you are welcome to look for help with small questions or just start a general discussion.
-    IRC logs (in raw format) are available <a href="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/irc/">here</a>.
+    You can <a href="https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=gf">open a web chat</a>
+    or <a href="/irc/">browse the channel logs</a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
    If you have a larger question which the community may benefit from, we recommend you ask it on the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/gf-dev">mailing list</a>.
    </p>

@@ -217,12 +224,12 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
    <dl class="row">
      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2018-12-03</dt>
      <dd class="col-sm-9">
-        <a href="http://school.grammaticalframework.org/2018/">Sixth GF Summer School</a> in Stellenbosch (South Africa), 3–14 December 2018
+        <a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/2018/">Sixth GF Summer School</a> in Stellenbosch (South Africa), 3–14 December 2018
      </dd>
      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2018-12-02</dt>
      <dd class="col-sm-9">
        <strong>GF 3.10 released.</strong>
-        <!-- <a href="download/release-3.10.html">Release notes</a> -->
+        <a href="download/release-3.10.html">Release notes</a>
      </dd>
      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2018-07-25</dt>
      <dd class="col-sm-9">
@@ -241,7 +248,7 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
        GF is moving to <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/GF/">GitHub</a>.</dd>
      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2017-03-13</dt>
      <dd class="col-sm-9">
-        <a href="http://school.grammaticalframework.org/2017/">GF Summer School</a> in Riga (Latvia), 14-25 August 2017
+        <a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/2017/">GF Summer School</a> in Riga (Latvia), 14-25 August 2017
      </dd>
    </dl>

@@ -261,7 +268,7 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
    </p>
    <ul>
    <li>
-      <a href="http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~hallgren/Alfa/Tutorial/GFplugin.html">GF-Alfa</a>:
+      <a href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~hallgren/Alfa/Tutorial/GFplugin.html">GF-Alfa</a>:
      natural language interface to formal proofs
    </li>
    <li>
@@ -286,11 +293,11 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
      <a href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/alumni/markus/FM/">Functional Morphology</a>
    </li>
    <li>
-      <a href="http://www.molto-project.eu">MOLTO</a>:
+      <a href="//www.molto-project.eu">MOLTO</a>:
      multilingual online translation
    </li>
    <li>
-      <a href="http://remu.grammaticalframework.org">REMU</a>:
+      <a href="//remu.grammaticalframework.org">REMU</a>:
      reliable multilingual digital communication
    </li>
    </ul>
@@ -353,13 +360,14 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
    Swedish,
    Thai,
    Turkish (fragments),
-    Urdu
+    and
+    Urdu.
    </p>

    <p>
    Adding a language to the resource library takes 3 to 9
    months - contributions
-    are welcome! You can start with the <a href="doc/gf-lrec-2010.pdf">resource grammarian's tutorial</a>.
+    are welcome! You can start with the <a href="lib/doc/rgl-tutorial/index.html">resource grammarian's tutorial</a>.
    </p>

  </div><!-- .col-6 -->
@@ -368,11 +376,14 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.

 </div><!-- .container -->

-<footer class="bg-light mt-5 py-5">
-  <div class="container mb-5">
-    <div class="row">
-    <div>
-  <div>
+<footer class="bg-light mt-5 py-4">
+  <div class="container mb-3">
+    <div class="text-center text-muted">
+      <img style="height:50px; filter: opacity(.5) grayscale(1);" class="mb-3" src="doc/Logos/gf0.svg" alt="GF Logo"><br>
+      Grammatical Framework is free and open source,<br>
+      with some support from <a href="https://www.digitalgrammars.com/">Digital Grammars AB</a>.
+    </div>
+  </div>
 </footer>

 <script type="text/javascript">
--- a/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary.hs
+++ b/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary.hs
--- a/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary/Builder.hs
+++ b/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary/Builder.hs
--- a/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary/Get.hs
+++ b/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary/Get.hs
--- a/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary/IEEE754.lhs
+++ b/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary/IEEE754.lhs
--- a/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary/Put.hs
+++ b/src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary/Put.hs
--- a/src/compiler/GF.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF.hs
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ module GF(
           module GF.Grammar.Printer,
           module GF.Infra.Ident,
           -- ** Binary serialisation
-           module GF.Grammar.Binary
+           module GF.Grammar.Binary,
+           -- * Canonical GF
+           module GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical
  ) where
 import GF.Main
 import GF.Compiler
@@ -36,3 +38,5 @@ import GF.Grammar.Macros
 import GF.Grammar.Printer
 import GF.Infra.Ident
 import GF.Grammar.Binary
+
+import GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Command/Abstract.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Command/Abstract.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module GF.Command.Abstract(module GF.Command.Abstract,Expr,showExpr,Term) where

-import PGF(CId,mkCId,Expr,showExpr)
+import PGF2(Expr,showExpr)
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar(Term)

 type Ident = String
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ type Pipe = [Command]

 data Command
   = Command Ident [Option] Argument
-   deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+   deriving Show

 data Option
  = OOpt Ident
@@ -29,13 +29,7 @@ data Argument
  | ATerm Term
  | ANoArg
  | AMacro Ident
-  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
-
-valCIdOpts :: String -> CId -> [Option] -> CId
-valCIdOpts flag def opts =
-  case [v | OFlag f (VId v) <- opts, f == flag] of
-    (v:_) -> mkCId v
-    _     -> def
+  deriving Show

 valIntOpts :: String -> Int -> [Option] -> Int
 valIntOpts flag def opts =
@@ -49,6 +43,18 @@ valStrOpts flag def opts =
    v:_ -> valueString v
    _   -> def

+maybeIntOpts :: String -> a -> (Int -> a) -> [Option] -> a
+maybeIntOpts flag def fn opts =
+  case [v | OFlag f (VInt v) <- opts, f == flag] of
+    (v:_) -> fn v
+    _     -> def
+
+maybeStrOpts :: String -> a -> (String -> a) -> [Option] -> a
+maybeStrOpts flag def fn opts =
+  case listFlags flag opts of
+    v:_ -> fn (valueString v)
+    _   -> def
+
 listFlags flag opts = [v | OFlag f v <- opts, f == flag]

 valueString v =
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Command/CommandInfo.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Command/CommandInfo.hs
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ import GF.Command.Abstract(Option,Expr,Term)
 import GF.Text.Pretty(render)
 import GF.Grammar.Printer() -- instance Pretty Term
 import GF.Grammar.Macros(string2term)
-import qualified PGF as H(showExpr)
-import qualified PGF.Internal as H(Literal(LStr),Expr(ELit)) ----
+import PGF2(mkStr,unStr,showExpr)

 data CommandInfo m = CommandInfo {
  exec     :: [Option] -> CommandArguments -> m CommandOutput,
@@ -38,21 +37,19 @@ class Monad m => TypeCheckArg m where typeCheckArg :: Expr -> m Expr

 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-data CommandArguments = Exprs [Expr] | Strings [String] | Term Term
+data CommandArguments = Exprs [(Expr,Float)] | Strings [String] | Term Term

 newtype CommandOutput = Piped (CommandArguments,String) ---- errors, etc

 -- ** Converting command output
 fromStrings ss         = Piped (Strings ss, unlines ss)
-fromExprs   es         = Piped (Exprs es,unlines (map (H.showExpr []) es))
+fromExprs show_p es    = Piped (Exprs es,unlines (map (\(e,p) -> (if show_p then (++) ("["++show p++"] ") else id) (showExpr [] e)) es))
 fromString  s          = Piped (Strings [s], s)
 pipeWithMessage es msg = Piped (Exprs es,msg)
 pipeMessage msg        = Piped (Exprs [],msg)
 pipeExprs   es         = Piped (Exprs es,[]) -- only used in emptyCommandInfo
 void                   = Piped (Exprs [],"")

-stringAsExpr = H.ELit . H.LStr -- should be a pattern macro
-
 -- ** Converting command input

 toStrings args =
@@ -61,23 +58,23 @@ toStrings args =
      Exprs es -> zipWith showAsString (True:repeat False) es
      Term t -> [render t]
  where
-    showAsString first t =
-      case t of
-        H.ELit (H.LStr s) -> s
-        _ -> ['\n'|not first] ++
-             H.showExpr [] t ---newline needed in other cases than the first
+    showAsString first (e,p) =
+      case unStr e of
+        Just s  -> s
+        Nothing -> ['\n'|not first] ++
+                   showExpr [] e ---newline needed in other cases than the first

 toExprs args =
  case args of
-    Exprs es -> es
-    Strings ss -> map stringAsExpr ss
-    Term t -> [stringAsExpr (render t)]
+    Exprs es -> map fst es
+    Strings ss -> map mkStr ss
+    Term t -> [mkStr (render t)]

 toTerm args =
  case args of
    Term t -> t
    Strings ss -> string2term $ unwords ss -- hmm
-    Exprs es -> string2term $ unwords $ map (H.showExpr []) es -- hmm
+    Exprs es -> string2term $ unwords $ map (showExpr [] . fst) es -- hmm

 -- ** Creating documentation

--- a/src/compiler/GF/Command/Commands.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Command/Commands.hs
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances, UndecidableInstances #-}
 module GF.Command.Commands (
-  PGFEnv,HasPGFEnv(..),pgf,mos,pgfEnv,pgfCommands,
+  HasPGF(..),pgfCommands,
  options,flags,
  ) where
-import Prelude hiding (putStrLn,(<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint
+import Prelude hiding (putStrLn)

-import PGF
-
-import PGF.Internal(lookStartCat,functionsToCat,lookValCat,restrictPGF,hasLin)
-import PGF.Internal(abstract,funs,cats,Expr(EFun)) ----
-import PGF.Internal(ppFun,ppCat)
-import PGF.Internal(optimizePGF)
+import PGF2
+import PGF2.Internal(writePGF)

 import GF.Compile.Export
 import GF.Compile.ToAPI
@@ -28,27 +24,25 @@ import GF.Command.TreeOperations ---- temporary place for typecheck and compute

 import GF.Data.Operations

-import PGF.Internal (encodeFile)
+import Data.Char
 import Data.List(intersperse,nub)
 import Data.Maybe
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import GF.Text.Pretty
 import Data.List (sort)
--import Debug.Trace
+import Control.Monad(mplus)

+class (Functor m,Monad m,MonadSIO m) => HasPGF m where getPGF :: m (Maybe PGF)

-data PGFEnv = Env {pgf::PGF,mos::Map.Map Language Morpho}
+instance (Monad m,HasPGF m) => TypeCheckArg m where
+  typeCheckArg e = do mb_pgf <- getPGF
+                      case mb_pgf of
+                        Just pgf -> either fail
+                                           (return . fst)
+                                           (inferExpr pgf e)
+                        Nothing  -> fail "Import a grammar before using this command"

-pgfEnv pgf = Env pgf mos
-  where mos = Map.fromList [(la,buildMorpho pgf la) | la <- languages pgf]
-
-class (Functor m,Monad m,MonadSIO m) => HasPGFEnv m where getPGFEnv :: m PGFEnv
-
-instance (Monad m,HasPGFEnv m) => TypeCheckArg m where
-  typeCheckArg e = (either (fail . render . ppTcError) (return . fst)
-                    . flip inferExpr e . pgf) =<< getPGFEnv
-
-pgfCommands :: HasPGFEnv m => Map.Map String (CommandInfo m)
+pgfCommands :: HasPGF m => Map.Map String (CommandInfo m)
 pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
  ("aw", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "align_words",
@@ -61,7 +55,7 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       "by the view flag. The target format is png, unless overridden by the",
       "flag -format. Results from multiple trees are combined to pdf with convert (ImageMagick)."
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) -> do
+     exec = needPGF $ \ opts arg pgf -> do
         let es = toExprs arg
         let langs = optLangs pgf opts
         if isOpt "giza" opts
@@ -73,7 +67,7 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
             let grph = if null es then [] else lsrc ++ "\n--end_source--\n\n"++ltrg++"\n-end_target--\n\n"++align
             return $ fromString grph
           else do
-             let grphs = map (graphvizAlignment pgf langs) es
+             let grphs = map (graphvizWordAlignment langs graphvizDefaults) es
             if isFlag "view" opts || isFlag "format" opts
               then do
                 let view = optViewGraph opts
@@ -95,6 +89,7 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       ("view",  "program to open the resulting file")
       ]
    }),
+
  ("ca", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "clitic_analyse",
     synopsis = "print the analyses of all words into stems and clitics",
@@ -105,16 +100,17 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       "by the flag '-clitics'. The list of stems is given as the list of words",
       "of the language given by the '-lang' flag."
       ],
-     exec  = getEnv $ \opts ts env -> case opts of
-               _ | isOpt "raw" opts ->
-                    return . fromString .
-                    unlines . map (unwords . map (concat . intersperse "+")) .
-                    map (getClitics (isInMorpho (optMorpho env opts)) (optClitics opts)) .
-                    concatMap words $ toStrings ts
-               _ ->
-                    return . fromStrings .
-                    getCliticsText (isInMorpho (optMorpho env opts)) (optClitics opts) .
-                    concatMap words $ toStrings ts,
+     exec  = needPGF $ \opts ts pgf -> do
+               concr <- optLang pgf opts
+               case opts of
+                 _ | isOpt "raw" opts ->
+                       return . fromString .
+                       unlines . map (unwords . map (concat . intersperse "+")) .
+                       map (getClitics (not . null . lookupMorpho concr) (optClitics opts)) .
+                       concatMap words $ toStrings ts
+                 _ -> return . fromStrings .
+                      getCliticsText (not . null . lookupMorpho concr) (optClitics opts) .
+                      concatMap words $ toStrings ts,
     flags = [
       ("clitics","the list of possible clitics (comma-separated, no spaces)"),
       ("lang",   "the language of analysis")
@@ -146,19 +142,19 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       ],
     flags = [
       ("file","the file to be converted (suffix .gfe must be given)"),
-       ("lang","the language in which to parse"),
-       ("probs","file with probabilities to rank the parses")
+       ("lang","the language in which to parse")
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts _ env@(Env pgf mos) -> do
+     exec = needPGF $ \opts _ pgf -> do
       let file = optFile opts
-       pgf <- optProbs opts pgf
       let printer = if (isOpt "api" opts) then exprToAPI else (showExpr [])
-       let conf = configureExBased pgf (optMorpho env opts) (optLang pgf opts) printer
+       concr <- optLang pgf opts
+       let conf = configureExBased pgf concr printer
       (file',ws) <- restricted $ parseExamplesInGrammar conf file
       if null ws then return () else putStrLn ("unknown words: " ++ unwords ws)
       return (fromString ("wrote " ++ file')),
     needsTypeCheck = False
     }),
+
  ("gr", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "generate_random",
     synopsis = "generate random trees in the current abstract syntax",
@@ -173,54 +169,53 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
     explanation = unlines [
       "Generates a list of random trees, by default one tree.",
       "If a tree argument is given, the command completes the Tree with values to",
-       "all metavariables in the tree. The generation can be biased by probabilities,",
-       "given in a file in the -probs flag."
+       "all metavariables in the tree. The generation can be biased by probabilities",
+       "if the grammar was compiled with option -probs"
+       ],
+     options = [
+       ("show_probs", "show the probability of each result")
       ],
     flags = [
       ("cat","generation category"),
       ("lang","uses only functions that have linearizations in all these languages"),
-       ("number","number of trees generated"),
-       ("depth","the maximum generation depth"),
-       ("probs", "file with biased probabilities (format 'f 0.4' one by line)")
+       ("number","number of trees generated")
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) -> do
-       pgf <- optProbs opts (optRestricted opts pgf)
+     exec = needPGF $ \opts arg pgf -> do
       gen <- newStdGen
-       let dp = valIntOpts "depth" 4 opts
       let ts  = case mexp (toExprs arg) of
-                   Just ex -> generateRandomFromDepth gen pgf ex (Just dp)
-                   Nothing -> generateRandomDepth     gen pgf (optType pgf opts) (Just dp)
-       returnFromExprs $ take (optNum opts) ts
+                   Just ex -> generateRandomFrom gen pgf ex
+                   Nothing -> generateRandom     gen pgf (optType pgf opts)
+       returnFromExprs (isOpt "show_probs" opts) $ take (optNum opts) ts
     }),
+
  ("gt", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "generate_trees",
     synopsis = "generates a list of trees, by default exhaustive",
     explanation = unlines [
-       "Generates all trees of a given category. By default, ",
-       "the depth is limited to 4, but this can be changed by a flag.",
+       "Generates all trees of a given category.",
       "If a Tree argument is given, the command completes the Tree with values",
       "to all metavariables in the tree."
       ],
+     options = [
+       ("show_probs", "show the probability of each result")
+       ],
     flags = [
       ("cat","the generation category"),
-       ("depth","the maximum generation depth"),
       ("lang","excludes functions that have no linearization in this language"),
       ("number","the number of trees generated")
       ],
     examples = [
-       mkEx "gt                     -- all trees in the startcat, to depth 4",
+       mkEx "gt                     -- all trees in the startcat",
       mkEx "gt -cat=NP -number=16  -- 16 trees in the category NP",
-       mkEx "gt -cat=NP -depth=2    -- trees in the category NP to depth 2",
       mkEx "gt (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))  -- trees of form (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))"
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) -> do
-       let pgfr = optRestricted opts pgf
-       let dp = valIntOpts "depth" 4 opts
-       let ts = case mexp (toExprs arg) of
-                  Just ex -> generateFromDepth pgfr ex (Just dp)
-                  Nothing -> generateAllDepth pgfr (optType pgf opts) (Just dp)
-       returnFromExprs $ take (optNumInf opts) ts
+     exec = needPGF $ \opts arg pgf -> do
+       let es = case mexp (toExprs arg) of
+                  Just ex -> generateAllFrom pgf ex
+                  Nothing -> generateAll     pgf (optType pgf opts)
+       returnFromExprs (isOpt "show_probs" opts) $ takeOptNum opts es
     }),
+
  ("i", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "import",
     synopsis = "import a grammar from source code or compiled .pgf file",
@@ -241,33 +236,28 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       ("probs","file with biased probabilities for generation")
       ],
     options = [
-       -- ["gfo", "src", "no-cpu", "cpu", "quiet", "verbose"]
       ("retain","retain operations (used for cc command)"),
       ("src",   "force compilation from source"),
       ("v",     "be verbose - show intermediate status information")
       ],
     needsTypeCheck = False
     }),
+
  ("l", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "linearize",
     synopsis = "convert an abstract syntax expression to string",
     explanation = unlines [
-       "Shows the linearization of a Tree by the grammars in scope.",
+       "Shows the linearization of a tree by the grammars in scope.",
       "The -lang flag can be used to restrict this to fewer languages.",
       "A sequence of string operations (see command ps) can be given",
       "as options, and works then like a pipe to the ps command, except",
-       "that it only affect the strings, not e.g. the table labels.",
-       "These can be given separately to each language with the unlexer flag",
-       "whose results are prepended to the other lexer flags. The value of the",
-       "unlexer flag is a space-separated list of comma-separated string operation",
-       "sequences; see example."
+       "that it only affect the strings, not e.g. the table labels."
       ],
     examples = [
       mkEx "l -lang=LangSwe,LangNor no_Utt   -- linearize tree to LangSwe and LangNor",
-       mkEx "gr -lang=LangHin -cat=Cl | l -table -to_devanagari -- hindi table",
-       mkEx "l -unlexer=\"LangAra=to_arabic LangHin=to_devanagari\" -- different unlexers"
+       mkEx "gr -lang=LangHin -cat=Cl | l -table -to_devanagari -- hindi table"
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts ts (Env pgf mos) -> return . fromStrings . optLins pgf opts $ toExprs ts,
+     exec = needPGF $ \ opts ts pgf -> return . fromStrings . optLins pgf opts $ toExprs ts,
     options = [
       ("all",    "show all forms and variants, one by line (cf. l -list)"),
       ("bracket","show tree structure with brackets and paths to nodes"),
@@ -275,33 +265,13 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       ("list","show all forms and variants, comma-separated on one line (cf. l -all)"),
       ("multi","linearize to all languages (default)"),
       ("table","show all forms labelled by parameters"),
-       ("tabtreebank","show the tree and its linearizations on a tab-separated line"),
-       ("treebank","show the tree and tag linearizations with language names")
-       ] ++ stringOpOptions,
-     flags = [
-       ("lang","the languages of linearization (comma-separated, no spaces)"),
-       ("unlexer","set unlexers separately to each language (space-separated)")
-       ]
-     }),
-  ("lc", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "linearize_chunks",
-     synopsis = "linearize a tree that has metavariables in maximal chunks without them",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "A hopefully temporary command, intended to work around the type checker that fails",
-       "trees where a function node is a metavariable."
-       ],
-     examples = [
-       mkEx "l -lang=LangSwe,LangNor -chunks ? a b (? c d)"
-       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts ts (Env pgf mos) -> return . fromStrings $ optLins pgf (opts ++ [OOpt "chunks"]) (toExprs ts),
-     options = [
       ("treebank","show the tree and tag linearizations with language names")
       ] ++ stringOpOptions,
     flags = [
       ("lang","the languages of linearization (comma-separated, no spaces)")
-       ],
-     needsTypeCheck = False
+       ]
     }),
+
  ("ma", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "morpho_analyse",
     synopsis = "print the morphological analyses of all words in the string",
@@ -309,18 +279,20 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       "Prints all the analyses of space-separated words in the input string,",
       "using the morphological analyser of the actual grammar (see command pg)"
       ],
-     exec  = getEnv $ \opts ts env -> case opts of
-               _ | isOpt "missing" opts ->
-                    return . fromString . unwords .
-                    morphoMissing (optMorpho env opts) .
-                    concatMap words $ toStrings ts
-               _ | isOpt "known" opts ->
-                    return . fromString . unwords .
-                    morphoKnown (optMorpho env opts) .
-                    concatMap words $ toStrings ts
-               _ -> return . fromString . unlines .
-                    map prMorphoAnalysis . concatMap (morphos env opts) .
-                    concatMap words $ toStrings ts,
+     exec  = needPGF $ \opts ts pgf -> do
+               concr <- optLang pgf opts
+               case opts of
+                 _ | isOpt "missing" opts ->
+                      return . fromString . unwords .
+                      morphoMissing concr .
+                      concatMap words $ toStrings ts
+                 _ | isOpt "known" opts ->
+                      return . fromString . unwords .
+                      morphoKnown concr .
+                      concatMap words $ toStrings ts
+                 _ -> return . fromString . unlines .
+                      map prMorphoAnalysis . concatMap (morphos pgf opts) .
+                      concatMap words $ toStrings ts,
     flags = [
       ("lang","the languages of analysis (comma-separated, no spaces)")
       ],
@@ -334,18 +306,16 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
     longname = "morpho_quiz",
     synopsis = "start a morphology quiz",
     syntax   = "mq (-cat=CAT)? (-probs=FILE)? TREE?",
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) -> do
-         let lang = optLang pgf opts
+     exec = needPGF $ \ opts arg pgf -> do
+         lang <- optLang pgf opts
         let typ  = optType pgf opts
-         pgf <- optProbs opts pgf
         let mt = mexp (toExprs arg)
         restricted $ morphologyQuiz mt pgf lang typ
         return void,
     flags = [
       ("lang","language of the quiz"),
       ("cat","category of the quiz"),
-       ("number","maximum number of questions"),
-       ("probs","file with biased probabilities for generation")
+       ("number","maximum number of questions")
       ]
     }),

@@ -356,24 +326,25 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       "Shows all trees returned by parsing a string in the grammars in scope.",
       "The -lang flag can be used to restrict this to fewer languages.",
       "The default start category can be overridden by the -cat flag.",
-       "See also the ps command for lexing and character encoding.",
-       "",
-       "The -openclass flag is experimental and allows some robustness in ",
-       "the parser. For example if -openclass=\"A,N,V\" is given, the parser",
-       "will accept unknown adjectives, nouns and verbs with the resource grammar."
+       "See also the ps command for lexing and character encoding."
+       ],
+     exec = needPGF $ \opts ts pgf ->
+              return $
+                foldr (joinPiped . fromParse1 opts) void 
+                  (concat [
+                              [(s,parse concr (optType pgf opts) s) |
+                                            concr <- optLangs pgf opts] 
+                           | s <- toStrings ts]),
+     options = [
+       ("show_probs", "show the probability of each result")
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts ts (Env pgf mos) ->
-              return $ fromParse opts (concat [map ((,) s) (par pgf opts s) | s <- toStrings ts]),
     flags = [
       ("cat","target category of parsing"),
       ("lang","the languages of parsing (comma-separated, no spaces)"),
-       ("openclass","list of open-class categories for robust parsing"),
-       ("depth","maximal depth for proof search if the abstract syntax tree has meta variables")
-       ],
-     options = [
-       ("bracket","prints the bracketed string from the parser")
+       ("number","limit the results to the top N trees")
       ]
     }),
+
  ("pg", emptyCommandInfo { -----
     longname = "print_grammar",
     synopsis = "print the actual grammar with the given printer",
@@ -393,9 +364,8 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
        " " ++ opt ++ "\t\t" ++ expl |
           ((opt,_),expl) <- outputFormatsExpl, take 1 expl /= "*"
       ]),
-     exec  = getEnv $ \opts _ env -> prGrammar env opts,
+     exec  = needPGF $ \opts _ pgf -> prGrammar pgf opts,
     flags = [
-       --"cat",
       ("file",   "set the file name when printing with -pgf option"),
       ("lang",   "select languages for the some options (default all languages)"),
       ("printer","select the printing format (see flag values above)")
@@ -415,6 +385,7 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       mkEx ("pg -funs | ? grep \" S ;\"  -- show functions with value cat S")
       ]
     }),
+
  ("pt", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "put_tree",
     syntax = "pt OPT? TREE",
@@ -428,11 +399,12 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
     examples = [
       mkEx "pt -compute (plus one two)                               -- compute value"
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) ->
-            returnFromExprs . takeOptNum opts . treeOps pgf opts $ toExprs arg,
+     exec = needPGF $ \opts arg pgf ->
+            returnFromExprs False .  takeOptNum opts . map (flip (,) 0) . treeOps pgf opts $ toExprs arg,
     options = treeOpOptions undefined{-pgf-},
     flags = [("number","take at most this many trees")] ++ treeOpFlags undefined{-pgf-}
     }),
+
  ("rf",  emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "read_file",
     synopsis = "read string or tree input from a file",
@@ -445,10 +417,9 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       ],
     options = [
       ("lines","return the list of lines, instead of the singleton of all contents"),
-       ("paragraphs","return the list of paragraphs, as separated by empty lines"),
       ("tree","convert strings into trees")
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts _ (Env pgf mos) -> do
+     exec = needPGF $ \ opts _ pgf -> do
       let file = valStrOpts "file" "_gftmp" opts
       let exprs []         = ([],empty)
           exprs ((n,s):ls) | null s
@@ -457,12 +428,12 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
                                Just e  -> let (es,err) = exprs ls
                                           in case inferExpr pgf e of
                                                Right (e,t) -> (e:es,err)
-                                                Left tcerr  -> (es,"on line" <+> n <> ':' $$ nest 2 (ppTcError tcerr) $$ err)
+                                                Left err    -> (es,"on line" <+> n <> ':' $$ nest 2 err $$ err)
                                Nothing -> let (es,err) = exprs ls
                                           in (es,"on line" <+> n <> ':' <+> "parse error" $$ err)
           returnFromLines ls = case exprs ls of
                                  (es, err) | null es   -> return $ pipeMessage $ render (err $$ "no trees found")
-                                            | otherwise -> return $ pipeWithMessage es (render err)
+                                            | otherwise -> return $ pipeWithMessage (map (flip (,) 0) es) (render err)

       s <- restricted $ readFile file
       case opts of
@@ -471,56 +442,26 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
         _ | isOpt "tree" opts ->
               returnFromLines [(1::Int,s)]
         _ | isOpt "lines" opts -> return (fromStrings $ lines s)
-         _ | isOpt "paragraphs" opts -> return (fromStrings $ toParagraphs $ lines s)
         _ -> return (fromString s),
     flags = [("file","the input file name")]
     }),
-  ("rt", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "rank_trees",
-     synopsis = "show trees in an order of decreasing probability",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Order trees from the most to the least probable, using either",
-       "even distribution in each category (default) or biased as specified",
-       "by the file given by flag -probs=FILE, where each line has the form",
-       "'function probability', e.g. 'youPol_Pron  0.01'."
-       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) -> do
-         let ts = toExprs arg
-         pgf <- optProbs opts pgf
-         let tds = rankTreesByProbs pgf ts
-         if isOpt "v" opts
-           then putStrLn $
-                  unlines [showExpr []  t ++ "\t--" ++ show d | (t,d) <- tds]
-           else return ()
-         returnFromExprs $ map fst tds,
-     flags = [
-       ("probs","probabilities from this file (format 'f 0.6' per line)")
-       ],
-     options = [
-       ("v","show all trees with their probability scores")
-       ],
-     examples = [
-      mkEx "p \"you are here\" | rt -probs=probs | pt -number=1 -- most probable result"
-      ]
-     }),
+
  ("tq", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "translation_quiz",
     syntax   = "tq -from=LANG -to=LANG (-cat=CAT)? (-probs=FILE)? TREE?",
     synopsis = "start a translation quiz",
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) -> do
-         let from = optLangFlag "from" pgf opts
-         let to   = optLangFlag "to" pgf opts
+     exec = needPGF $ \ opts arg pgf -> do
+         from <- optLangFlag "from" pgf opts
+         to   <- optLangFlag "to"   pgf opts
         let typ  = optType pgf opts
         let mt   = mexp (toExprs arg)
-         pgf <- optProbs opts pgf
         restricted $ translationQuiz mt pgf from to typ
         return void,
     flags = [
       ("from","translate from this language"),
       ("to","translate to this language"),
       ("cat","translate in this category"),
-       ("number","the maximum number of questions"),
-       ("probs","file with biased probabilities for generation")
+       ("number","the maximum number of questions")
       ],
     examples = [
       mkEx ("tq -from=Eng -to=Swe                               -- any trees in startcat"),
@@ -528,7 +469,6 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       ]
     }),

-
  ("vd", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "visualize_dependency",
     synopsis = "show word dependency tree graphically",
@@ -546,7 +486,7 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       "flag -format. Results from multiple trees are combined to pdf with convert (ImageMagick).",
       "See also 'vp -showdep' for another visualization of dependencies." 
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) -> do
+     exec = needPGF $ \ opts arg pgf -> do
         let absname = abstractName pgf
         let es = toExprs arg
         let debug = isOpt "v" opts
@@ -559,8 +499,8 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
         mclab <- case cnclabels of
           "" -> return Nothing
           _  -> (Just . getCncDepLabels) `fmap` restricted (readFile cnclabels)
-         let lang = optLang pgf opts
-         let grphs = map (graphvizDependencyTree outp debug mlab mclab pgf lang) es
+         concr <- optLang pgf opts
+         let grphs = map (graphvizDependencyTree outp debug mlab mclab concr) es
         if isOpt "conll2latex" opts
           then return $ fromString $ conlls2latexDoc $ stanzas $ unlines $ toStrings arg
           else if isFlag "view" opts && valStrOpts "output" "" opts == "latex"
@@ -595,7 +535,6 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       ]
    }),

-
  ("vp", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "visualize_parse",
     synopsis = "show parse tree graphically",
@@ -607,9 +546,8 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       "by the view flag. The target format is png, unless overridden by the",
       "flag -format. Results from multiple trees are combined to pdf with convert (ImageMagick)."
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) -> do
-         let es = toExprs arg
-         let lang = optLang pgf opts
+     exec = needPGF $ \opts arg pgf -> do
+         let es        = toExprs arg
         let gvOptions = GraphvizOptions {noLeaves = isOpt "noleaves" opts && not (isOpt "showleaves" opts),
                                          noFun = isOpt "nofun" opts || not (isOpt "showfun" opts),
                                          noCat = isOpt "nocat" opts && not (isOpt "showcat" opts),
@@ -622,10 +560,11 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
                                          leafEdgeStyle = valStrOpts "leafedgestyle" "dashed" opts
                                         }
         let depfile = valStrOpts "file" "" opts
+         concr  <- optLang pgf opts
         mlab <- case depfile of
           "" -> return Nothing
           _  -> (Just . getDepLabels) `fmap` restricted (readFile depfile)
-         let grphs = map (graphvizParseTreeDep mlab pgf lang gvOptions) es
+         let grphs = map (graphvizDependencyTree "dot" False mlab Nothing concr) es
         if isFlag "view" opts || isFlag "format" opts
           then do
             let view = optViewGraph opts
@@ -660,7 +599,6 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       ]
    }),

-
  ("vt", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "visualize_tree",
     synopsis = "show a set of trees graphically",
@@ -673,7 +611,7 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       "flag -format. Results from multiple trees are combined to pdf with convert (ImageMagick).",
       "With option -mk, use for showing library style function names of form 'mkC'."
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) ->
+     exec = needPGF $ \opts arg pgf ->
      let es = toExprs arg in
       if isOpt "mk" opts
       then return $ fromString $ unlines $ map (tree2mk pgf) es
@@ -685,7 +623,7 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       else do
         let funs = not (isOpt "nofun" opts)
         let cats = not (isOpt "nocat" opts)
-         let grphs = map (graphvizAbstractTree pgf (funs,cats)) es
+         let grphs = map (graphvizAbstractTree pgf (graphvizDefaults{noFun=funs,noCat=cats})) es
         if isFlag "view" opts || isFlag "format" opts
           then do
             let view = optViewGraph opts
@@ -707,6 +645,7 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       ("view","program to open the resulting file (default \"open\")")
       ]
     }),
+
  ("ai", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "abstract_info",
     syntax = "ai IDENTIFIER  or  ai EXPR",
@@ -719,205 +658,156 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
       "If a whole expression is given it prints the expression with refined",
       "metavariables and the type of the expression."
       ],
-     exec = getEnv $ \ opts arg (Env pgf mos) -> do
+     exec = needPGF $ \opts arg pgf -> do
       case toExprs arg of
-         [EFun id] -> case Map.lookup id (funs (abstract pgf)) of
-                        Just fd -> do putStrLn $ render (ppFun id fd)
-                                      let (_,_,_,prob) = fd
-                                      putStrLn ("Probability: "++show prob)
-                                      return void
-                        Nothing -> case Map.lookup id (cats (abstract pgf)) of
-                                     Just cd   -> do putStrLn $
-                                                        render (ppCat id cd $$
-                                                                if null (functionsToCat pgf id)
-                                                                  then empty
-                                                                  else ' ' $$
-                                                                       vcat [ppFun fid (ty,0,Just ([],[]),0) | (fid,ty) <- functionsToCat pgf id] $$
-                                                                       ' ')
-                                                     let (_,_,prob) = cd
-                                                     putStrLn ("Probability: "++show prob)
-                                                     return void
-                                     Nothing   -> do putStrLn ("unknown category of function identifier "++show id)
-                                                     return void
-         [e]         -> case inferExpr pgf e of
-                          Left tcErr   -> error $ render (ppTcError tcErr)
-                          Right (e,ty) -> do putStrLn ("Expression:  "++showExpr [] e)
-                                             putStrLn ("Type:        "++showType [] ty)
-                                             putStrLn ("Probability: "++show (probTree pgf e))
-                                             return void
+         [e] -> case unApp e of
+                  Just (id, []) -> case functionType pgf id of
+                                     Just ty -> do putStrLn (showFun pgf id ty)
+                                                   putStrLn ("Probability: "++show (treeProbability pgf e))
+                                                   return void
+                                     Nothing -> case categoryContext pgf id of
+                                                  Just hypos -> do putStrLn ("cat "++id++if null hypos then "" else ' ':showContext [] hypos)
+                                                                   let ls = [showFun pgf fn ty | fn <- functionsByCat pgf id, Just ty <- [functionType pgf fn]]
+                                                                   if null ls
+                                                                     then return ()
+                                                                     else putStrLn (unlines ("":ls))
+                                                                   putStrLn ("Probability: "++show (categoryProbability pgf id))
+                                                                   return void
+                                                  Nothing    -> do putStrLn ("unknown category of function identifier "++show id)
+                                                                   return void
+                  _             -> case inferExpr pgf e of
+                                     Left err     -> error err
+                                     Right (e,ty) -> do putStrLn ("Expression:  "++showExpr [] e)
+                                                        putStrLn ("Type:        "++showType [] ty)
+                                                        putStrLn ("Probability: "++show (treeProbability pgf e))
+                                                        return void
         _           -> do putStrLn "a single identifier or expression is expected from the command"
                           return void,
     needsTypeCheck = False
     })
  ]
 where
-   getEnv exec opts ts = liftSIO . exec opts ts =<< getPGFEnv
-
-   par pgf opts s = case optOpenTypes opts of
-                  []        -> [parse_ pgf lang (optType pgf opts) (Just dp) s | lang <- optLangs pgf opts]
-                  open_typs -> [parseWithRecovery pgf lang (optType pgf opts) open_typs (Just dp) s | lang <- optLangs pgf opts]
-     where
-       dp = valIntOpts "depth" 4 opts
-
-   fromParse opts = foldr (joinPiped . fromParse1 opts) void
+   needPGF exec opts ts = do
+     mb_pgf <- getPGF
+     case mb_pgf of
+       Just pgf -> liftSIO $ exec opts ts pgf
+       _ -> fail "Import a grammar before using this command"

   joinPiped (Piped (es1,ms1)) (Piped (es2,ms2)) = Piped (jA es1 es2,ms1+++-ms2)
     where
       jA (Exprs es1) (Exprs es2) = Exprs (es1++es2)
-       -- ^ fromParse1 always output Exprs

-   fromParse1 opts (s,(po,bs))
-     | isOpt "bracket" opts = pipeMessage (showBracketedString bs)
-     | otherwise            =
-         case po of
-           ParseOk ts      -> fromExprs ts
-           ParseFailed i   -> pipeMessage $ "The parser failed at token "
-                                             ++ show i ++": "
-                                             ++ show (words s !! max 0 (i-1))
-                                          -- ++ " in " ++ show s
-           ParseIncomplete -> pipeMessage "The sentence is not complete"
-           TypeError errs  ->
-             pipeMessage . render $
-               "The parsing is successful but the type checking failed with error(s):"
-               $$ nest 2 (vcat (map (ppTcError . snd) errs))
+   fromParse1 opts (s,po) =
+     case po of
+       ParseOk ts      -> fromExprs (isOpt "show_probs" opts) (takeOptNum opts ts)
+       ParseFailed i t -> pipeMessage $ "The parser failed at token "
+                                        ++ show i ++": "
+                                        ++ show t
+       ParseIncomplete -> pipeMessage "The sentence is not complete"

-   optLins pgf opts ts = case opts of
-     _ | isOpt "groups" opts ->
-       concatMap snd $ groupResults
-         [[(lang, s) | lang <- optLangs pgf opts,s <- linear pgf opts lang t] | t <- ts]
-     _ -> concatMap (optLin pgf opts) ts
+   optLins pgf opts ts = concatMap (optLin pgf opts) ts
   optLin pgf opts t =
     case opts of
       _ | isOpt "treebank" opts && isOpt "chunks" opts ->
-         (showCId (abstractName pgf) ++ ": " ++ showExpr [] t) :
-         [showCId lang ++ ": " ++ li | (lang,li) <- linChunks pgf opts t] --linear pgf opts lang t | lang <- optLangs pgf opts]
+         (abstractName pgf ++ ": " ++ showExpr [] t) :
+         [lang ++ ": " ++ li | (lang,li) <- linChunks pgf opts t] --linear pgf opts lang t | lang <- optLangs pgf opts]
       _ | isOpt "treebank" opts ->
-         (showCId (abstractName pgf) ++ ": " ++ showExpr [] t) :
-         [showCId lang ++ ": " ++ s | lang <- optLangs pgf opts, s<-linear pgf opts lang t]
-       _ | isOpt "tabtreebank" opts ->
-         return $ concat $ intersperse "\t" $ (showExpr [] t) :
-                   [s | lang <- optLangs pgf opts, s <- linear pgf opts lang t]
+         (abstractName pgf ++ ": " ++ showExpr [] t) :
+         [concreteName concr ++ ": " ++ s | concr <- optLangs pgf opts, s<-linear opts concr t]
       _ | isOpt "chunks" opts -> map snd $ linChunks pgf opts t   
-       _ -> [s | lang <- optLangs pgf opts, s<-linear pgf opts lang t]
+       _ -> [s | concr <- optLangs pgf opts, s <- linear opts concr t]
   linChunks pgf opts t = 
-     [(lang, unwords (intersperse "<+>" (map (unlines . linear pgf opts lang) (treeChunks t)))) | lang <- optLangs pgf opts]
+     [(concreteName concr, unwords (intersperse "<+>" (map (unlines . linear opts concr) (treeChunks t)))) | concr <- optLangs pgf opts]

-   linear :: PGF -> [Option] -> CId -> Expr -> [String]
-   linear pgf opts lang = let unl = unlex opts lang in case opts of
-       _ | isOpt "all"     opts -> concat . -- intersperse [[]] .
-                                   map (map (unl . snd)) . tabularLinearizes pgf lang
+   linear :: [Option] -> Concr -> Expr -> [String]
+   linear opts concr = case opts of
+       _ | isOpt "all"     opts -> concat .
+                                   map (map snd) . tabularLinearizeAll concr
       _ | isOpt "list"    opts -> (:[]) . commaList . concat .
-                                   map (map (unl . snd)) . tabularLinearizes pgf lang
-       _ | isOpt "table"   opts -> concat . -- intersperse [[]] .
-                    map (map (\(p,v) -> p+++":"+++unl v)) . tabularLinearizes pgf lang
-       _ | isOpt "bracket" opts -> (:[]) . unwords . map showBracketedString . bracketedLinearize pgf lang
-       _                        -> (:[]) . unl . linearize pgf lang
+                                   map (map snd) . tabularLinearizeAll concr
+       _ | isOpt "table"   opts -> concat .
+                                    map (map (\(p,v) -> p+++":"+++v)) . tabularLinearizeAll concr
+       _ | isOpt "bracket" opts -> (:[]) . unwords . map showBracketedString . bracketedLinearize concr
+       _                        -> (:[]) . linearize concr

   -- replace each non-atomic constructor with mkC, where C is the val cat
   tree2mk pgf = showExpr [] . t2m where
     t2m t = case unApp t of
-       Just (cid,ts@(_:_)) -> mkApp (mk cid) (map t2m ts)
-       _ -> t
-     mk = mkCId . ("mk" ++) . showCId . lookValCat (abstract pgf)
-
-   unlex opts lang = stringOps Nothing (getUnlex opts lang ++ map prOpt opts) ----
-
-   getUnlex opts lang = case words (valStrOpts "unlexer" "" opts) of
-     lexs -> case lookup lang
-               [(mkCId la,tail le) | lex <- lexs, let (la,le) = span (/='=') lex, not (null le)] of
-       Just le -> chunks ',' le
-       _ -> []
+               Just (cid,ts@(_:_)) -> mkApp (mk cid) (map t2m ts)
+               _                   -> t
+     mk f = case functionType pgf f of
+              Just ty -> let (_,cat,_) = unType ty
+                         in "mk" ++ cat
+              Nothing -> f

   commaList [] = []
   commaList ws = concat $ head ws : map (", " ++) (tail ws)

-- Proposed logic of coding in unlexing:
--   - If lang has no coding flag, or -to_utf8 is not in opts, just opts are used.
--   - If lang has flag coding=utf8, -to_utf8 is ignored.
--   - If lang has coding=other, and -to_utf8 is in opts, from_other is applied first.
-- THIS DOES NOT WORK UNFORTUNATELY - can't use the grammar flag properly
-{-
-   unlexx pgf opts lang = {- trace (unwords optsC) $ -} stringOps Nothing optsC where ----
-     optsC = case lookConcrFlag pgf (mkCId lang) (mkCId "coding") of
-       Just (LStr "utf8") -> filter (/="to_utf8") $ map prOpt opts
-       Just (LStr other) | isOpt "to_utf8" opts ->
-                      let cod = ("from_" ++ other)
-                      in cod : filter (/=cod) (map prOpt opts)
-       _ -> map prOpt opts
-}
-   optRestricted opts pgf =
-     restrictPGF (\f -> and [hasLin pgf la f | la <- optLangs pgf opts]) pgf
-
   optLang  = optLangFlag "lang"
   optLangs = optLangsFlag "lang"

-   optLangsFlag f pgf opts = case valStrOpts f "" opts of
-     "" -> languages pgf
-     lang -> map (completeLang pgf) (chunks ',' lang)
-   completeLang pgf la = let cla = (mkCId la) in
-     if elem cla (languages pgf)
-       then cla
-       else (mkCId (showCId (abstractName pgf) ++ la))
+   optLangFlag flag pgf opts =
+     case optLangsFlag flag pgf opts of
+       []     -> fail "no language specified"
+       (l:ls) -> return l

-   optLangFlag f pgf opts = head $ optLangsFlag f pgf opts ++ [wildCId]
+   optLangsFlag flag pgf opts =
+     case valStrOpts flag "" opts of
+       ""  -> Map.elems langs
+       str -> mapMaybe (completeLang pgf) (chunks ',' str)
+     where
+       langs = languages pgf

-   optOpenTypes opts = case valStrOpts "openclass" "" opts of
-     ""   -> []
-     cats -> mapMaybe readType (chunks ',' cats)
-
-   optProbs opts pgf = case valStrOpts "probs" "" opts of
-     ""   -> return pgf
-     file -> do
-       probs <- restricted $ readProbabilitiesFromFile file pgf
-       return (setProbabilities probs pgf)
+       completeLang pgf la =
+         mplus (Map.lookup la                       langs)
+               (Map.lookup (abstractName pgf ++ la) langs)

   optFile opts = valStrOpts "file" "_gftmp" opts

   optType pgf opts =
-     let str = valStrOpts "cat" (showCId $ lookStartCat pgf) opts
-     in case readType str of
-          Just ty -> case checkType pgf ty of
-                       Left tcErr -> error $ render (ppTcError tcErr)
-                       Right ty   -> ty
-          Nothing -> error ("Can't parse '"++str++"' as a type")
+     let readOpt str = case readType str of
+                         Just ty -> case checkType pgf ty of
+                                      Left err -> error err
+                                      Right ty -> ty
+                         Nothing -> error ("Can't parse '"++str++"' as a type")
+     in maybeStrOpts "cat" (startCat pgf) readOpt opts
   optViewFormat opts = valStrOpts "format" "png" opts
   optViewGraph opts = valStrOpts "view" "open" opts
   optNum opts = valIntOpts "number" 1 opts
   optNumInf opts = valIntOpts "number" 1000000000 opts ---- 10^9
   takeOptNum opts = take (optNumInf opts)

-   returnFromExprs es = return $ case es of
-     [] -> pipeMessage "no trees found"
-     _  -> fromExprs es
+   returnFromExprs show_p es =
+     return $ 
+       case es of
+         [] -> pipeMessage "no trees found"
+         _  -> fromExprs show_p es

-   prGrammar (Env pgf mos) opts
+   prGrammar pgf opts
     | isOpt "pgf"      opts = do
-          let pgf1 = if isOpt "opt" opts then optimizePGF pgf else pgf
-          let outfile = valStrOpts "file" (showCId (abstractName pgf) ++ ".pgf") opts
-          restricted $ encodeFile outfile pgf1
+          let outfile = valStrOpts "file" (abstractName pgf ++ ".pgf") opts
+          restricted $ writePGF outfile pgf
          putStrLn $ "wrote file " ++ outfile
          return void
-     | isOpt "cats"     opts = return $ fromString $ unwords $ map showCId $ categories pgf
-     | isOpt "funs"     opts = return $ fromString $ unlines $ map showFun $ funsigs pgf
-     | isOpt "fullform" opts = return $ fromString $ concatMap (morpho mos "" prFullFormLexicon) $ optLangs pgf opts
-     | isOpt "langs"    opts = return $ fromString $ unwords $ map showCId $ languages pgf
+     | isOpt "cats"     opts = return $ fromString $ unwords $ categories pgf
+     | isOpt "funs"     opts = return $ fromString $ unlines [showFun pgf f ty | f <- functions pgf, Just ty <- [functionType pgf f]]
+     | isOpt "fullform" opts = return $ fromString $ concatMap prFullFormLexicon $ optLangs pgf opts
+     | isOpt "langs"    opts = return $ fromString $ unwords $ Map.keys $ languages pgf

-     | isOpt "lexc"     opts = return $ fromString $ concatMap (morpho mos "" prLexcLexicon) $ optLangs pgf opts
-     | isOpt "missing"  opts = return $ fromString $ unlines $ [unwords (showCId la:":": map showCId cs) |
-                                                                  la <- optLangs pgf opts, let cs = missingLins pgf la]
-     | isOpt "words" opts = return $ fromString $ concatMap (morpho mos "" prAllWords) $ optLangs pgf opts
+     | isOpt "lexc"     opts = return $ fromString $ concatMap prLexcLexicon $ optLangs pgf opts
+     | isOpt "missing"  opts = return $ fromString $ unlines $ [unwords (concreteName concr:":":[f | f <- functions pgf, not (hasLinearization concr f)]) |
+                                                                  concr <- optLangs pgf opts]
+     | isOpt "words" opts = return $ fromString $ concatMap prAllWords $ optLangs pgf opts
     | otherwise             = do fmt <- readOutputFormat (valStrOpts "printer" "pgf_pretty" opts)
                                  return $ fromString $ concatMap snd $ exportPGF noOptions fmt pgf

-   funsigs pgf = [(f,ty) | (f,(ty,_,_,_)) <- Map.assocs (funs (abstract pgf))]
-   showFun (f,ty) = showCId f ++ " : " ++ showType [] ty ++ " ;"
+   showFun pgf id ty = kwd++" "++ id ++ " : " ++ showType [] ty
+                       where
+                         kwd | functionIsDataCon pgf id = "data"
+                             | otherwise                = "fun"

-   morphos (Env pgf mos) opts s =
-     [(s,morpho mos [] (\mo -> lookupMorpho mo s) la) | la <- optLangs pgf opts]
-
-   morpho mos z f la = maybe z f $ Map.lookup la mos
-
-   optMorpho (Env pgf mos) opts = morpho mos (error "no morpho") id (head (optLangs pgf opts))
+   morphos pgf opts s =
+     [(s,lookupMorpho concr s) | concr <- optLangs pgf opts]

   optClitics opts = case valStrOpts "clitics" "" opts of
     "" -> []
@@ -930,18 +820,28 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
   -- ps -f -g s returns g (f s)
   treeOps pgf opts s = foldr app s (reverse opts) where
     app (OOpt  op)         | Just (Left  f) <- treeOp pgf op = f
-     app (OFlag op (VId x)) | Just (Right f) <- treeOp pgf op = f (mkCId x)
+     app (OFlag op (VId x)) | Just (Right f) <- treeOp pgf op = f x
     app _                                                    = id

+morphoMissing  :: Concr -> [String] -> [String]
+morphoMissing = morphoClassify False
+
+morphoKnown    :: Concr -> [String] -> [String]
+morphoKnown = morphoClassify True
+
+morphoClassify :: Bool -> Concr -> [String] -> [String]
+morphoClassify k concr ws = [w | w <- ws, k /= null (lookupMorpho concr w), notLiteral w] where
+  notLiteral w = not (all isDigit w)
+
 treeOpOptions pgf = [(op,expl) | (op,(expl,Left  _)) <- allTreeOps pgf]
 treeOpFlags   pgf = [(op,expl) | (op,(expl,Right _)) <- allTreeOps pgf]

-translationQuiz :: Maybe Expr -> PGF -> Language -> Language -> Type -> IO ()
+translationQuiz :: Maybe Expr -> PGF -> Concr -> Concr -> Type -> IO ()
 translationQuiz mex pgf ig og typ = do
  tts <- translationList mex pgf ig og typ infinity
  mkQuiz "Welcome to GF Translation Quiz." tts

-morphologyQuiz :: Maybe Expr -> PGF -> Language -> Type -> IO ()
+morphologyQuiz :: Maybe Expr -> PGF -> Concr -> Type -> IO ()
 morphologyQuiz mex pgf ig typ = do
  tts <- morphologyList mex pgf ig typ infinity
  mkQuiz "Welcome to GF Morphology Quiz." tts
@@ -950,30 +850,28 @@ morphologyQuiz mex pgf ig typ = do
 infinity :: Int
 infinity = 256

-prLexcLexicon :: Morpho -> String
-prLexcLexicon mo =
-  unlines $ "Multichar_Symbols":multichars:"":"LEXICON Root" : [prLexc l p ++ ":" ++ w  ++ " # ;" | (w,lps) <- morpho, (l,p) <- lps] ++ ["END"]
+prLexcLexicon :: Concr -> String
+prLexcLexicon concr =
+  unlines $ "Multichar_Symbols":multichars:"":"LEXICON Root" : [prLexc l p ++ ":" ++ w  ++ " # ;" | (w,lps) <- morpho, (l,p,_) <- lps] ++ ["END"]
 where
-  morpho = fullFormLexicon mo
-  prLexc l p = showCId l ++ concat (mkTags (words p))
+  morpho = fullFormLexicon concr
+  prLexc l p = l ++ concat (mkTags (words p))
  mkTags p = case p of
    "s":ws -> mkTags ws   --- remove record field
    ws -> map ('+':) ws

-  multichars = unwords $ nub $ concat [mkTags (words p) | (w,lps) <- morpho, (l,p) <- lps]
-  -- thick_A+(AAdj+Posit+Gen):thick's # ;
+  multichars = unwords $ nub $ concat [mkTags (words p) | (w,lps) <- morpho, (l,p,_) <- lps]

-prFullFormLexicon :: Morpho -> String
-prFullFormLexicon mo =
-  unlines (map prMorphoAnalysis (fullFormLexicon mo))
+prFullFormLexicon :: Concr -> String
+prFullFormLexicon concr =
+  unlines (map prMorphoAnalysis (fullFormLexicon concr))

-prAllWords :: Morpho -> String
-prAllWords mo =
-  unwords [w | (w,_) <- fullFormLexicon mo]
+prAllWords :: Concr -> String
+prAllWords concr =
+  unwords [w | (w,_) <- fullFormLexicon concr]

-prMorphoAnalysis :: (String,[(Lemma,Analysis)]) -> String
 prMorphoAnalysis (w,lps) =
-  unlines (w:[showCId l ++ " : " ++ p | (l,p) <- lps])
+  unlines (w:[l ++ " : " ++ p ++ show prob | (l,p,prob) <- lps])

 viewGraphviz :: String -> String -> String -> [String] -> SIO CommandOutput
 viewGraphviz view format name grphs = do
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Command/Commands2.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Command/Commands2.hs
@@ -1,822 +0,0 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances, UndecidableInstances #-}
-module GF.Command.Commands2 (
-  PGFEnv,HasPGFEnv(..),pgf,concs,pgfEnv,emptyPGFEnv,pgfCommands,
-  options, flags,
-  ) where
-import Prelude hiding (putStrLn,(<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint
-
-import PGF2
-import qualified PGF as H
-import GF.Compile.ToAPI(exprToAPI)
-import GF.Infra.UseIO(writeUTF8File)
-import GF.Infra.SIO(MonadSIO,liftSIO,putStrLn,restricted,restrictedSystem)
-import GF.Command.Abstract
-import GF.Command.CommandInfo
-import GF.Data.Operations
-import Data.List(intersperse,intersect,nub,sortBy)
-import Data.Maybe
-import qualified Data.Map as Map
-import GF.Text.Pretty
-import Control.Monad(mplus)
-
-
-data PGFEnv = Env {pgf::Maybe PGF,concs::Map.Map ConcName Concr}
-
-pgfEnv pgf = Env (Just pgf) (languages pgf)
-emptyPGFEnv = Env Nothing Map.empty
-
-class (Monad m,MonadSIO m) => HasPGFEnv m where getPGFEnv :: m PGFEnv
-
-instance (Monad m,HasPGFEnv m) => TypeCheckArg m where
-  typeCheckArg e = do env <- getPGFEnv
-                      case pgf env of
-                        Just gr -> either fail
-                                          (return . hsExpr . fst)
-                                          (inferExpr gr (cExpr e))
-                        Nothing  -> fail "Import a grammar before using this command"
-
-pgfCommands :: HasPGFEnv m => Map.Map String (CommandInfo m)
-pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
-  ("aw", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "align_words",
-     synopsis = "show word alignments between languages graphically",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Prints a set of strings in the .dot format (the graphviz format).",
-       "The graph can be saved in a file by the wf command as usual.",
-       "If the -view flag is defined, the graph is saved in a temporary file",
-       "which is processed by graphviz and displayed by the program indicated",
-       "by the flag. The target format is postscript, unless overridden by the",
-       "flag -format."
-       ],
-     exec = needPGF $ \opts es env -> do
-         let cncs = optConcs env opts
-         if isOpt "giza" opts
-           then if length cncs == 2
-                  then let giz = map (gizaAlignment pgf (snd (cncs !! 0)) (snd (cncs !! 1)) . cExpr) (toExprs es)
-                           lsrc = unlines $ map (\(x,_,_) -> x) giz
-                           ltrg = unlines $ map (\(_,x,_) -> x) giz
-                           align = unlines $ map (\(_,_,x) -> x) giz
-                           grph = if null (toExprs es) then [] else lsrc ++ "\n--end_source--\n\n"++ltrg++"\n-end_target--\n\n"++align
-                       in return (fromString grph)
-                  else error "For giza alignment you need exactly two languages"
-           else let gvOptions=graphvizDefaults{leafFont = valStrOpts "font" "" opts,
-                                               leafColor = valStrOpts "color" "" opts,
-                                               leafEdgeStyle = valStrOpts "edgestyle" "" opts
-                                              }
-                    grph = if null (toExprs es) then [] else graphvizWordAlignment (map snd cncs) gvOptions (cExpr (head (toExprs es)))
-                in if isFlag "view" opts || isFlag "format" opts
-                     then do let file s = "_grph." ++ s
-                             let view = optViewGraph opts
-                             let format = optViewFormat opts
-                             restricted $ writeUTF8File (file "dot") grph
-                             restrictedSystem $ "dot -T" ++ format ++ " " ++ file "dot" ++ " > " ++ file format
-                             restrictedSystem $ view ++ " " ++ file format
-                             return void
-                     else return (fromString grph),
-     examples = [
-       ("gr | aw"                         , "generate a tree and show word alignment as graph script"),
-       ("gr | aw -view=\"open\""          , "generate a tree and display alignment on Mac"),
-       ("gr | aw -view=\"eog\""           , "generate a tree and display alignment on Ubuntu"),
-       ("gt | aw -giza | wf -file=aligns" , "generate trees, send giza alignments to file")
-       ],
-     options = [
-       ("giza",  "show alignments in the Giza format; the first two languages")
-       ],
-     flags = [
-       ("format","format of the visualization file (default \"png\")"),
-       ("lang",  "alignments for this list of languages (default: all)"),
-       ("view",  "program to open the resulting file"),
-       ("font",  "font for the words"),
-       ("color", "color for the words"),
-       ("edgestyle", "the style for links between words")
-       ]
-    }),
-{-
-  ("eb", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "example_based",
-     syntax = "eb (-probs=FILE | -lang=LANG)* -file=FILE.gfe",
-     synopsis = "converts .gfe files to .gf files by parsing examples to trees",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Reads FILE.gfe and writes FILE.gf. Each expression of form",
-       "'%ex CAT QUOTEDSTRING' in FILE.gfe is replaced by a syntax tree.",
-       "This tree is the first one returned by the parser; a biased ranking",
-       "can be used to regulate the order. If there are more than one parses",
-       "the rest are shown in comments, with probabilities if the order is biased.",
-       "The probabilities flag and configuration file is similar to the commands",
-       "gr and rt. Notice that the command doesn't change the environment,",
-       "but the resulting .gf file must be imported separately."
-       ],
-     options = [
-       ("api","convert trees to overloaded API expressions (using Syntax not Lang)")
-       ],
-     flags = [
-       ("file","the file to be converted (suffix .gfe must be given)"),
-       ("lang","the language in which to parse"),
-       ("probs","file with probabilities to rank the parses")
-       ],
-     exec = \env@(pgf, mos) opts _ -> do
-       let file = optFile opts
-       pgf <- optProbs opts pgf
-       let printer = if (isOpt "api" opts) then exprToAPI else (H.showExpr [])
-       let conf = configureExBased pgf (optMorpho env opts) (optLang pgf opts) printer
-       (file',ws) <- restricted $ parseExamplesInGrammar conf file
-       if null ws then return () else putStrLn ("unknown words: " ++ unwords ws)
-       return (fromString ("wrote " ++ file')),
-     needsTypeCheck = False
-     }),
-}
-{-
-  ("gr", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "generate_random",
-     synopsis = "generate random trees in the current abstract syntax",
-     syntax = "gr [-cat=CAT] [-number=INT]",
-     examples = [
-       mkEx "gr                     -- one tree in the startcat of the current grammar",
-       mkEx "gr -cat=NP -number=16  -- 16 trees in the category NP",
-       mkEx "gr -lang=LangHin,LangTha -cat=Cl  -- Cl, both in LangHin and LangTha",
-       mkEx "gr -probs=FILE         -- generate with bias",
-       mkEx "gr (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))  -- generate trees of form (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))"
-       ],
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Generates a list of random trees, by default one tree.",
-       "If a tree argument is given, the command completes the Tree with values to",
-       "all metavariables in the tree. The generation can be biased by probabilities,",
-       "given in a file in the -probs flag."
-       ],
-     flags = [
-       ("cat","generation category"),
-       ("lang","uses only functions that have linearizations in all these languages"),
-       ("number","number of trees generated"),
-       ("depth","the maximum generation depth"),
-       ("probs", "file with biased probabilities (format 'f 0.4' one by line)")
-       ],
-     exec = \env@(pgf, mos) opts xs -> do
-       pgf <- optProbs opts (optRestricted opts pgf)
-       gen <- newStdGen
-       let dp = valIntOpts "depth" 4 opts
-       let ts  = case mexp xs of
-                   Just ex -> H.generateRandomFromDepth gen pgf ex (Just dp)
-                   Nothing -> H.generateRandomDepth     gen pgf (optType pgf opts) (Just dp)
-       returnFromExprs $ take (optNum opts) ts
-     }),
-}
-  ("gt", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "generate_trees",
-     synopsis = "generates a list of trees, by default exhaustive",
-     flags = [("cat","the generation category"),
-              ("number","the number of trees generated")],
-     examples = [
-       mkEx "gt                     -- all trees in the startcat",
-       mkEx "gt -cat=NP -number=16  -- 16 trees in the category NP"],
-     exec = needPGF $ \ opts _ env@(pgf,_) ->
-            let ts = map fst (generateAll pgf cat)
-                cat = optType pgf opts
-            in returnFromCExprs (takeOptNum opts ts),
-     needsTypeCheck = False
-     }),
-  ("i", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "import",
-     synopsis = "import a grammar from a compiled .pgf file",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Reads a grammar from a compiled .pgf file.",
-       "Old modules are discarded.",
-{-
-       "The grammar parser depends on the file name suffix:",
-
-       "  .cf    context-free (labelled BNF) source",
-       "  .ebnf  extended BNF source",
-       "  .gfm   multi-module GF source",
-       "  .gf    normal GF source",
-       "  .gfo   compiled GF source",
-}
-       "  .pgf   precompiled grammar in Portable Grammar Format"
-       ],
-     flags = [
--     ("probs","file with biased probabilities for generation")
-       ],
-     options = [
-       -- ["gfo", "src", "no-cpu", "cpu", "quiet", "verbose"]
--     ("retain","retain operations (used for cc command)"),
--     ("src",   "force compilation from source"),
--     ("v",     "be verbose - show intermediate status information")
-       ],
-     needsTypeCheck = False
-     }),
-  ("l", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "linearize",
-     synopsis = "convert an abstract syntax expression to string",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Shows the linearization of a Tree by the grammars in scope.",
-       "The -lang flag can be used to restrict this to fewer languages.",
-       "A sequence of string operations (see command ps) can be given",
-       "as options, and works then like a pipe to the ps command, except",
-       "that it only affect the strings, not e.g. the table labels.",
-       "These can be given separately to each language with the unlexer flag",
-       "whose results are prepended to the other lexer flags. The value of the",
-       "unlexer flag is a space-separated list of comma-separated string operation",
-       "sequences; see example."
-       ],
-     examples = [
-       mkEx "l -lang=LangSwe,LangNor no_Utt   -- linearize a tree to LangSwe and LangNor",
-       mkEx "gr -lang=LangHin -cat=Cl | l -table -to_devanagari -- hindi table",
-       mkEx "l -unlexer=\"LangAra=to_arabic LangHin=to_devanagari\" -- different unlexers"
-       ],
-     exec = needPGF $ \ opts arg env ->
-                      return . fromStrings . optLins env opts . map cExpr $ toExprs arg,
-     options = [
-       ("all",    "show all forms and variants, one by line (cf. l -list)"),
-       ("bracket","show tree structure with brackets and paths to nodes"),
-       ("groups", "all languages, grouped by lang, remove duplicate strings"),
-       ("list","show all forms and variants, comma-separated on one line (cf. l -all)"),
-       ("multi","linearize to all languages (default)"),
-       ("table","show all forms labelled by parameters"),
-       ("treebank","show the tree and tag linearizations with language names")
-       ],
-     flags = [
-       ("lang","the languages of linearization (comma-separated, no spaces)")
-       ]
-     }),
-  ("ma", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "morpho_analyse",
-     synopsis = "print the morphological analyses of the (multiword) expression in the string",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Prints all the analyses of the (multiword) expression in the input string,",
-       "using the morphological analyser of the actual grammar (see command pg)"
-       ],
-     exec  = needPGF $ \opts args env -> 
-               return ((fromString . unlines .
-                        map prMorphoAnalysis . concatMap (morphos env opts) . toStrings) args),
-     flags = [
-       ("lang","the languages of analysis (comma-separated, no spaces)")
-       ]
-     }),
-{-
-  ("mq", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "morpho_quiz",
-     synopsis = "start a morphology quiz",
-     syntax   = "mq (-cat=CAT)? (-probs=FILE)? TREE?",
-     exec = \env@(pgf, mos) opts xs -> do
-         let lang = optLang pgf opts
-         let typ  = optType pgf opts
-         pgf <- optProbs opts pgf
-         let mt = mexp xs
-         restricted $ morphologyQuiz mt pgf lang typ
-         return void,
-     flags = [
-       ("lang","language of the quiz"),
-       ("cat","category of the quiz"),
-       ("number","maximum number of questions"),
-       ("probs","file with biased probabilities for generation")
-       ]
-     }),
-}
-  ("p", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "parse",
-     synopsis = "parse a string to abstract syntax expression",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Shows all trees returned by parsing a string in the grammars in scope.",
-       "The -lang flag can be used to restrict this to fewer languages.",
-       "The default start category can be overridden by the -cat flag.",
-       "See also the ps command for lexing and character encoding."
-       ],
-     flags = [
-       ("cat","target category of parsing"),
-       ("lang","the languages of parsing (comma-separated, no spaces)"),
-       ("number","maximum number of trees returned")
-       ],
-     examples = [
-         mkEx "p  \"this fish is fresh\" | l -lang=Swe  -- try parsing with all languages and translate the successful parses to Swedish"
-       ],
-     exec = needPGF $ \ opts ts env -> return . cParse env opts $ toStrings ts
-     }),
-  ("pg", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "print_grammar",
-     synopsis = "prints different information about the grammar",
-     exec  = needPGF $ \opts _ env -> prGrammar env opts,
-     options = [
-       ("cats",   "show just the names of abstract syntax categories"),
-       ("fullform", "print the fullform lexicon"),
-       ("funs",   "show just the names and types of abstract syntax functions"),
-       ("langs",  "show just the names of top concrete syntax modules"),
-       ("lexc", "print the lexicon in Xerox LEXC format"),
-       ("missing","show just the names of functions that have no linearization"),
-       ("words", "print the list of words")
-       ],
-     flags = [
-       ("lang","the languages that need to be printed")
-       ],
-     examples = [
-       mkEx "pg -langs -- show the names of top concrete syntax modules",
-       mkEx "pg -funs | ? grep \" S ;\"  -- show functions with value cat S"
-       ]
-     }),
-
-{-
-  ("pt", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "put_tree",
-     syntax = "pt OPT? TREE",
-     synopsis = "return a tree, possibly processed with a function",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Returns a tree obtained from its argument tree by applying",
-       "tree processing functions in the order given in the command line",
-       "option list. Thus 'pt -f -g s' returns g (f s). Typical tree processors",
-       "are type checking and semantic computation."
-       ],
-     examples = [
-       mkEx "pt -compute (plus one two)                               -- compute value",
-       mkEx "p \"4 dogs love 5 cats\" | pt -transfer=digits2numeral | l -- four...five..."
-       ],
-     exec = \env@(pgf, mos) opts ->
-            returnFromExprs . takeOptNum opts . treeOps pgf opts,
-     options = treeOpOptions undefined{-pgf-},
-     flags = [("number","take at most this many trees")] ++ treeOpFlags undefined{-pgf-}
-     }),
-}
-  ("rf",  emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "read_file",
-     synopsis = "read string or tree input from a file",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Reads input from file. The filename must be in double quotes.",
-       "The input is interpreted as a string by default, and can hence be",
-       "piped e.g. to the parse command. The option -tree interprets the",
-       "input as a tree, which can be given e.g. to the linearize command.",
-       "The option -lines will result in a list of strings or trees, one by line."
-       ],
-     options = [
-       ("lines","return the list of lines, instead of the singleton of all contents"),
-       ("tree","convert strings into trees")
-       ],
-     exec = needPGF $ \opts _ env@(pgf, mos) -> do
-       let file = optFile opts
-       let exprs []         = ([],empty)
-           exprs ((n,s):ls) | null s
-                            = exprs ls
-           exprs ((n,s):ls) = case readExpr s of
-                                Just e  -> let (es,err) = exprs ls
-                                           in case inferExpr pgf e of
-                                                Right (e,t) -> (e:es,err)
-                                                Left msg    -> (es,"on line" <+> n <> ':' $$ msg $$ err)
-                                Nothing -> let (es,err) = exprs ls
-                                           in (es,"on line" <+> n <> ':' <+> "parse error" $$ err)
-           returnFromLines ls = case exprs ls of
-                                  (es, err) | null es   -> return $ pipeMessage $ render (err $$ "no trees found")
-                                            | otherwise -> return $ pipeWithMessage (map hsExpr es) (render err)
-
-       s <- restricted $ readFile file
-       case opts of
-         _ | isOpt "lines" opts && isOpt "tree" opts ->
-               returnFromLines (zip [1::Int ..] (lines s))
-         _ | isOpt "tree" opts ->
-               returnFromLines [(1::Int,s)]
-         _ | isOpt "lines" opts -> return (fromStrings $ lines s)
-         _ -> return (fromString s),
-     flags = [("file","the input file name")]
-     }),
-  ("rt", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "rank_trees",
-     synopsis = "show trees in an order of decreasing probability",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Order trees from the most to the least probable, using either",
-       "even distribution in each category (default) or biased as specified",
-       "by the file given by flag -probs=FILE, where each line has the form",
-       "'function probability', e.g. 'youPol_Pron  0.01'."
-       ],
-     exec = needPGF $ \opts es env@(pgf, _) -> do
-         let tds = sortBy (\(_,p) (_,q) -> compare p q)
-                          [(t, treeProbability pgf t) | t <- map cExpr (toExprs es)]
-         if isOpt "v" opts
-           then putStrLn $
-                  unlines [PGF2.showExpr []  t ++ "\t--" ++ show d | (t,d) <- tds]
-           else return ()
-         returnFromExprs $ map (hsExpr . fst) tds,
-     flags = [
-       ("probs","probabilities from this file (format 'f 0.6' per line)")
-       ],
-     options = [
-       ("v","show all trees with their probability scores")
-       ],
-     examples = [
-      mkEx "p \"you are here\" | rt -probs=probs | pt -number=1 -- most probable result"
-      ]
-     }),
-{-
-  ("tq", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "translation_quiz",
-     syntax   = "tq -from=LANG -to=LANG (-cat=CAT)? (-probs=FILE)? TREE?",
-     synopsis = "start a translation quiz",
-     exec = \env@(pgf, mos) opts xs -> do
-         let from = optLangFlag "from" pgf opts
-         let to   = optLangFlag "to" pgf opts
-         let typ  = optType pgf opts
-         let mt   = mexp xs
-         pgf <- optProbs opts pgf
-         restricted $ translationQuiz mt pgf from to typ
-         return void,
-     flags = [
-       ("from","translate from this language"),
-       ("to","translate to this language"),
-       ("cat","translate in this category"),
-       ("number","the maximum number of questions"),
-       ("probs","file with biased probabilities for generation")
-       ],
-     examples = [
-       mkEx ("tq -from=Eng -to=Swe                               -- any trees in startcat"),
-       mkEx ("tq -from=Eng -to=Swe (AdjCN (PositA ?2) (UseN ?))  -- only trees of this form")
-       ]
-     }),
-  ("vd", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "visualize_dependency",
-     synopsis = "show word dependency tree graphically",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Prints a dependency tree in the .dot format (the graphviz format, default)",
-       "or the CoNLL/MaltParser format (flag -output=conll for training, malt_input",
-       "for unanalysed input).",
-       "By default, the last argument is the head of every abstract syntax",
-       "function; moreover, the head depends on the head of the function above.",
-       "The graph can be saved in a file by the wf command as usual.",
-       "If the -view flag is defined, the graph is saved in a temporary file",
-       "which is processed by graphviz and displayed by the program indicated",
-       "by the flag. The target format is png, unless overridden by the",
-       "flag -format."
-       ],
-     exec = \env@(pgf, mos) opts es -> do
-         let debug = isOpt "v" opts
-         let file = valStrOpts "file" "" opts
-         let outp = valStrOpts "output" "dot" opts
-         mlab <- case file of
-           "" -> return Nothing
-           _  -> (Just . H.getDepLabels . lines) `fmap` restricted (readFile file)
-         let lang = optLang pgf opts
-         let grphs = unlines $ map (H.graphvizDependencyTree outp debug mlab Nothing pgf lang) es
-         if isFlag "view" opts || isFlag "format" opts then do
-           let file s = "_grphd." ++ s
-           let view = optViewGraph opts
-           let format = optViewFormat opts
-           restricted $ writeUTF8File (file "dot") grphs
-           restrictedSystem $ "dot -T" ++ format ++ " " ++ file "dot" ++ " > " ++ file format
-           restrictedSystem $ view ++ " " ++ file format
-           return void
-          else return $ fromString grphs,
-     examples = [
-       mkEx "gr | vd              -- generate a tree and show dependency tree in .dot",
-       mkEx "gr | vd -view=open   -- generate a tree and display dependency tree on a Mac",
-       mkEx "gr -number=1000 | vd -file=dep.labels -output=malt      -- generate training treebank",
-       mkEx "gr -number=100 | vd -file=dep.labels -output=malt_input -- generate test sentences"
-       ],
-     options = [
-       ("v","show extra information")
-       ],
-     flags = [
-       ("file","configuration file for labels per fun, format 'fun l1 ... label ... l2'"),
-       ("format","format of the visualization file (default \"png\")"),
-       ("output","output format of graph source (default \"dot\")"),
-       ("view","program to open the resulting file (default \"open\")"),
-       ("lang","the language of analysis")
-       ]
-    }),
-}
-
-  ("vp", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "visualize_parse",
-     synopsis = "show parse tree graphically",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Prints a parse tree in the .dot format (the graphviz format).",
-       "The graph can be saved in a file by the wf command as usual.",
-       "If the -view flag is defined, the graph is saved in a temporary file",
-       "which is processed by graphviz and displayed by the program indicated",
-       "by the flag. The target format is png, unless overridden by the",
-       "flag -format."
-       ],
-     exec = needPGF $ \opts arg env@(pgf, concs) ->
-      do let es = toExprs arg
-         let concs = optConcs env opts
-
-         let gvOptions=graphvizDefaults{noLeaves = isOpt "noleaves" opts && not (isOpt "showleaves" opts),
-                                        noFun = isOpt "nofun" opts || not (isOpt "showfun" opts),
-                                        noCat = isOpt "nocat" opts && not (isOpt "showcat" opts),
-                                        nodeFont = valStrOpts "nodefont" "" opts,
-                                        leafFont = valStrOpts "leaffont" "" opts,
-                                        nodeColor = valStrOpts "nodecolor" "" opts,
-                                        leafColor = valStrOpts "leafcolor" "" opts,
-                                        nodeEdgeStyle = valStrOpts "nodeedgestyle" "solid" opts,
-                                        leafEdgeStyle = valStrOpts "leafedgestyle" "dashed" opts
-                                       }
-
-         let grph= if null es || null concs
-                   then []
-                   else graphvizParseTree (snd (head concs)) gvOptions (cExpr (head es))
-         if isFlag "view" opts || isFlag "format" opts then do
-           let file s = "_grph." ++ s
-           let view = optViewGraph opts
-           let format = optViewFormat opts
-           restricted $ writeUTF8File (file "dot") grph
-           restrictedSystem $ "dot -T" ++ format ++ " " ++ file "dot" ++ " > " ++ file format
-           restrictedSystem $ view ++ " " ++ file format
-           return void
-          else return $ fromString grph,
-     examples = [
-       mkEx "p -lang=Eng \"John walks\" | vp  -- generate a tree and show parse tree as .dot script",
-       mkEx "gr | vp -view=\"open\" -- generate a tree and display parse tree on a Mac"
-       ],
-     options = [
-       ("showcat","show categories in the tree nodes (default)"),
-       ("nocat","don't show categories"),
-       ("showfun","show function names in the tree nodes"),
-       ("nofun","don't show function names (default)"),
-       ("showleaves","show the leaves of the tree (default)"),
-       ("noleaves","don't show the leaves of the tree (i.e., only the abstract tree)")
-       ],
-     flags = [
-       ("lang","the language to visualize"),
-       ("format","format of the visualization file (default \"png\")"),
-       ("view","program to open the resulting file (default \"open\")"),
-       ("nodefont","font for tree nodes (default: Times -- graphviz standard font)"),
-       ("leaffont","font for tree leaves (default: nodefont)"),
-       ("nodecolor","color for tree nodes (default: black -- graphviz standard color)"),
-       ("leafcolor","color for tree leaves (default: nodecolor)"),
-       ("nodeedgestyle","edge style between tree nodes (solid/dashed/dotted/bold, default: solid)"),
-       ("leafedgestyle","edge style for links to leaves (solid/dashed/dotted/bold, default: dashed)")
-       ]
-    }),
-
-  ("vt", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "visualize_tree",
-     synopsis = "show a set of trees graphically",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Prints a set of trees in the .dot format (the graphviz format).",
-       "The graph can be saved in a file by the wf command as usual.",
-       "If the -view flag is defined, the graph is saved in a temporary file",
-       "which is processed by graphviz and displayed by the program indicated",
-       "by the flag. The target format is postscript, unless overridden by the",
-       "flag -format."
-       ],
-     exec = needPGF $ \opts arg env@(pgf, _) ->
-       let es = toExprs arg in
-       if isOpt "api" opts
-       then do
-         mapM_ (putStrLn . exprToAPI) es
-         return void
-       else do
-         let gvOptions=graphvizDefaults{noFun = isOpt "nofun" opts,
-                                        noCat = isOpt "nocat" opts,
-                                        nodeFont = valStrOpts "nodefont" "" opts,
-                                        nodeColor = valStrOpts "nodecolor" "" opts,
-                                        nodeEdgeStyle = valStrOpts "nodeedgestyle" "solid" opts
-                                       }
-         let grph = unlines (map (graphvizAbstractTree pgf gvOptions . cExpr) es)
-         if isFlag "view" opts || isFlag "format" opts then do
-           let file s = "_grph." ++ s
-           let view = optViewGraph opts
-           let format = optViewFormat opts
-           restricted $ writeUTF8File (file "dot") grph
-           restrictedSystem $ "dot -T" ++ format ++ " " ++ file "dot" ++ " > " ++ file format
-           restrictedSystem $ view  ++ " " ++ file format
-           return void
-          else return $ fromString grph,
-     examples = [
-       mkEx "p \"hello\" | vt              -- parse a string and show trees as graph script",
-       mkEx "p \"hello\" | vt -view=\"open\" -- parse a string and display trees on a Mac"
-       ],
-     options = [
-       ("api", "show the tree with function names converted to 'mkC' with value cats C"),
-       ("nofun","don't show functions but only categories"),
-       ("nocat","don't show categories but only functions")
-       ],
-     flags = [
-       ("format","format of the visualization file (default \"png\")"),
-       ("view","program to open the resulting file (default \"open\")"),
-       ("nodefont","font for tree nodes (default: Times -- graphviz standard font)"),
-       ("nodecolor","color for tree nodes (default: black -- graphviz standard color)"),
-       ("nodeedgestyle","edge style between tree nodes (solid/dashed/dotted/bold, default: solid)")
-       ]
-     }),
-
-  ("ai", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "abstract_info",
-     syntax = "ai IDENTIFIER  or  ai EXPR",
-     synopsis = "Provides an information about a function, an expression or a category from the abstract syntax",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "The command has one argument which is either function, expression or",
-       "a category defined in the abstract syntax of the current grammar. ",
-       "If the argument is a function then its type is printed out.",
-       "If it is a category then the category definition is printed.",
-       "If a whole expression is given it prints the expression with refined",
-       "metavariables and the type of the expression."
-       ],
-     exec = needPGF $ \opts args env@(pgf,cncs) ->
-       case map cExpr (toExprs args) of
-         [e] -> case unApp e of
-                  Just (id,[]) -> return (fromString 
-                                            (case functionType pgf id of
-                                               Just ty -> showFun id ty
-                                               Nothing -> let funs = functionsByCat pgf id
-                                                          in showCat id funs))
-                                  where
-                                    showCat c funs = "cat "++c++
-                                                     " ;\n\n"++
-                                                     unlines [showFun f ty| f<-funs,
-                                                                            Just ty <- [functionType pgf f]]
-                                    showFun f ty = "fun "++f++" : "++showType [] ty++" ;"
-                  _  -> case inferExpr pgf e of
-                          Left msg     -> error msg
-                          Right (e,ty) -> do putStrLn ("Expression:  "++PGF2.showExpr [] e)
-                                             putStrLn ("Type:        "++PGF2.showType [] ty)
-                                             putStrLn ("Probability: "++show (treeProbability pgf e))
-                                             return void
-         _           -> do putStrLn "a single function name or category name is expected"
-                           return void,
-     needsTypeCheck = False
-     })
-  ]
- where
-   cParse env@(pgf,_) opts ss = 
-        parsed [ parse cnc cat s | s<-ss,(lang,cnc)<-cncs]
-     where
-       cat = optType pgf opts
-       cncs = optConcs env opts
-       parsed rs = Piped (Exprs ts,unlines msgs)
-          where
-            ts = [hsExpr t|ParseOk ts<-rs,(t,p)<-takeOptNum opts ts]
-            msgs = concatMap mkMsg rs
-
-            mkMsg (ParseOk ts) = (map (PGF2.showExpr [] . fst).takeOptNum opts) ts
-            mkMsg (ParseFailed _ tok) = ["Parse failed: "++tok]
-            mkMsg (ParseIncomplete)   = ["The sentence is incomplete"]
-
-   optLins env opts ts = case opts of
-     _ | isOpt "groups" opts ->
-       concatMap snd $ groupResults
-         [[(lang, s) | (lang,concr) <- optConcs env opts,s <- linear opts lang concr t] | t <- ts]
-     _ -> concatMap (optLin env opts) ts
-   optLin env@(pgf,_) opts t =
-     case opts of
-       _ | isOpt "treebank" opts ->
-         (abstractName pgf ++ ": " ++ PGF2.showExpr [] t) :
-         [lang ++ ": " ++ s | (lang,concr) <- optConcs env opts, s<-linear opts lang concr t]
-       _ -> [s | (lang,concr) <- optConcs env opts, s<-linear opts lang concr t]
-
-   linear :: [Option] -> ConcName -> Concr -> PGF2.Expr -> [String]
-   linear opts lang concr = case opts of
-       _ | isOpt "all"     opts -> concat . map (map snd) . tabularLinearizeAll concr
-       _ | isOpt "list"    opts -> (:[]) . commaList .
-                                   concatMap (map snd) . tabularLinearizeAll concr
-       _ | isOpt "table"   opts -> concatMap (map (\(p,v) -> p+++":"+++v)) . tabularLinearizeAll concr
-       _ | isOpt "bracket" opts -> (:[]) . unwords . map showBracketedString . bracketedLinearize concr
-       _                        -> (:[]) . linearize concr
-
-   groupResults :: [[(ConcName,String)]] -> [(ConcName,[String])]
-   groupResults = Map.toList . foldr more Map.empty . start . concat
-     where
-       start ls = [(l,[s]) | (l,s) <- ls]
-       more (l,s) = 
-          Map.insertWith (\ [x] xs -> if elem x xs then xs else (x : xs)) l s
-
-   optConcs = optConcsFlag "lang"
-
-   optConcsFlag f (pgf,cncs) opts =
-       case valStrOpts f "" opts of
-         "" -> Map.toList cncs
-         lang -> mapMaybe pickLang (chunks ',' lang)
-     where
-       pickLang l = pick l `mplus` pick fl
-         where
-           fl = abstractName pgf++l
-           pick l = (,) l `fmap` Map.lookup l cncs
-
-{-
-   -- replace each non-atomic constructor with mkC, where C is the val cat
-   tree2mk pgf = H.showExpr [] . t2m where
-     t2m t = case H.unApp t of
-       Just (cid,ts@(_:_)) -> H.mkApp (mk cid) (map t2m ts)
-       _ -> t
-     mk = H.mkCId . ("mk" ++) . H.showCId . H.lookValCat (H.abstract pgf)
-
-   unlex opts lang = stringOps Nothing (getUnlex opts lang ++ map prOpt opts) ----
-
-   getUnlex opts lang = case words (valStrOpts "unlexer" "" opts) of
-     lexs -> case lookup lang
-               [(H.mkCId la,tail le) | lex <- lexs, let (la,le) = span (/='=') lex, not (null le)] of
-       Just le -> chunks ',' le
-       _ -> []
-}
-   commaList [] = []
-   commaList ws = concat $ head ws : map (", " ++) (tail ws)
-
-   optFile opts = valStrOpts "file" "_gftmp" opts
-
-   optType pgf opts =
-     case listFlags "cat" opts of
-       v:_ -> let str = valueString v
-              in case readType str of
-                   Just ty -> case checkType pgf ty of
-                                Left msg -> error msg
-                                Right ty -> ty
-                   Nothing -> error ("Can't parse '"++str++"' as a type")
-       _   -> startCat pgf
-
-   optViewFormat opts = valStrOpts "format" "png" opts
-   optViewGraph opts = valStrOpts "view" "open" opts
-{-
-   optNum opts = valIntOpts "number" 1 opts
-}
-   optNumInf opts = valIntOpts "number" 1000000000 opts ---- 10^9
-   takeOptNum opts = take (optNumInf opts)
-
-   returnFromCExprs = returnFromExprs . map hsExpr
-   returnFromExprs es =
-      return $ case es of
-                 [] -> pipeMessage "no trees found"
-                 _  -> fromExprs es
-
-   prGrammar env@(pgf,cncs) opts
-     | isOpt "langs" opts = return . fromString . unwords $ (map fst (optConcs env opts))
-     | isOpt "cats" opts = return . fromString . unwords $ categories pgf
-     | isOpt "funs" opts = return . fromString . unwords $ functions pgf
-     | isOpt "missing" opts = return . fromString . unwords $
-                                 [f | f <- functions pgf, not (and [hasLinearization concr f | (_,concr) <- optConcs env opts])]
-     | isOpt "fullform" opts = return $ fromString $ concatMap (prFullFormLexicon . snd) $ optConcs env opts
-     | isOpt "words"    opts = return $ fromString $ concatMap (prAllWords . snd) $ optConcs env opts
-     | isOpt "lexc"     opts = return $ fromString $ concatMap (prLexcLexicon . snd) $ optConcs env opts
-     | otherwise = return void
-
-   gizaAlignment pgf src_cnc tgt_cnc e =
-     let src_res   = alignWords src_cnc e
-         tgt_res   = alignWords tgt_cnc e
-         alignment = [show i++"-"++show j | (i,(_,src_fids)) <- zip [0..] src_res, (j,(_,tgt_fids)) <- zip [0..] tgt_res, not (null (intersect src_fids tgt_fids))]
-     in (unwords (map fst src_res), unwords (map fst tgt_res), unwords alignment)
-
-   morphos env opts s =
-     [(s,res) | (lang,concr) <- optConcs env opts, let res = lookupMorpho concr s, not (null res)]
-{-
-   mexp xs = case xs of
-     t:_ -> Just t
-     _   -> Nothing
-}
-   -- ps -f -g s returns g (f s)
-{-
-   treeOps pgf opts s = foldr app s (reverse opts) where
-     app (OOpt  op)         | Just (Left  f) <- treeOp pgf op = f
-     app (OFlag op (VId x)) | Just (Right f) <- treeOp pgf op = f (H.mkCId x)
-     app _                                                    = id
-
-treeOpOptions pgf = [(op,expl) | (op,(expl,Left  _)) <- allTreeOps pgf]
-treeOpFlags   pgf = [(op,expl) | (op,(expl,Right _)) <- allTreeOps pgf]
-
-translationQuiz :: Maybe H.Expr -> H.PGF -> H.Language -> H.Language -> H.Type -> IO ()
-translationQuiz mex pgf ig og typ = do
-  tts <- translationList mex pgf ig og typ infinity
-  mkQuiz "Welcome to GF Translation Quiz." tts
-
-morphologyQuiz :: Maybe H.Expr -> H.PGF -> H.Language -> H.Type -> IO ()
-morphologyQuiz mex pgf ig typ = do
-  tts <- morphologyList mex pgf ig typ infinity
-  mkQuiz "Welcome to GF Morphology Quiz." tts
-
-- | the maximal number of precompiled quiz problems
-infinity :: Int
-infinity = 256
-}
-prLexcLexicon :: Concr -> String
-prLexcLexicon concr =
-  unlines $ "Multichar_Symbols":multichars:"":"LEXICON Root" : [prLexc l p ++ ":" ++ w  ++ " # ;" | (w,lps) <- morpho, (l,p,_) <- lps] ++ ["END"]
- where
-  morpho = fullFormLexicon concr
-  prLexc l p = l ++ concat (mkTags (words p))
-  mkTags p = case p of
-    "s":ws -> mkTags ws   --- remove record field
-    ws -> map ('+':) ws
-
-  multichars = unwords $ nub $ concat [mkTags (words p) | (w,lps) <- morpho, (l,p,_) <- lps]
-  -- thick_A+(AAdj+Posit+Gen):thick's # ;
-
-prFullFormLexicon :: Concr -> String
-prFullFormLexicon concr =
-  unlines (map prMorphoAnalysis (fullFormLexicon concr))
-
-prAllWords :: Concr -> String
-prAllWords concr =
-  unwords [w | (w,_) <- fullFormLexicon concr]
-
-prMorphoAnalysis :: (String,[MorphoAnalysis]) -> String
-prMorphoAnalysis (w,lps) =
-  unlines (w:[fun ++ " : " ++ cat | (fun,cat,p) <- lps])
-
-hsExpr c =
-  case unApp c of
-    Just (f,cs) -> H.mkApp (H.mkCId f) (map hsExpr cs)
-    _ -> case unStr c of
-           Just str -> H.mkStr str
-           _ -> error $ "GF.Command.Commands2.hsExpr "++show c
-
-cExpr e =
-  case H.unApp e of
-    Just (f,es) -> mkApp (H.showCId f) (map cExpr es)
-    _ -> case H.unStr e of
-           Just str -> mkStr str
-           _ -> error $ "GF.Command.Commands2.cExpr "++show e
-
-needPGF exec opts ts =
-  do Env mb_pgf cncs <- getPGFEnv
-     case mb_pgf of
-       Just pgf -> liftSIO $ exec opts ts (pgf,cncs)
-       _ -> fail "Import a grammar before using this command"
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Command/CommonCommands.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Command/CommonCommands.hs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 -- elsewhere
 module GF.Command.CommonCommands where
 import Data.List(sort)
-import Data.Char (isSpace)
 import GF.Command.CommandInfo
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import GF.Infra.SIO
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ import GF.Text.Pretty
 import GF.Text.Transliterations
 import GF.Text.Lexing(stringOp,opInEnv)

-import qualified PGF as H(showCId,showExpr,toATree,toTrie,Trie(..))
+import PGF2(showExpr)

 extend old new = Map.union (Map.fromList new) old -- Map.union is left-biased

@@ -102,9 +101,7 @@ commonCommands = fmap (mapCommandExec liftSIO) $ Map.fromList [
       "To see transliteration tables, use command ut."
       ],
     examples = [
--       mkEx "l (EAdd 3 4) | ps -code         -- linearize code-like output",
       mkEx "l (EAdd 3 4) | ps -unlexcode    -- linearize code-like output",
--       mkEx "ps -lexer=code | p -cat=Exp     -- parse code-like input",
       mkEx "ps -lexcode | p -cat=Exp        -- parse code-like input",
       mkEx "gr -cat=QCl | l | ps -bind      -- linearization output from LangFin",
       mkEx "ps -to_devanagari \"A-p\"         -- show Devanagari in UTF8 terminal",
@@ -117,13 +114,11 @@ commonCommands = fmap (mapCommandExec liftSIO) $ Map.fromList [
               let (os,fs) = optsAndFlags opts
               trans <- optTranslit opts

-               case opts of
-                 _ | isOpt "lines" opts -> return $ fromStrings $ map (trans . stringOps (envFlag fs) (map prOpt os)) $ toStrings x
-                 _ | isOpt "paragraphs" opts -> return $ fromStrings $ map (trans . stringOps (envFlag fs) (map prOpt os)) $ toParagraphs $ toStrings x
-                 _ -> return ((fromString . trans . stringOps (envFlag fs) (map prOpt os) . toString) x),
+               if isOpt "lines" opts 
+                  then return $ fromStrings $ map (trans . stringOps (envFlag fs) (map prOpt os)) $ toStrings x
+                  else return ((fromString . trans . stringOps (envFlag fs) (map prOpt os) . toString) x),
     options = [
-       ("lines","apply the operation separately to each input line, returning a list of lines"),
-       ("paragraphs","apply separately to each input paragraph (as separated by empty lines), returning a list of lines")
+       ("lines","apply the operation separately to each input line, returning a list of lines")
       ] ++
       stringOpOptions,
     flags = [
@@ -178,12 +173,6 @@ commonCommands = fmap (mapCommandExec liftSIO) $ Map.fromList [
       mkEx "gt | l | ? wc  -- generate trees, linearize, and count words"
       ]
     }),
-  ("tt", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "to_trie",
-     syntax = "to_trie",
-     synopsis = "combine a list of trees into a trie",
-     exec = \ _ -> return . fromString . trie . toExprs
-    }),
  ("ut", emptyCommandInfo {
     longname = "unicode_table",
     synopsis = "show a transliteration table for a unicode character set",
@@ -231,7 +220,6 @@ envFlag fs =
    _ -> Nothing

 stringOpOptions = sort $ [
-       ("bind","bind tokens separated by Prelude.BIND, i.e. &+"),
       ("chars","lexer that makes every non-space character a token"),
       ("from_cp1251","decode from cp1251 (Cyrillic used in Bulgarian resource)"),
       ("from_utf8","decode from utf8 (default)"),
@@ -256,27 +244,6 @@ stringOpOptions = sort $ [
        ("to_"   ++ p, "from GF " ++ n ++ " transliteration to unicode")] |
                                    (p,n) <- transliterationPrintNames]

-trie = render . pptss . H.toTrie . map H.toATree
-  where
-    pptss [ts] = "*"<+>nest 2 (ppts ts)
-    pptss tss  = vcat [i<+>nest 2 (ppts ts)|(i,ts)<-zip [(1::Int)..] tss]
-
-    ppts = vcat . map ppt
-
-    ppt t =
-      case t of
-        H.Oth e     -> pp (H.showExpr [] e)
-        H.Ap f [[]] -> pp (H.showCId f)
-        H.Ap f tss  -> H.showCId f $$ nest 2 (pptss tss)
-
 -- ** Converting command input
 toString  = unwords . toStrings
 toLines = unlines . toStrings
-
-toParagraphs = map (unwords . words) . toParas
-  where
-    toParas ls = case break (all isSpace) ls of
-      ([],[])   -> []
-      ([],_:ll) -> toParas ll
-      (l, [])   -> [unwords l]
-      (l, _:ll) -> unwords l : toParas ll
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Command/Importing.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Command/Importing.hs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module GF.Command.Importing (importGrammar, importSource) where

-import PGF
-import PGF.Internal(optimizePGF,unionPGF,msgUnionPGF)
+import PGF2
+import PGF2.Internal(unionPGF)

 import GF.Compile
 import GF.Compile.Multi (readMulti)
@@ -17,14 +17,16 @@ import GF.Data.ErrM

 import System.FilePath
 import qualified Data.Set as Set
+import qualified Data.Map as Map
+import Control.Monad(foldM)

 -- import a grammar in an environment where it extends an existing grammar
-importGrammar :: PGF -> Options -> [FilePath] -> IO PGF
-importGrammar pgf0 _ [] = return pgf0
+importGrammar :: Maybe PGF -> Options -> [FilePath] -> IO (Maybe PGF)
+importGrammar pgf0 _    []    = return pgf0
 importGrammar pgf0 opts files =
  case takeExtensions (last files) of
-    ".cf"   -> importCF opts files getBNFCRules bnfc2cf
-    ".ebnf" -> importCF opts files getEBNFRules ebnf2cf
+    ".cf"   -> fmap Just $ importCF opts files getBNFCRules bnfc2cf
+    ".ebnf" -> fmap Just $ importCF opts files getEBNFRules ebnf2cf
    ".gfm"  -> do
      ascss <- mapM readMulti files
      let cs = concatMap snd ascss
@@ -36,14 +38,15 @@ importGrammar pgf0 opts files =
        Bad msg -> do putStrLn ('\n':'\n':msg)
                      return pgf0
    ".pgf" -> do
-      pgf2 <- mapM readPGF files >>= return . foldl1 unionPGF
-      ioUnionPGF pgf0 pgf2
+      mapM readPGF files >>= foldM ioUnionPGF pgf0
    ext -> die $ "Unknown filename extension: " ++ show ext

-ioUnionPGF :: PGF -> PGF -> IO PGF
-ioUnionPGF one two = case msgUnionPGF one two of
-  (pgf, Just msg) -> putStrLn msg >> return pgf
-  (pgf,_)         -> return pgf
+ioUnionPGF :: Maybe PGF -> PGF -> IO (Maybe PGF)
+ioUnionPGF Nothing    two = return (Just two)
+ioUnionPGF (Just one) two =
+  case unionPGF one two of
+    Nothing         -> putStrLn "Abstract changed, previous concretes discarded." >> return (Just two)
+    Just pgf        -> return (Just pgf)

 importSource :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IO SourceGrammar
 importSource opts files = fmap (snd.snd) (batchCompile opts files)
@@ -56,7 +59,6 @@ importCF opts files get convert = impCF
      startCat <- case rules of
                    (Rule cat _ _ : _) -> return cat
                    _                  -> fail "empty CFG"
-      let pgf = cf2pgf (last files) (mkCFG startCat Set.empty rules)
-      probs <- maybe (return . defaultProbabilities) readProbabilitiesFromFile (flag optProbsFile opts) pgf
-      return $ setProbabilities probs 
-             $ if flag optOptimizePGF opts then optimizePGF pgf else pgf
+      probs <- maybe (return Map.empty) readProbabilitiesFromFile (flag optProbsFile opts)
+      let pgf = cf2pgf opts (last files) (mkCFG startCat Set.empty rules) probs
+      return pgf
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Command/Interpreter.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Command/Interpreter.hs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ module GF.Command.Interpreter (
 import GF.Command.CommandInfo
 import GF.Command.Abstract
 import GF.Command.Parse
-import PGF.Internal(Expr(..))
 import GF.Infra.UseIO(putStrLnE)
+import PGF2

 import Control.Monad(when)
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
@@ -53,17 +53,8 @@ interpretPipe env cs = do
 -- | macro definition applications: replace ?i by (exps !! i)
 appCommand :: CommandArguments -> Command -> Command
 appCommand args c@(Command i os arg) = case arg of
-  AExpr e -> Command i os (AExpr (app e))
+  AExpr e -> Command i os (AExpr (exprSubstitute e (toExprs args)))
  _       -> c
- where
-  xs = toExprs args
-
-  app e = case e of
-    EAbs b x e -> EAbs b x (app e)
-    EApp e1 e2 -> EApp (app e1) (app e2)
-    ELit l     -> ELit l
-    EMeta i    -> xs !! i
-    EFun x     -> EFun x

 -- | return the trees to be sent in pipe, and the output possibly printed
 --interpret :: CommandEnv -> [Expr] -> Command -> SIO CommandOutput
@@ -110,4 +101,4 @@ getCommandTrees env needsTypeCheck a args =
    ATerm t -> return (Term t)
    ANoArg  -> return args  -- use piped
  where
-    one e = return (Exprs [e]) -- ignore piped
+    one e = return (Exprs [(e,0)]) -- ignore piped
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Command/Parse.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Command/Parse.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module GF.Command.Parse(readCommandLine, pCommand) where

-import PGF(pExpr,pIdent)
+import PGF2(pExpr,pIdent)
 import GF.Grammar.Parser(runPartial,pTerm)
 import GF.Command.Abstract

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pCommandLine =
 pPipe = sepBy1 (skipSpaces >> pCommand) (skipSpaces >> char '|')

 pCommand = (do
-  cmd  <- pIdent <++ (char '%' >> fmap ('%':) pIdent)
+  cmd  <- readS_to_P pIdent <++ (char '%' >> fmap ('%':) (readS_to_P pIdent))
  skipSpaces
  opts <- sepBy pOption skipSpaces
  arg  <- if getCommandOp cmd == "cc" then pArgTerm else pArgument
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pCommand = (do

 pOption = do
  char '-'
-  flg <- pIdent
+  flg <- readS_to_P pIdent
  option (OOpt flg) (fmap (OFlag flg) (char '=' >> pValue))

 pValue = do
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ pFilename = liftM2 (:) (satisfy isFileFirst) (munch (not . isSpace)) where

 pArgument =
  option ANoArg
-    (fmap AExpr pExpr
+    (fmap AExpr (readS_to_P pExpr)
              <++
-    (skipSpaces >> char '%' >> fmap AMacro pIdent))
+    (skipSpaces >> char '%' >> fmap AMacro (readS_to_P pIdent)))

 pArgTerm = ATerm `fmap` readS_to_P sTerm
  where
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Command/TreeOperations.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Command/TreeOperations.hs
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ module GF.Command.TreeOperations (
  treeChunks
  ) where

-import PGF(Expr,PGF,CId,compute,mkApp,unApp,unapply,unMeta,exprSize,exprFunctions)
+import PGF2(Expr,PGF,Fun,compute,mkApp,unApp,unapply,unMeta,exprSize,exprFunctions)
 import Data.List

 type TreeOp = [Expr] -> [Expr]

-treeOp :: PGF -> String -> Maybe (Either TreeOp (CId -> TreeOp))
+treeOp :: PGF -> String -> Maybe (Either TreeOp (Fun -> TreeOp))
 treeOp pgf f = fmap snd $ lookup f $ allTreeOps pgf

-allTreeOps :: PGF -> [(String,(String,Either TreeOp (CId -> TreeOp)))]
+allTreeOps :: PGF -> [(String,(String,Either TreeOp (Fun -> TreeOp)))]
 allTreeOps pgf = [
   ("compute",("compute by using semantic definitions (def)",
      Left  $ map (compute pgf))),
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module GF.Compile (compileToPGF, link, batchCompile, srcAbsName) where

-import GF.Compile.GrammarToPGF(mkCanon2pgf)
+import GF.Compile.GrammarToPGF(grammar2PGF)
 import GF.Compile.ReadFiles(ModEnv,getOptionsFromFile,getAllFiles,
                            importsOfModule)
 import GF.CompileOne(compileOne)
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import GF.Infra.UseIO(IOE,FullPath,liftIO,getLibraryDirectory,putIfVerb,
                      justModuleName,extendPathEnv,putStrE,putPointE)
 import GF.Data.Operations(raise,(+++),err)

-import Control.Monad(foldM,when,(<=<),filterM,liftM)
+import Control.Monad(foldM,when,(<=<))
 import GF.System.Directory(doesFileExist,getModificationTime)
 import System.FilePath((</>),isRelative,dropFileName)
 import qualified Data.Map as Map(empty,insert,elems) --lookup
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ import Data.List(nub)
 import Data.Time(UTCTime)
 import GF.Text.Pretty(render,($$),(<+>),nest)

-import PGF.Internal(optimizePGF)
-import PGF(PGF,defaultProbabilities,setProbabilities,readProbabilitiesFromFile)
+import PGF2(PGF,readProbabilitiesFromFile)

 -- | Compiles a number of source files and builds a 'PGF' structure for them.
 -- This is a composition of 'link' and 'batchCompile'.
@@ -36,11 +35,10 @@ link :: Options -> (ModuleName,Grammar) -> IOE PGF
 link opts (cnc,gr) =
  putPointE Normal opts "linking ... " $ do
    let abs = srcAbsName gr cnc
-    pgf <- mkCanon2pgf opts gr abs
-    probs <- liftIO (maybe (return . defaultProbabilities) readProbabilitiesFromFile (flag optProbsFile opts) pgf)
+    probs <- liftIO (maybe (return Map.empty) readProbabilitiesFromFile (flag optProbsFile opts))
+    pgf <- grammar2PGF opts gr abs probs
    when (verbAtLeast opts Normal) $ putStrE "OK"
-    return $ setProbabilities probs 
-           $ if flag optOptimizePGF opts then optimizePGF pgf else pgf
+    return pgf

 -- | Returns the name of the abstract syntax corresponding to the named concrete syntax
 srcAbsName gr cnc = err (const cnc) id $ abstractOfConcrete gr cnc
@@ -78,14 +76,10 @@ compileModule opts1 env@(_,rfs) file =
  do file <- getRealFile file
     opts0 <- getOptionsFromFile file
     let curr_dir = dropFileName file
-     lib_dirs <- getLibraryDirectory (addOptions opts0 opts1)
-     let opts = addOptions (fixRelativeLibPaths curr_dir lib_dirs opts0) opts1
--     putIfVerb opts $ "curr_dir:" +++ show curr_dir ----
--     putIfVerb opts $ "lib_dir:" +++ show lib_dirs ----
+     lib_dir  <- getLibraryDirectory (addOptions opts0 opts1)
+     let opts = addOptions (fixRelativeLibPaths curr_dir lib_dir opts0) opts1
     ps0 <- extendPathEnv opts
     let ps = nub (curr_dir : ps0)
--     putIfVerb opts $ "options from file: " ++ show opts0
--     putIfVerb opts $ "augmented options: " ++ show opts
     putIfVerb opts $ "module search path:" +++ show ps ----
     files <- getAllFiles opts ps rfs file
     putIfVerb opts $ "files to read:" +++ show files ----
@@ -98,17 +92,13 @@ compileModule opts1 env@(_,rfs) file =
      if exists
        then return file
        else if isRelative file
-               then do
-                       lib_dirs <- getLibraryDirectory opts1
-                       let candidates = [ lib_dir </> file | lib_dir <- lib_dirs ]
-                       putIfVerb opts1 (render ("looking for: " $$ nest 2 candidates))
-                       file1s <- filterM doesFileExist candidates
-                       case length file1s of
-                         0 -> raise (render ("Unable to find: " $$ nest 2 candidates))
-                         1 -> do return $ head file1s
-                         _ -> do putIfVerb opts1 ("matched multiple candidates: " +++ show file1s)
-                                 return $ head file1s
-               else raise (render ("File" <+> file <+> "does not exist"))
+               then do lib_dir <- getLibraryDirectory opts1
+                       let file1 = lib_dir </> file
+                       exists <- doesFileExist file1
+                       if exists
+                         then return file1
+                         else raise (render ("None of these files exists:" $$ nest 2 (file $$ file1)))
+               else raise (render ("File" <+> file <+> "does not exist."))

 compileOne' :: Options -> CompileEnv -> FullPath -> IOE CompileEnv
 compileOne' opts env@(gr,_) = extendCompileEnv env <=< compileOne opts gr
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/CFGtoPGF.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/CFGtoPGF.hs
@@ -1,99 +1,110 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts, ImplicitParams #-}
 module GF.Compile.CFGtoPGF (cf2pgf) where

 import GF.Grammar.CFG
 import GF.Infra.UseIO
+import GF.Infra.Option
+import GF.Compile.OptimizePGF

-import PGF
-import PGF.Internal
+import PGF2
+import PGF2.Internal

 import qualified Data.Set as Set
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
 import Data.Array.IArray
 import Data.List
+import Data.Maybe(fromMaybe)

 --------------------------
 -- the compiler ----------
 --------------------------

-cf2pgf :: FilePath -> ParamCFG -> PGF
-cf2pgf fpath cf = 
- let pgf = PGF Map.empty aname (cf2abstr cf) (Map.singleton cname (cf2concr cf))
- in updateProductionIndices pgf
+cf2pgf :: Options -> FilePath -> ParamCFG -> Map.Map Fun Double -> PGF
+cf2pgf opts fpath cf probs = 
+ build (let abstr = cf2abstr cf probs
+        in newPGF [] aname abstr [(cname, cf2concr opts abstr cf)])
 where
   name = justModuleName fpath
-   aname = mkCId (name ++ "Abs")
-   cname = mkCId name
+   aname = name ++ "Abs"
+   cname = name

-cf2abstr :: ParamCFG -> Abstr
-cf2abstr cfg = Abstr aflags afuns acats
+cf2abstr :: (?builder :: Builder s) => ParamCFG -> Map.Map Fun Double -> B s AbstrInfo
+cf2abstr cfg probs = newAbstr aflags acats afuns
  where
-    aflags = Map.singleton (mkCId "startcat") (LStr (fst (cfgStartCat cfg)))
+    aflags = [("startcat", LStr (fst (cfgStartCat cfg)))]

-    acats  = Map.fromList [(cat, ([], [(0,mkRuleName rule) | rule <- rules], 0))
-                            | (cat,rules) <- (Map.toList . Map.fromListWith (++))
-                                                [(cat2id cat, catRules cfg cat) | 
-                                                     cat <- allCats' cfg]]
-    afuns  = Map.fromList [(mkRuleName rule, (cftype [cat2id c | NonTerminal c <- ruleRhs rule] (cat2id (ruleLhs rule)), 0, Nothing, 0))
-                            | rule <- allRules cfg]
+    acats  = [(c', [], toLogProb (fromMaybe 0 (Map.lookup c' probs))) | cat <- allCats' cfg, let c' = cat2id cat]
+    afuns  = [(f', dTyp [hypo Explicit "_" (dTyp [] (cat2id c) []) | NonTerminal c <- ruleRhs rule] (cat2id (ruleLhs rule)) [], 0, [], toLogProb (fromMaybe 0 (Map.lookup f' funs_probs)))
+                            | rule <- allRules cfg
+                            , let f' = mkRuleName rule]

-    cat2id = mkCId . fst
+    funs_probs = (Map.fromList . concat . Map.elems . fmap pad . Map.fromListWith (++))
+                     [(cat,[(f',Map.lookup f' probs)]) | rule <- allRules cfg,
+                                                         let cat = cat2id (ruleLhs rule),
+                                                         let f' = mkRuleName rule]
+      where
+        pad :: [(a,Maybe Double)] -> [(a,Double)]
+        pad pfs = [(f,fromMaybe deflt mb_p) | (f,mb_p) <- pfs]
+          where
+            deflt = case length [f | (f,Nothing) <- pfs] of
+                      0 -> 0
+                      n -> max 0 ((1 - sum [d | (f,Just d) <- pfs]) / fromIntegral n)

-cf2concr :: ParamCFG -> Concr
-cf2concr cfg = Concr Map.empty Map.empty
-                     cncfuns lindefsrefs lindefsrefs
-                     sequences productions
-                     IntMap.empty Map.empty
-                     cnccats
-                     IntMap.empty
-                     totalCats
+    toLogProb = realToFrac . negate . log
+
+    cat2id = fst
+
+cf2concr :: (?builder :: Builder s) => Options -> B s AbstrInfo -> ParamCFG -> B s ConcrInfo
+cf2concr opts abstr cfg = 
+  let (lindefs',linrefs',productions',cncfuns',sequences',cnccats') =
+           (if flag optOptimizePGF opts then optimizePGF (fst (cfgStartCat cfg)) else id)
+                (lindefsrefs,lindefsrefs,IntMap.toList productions,cncfuns,sequences,cnccats)
+  in newConcr abstr [] []
+              lindefs' linrefs'
+              productions' cncfuns'
+              sequences' cnccats' totalCats
  where
    cats  = allCats' cfg
    rules = allRules cfg

-    sequences0 = Set.fromList (listArray (0,0) [SymCat 0 0] : 
-                               map mkSequence rules)
-    sequences  = listArray (0,Set.size sequences0-1) (Set.toList sequences0)
+    idSeq = [SymCat 0 0]

-    idFun = CncFun wildCId (listArray (0,0) [seqid])
-      where
-        seq   = listArray (0,0) [SymCat 0 0]
-        seqid = binSearch seq sequences (bounds sequences)
+    sequences0 = Set.fromList (idSeq : 
+                               map mkSequence rules)
+    sequences  = Set.toList sequences0
+
+    idFun = ("_",[Set.findIndex idSeq sequences0])
    ((fun_cnt,cncfuns0),productions0) = mapAccumL (convertRule cs) (1,[idFun]) rules
    productions = foldl addProd IntMap.empty (concat (productions0++coercions))
-    cncfuns = listArray (0,fun_cnt-1) (reverse cncfuns0)
+    cncfuns = reverse cncfuns0

-    lbls = listArray (0,0) ["s"]
-    (fid,cnccats0) = (mapAccumL mkCncCat 0 . Map.toList . Map.fromListWith max)
-                              [(c,p) | (c,ps) <- cats, p <- ps]
+    lbls = ["s"]
+    (fid,cnccats) = (mapAccumL mkCncCat 0 . Map.toList . Map.fromListWith max)
+                         [(c,p) | (c,ps) <- cats, p <- ps]
    ((totalCats,cs), coercions) = mapAccumL mkCoercions (fid,Map.empty) cats
-    cnccats = Map.fromList cnccats0

-    lindefsrefs =
-       IntMap.fromList (map mkLinDefRef cats)
+    lindefsrefs = map mkLinDefRef cats

    convertRule cs (funid,funs) rule =
      let args   = [PArg [] (cat2arg c) | NonTerminal c <- ruleRhs rule]
          prod   = PApply funid args
-          seqid  = binSearch (mkSequence rule) sequences (bounds sequences)
-          fun    = CncFun (mkRuleName rule) (listArray (0,0) [seqid])
+          seqid  = Set.findIndex (mkSequence rule) sequences0
+          fun    = (mkRuleName rule, [seqid])
          funid' = funid+1
      in funid' `seq` ((funid',fun:funs),let (c,ps) = ruleLhs rule in [(cat2fid c p, prod) | p <- ps])

-    mkSequence rule = listArray (0,length syms-1) syms
+    mkSequence rule = snd $ mapAccumL convertSymbol 0 (ruleRhs rule)
      where
-        syms   = snd $ mapAccumL convertSymbol 0 (ruleRhs rule)
-
        convertSymbol d (NonTerminal (c,_)) = (d+1,if c `elem` ["Int","Float","String"] then SymLit d 0 else SymCat d 0)
        convertSymbol d (Terminal t)        = (d,  SymKS t)

    mkCncCat fid (cat,n)
-      | cat == "Int"    = (fid, (mkCId cat, CncCat fidInt    fidInt    lbls))
-      | cat == "Float"  = (fid, (mkCId cat, CncCat fidFloat  fidFloat  lbls))
-      | cat == "String" = (fid, (mkCId cat, CncCat fidString fidString lbls))
+      | cat == "Int"    = (fid, (cat, fidInt,    fidInt,    lbls))
+      | cat == "Float"  = (fid, (cat, fidFloat,  fidFloat,  lbls))
+      | cat == "String" = (fid, (cat, fidString, fidString, lbls))
      | otherwise       = let fid' = fid+n+1
-                          in fid' `seq` (fid', (mkCId cat,CncCat fid (fid+n) lbls))
+                          in fid' `seq` (fid', (cat, fid, fid+n, lbls))

    mkCoercions (fid,cs) c@(cat,[p]) = ((fid,cs),[])
    mkCoercions (fid,cs) c@(cat,ps ) =
@@ -102,25 +113,16 @@ cf2concr cfg = Concr Map.empty Map.empty

    mkLinDefRef (cat,_) =
      (cat2fid cat 0,[0])
-      
+
    addProd prods (fid,prod) =
      case IntMap.lookup fid prods of
-        Just set -> IntMap.insert fid (Set.insert prod set) prods
-        Nothing  -> IntMap.insert fid (Set.singleton prod)  prods
-
-    binSearch v arr (i,j)
-      | i <= j    = case compare v (arr ! k) of
-                      LT -> binSearch v arr (i,k-1)
-                      EQ -> k
-                      GT -> binSearch v arr (k+1,j)
-      | otherwise = error "binSearch"
-      where
-        k = (i+j) `div` 2
+        Just set -> IntMap.insert fid (prod:set) prods
+        Nothing  -> IntMap.insert fid [prod]     prods

    cat2fid cat p =
-      case Map.lookup (mkCId cat) cnccats of
-        Just (CncCat fid _ _) -> fid+p
-        _                     -> error "cat2fid"
+      case [start | (cat',start,_,_) <- cnccats, cat == cat'] of
+        (start:_) -> fid+p
+        _         -> error "cat2fid"

    cat2arg c@(cat,[p]) = cat2fid cat p
    cat2arg c@(cat,ps ) =
@@ -131,4 +133,5 @@ cf2concr cfg = Concr Map.empty Map.empty
 mkRuleName rule =
  case ruleName rule of
 	CFObj n _ -> n
-	_         -> wildCId
+	_         -> "_"
+
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/CheckGrammar.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/CheckGrammar.hs
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 module GF.Compile.CheckGrammar(checkModule) where
-import Prelude hiding ((<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint

 import GF.Infra.Ident
 import GF.Infra.Option
@@ -34,14 +33,13 @@ import qualified GF.Compile.Compute.ConcreteNew as CN
 import GF.Grammar
 import GF.Grammar.Lexer
 import GF.Grammar.Lookup
--import GF.Grammar.Predef
--import GF.Grammar.PatternMatch

 import GF.Data.Operations
 import GF.Infra.CheckM

 import Data.List
 import qualified Data.Set as Set
+import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import Control.Monad
 import GF.Text.Pretty

@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ checkModule opts cwd sgr mo@(m,mi) = do
  where
    updateCheckInfos mo = fmap (foldl update mo) . parallelCheck . map check
      where check (i,info) = fmap ((,) i) (checkInfo opts cwd sgr mo i info)
-    update mo@(m,mi) (i,info) = (m,mi{jments=updateTree (i,info) (jments mi)})
+    update mo@(m,mi) (i,info) = (m,mi{jments=Map.insert i info (jments mi)})

 -- check if restricted inheritance modules are still coherent
 -- i.e. that the defs of remaining names don't depend on omitted names
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ checkRestrictedInheritance cwd sgr (name,mo) = checkInModule cwd mo NoLoc empty
 where
   mos = modules sgr
   checkRem ((i,m),mi) = do
-     let (incl,excl) = partition (isInherited mi) (map fst (tree2list (jments m)))
+     let (incl,excl) = partition (isInherited mi) (Map.keys (jments m))
     let incld c   = Set.member c (Set.fromList incl)
     let illegal c = Set.member c (Set.fromList excl)
     let illegals = [(f,is) | 
@@ -89,10 +87,10 @@ checkCompleteGrammar opts cwd gr (am,abs) (cm,cnc) = checkInModule cwd cnc NoLoc
  let jsc = jments cnc

  -- check that all concrete constants are in abstract; build types for all lin
-  jsc <- foldM checkCnc emptyBinTree (tree2list jsc)
+  jsc <- foldM checkCnc Map.empty (Map.toList jsc)

  -- check that all abstract constants are in concrete; build default lin and lincats
-  jsc <- foldM checkAbs jsc (tree2list jsa)
+  jsc <- foldM checkAbs jsc (Map.toList jsa)
  
  return (cm,cnc{jments=jsc})
  where
@@ -113,17 +111,17 @@ checkCompleteGrammar opts cwd gr (am,abs) (cm,cnc) = checkInModule cwd cnc NoLoc
                 case lookupIdent c js of
                   Ok (AnyInd _ _) -> return js
                   Ok (CncFun ty (Just def) mn mf) ->
-                                 return $ updateTree (c,CncFun ty (Just def) mn mf) js
+                                 return $ Map.insert c (CncFun ty (Just def) mn mf) js
                   Ok (CncFun ty Nothing    mn mf) ->
                     case mb_def of
-                       Ok def -> return $ updateTree (c,CncFun ty (Just (L NoLoc def)) mn mf) js
+                       Ok def -> return $ Map.insert c (CncFun ty (Just (L NoLoc def)) mn mf) js
                       Bad _  -> do noLinOf c
                                    return js
                   _ -> do
                     case mb_def of
                       Ok def -> do (cont,val) <- linTypeOfType gr cm ty
                                    let linty = (snd (valCat ty),cont,val)
-                                    return $ updateTree (c,CncFun (Just linty) (Just (L NoLoc def)) Nothing Nothing) js
+                                    return $ Map.insert c (CncFun (Just linty) (Just (L NoLoc def)) Nothing Nothing) js
                       Bad _  -> do noLinOf c
                                    return js
         where noLinOf c = checkWarn ("no linearization of" <+> c)
@@ -132,26 +130,32 @@ checkCompleteGrammar opts cwd gr (am,abs) (cm,cnc) = checkInModule cwd cnc NoLoc
         Ok (CncCat (Just _) _ _ _ _) -> return js
         Ok (CncCat Nothing md mr mp mpmcfg) -> do
           checkWarn ("no linearization type for" <+> c <> ", inserting default {s : Str}")
-           return $ updateTree (c,CncCat (Just (L NoLoc defLinType)) md mr mp mpmcfg) js
+           return $ Map.insert c (CncCat (Just (L NoLoc defLinType)) md mr mp mpmcfg) js
         _ -> do
           checkWarn ("no linearization type for" <+> c <> ", inserting default {s : Str}")
-           return $ updateTree (c,CncCat (Just (L NoLoc defLinType)) Nothing Nothing Nothing Nothing) js
+           return $ Map.insert c (CncCat (Just (L NoLoc defLinType)) Nothing Nothing Nothing Nothing) js
       _ -> return js
     
-   checkCnc js i@(c,info) =
+   checkCnc js (c,info) =
     case info of
       CncFun _ d mn mf -> case lookupOrigInfo gr (am,c) of
                             Ok (_,AbsFun (Just (L _ ty)) _ _ _) -> 
                                        do (cont,val) <- linTypeOfType gr cm ty
                                           let linty = (snd (valCat ty),cont,val)
-                                           return $ updateTree (c,CncFun (Just linty) d mn mf) js
+                                           return $ Map.insert c (CncFun (Just linty) d mn mf) js
                             _       -> do checkWarn ("function" <+> c <+> "is not in abstract")
                                           return js
-       CncCat _ _ _ _ _ -> case lookupOrigInfo gr (am,c) of
-                             Ok _ -> return $ updateTree i js
-                             _    -> do checkWarn ("category" <+> c <+> "is not in abstract")
-                                        return js
-       _                -> return $ updateTree i js
+       CncCat {} ->
+         case lookupOrigInfo gr (am,c) of
+           Ok (_,AbsCat _) -> return $ Map.insert c info js
+           {- -- This might be too pedantic:
+           Ok (_,AbsFun {}) ->
+                   checkError ("lincat:"<+>c<+>"is a fun, not a cat")
+           -}
+           _ -> do checkWarn ("category" <+> c <+> "is not in abstract")
+                   return js
+
+       _ -> return $ Map.insert c info js


 -- | General Principle: only Just-values are checked. 
@@ -255,18 +259,30 @@ checkInfo opts cwd sgr (m,mo) c info = checkInModule cwd mo NoLoc empty $ do
      return (ResOverload os [(y,x) | (x,y) <- tysts'])

    ResParam (Just (L loc pcs)) _ -> do
-      ts <- chIn loc "parameter type" $ 
-              liftM concat $ mapM mkPar pcs
-      return (ResParam (Just (L loc pcs)) (Just ts))
+      (vs,pcs) <- chIn loc "parameter type" $
+                    mkParams 0 [] pcs
+      return (ResParam (Just (L loc pcs)) (Just vs))
+
+    ResValue (L loc ty) _ -> 
+      chIn loc "operation" $ do
+        let (_,Cn x) = typeFormCnc ty
+            is = case Map.lookup x (jments mo) of
+                   Just (ResParam (Just (L _ pcs)) _) -> [i | (f,_,i) <- pcs, f == c]
+                   _                                  -> []
+        case is of
+          [i] -> return (ResValue (L loc ty) i)
+          _   -> checkError (pp "Failed to find the value index for parameter" <+> pp c)

    _ ->  return info
 where
   gr = prependModule sgr (m,mo)
   chIn loc cat = checkInModule cwd mo loc ("Happened in" <+> cat <+> c)

-   mkPar (f,co) = do
-       vs <- liftM combinations $ mapM (\(_,_,ty) -> allParamValues gr ty) co
-       return $ map (mkApp (QC (m,f))) vs
+   mkParams i vs []             = return (vs,[])
+   mkParams i vs ((f,co,_):pcs) = do
+     vs0 <- liftM combinations $ mapM (\(_,_,ty) -> allParamValues gr ty) co
+     (vs,pcs) <- mkParams (i + length vs0) (vs ++ map (mkApp (QC (m,f))) vs0) pcs
+     return (vs,(f,co,i):pcs)

   checkUniq xss = case xss of
     x:y:xs 
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Coding.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Coding.hs
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-module GF.Compile.Coding where
-{-
-import GF.Grammar.Grammar
-import GF.Grammar.Macros
-import GF.Text.Coding
--import GF.Infra.Option
-import GF.Data.Operations
-
--import Data.Char
-import System.IO
-import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as BS
-
-encodeStringsInModule :: TextEncoding -> SourceModule -> SourceModule
-encodeStringsInModule enc = codeSourceModule (BS.unpack . encodeUnicode enc)
-
-decodeStringsInModule :: TextEncoding -> SourceModule -> SourceModule
-decodeStringsInModule enc mo = codeSourceModule (decodeUnicode enc . BS.pack) mo
-
-codeSourceModule :: (String -> String) -> SourceModule -> SourceModule
-codeSourceModule co (id,mo) = (id,mo{jments = mapTree codj (jments mo)})
- where
-    codj (c,info) = case info of
-      ResOper     pty pt   -> ResOper (codeLTerms co pty) (codeLTerms co pt) 
-      ResOverload es tyts  -> ResOverload es [(codeLTerm co ty,codeLTerm co t) | (ty,t) <- tyts]
-      CncCat mcat mdef mref mpr mpmcfg -> CncCat mcat (codeLTerms co mdef) (codeLTerms co mref) (codeLTerms co mpr) mpmcfg
-      CncFun mty mt mpr mpmcfg -> CncFun mty (codeLTerms co mt) (codeLTerms co mpr) mpmcfg
-      _ -> info
-
-codeLTerms co = fmap (codeLTerm co)
-
-codeLTerm :: (String -> String) -> L Term -> L Term
-codeLTerm = fmap . codeTerm
-
-codeTerm :: (String -> String) -> Term -> Term
-codeTerm co = codt
-  where
-    codt t = case t of
-      K s -> K (co s)
-      T ty cs -> T ty [(codp p,codt v) | (p,v) <- cs]
-      EPatt p -> EPatt (codp p)
-      _ -> composSafeOp codt t
-
-    codp p = case p of  --- really: composOpPatt
-      PR rs -> PR [(l,codp p) | (l,p) <- rs]
-      PString s -> PString (co s)
-      PChars s -> PChars (co s)
-      PT x p -> PT x (codp p)
-      PAs x p -> PAs x (codp p)
-      PNeg p -> PNeg (codp p)
-      PRep p -> PRep (codp p)
-      PSeq p q -> PSeq (codp p) (codp q)
-      PAlt p q -> PAlt (codp p) (codp q)
-      _ -> p
-
-- | Run an encoding function on all string literals within the given string.
-codeStringLiterals :: (String -> String) -> String -> String
-codeStringLiterals _ [] = []
-codeStringLiterals co ('"':cs) = '"' : inStringLiteral cs
-  where inStringLiteral [] = error "codeStringLiterals: unterminated string literal"
-        inStringLiteral ('"':ds) = '"' : codeStringLiterals co ds
-        inStringLiteral ('\\':d:ds) = '\\' : co [d] ++ inStringLiteral ds
-        inStringLiteral (d:ds) = co [d] ++ inStringLiteral ds
-codeStringLiterals co (c:cs) = c : codeStringLiterals co cs
-}
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Compute/ConcreteNew.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Compute/ConcreteNew.hs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ module GF.Compile.Compute.ConcreteNew
            normalForm,
            Value(..), Bind(..), Env, value2term, eval, vapply
           ) where
-import Prelude hiding ((<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint

 import GF.Grammar hiding (Env, VGen, VApp, VRecType)
 import GF.Grammar.Lookup(lookupResDefLoc,allParamValues)
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Compute/Value.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Compute/Value.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module GF.Compile.Compute.Value where
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar(Label,Type,MetaId,Patt,QIdent)
-import PGF.Internal(BindType)
+import PGF2(BindType)
 import GF.Infra.Ident(Ident)
 import Text.Show.Functions()
 import Data.Ix(Ix)
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ConcreteToHaskell.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ConcreteToHaskell.hs
@@ -1,365 +1,351 @@
 -- | Translate concrete syntax to Haskell
 module GF.Compile.ConcreteToHaskell(concretes2haskell,concrete2haskell) where
-import Data.List(sort,sortBy)
-import Data.Function(on)
+import Data.List(isPrefixOf,sort,sortOn)
 import qualified Data.Map as M
 import qualified Data.Set as S
-import GF.Data.ErrM
-import GF.Data.Utilities(mapSnd)
 import GF.Text.Pretty
-import GF.Grammar.Grammar
-import GF.Grammar.Lookup(lookupFunType,lookupOrigInfo,allOrigInfos)--,allParamValues
-import GF.Grammar.Macros(typeForm,collectOp,collectPattOp,mkAbs,mkApp)
-import GF.Grammar.Lockfield(isLockLabel)
-import GF.Grammar.Predef(cPredef,cInts)
-import GF.Compile.Compute.Predef(predef)
-import GF.Compile.Compute.Value(Predefined(..))
-import GF.Infra.Ident(Ident,identS,prefixIdent) --,moduleNameS
+--import GF.Grammar.Predef(cPredef,cInts)
+--import GF.Compile.Compute.Predef(predef)
+--import GF.Compile.Compute.Value(Predefined(..))
+import GF.Infra.Ident(Ident,identS,identW,prefixIdent)
 import GF.Infra.Option
-import GF.Compile.Compute.ConcreteNew(normalForm,resourceValues)
-import GF.Haskell
-import Debug.Trace
+import GF.Haskell as H
+import GF.Grammar.Canonical as C
+import GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical
+import Debug.Trace(trace)

 -- | Generate Haskell code for the all concrete syntaxes associated with
 -- the named abstract syntax in given the grammar.
 concretes2haskell opts absname gr =
-  [(cncname,concrete2haskell opts gr cenv absname cnc cncmod)
-     | let cenv = resourceValues opts gr,
-       cnc<-allConcretes gr absname,
-       let cncname = render cnc ++ ".hs" :: FilePath
-           Ok cncmod = lookupModule gr cnc
+  [(filename,render80 $ concrete2haskell opts abstr cncmod)
+     | let Grammar abstr cncs = grammar2canonical opts absname gr,
+       cncmod<-cncs,
+       let ModId name = concName cncmod
+           filename = name ++ ".hs" :: FilePath
  ]

 -- | Generate Haskell code for the given concrete module.
 -- The only options that make a difference are
 -- @-haskell=noprefix@ and @-haskell=variants@.
-concrete2haskell opts gr cenv absname cnc modinfo =
-    renderStyle style{lineLength=80,ribbonsPerLine=1} $
-      haskPreamble va absname cnc $$ vcat (
-      nl:Comment "--- Parameter types ---":
-      neededParamTypes S.empty (params defs) ++
-      nl:Comment "--- Type signatures for linearization functions ---":
-      map signature (S.toList allcats)++
-      nl:Comment "--- Linearization functions for empty categories ---":
-      emptydefs ++
-      nl:Comment "--- Linearization types and linearization functions ---":
-      map ppDef defs ++
-      nl:Comment "--- Type classes for projection functions ---":
-      map labelClass (S.toList labels) ++
-      nl:Comment "--- Record types ---":
-      concatMap recordType recs)
+concrete2haskell opts
+                 abstr@(Abstract _ _ cats funs)
+                 modinfo@(Concrete cnc absname _ ps lcs lns) =
+  haskPreamble absname cnc $$
+  vcat (
+    nl:Comment "--- Parameter types ---":
+    map paramDef ps ++
+    nl:Comment "--- Type signatures for linearization functions ---":
+    map signature cats ++
+    nl:Comment "--- Linearization functions for empty categories ---":
+    emptydefs ++
+    nl:Comment "--- Linearization types ---":
+    map lincatDef lcs ++
+    nl:Comment "--- Linearization functions ---":
+    lindefs ++
+    nl:Comment "--- Type classes for projection functions ---":
+    map labelClass (S.toList labels) ++
+    nl:Comment "--- Record types ---":
+    concatMap recordType recs)
  where
    nl = Comment ""
+    recs = S.toList (S.difference (records (lcs,lns)) common_records)
+
    labels = S.difference (S.unions (map S.fromList recs)) common_labels
-    recs = S.toList (S.difference (records rhss) common_records)
    common_records = S.fromList [[label_s]]
    common_labels = S.fromList [label_s]
-    label_s = ident2label (identS "s")
+    label_s = LabelId "s"

-    rhss = map (either snd (snd.snd)) defs
-    defs = sortBy (compare `on` either (const Nothing) (Just . fst)) .
-           concatMap (toHaskell gId gr absname cenv) . 
-           M.toList $
-           jments modinfo
-
--  signature c = "lin"<>c<+>"::"<+>"A."<>gId c<+>"->"<+>"Lin"<>c
--  signature c = "--lin"<>c<+>":: (Applicative f,Monad f) =>"<+>"A."<>gId c<+>"->"<+>"f Lin"<>c
-    signature c = TypeSig lf (Fun abs (pure lin))
+    signature (CatDef c _) = TypeSig lf (Fun abs (pure lin))
      where
        abs = tcon0 (prefixIdent "A." (gId c))
        lin = tcon0 lc
-        lf = prefixIdent "lin" c
-        lc = prefixIdent "Lin" c
+        lf = linfunName c
+        lc = lincatName c

    emptydefs = map emptydef (S.toList emptyCats)
-    emptydef c = Eqn (prefixIdent "lin" c,[WildP]) (Const "undefined")
+    emptydef c = Eqn (linfunName c,[WildP]) (Const "undefined")

-    emptyCats = allcats `S.difference` cats
-    cats = S.fromList [c|Right (c,_)<-defs]
-    allcats = S.fromList [c|((_,c),AbsCat (Just _))<-allOrigInfos gr absname]
+    emptyCats = allcats `S.difference` linfuncats
+      where
+     --funcats = S.fromList [c | FunDef f (C.Type _ (TypeApp c _))<-funs]
+       allcats = S.fromList [c | CatDef c _<-cats]
+      
+    gId :: ToIdent i => i -> Ident
+    gId = (if haskellOption opts HaskellNoPrefix then id else prefixIdent "G")
+          . toIdent

-    params = S.toList . S.unions . map params1
-    params1 (Left (_,rhs)) = paramTypes gr rhs
-    params1 (Right (_,(_,rhs))) = tableTypes gr [rhs]
-
-    ppDef (Left (lhs,rhs)) = lhs (convType va gId rhs)
-    ppDef (Right (_,(lhs,rhs))) = lhs (convert va gId gr rhs)
-
-    gId :: Ident -> Ident
-    gId = if haskellOption opts HaskellNoPrefix then id else prefixIdent "G"
    va = haskellOption opts HaskellVariants
    pure = if va then ListT else id

-    neededParamTypes have [] = []
-    neededParamTypes have (q:qs) =
-        if q `S.member` have
-        then neededParamTypes have qs
-        else let ((got,need),def) = paramType va gId gr q
-             in def++neededParamTypes (S.union got have) (S.toList need++qs)
-
-haskPreamble :: Bool -> ModuleName -> ModuleName -> Doc
-haskPreamble va absname cncname =
-  "{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, FunctionalDependencies, FlexibleInstances, LambdaCase #-}" $$
-  "module" <+> cncname <+> "where" $$
-  "import Prelude hiding (Ordering(..))" $$
-  "import Control.Applicative((<$>),(<*>))" $$
-  "import PGF.Haskell" $$
-  "import qualified" <+> absname <+> "as A" $$
-  "" $$
-  "--- Standard definitions ---" $$
-  "linString (A.GString s) ="<+>pure "R_s [TK s]" $$
-  "linInt (A.GInt i) ="<+>pure "R_s [TK (show i)]" $$
-  "linFloat (A.GFloat x) ="<+>pure "R_s [TK (show x)]" $$
-  "" $$
-  "----------------------------------------------------" $$
-  "-- Automatic translation from GF to Haskell follows" $$
-  "----------------------------------------------------"
-  where
-    pure = if va then brackets else pp
-
-toHaskell gId gr absname cenv (name,jment) =
-  case jment of
-    CncCat (Just (L loc typ)) _ _ pprn _ ->
-        [Left (tsyn0 (prefixIdent "Lin" name),nf loc typ)]
-    CncFun (Just r@(cat,ctx,lincat)) (Just (L loc def)) pprn _ ->
--      trace (render (name<+>hcat[parens (x<>"::"<>t)|(_,x,t)<-ctx]<+>"::"<+>cat)) $
-        [Right (cat,(Eqn (prefixIdent "lin" cat,lhs),coerce [] lincat rhs))]
+    haskPreamble :: ModId -> ModId -> Doc
+    haskPreamble absname cncname =
+      "{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, FunctionalDependencies, FlexibleInstances, LambdaCase #-}" $$
+      "module" <+> cncname <+> "where" $$
+      "import Prelude hiding (Ordering(..))" $$
+      "import Control.Applicative((<$>),(<*>))" $$
+      "import PGF.Haskell" $$
+      "import qualified" <+> absname <+> "as A" $$
+      "" $$
+      "--- Standard definitions ---" $$
+      "linString (A.GString s) ="<+>pure "R_s [TK s]" $$
+      "linInt (A.GInt i) ="<+>pure "R_s [TK (show i)]" $$
+      "linFloat (A.GFloat x) ="<+>pure "R_s [TK (show x)]" $$
+      "" $$
+      "----------------------------------------------------" $$
+      "-- Automatic translation from GF to Haskell follows" $$
+      "----------------------------------------------------"
      where
-        Ok abstype = lookupFunType gr absname name
-        (absctx,_abscat,_absargs) = typeForm abstype
+        pure = if va then brackets else pp

-        e' = unAbs (length params) $
-             nf loc (mkAbs params (mkApp def (map Vr args)))
-        params = [(b,prefixIdent "g" x)|(b,x,_)<-ctx]
-        args = map snd params
-        abs_args = map (prefixIdent "abs_") args
-        lhs = [ConP (aId name) (map VarP abs_args)]
-        rhs = foldr letlin e' (zip args absctx)
-        letlin (a,(_,_,at)) =
-           Let (a,(Just (con ("Lin"++render at)),(App (con ("lin"++render at)) (con ("abs_"++render a)))))
-    AnyInd _ m  -> case lookupOrigInfo gr (m,name) of
-                     Ok (m,jment) -> toHaskell gId gr absname cenv (name,jment)
-                     _ -> []
-    _ -> []
-  where
-    nf loc = normalForm cenv (L loc name)
-    aId n = prefixIdent "A." (gId n)
+    paramDef pd =
+      case pd of
+        ParamAliasDef p t -> H.Type (conap0 (gId p)) (convLinType t)
+        ParamDef p pvs -> Data (conap0 (gId p)) (map paramCon pvs) derive
+          where
+            paramCon (Param c cs) = ConAp (gId c) (map (tcon0.gId) cs)
+            derive = ["Eq","Ord","Show"]

-    unAbs 0 t = t
-    unAbs n (Abs _ _ t) = unAbs (n-1) t
-    unAbs _ t = t
+    convLinType = ppT
+      where
+        ppT t =
+          case t of
+            FloatType -> tcon0 (identS "Float")
+            IntType -> tcon0 (identS "Int")
+            ParamType (ParamTypeId p) -> tcon0 (gId p)
+            RecordType rs -> tcon (rcon' ls) (map ppT ts)
+              where (ls,ts) = unzip $ sortOn fst [(l,t)|RecordRow l t<-rs]
+            StrType -> tcon0 (identS "Str")
+            TableType pt lt -> Fun (ppT pt) (ppT lt)
+--          TupleType lts -> 
+
+    lincatDef (LincatDef c t) = tsyn0 (lincatName c) (convLinType t)
+
+    linfuncats = S.fromList linfuncatl
+    (linfuncatl,lindefs) = unzip (linDefs lns)
+
+    linDefs = map eqn . sortOn fst . map linDef
+      where eqn (cat,(f,(ps,rhs))) = (cat,Eqn (f,ps) rhs)
+
+    linDef (LinDef f xs rhs0) = 
+        (cat,(linfunName cat,(lhs,rhs)))
+      where
+        lhs = [ConP (aId f) (map VarP abs_args)]
+        aId f = prefixIdent "A." (gId f)
+
+        [lincat] = [lincat | LincatDef c lincat<-lcs,c==cat]
+        [C.Type absctx (TypeApp cat _)] = [t | FunDef f' t<-funs, f'==f]
+
+        abs_args = map abs_arg args
+        abs_arg = prefixIdent "abs_"
+        args = map (prefixIdent "g" . toIdent) xs
+
+        rhs = lets (zipWith letlin args absctx)
+                   (convert vs (coerce env lincat rhs0))
+          where
+            vs = [(VarValueId (Unqual x),a)|(VarId x,a)<-zip xs args]
+            env= [(VarValueId (Unqual x),lc)|(VarId x,lc)<-zip xs (map arglincat absctx)]
+            
+        letlin a (TypeBinding _ (C.Type _ (TypeApp acat _))) =
+          (a,Ap (Var (linfunName acat)) (Var (abs_arg a)))
+
+        arglincat (TypeBinding _ (C.Type _ (TypeApp acat _))) = lincat
+          where
+            [lincat] = [lincat | LincatDef c lincat<-lcs,c==acat]
+
+    convert = convert' va
+
+    convert' va vs = ppT
+      where
+        ppT0 = convert' False vs
+        ppTv vs' = convert' va vs'
+
+        pure = if va then single else id
+
+        ppT t =
+          case t of
+            TableValue ty cs -> pure (table cs)
+            Selection t p -> select (ppT t) (ppT p)
+            ConcatValue t1 t2 -> concat (ppT t1) (ppT t2)
+            RecordValue r -> aps (rcon ls) (map ppT ts)
+              where (ls,ts) = unzip $ sortOn fst [(l,t)|RecordRow l t<-r]
+            PredefValue p -> single (Var (toIdent p)) -- hmm
+            Projection t l -> ap (proj l) (ppT t)
+            VariantValue [] -> empty
+            VariantValue ts@(_:_) -> variants ts
+            VarValue x -> maybe (Var (gId x)) (pure . Var) $ lookup x vs
+            PreValue vs t' -> pure (alts t' vs)
+            ParamConstant (Param c vs) -> aps (Var (pId c)) (map ppT vs)
+            ErrorValue s -> ap (Const "error") (Const (show s)) -- !!
+            LiteralValue l -> ppL l
+            _ -> error ("convert "++show t)
+
+        ppL l =
+          case l of
+            FloatConstant x -> pure (lit x)
+            IntConstant n -> pure (lit n)
+            StrConstant s -> pure (token s)
+
+        pId p@(ParamId s) =
+          if "to_R_" `isPrefixOf` unqual s then toIdent p else gId p -- !! a hack
+          
+        table cs =
+            if all (null.patVars) ps
+            then lets ds (LambdaCase [(ppP p,t')|(p,t')<-zip ps ts'])
+            else LambdaCase (map ppCase cs)
+          where
+            (ds,ts') = dedup ts
+            (ps,ts) = unzip [(p,t)|TableRow p t<-cs]
+        ppCase (TableRow p t) = (ppP p,ppTv (patVars p++vs) t)
+{-
+        ppPredef n =
+          case predef n of
+            Ok BIND       -> single (c "BIND")
+            Ok SOFT_BIND  -> single (c "SOFT_BIND")
+            Ok SOFT_SPACE -> single (c "SOFT_SPACE")
+            Ok CAPIT      -> single (c "CAPIT")
+            Ok ALL_CAPIT  -> single (c "ALL_CAPIT")
+            _ -> Var n
+-}
+        ppP p =
+          case p of
+            ParamPattern (Param c ps) -> ConP (gId c) (map ppP ps)
+            RecordPattern r -> ConP (rcon' ls) (map ppP ps)
+              where (ls,ps) = unzip $ sortOn fst [(l,p)|RecordRow l p<-r]
+            WildPattern -> WildP
+
+        token s = single (c "TK" `Ap` lit s)
+
+        alts t' vs = single (c "TP" `Ap` List (map alt vs) `Ap` ppT0 t')
+          where
+            alt (s,t) = Pair (List (pre s)) (ppT0 t)
+            pre s = map lit s
+
+        c = Const
+        lit s = c (show s) -- hmm
+        concat = if va then concat' else plusplus
+          where
+            concat' (List [List ts1]) (List [List ts2]) = List [List (ts1++ts2)]
+            concat' t1 t2 = Op t1 "+++" t2
+
+        pure' = single -- forcing the list monad
+
+        select = if va then select' else Ap
+        select' (List [t]) (List [p]) = Op t "!" p
+        select' (List [t]) p = Op t "!$" p
+        select' t p = Op t "!*" p
+
+        ap = if va then ap' else Ap
+          where
+            ap' (List [f]) x = fmap f x
+            ap' f x = Op f "<*>" x
+            fmap f (List [x]) = pure' (Ap f x)
+            fmap f x = Op f "<$>" x
+
+    --  join = if va then join' else id
+        join' (List [x]) = x
+        join' x = c "concat" `Ap` x
+
+        empty = if va then List [] else c "error" `Ap` c (show "empty variant")
+        variants = if va then \ ts -> join' (List (map ppT ts))
+                         else \ (t:_) -> ppT t
+
+        aps f [] = f
+        aps f (a:as) = aps (ap f a) as
+
+        dedup ts =
+            if M.null dups
+            then ([],map ppT ts)
+            else ([(ev i,ppT t)|(i,t)<-defs],zipWith entry ts is)
+          where
+            entry t i = maybe (ppT t) (Var . ev) (M.lookup i dups)
+            ev i = identS ("e'"++show i)
+
+            defs = [(i1,t)|(t,i1:_:_)<-ms]
+            dups = M.fromList [(i2,i1)|(_,i1:is@(_:_))<-ms,i2<-i1:is]
+            ms = M.toList m
+            m = fmap sort (M.fromListWith (++) (zip ts [[i]|i<-is]))
+            is = [0..]::[Int]


-con = Cn . identS
+--con = Cn . identS

-tableTypes gr ts = S.unions (map tabtys ts)
-  where
-    tabtys t =
-      case t of
-        V t cc -> S.union (paramTypes gr t) (tableTypes gr cc)
-        T (TTyped t) cs -> S.union (paramTypes gr t) (tableTypes gr (map snd cs))
-        _ -> collectOp tabtys t
+class Records t where
+  records :: t -> S.Set [LabelId]

-paramTypes gr t =
-  case t of
-    RecType fs -> S.unions (map (paramTypes gr.snd) fs)
-    Table t1 t2 -> S.union (paramTypes gr t1) (paramTypes gr t2)
-    App tf ta -> S.union (paramTypes gr tf) (paramTypes gr ta)
-    Sort _ -> S.empty
-    EInt _ -> S.empty
-    Q q -> lookup q
-    QC q -> lookup q
-    FV ts -> S.unions (map (paramTypes gr) ts)
-    _ -> ignore
-  where
-    lookup q = case lookupOrigInfo gr q of
-                 Ok (_,ResOper  _ (Just (L _ t))) ->
-                                       S.insert q (paramTypes gr t)
-                 Ok (_,ResParam {}) -> S.singleton q
-                 _ -> ignore
+instance Records t => Records [t] where
+  records = S.unions . map records

-    ignore = trace ("Ignore: "++show t) S.empty
-
-
-
-records ts = S.unions (map recs ts)
-  where
-    recs t =
-      case t of
-        R r -> S.insert (labels r) (records (map (snd.snd) r))
-        RecType r -> S.insert (labels r) (records (map snd r))
-        _ -> collectOp recs t
-
-    labels = sort . filter (not . isLockLabel) . map fst
+instance (Records t1,Records t2) => Records (t1,t2) where
+  records (t1,t2) = S.union (records t1) (records t2)
+
+instance Records LincatDef where
+  records (LincatDef _ lt) = records lt
+
+instance Records LinDef where
+  records (LinDef _ _ lv) = records lv
+
+instance Records LinType where
+  records t =
+    case t of
+      RecordType r -> rowRecords r
+      TableType pt lt -> records (pt,lt)
+      TupleType ts -> records ts
+      _ -> S.empty
+
+rowRecords r = S.insert (sort ls) (records ts)
+  where (ls,ts) = unzip [(l,t)|RecordRow l t<-r]
+
+instance Records LinValue where
+  records v =
+    case v of
+      ConcatValue v1 v2 -> records (v1,v2)
+      ParamConstant (Param c vs) -> records vs
+      RecordValue r -> rowRecords r
+      TableValue t r -> records (t,r)
+      TupleValue vs -> records vs
+      VariantValue vs -> records vs
+      PreValue alts d -> records (map snd alts,d)
+      Projection v l -> records v
+      Selection v1 v2 -> records (v1,v2)
+      _ -> S.empty
+
+instance Records rhs => Records (TableRow rhs) where
+  records (TableRow _ v) = records v


+-- | Record subtyping is converted into explicit coercions in Haskell
 coerce env ty t =
  case (ty,t) of 
-    (_,Let d t) -> Let d (coerce (extend env d) ty t)
-    (_,FV ts) -> FV (map (coerce env ty) ts)
-    (Table ti tv,V _ ts) -> V ti (map (coerce env tv) ts)
-    (Table ti tv,T (TTyped _) cs) -> T (TTyped ti) (mapSnd (coerce env tv) cs)
-    (RecType rt,R r) ->
-      R [(l,(Just ft,coerce env ft f))|(l,(_,f))<-r,Just ft<-[lookup l rt]]
-    (RecType rt,Vr x)->
+    (_,VariantValue ts) -> VariantValue (map (coerce env ty) ts)
+    (TableType ti tv,TableValue _ cs) ->
+      TableValue ti [TableRow p (coerce env tv t)|TableRow p t<-cs]
+    (RecordType rt,RecordValue r) ->
+      RecordValue [RecordRow l (coerce env ft f) |
+                     RecordRow l f<-r,ft<-[ft|RecordRow l' ft<-rt,l'==l]]
+    (RecordType rt,VarValue x)->
      case lookup x env of
        Just ty' | ty'/=ty -> -- better to compare to normal form of ty'
-          --trace ("coerce "++render ty'++" to "++render ty) $
-          App (to_rcon (map fst rt)) t
-        _ -> trace ("no coerce to "++render ty) t
+                            --trace ("coerce "++render ty'++" to "++render ty) $
+                            app (to_rcon rt) [t]
+                 | otherwise -> t -- types match, no coercion needed
+        _ -> trace (render ("missing type to coerce"<+>x<+>"to"<+>render ty
+                            $$ "in" <+> map fst env))
+                   t
    _ -> t
  where
-    extend env (x,(Just ty,rhs)) = (x,ty):env
-    extend env _ = env
+    app f ts = ParamConstant (Param f ts) -- !! a hack
+    to_rcon = ParamId . Unqual . to_rcon' . labels

-convert va gId gr = convert' va gId [] gr
+patVars p = []

-convert' va gId vs gr = ppT
-  where
-    ppT0 = convert' False gId vs gr
-    ppTv vs' = convert' va gId vs' gr
+labels r = [l|RecordRow l _<-r]

-    ppT t =
-      case t of
-         -- Only for 'let' inserted on the top-level by this converter:
-        Let (x,(_,xt)) t -> let1 x (ppT0 xt) (ppT t)
--      Abs b x t -> ...
-        V ty ts -> pure (c "table" `Ap` dedup ts)
-        T (TTyped ty) cs -> pure (LambdaCase (map ppCase cs))
-        S t p -> select (ppT t) (ppT p)
-        C t1 t2 -> concat (ppT t1) (ppT t2)
-        App f a -> ap (ppT f) (ppT a)
-        R r -> aps (ppT (rcon (map fst r))) (fields r)
-        P t l -> ap (ppT (proj l)) (ppT t)
-        FV [] -> empty
-        Vr x -> if x `elem` vs then pure (Var x) else Var x
-        Cn x -> pure (Var x)
-        Con c -> pure (Var (gId c))
-        Sort k -> pure (Var k)
-        EInt n -> pure (lit n)
-        Q (m,n) -> if m==cPredef then pure (ppPredef n) else Var (qual m n)
-        QC (m,n) -> pure (Var (gId (qual m n)))
-        K s -> pure (token s)
-        Empty -> pure (List [])
-        FV ts@(_:_) -> variants ts
-        Alts t' vs -> pure (alts t' vs)
-
-    ppCase (p,t) = (ppP p,ppTv (patVars p++vs) t)
-
-    ppPredef n =
-      case predef n of
-        Ok BIND       -> single (c "BIND")
-        Ok SOFT_BIND  -> single (c "SOFT_BIND")
-        Ok SOFT_SPACE -> single (c "SOFT_SPACE")
-        Ok CAPIT      -> single (c "CAPIT")
-        Ok ALL_CAPIT  -> single (c "ALL_CAPIT")
-        _ -> Var n
-
-    ppP p =
-      case p of
-        PC c ps -> ConP (gId c) (map ppP ps)
-        PP (_,c) ps -> ConP (gId c) (map ppP ps)
-        PR r -> ConP (rcon' (map fst r)) (map (ppP.snd) (filter (not.isLockLabel.fst) r))
-        PW -> WildP
-        PV x -> VarP x
-        PString s -> Lit (show s) -- !!
-        PInt i -> Lit (show i)
-        PFloat x -> Lit (show x)
-        PT _ p -> ppP p
-        PAs x p -> AsP x (ppP p)
-        
-    token s = single (c "TK" `Ap` lit s)
-
-    alts t' vs = single (c "TP" `Ap` List (map alt vs) `Ap` ppT0 t')
-      where
-        alt (t,p) = Pair (List (pre p)) (ppT0 t)
-
-        pre (K s) = [lit s]
-        pre (Strs ts) = concatMap pre ts
-        pre (EPatt p) = pat p
-        pre t = error $ "pre "++show t
-
-        pat (PString s) = [lit s]
-        pat (PAlt p1 p2) = pat p1++pat p2
-        pat p = error $ "pat "++show p
-
-    fields = map (ppT.snd.snd) . sort . filter (not.isLockLabel.fst)
-
-    c = Const
-    lit s = c (show s) -- hmm
-    concat = if va then concat' else plusplus
-      where
-        concat' (List [List ts1]) (List [List ts2]) = List [List (ts1++ts2)]
-        concat' t1 t2 = Op t1 "+++" t2
-    pure = if va then single else id
-    pure' = single -- forcing the list monad
-
-    select = if va then select' else Ap
-    select' (List [t]) (List [p]) = Op t "!" p
-    select' (List [t]) p = Op t "!$" p
-    select' t p = Op t "!*" p
-
-    ap = if va then ap' else Ap
-      where
-        ap' (List [f]) x = fmap f x
-        ap' f x = Op f "<*>" x
-        fmap f (List [x]) = pure' (Ap f x)
-        fmap f x = Op f "<$>" x
-
--  join = if va then join' else id
-    join' (List [x]) = x
-    join' x = c "concat" `Ap` x
-
-    empty = if va then List [] else c "error" `Ap` c (show "empty variant")
-    variants = if va then \ ts -> join' (List (map ppT ts))
-                     else \ (t:_) -> ppT t
-
-    aps f [] = f
-    aps f (a:as) = aps (ap f a) as
-
-    dedup ts =
-        if M.null dups
-        then List (map ppT ts)
-        else Lets [(ev i,ppT t)|(i,t)<-defs] (List (zipWith entry ts is))
-      where
-        entry t i = maybe (ppT t) (Var . ev) (M.lookup i dups)
-        ev i = identS ("e'"++show i)
-
-        defs = [(i1,t)|(t,i1:_:_)<-ms]
-        dups = M.fromList [(i2,i1)|(_,i1:is@(_:_))<-ms,i2<-i1:is]
-        ms = M.toList m
-        m = fmap sort (M.fromListWith (++) (zip ts [[i]|i<-is]))
-        is = [0..]::[Int]
-
-patVars p =
-  case p of
-    PV x -> [x]
-    PAs x p -> x:patVars p
-    _ -> collectPattOp patVars p
-
-convType va gId = ppT
-  where
-    ppT t =
-      case t of
-        Table ti tv -> Fun (ppT ti) (if va then ListT (ppT tv) else ppT tv)
-        RecType rt -> tcon (rcon' (map fst rt)) (fields rt)
-        App tf ta -> TAp (ppT tf) (ppT ta)
-        FV [] -> tcon0 (identS "({-empty variant-})")
-        Sort k -> tcon0 k
-        EInt n -> tcon0 (identS ("({-"++show n++"-})")) -- type level numeric literal
-        FV (t:ts) -> ppT t -- !!
-        QC (m,n) -> tcon0 (gId (qual m n))
-        Q (m,n) -> tcon0 (gId (qual m n))
-        _ -> error $ "Missing case in convType for: "++show t
-
-    fields = map (ppT.snd) . sort . filter (not.isLockLabel.fst)
-
-proj = con . proj'
-proj' l = "proj_"++render l
-rcon = con . rcon_name
+proj = Var . identS . proj'
+proj' (LabelId l) = "proj_"++l
+rcon = Var . rcon'
 rcon' = identS . rcon_name
-rcon_name ls = "R"++concat (sort ['_':render l|l<-ls,not (isLockLabel l)])
-to_rcon = con . to_rcon'
+rcon_name ls = "R"++concat (sort ['_':l|LabelId l<-ls])
+
 to_rcon' = ("to_"++) . rcon_name

 recordType ls =
@@ -400,31 +386,6 @@ labelClass l =
    r = identS "r"
    a = identS "a"

-paramType va gId gr q@(_,n) =
-    case lookupOrigInfo gr q of
-      Ok (m,ResParam (Just (L _ ps)) _)
-       {- - | m/=cPredef && m/=moduleNameS "Prelude"-} ->
-         ((S.singleton (m,n),argTypes ps),
-          [Data (conap0 name) (map (param m) ps)["Eq","Ord","Show"],
-           Instance [] (TId (identS "EnumAll") `TAp` TId name)
-              [(lhs0 "enumAll",foldr1 plusplus (map (enumParam m) ps))]]
-         )
-       where name = gId (qual m n)
-      Ok (m,ResOper  _ (Just (L _ t)))
-        | m==cPredef && n==cInts ->
-           ((S.singleton (m,n),S.empty),
-            [Type (ConAp (gId (qual m n)) [identS "n"]) (TId (identS "Int"))])
-        | otherwise ->
-           ((S.singleton (m,n),paramTypes gr t),
-            [Type (conap0 (gId (qual m n))) (convType va gId t)])
-      _ -> ((S.empty,S.empty),[])
-  where
-    param m (n,ctx) = ConAp (gId (qual m n)) [convType va gId t|(_,_,t)<-ctx]
-    argTypes = S.unions . map argTypes1
-    argTypes1 (n,ctx) = S.unions [paramTypes gr t|(_,_,t)<-ctx]
-
-    enumParam m (n,ctx) = enumCon (gId (qual m n)) (length ctx)
-
 enumCon name arity =
    if arity==0
    then single (Var name)
@@ -433,5 +394,23 @@ enumCon name arity =
    ap (List [f]) a = Op f "<$>" a
    ap f a = Op f "<*>" a

-qual :: ModuleName -> Ident -> Ident
-qual m = prefixIdent (render m++"_")
+lincatName,linfunName :: CatId -> Ident
+lincatName c = prefixIdent "Lin" (toIdent c)
+linfunName c = prefixIdent "lin" (toIdent c)
+
+class ToIdent i where toIdent :: i -> Ident
+
+instance ToIdent ParamId where toIdent (ParamId q) = qIdentS q
+instance ToIdent PredefId where toIdent (PredefId s) = identS s
+instance ToIdent CatId   where toIdent (CatId s) = identS s
+instance ToIdent C.FunId where toIdent (FunId s) = identS s
+instance ToIdent VarValueId where toIdent (VarValueId q) = qIdentS q
+
+qIdentS = identS . unqual
+
+unqual (Qual (ModId m) n) = m++"_"++n
+unqual (Unqual n) = n
+
+instance ToIdent VarId where
+  toIdent Anonymous = identW
+  toIdent (VarId s) = identS s
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ExampleBased.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ExampleBased.hs
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ module GF.Compile.ExampleBased (
  configureExBased
  ) where

-import PGF
--import PGF.Probabilistic
--import PGF.Morphology
--import GF.Compile.ToAPI
-
+import PGF2
 import Data.List

 parseExamplesInGrammar :: ExConfiguration -> FilePath -> IO (FilePath,[String])
@@ -37,47 +33,38 @@ convertFile conf src file = do
      (ex,   end) = break (=='"') (tail exend)
    in ((unwords (words cat),ex), tail end)  -- quotes ignored
  pgf = resource_pgf conf
-  morpho = resource_morpho conf
  lang = language conf 
  convEx (cat,ex) = do
    appn "("
    let typ = maybe (error "no valid cat") id $ readType cat
-    ws <- case fst (parse_ pgf lang typ (Just 4) ex) of
-      ParseFailed _ -> do
-        let ws = morphoMissing morpho (words ex)
+    ws <- case parse lang typ ex of
+      ParseFailed _ _ -> do
        appv ("WARNING: cannot parse example " ++ ex) 
-        case ws of
-          [] -> return ()
-          _  -> appv ("  missing words: " ++ unwords ws)
-        return ws
-      TypeError _ ->
        return []
      ParseIncomplete ->
        return []
      ParseOk ts ->
-        case rank ts of
+        case ts of
          (t:tt) -> do
            if null tt 
              then return ()
              else appv ("WARNING: ambiguous example " ++ ex) 
-            appn t 
-            mapM_ (appn . ("  --- " ++)) tt
+            appn (printExp conf (fst t))
+            mapM_ (appn . ("  --- " ++) . printExp conf . fst) tt
            appn ")" 
            return [] 
    return ws
-  rank ts = [printExp conf t ++ "  -- " ++ show p | (t,p) <- rankTreesByProbs pgf ts]
  appf = appendFile file
  appn s = appf s >> appf "\n"
  appv s = appn ("--- " ++ s) >> putStrLn s

 data ExConfiguration = ExConf {
-  resource_pgf    :: PGF,
-  resource_morpho :: Morpho,
+  resource_pgf :: PGF,
  verbose  :: Bool,
-  language :: Language,
-  printExp :: Tree -> String
+  language :: Concr,
+  printExp :: Expr -> String
  }

-configureExBased :: PGF -> Morpho -> Language -> (Tree -> String) -> ExConfiguration
-configureExBased pgf morpho lang pr = ExConf pgf morpho False lang pr
+configureExBased :: PGF -> Concr -> (Expr -> String) -> ExConfiguration
+configureExBased pgf concr pr = ExConf pgf False concr pr

--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Export.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Export.hs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 module GF.Compile.Export where

-import PGF
-import PGF.Internal(ppPGF)
+import PGF2
 import GF.Compile.PGFtoHaskell
+--import GF.Compile.PGFtoAbstract
 import GF.Compile.PGFtoJava
-import GF.Compile.PGFtoProlog
-import GF.Compile.PGFtoJS
-import GF.Compile.PGFtoPython
+import GF.Compile.PGFtoJSON
 import GF.Infra.Option
 --import GF.Speech.CFG
 import GF.Speech.PGFToCFG
@@ -20,6 +18,7 @@ import GF.Speech.SLF
 import GF.Speech.PrRegExp

 import Data.Maybe
+import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import System.FilePath
 import GF.Text.Pretty

@@ -33,12 +32,12 @@ exportPGF :: Options
          -> [(FilePath,String)] -- ^ List of recommended file names and contents.
 exportPGF opts fmt pgf = 
    case fmt of
-      FmtPGFPretty    -> multi "txt" (render . ppPGF)
-      FmtJavaScript   -> multi "js"  pgf2js
-      FmtPython       -> multi "py"  pgf2python
+      FmtPGFPretty    -> multi "txt" (showPGF)
+      FmtCanonicalGF  -> [] -- canon "gf" (render80 . abstract2canonical)
+      FmtCanonicalJson-> []
+      FmtJSON         -> multi "json"  pgf2json
      FmtHaskell      -> multi "hs"  (grammar2haskell opts name)
      FmtJava         -> multi "java" (grammar2java opts name)
-      FmtProlog       -> multi "pl"  grammar2prolog
      FmtBNF          -> single "bnf"   bnfPrinter
      FmtEBNF         -> single "ebnf"  (ebnfPrinter opts)
      FmtSRGS_XML     -> single "grxml" (srgsXmlPrinter opts)
@@ -52,17 +51,13 @@ exportPGF opts fmt pgf =
      FmtRegExp       -> single "rexp" regexpPrinter
      FmtFA           -> single "dot"  slfGraphvizPrinter
 where
-   name = fromMaybe (showCId (abstractName pgf)) (flag optName opts)
+   name = fromMaybe (abstractName pgf) (flag optName opts)

   multi :: String -> (PGF -> String) -> [(FilePath,String)]
   multi ext pr = [(name <.> ext, pr pgf)]

-   single :: String -> (PGF -> CId -> String) -> [(FilePath,String)]
-   single ext pr = [(showCId cnc <.> ext, pr pgf cnc) | cnc <- languages pgf]
+-- canon ext pr = [("canonical"</>name<.>ext,pr pgf)]
+
+   single :: String -> (PGF -> Concr -> String) -> [(FilePath,String)]
+   single ext pr = [(concreteName cnc <.> ext, pr pgf cnc) | cnc <- Map.elems (languages pgf)]

-- | Get the name of the concrete syntax to generate output from.
-- FIXME: there should be an option to change this.
-outputConcr :: PGF -> CId
-outputConcr pgf = case languages pgf of
-                    []     -> error "No concrete syntax."
-                    cnc:_  -> cnc
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GenerateBC.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GenerateBC.hs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
 module GF.Compile.GenerateBC(generateByteCode) where

 import GF.Grammar
 import GF.Grammar.Lookup(lookupAbsDef,lookupFunType)
 import GF.Data.Operations
-import PGF(CId,utf8CId)
-import PGF.Internal(CodeLabel,Instr(..),IVal(..),TailInfo(..),Literal(..))
+import PGF2.Internal(CodeLabel,Instr(..),IVal(..),TailInfo(..),Literal(..))
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import Data.List(nub,mapAccumL)
 import Data.Maybe(fromMaybe)
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ compileEquations gr arity st (i:is) eqs       fl bs = whilePP eqs Map.empty

    case_instr t =
      case t of
-        (Q (_,id)) -> CASE (i2i id)
+        (Q (_,id)) -> CASE (showIdent id)
        (EInt n)   -> CASE_LIT (LInt n)
        (K s)      -> CASE_LIT (LStr s)
        (EFloat d) -> CASE_LIT (LFlt d)
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ compileFun gr eval st vs (App e1 e2) h0 bs args =
 compileFun gr eval st vs (Q (m,id))  h0 bs args =
  case lookupAbsDef gr m id of
    Ok (_,Just _)
-       -> (h0,bs,eval st (GLOBAL (i2i id)) args)
+       -> (h0,bs,eval st (GLOBAL (showIdent id)) args)
    _  -> let Ok ty = lookupFunType gr m id
              (ctxt,_,_) = typeForm ty
              c_arity    = length ctxt
@@ -114,14 +114,14 @@ compileFun gr eval st vs (Q (m,id))  h0 bs args =
              diff   = c_arity-n_args
          in if diff <= 0
               then if n_args == 0
-                      then (h0,bs,eval st (GLOBAL (i2i id)) [])
+                      then (h0,bs,eval st (GLOBAL (showIdent id)) [])
                      else let h1  = h0 + 2 + n_args
-                           in (h1,bs,PUT_CONSTR (i2i id):is1++eval st (HEAP h0) [])
+                           in (h1,bs,PUT_CONSTR (showIdent id):is1++eval st (HEAP h0) [])
               else let h1  = h0 + 1 + n_args
                        is2 = [SET (FREE_VAR i) | i <- [0..n_args-1]] ++ [SET (ARG_VAR (i+1)) | i <- [0..diff-1]]
                        b   = CHECK_ARGS diff :
                              ALLOC (c_arity+2) : 
-                              PUT_CONSTR (i2i id) : 
+                              PUT_CONSTR (showIdent id) : 
                              is2 ++
                              TUCK (ARG_VAR 0) diff :
                              EVAL (HEAP h0) (TailCall diff) :
@@ -167,16 +167,16 @@ compileFun gr eval st vs e _ _ _ = error (show e)

 compileArg gr st vs (Q(m,id)) h0 bs =
  case lookupAbsDef gr m id of
-    Ok (_,Just _) -> (h0,bs,GLOBAL (i2i id),[])
+    Ok (_,Just _) -> (h0,bs,GLOBAL (showIdent id),[])
    _             -> let Ok ty = lookupFunType gr m id
                         (ctxt,_,_) = typeForm ty
                         c_arity    = length ctxt
                     in if c_arity == 0
-                          then (h0,bs,GLOBAL (i2i id),[])
+                          then (h0,bs,GLOBAL (showIdent id),[])
                          else let is2 = [SET (ARG_VAR (i+1)) | i <- [0..c_arity-1]]
                                   b   = CHECK_ARGS c_arity :
                                         ALLOC (c_arity+2) :
-                                         PUT_CONSTR (i2i id) :
+                                         PUT_CONSTR (showIdent id) :
                                         is2 ++
                                         TUCK (ARG_VAR 0) c_arity :
                                         EVAL (HEAP h0) (TailCall c_arity) :
@@ -224,12 +224,12 @@ compileArg gr st vs e           h0 bs =
                diff   = c_arity-n_args
            in if diff <= 0
                 then let h2  = h1 + 2 + n_args
-                      in (h2,bs1,HEAP h1,is1 ++ (PUT_CONSTR (i2i id) : is2))
+                      in (h2,bs1,HEAP h1,is1 ++ (PUT_CONSTR (showIdent id) : is2))
                 else let h2  = h1 + 1 + n_args
                          is2 = [SET (FREE_VAR i) | i <- [0..n_args-1]] ++ [SET (ARG_VAR (i+1)) | i <- [0..diff-1]]
                          b   = CHECK_ARGS diff :
                                ALLOC (c_arity+2) :
-                                PUT_CONSTR (i2i id) :
+                                PUT_CONSTR (showIdent id) :
                                is2 ++
                                TUCK (ARG_VAR 0) diff :
                                EVAL (HEAP h0) (TailCall diff) :
@@ -298,9 +298,6 @@ freeVars xs (Vr x)
  | not (elem x xs)     = [x]
 freeVars xs e           = collectOp (freeVars xs) e

-i2i :: Ident -> CId
-i2i = utf8CId . ident2utf8
-
 push_is :: Int -> Int -> [IVal] -> [IVal]
 push_is i 0 is = is
 push_is i n is = ARG_VAR i : push_is (i-1) (n-1) is
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GeneratePMCFG.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GeneratePMCFG.hs
@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ module GF.Compile.GeneratePMCFG
    (generatePMCFG, pgfCncCat, addPMCFG, resourceValues
    ) where

--import PGF.CId
-import PGF.Internal as PGF(CncCat(..),Symbol(..),fidVar)
+import qualified PGF2 as PGF2
+import qualified PGF2.Internal as PGF2
+import PGF2.Internal(Symbol(..),fidVar)

 import GF.Infra.Option
 import GF.Grammar hiding (Env, mkRecord, mkTable)
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ mapAccumWithKeyM f a m = do let xs = Map.toAscList m


 --addPMCFG :: Options -> SourceGrammar -> GlobalEnv -> Maybe FilePath -> Ident -> Ident -> SeqSet -> Ident -> Info -> IOE (SeqSet, Info)
-addPMCFG opts gr cenv opath am cm seqs id (GF.Grammar.CncFun mty@(Just (cat,cont,val)) mlin@(Just (L loc term)) mprn Nothing) = do
+addPMCFG opts gr cenv opath am cm seqs id (CncFun mty@(Just (cat,cont,val)) mlin@(Just (L loc term)) mprn Nothing) = do
 --when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ ePutStr ("\n+ "++showIdent id++" ...")
  let pres  = protoFCat gr res val
      pargs = [protoFCat gr (snd $ catSkeleton ty) lincat | ((_,_,ty),(_,_,lincat)) <- zip ctxt cont]
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ addPMCFG opts gr cenv opath am cm seqs id (GF.Grammar.CncFun mty@(Just (cat,cont
    ePutStr ("\n+ "++showIdent id++" "++show (product (map catFactor pargs)))
  seqs1 `seq` stats `seq` return ()
  when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ ePutStr (" "++show stats)
-  return (seqs1,GF.Grammar.CncFun mty mlin mprn (Just pmcfg))
+  return (seqs1,CncFun mty mlin mprn (Just pmcfg))
  where
    (ctxt,res,_) = err bug typeForm (lookupFunType gr am id)

@@ -102,11 +103,11 @@ addPMCFG opts gr cenv opath am cm seqs id (GF.Grammar.CncFun mty@(Just (cat,cont
          newArgs  = map getFIds newArgs'
      in addFunction env0 newCat fun newArgs

-addPMCFG opts gr cenv opath am cm seqs id (GF.Grammar.CncCat mty@(Just (L _ lincat)) 
-                                                             mdef@(Just (L loc1 def))
-                                                             mref@(Just (L loc2 ref))
-                                                             mprn
-                                                             Nothing) = do
+addPMCFG opts gr cenv opath am cm seqs id (CncCat mty@(Just (L _ lincat)) 
+                                                  mdef@(Just (L loc1 def))
+                                                  mref@(Just (L loc2 ref))
+                                                  mprn
+                                                  Nothing) = do
  let pcat = protoFCat gr (am,id) lincat
      pvar = protoFCat gr (MN identW,cVar) typeStr

@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ addPMCFG opts gr cenv opath am cm seqs id (GF.Grammar.CncCat mty@(Just (L _ linc
  let pmcfg     = getPMCFG pmcfgEnv2

  when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ ePutStr ("\n+ "++showIdent id++" "++show (catFactor pcat))
-  seqs2 `seq` pmcfg `seq` return (seqs2,GF.Grammar.CncCat mty mdef mref mprn (Just pmcfg))
+  seqs2 `seq` pmcfg `seq` return (seqs2,CncCat mty mdef mref mprn (Just pmcfg))
  where
    addLindef lins (newCat', newArgs') env0 =
      let [newCat] = getFIds newCat'
@@ -157,12 +158,15 @@ convert opts gr cenv loc term ty@(_,val) pargs =
            args = map Vr vars
            vars = map (\(bt,x,t) -> x) context

-pgfCncCat :: SourceGrammar -> Type -> Int -> CncCat
-pgfCncCat gr lincat index =
+pgfCncCat :: SourceGrammar -> PGF2.Cat -> Type -> Int -> (PGF2.Cat,Int,Int,[String])
+pgfCncCat gr id lincat index =
  let ((_,size),schema) = computeCatRange gr lincat
-  in PGF.CncCat index (index+size-1)
-                      (mkArray (map (renderStyle style{mode=OneLineMode} . ppPath) 
-                                    (getStrPaths schema)))
+  in ( id
+     , index
+     , index+size-1
+     , map (renderStyle style{mode=OneLineMode} . ppPath)
+           (getStrPaths schema)
+     )
  where
    getStrPaths :: Schema Identity s c -> [Path]
    getStrPaths = collect CNil []
@@ -471,7 +475,7 @@ goV (CPar t)     rpath ss = restrictHead (reversePath rpath) t >> return ss
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- SeqSet

-type SeqSet   = Map.Map Sequence SeqId
+type SeqSet   = Map.Map [Symbol] SeqId

 addSequencesB :: SeqSet -> Branch (Value [Symbol]) -> (SeqSet, Branch (Value SeqId))
 addSequencesB seqs (Case nr path bs) = let !(seqs1,bs1) = mapAccumL' (\seqs (trm,b) -> let !(seqs',b') = addSequencesB seqs b
@@ -500,13 +504,11 @@ mapAccumL' f s (x:xs) = (s'',y:ys)
                              !(s'',ys) = mapAccumL' f s' xs

 addSequence :: SeqSet -> [Symbol] -> (SeqSet,SeqId)
-addSequence seqs lst =
+addSequence seqs seq =
  case Map.lookup seq seqs of
    Just id -> (seqs,id)
    Nothing -> let !last_seq = Map.size seqs
               in (Map.insert seq last_seq seqs, last_seq)
-  where
-    seq = mkArray lst


 ------------------------------------------------------------
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GetGrammar.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GetGrammar.hs
@@ -50,20 +50,13 @@ getSourceModule opts file0 =
       Right (i,mi0) ->
         do liftIO $ removeTemp tmp
            let mi =mi0 {mflags=mflags mi0 `addOptions` opts, msrc=file0}
-                optCoding' = renameEncoding `fmap` flag optEncoding (mflags mi0)
-            case (optCoding,optCoding') of
-              {-
-              (Nothing,Nothing) ->
-                  unless (BS.all isAscii raw) $
-                    ePutStrLn $ file0++":\n    Warning: default encoding has changed from Latin-1 to UTF-8"
-              -}
-              (_,Just coding') -> 
-                  when (coding/=coding') $
+            case renameEncoding `fmap` flag optEncoding (mflags mi0) of
+              Just coding' -> 
+                when (coding/=coding') $
                  raise $ "Encoding mismatch: "++coding++" /= "++coding'
                where coding = maybe defaultEncoding renameEncoding optCoding
              _ -> return ()
-          --liftIO $ transcodeModule' (i,mi) -- old lexer
-            return (i,mi) -- new lexer
+            return (i,mi)

 getBNFCRules :: Options -> FilePath -> IOE [BNFCRule]
 getBNFCRules opts fpath = do
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GrammarToCanonical.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GrammarToCanonical.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+-- | Translate grammars to Canonical form
+-- (a common intermediate representation to simplify export to other formats)
+module GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical(
+       grammar2canonical,abstract2canonical,concretes2canonical,
+       projection,selection
+       ) where
+import Data.List(nub,partition)
+import qualified Data.Map as M
+import qualified Data.Set as S
+import GF.Data.ErrM
+import GF.Text.Pretty
+import GF.Grammar.Grammar
+import GF.Grammar.Lookup(lookupOrigInfo,allOrigInfos,allParamValues)
+import GF.Grammar.Macros(typeForm,collectOp,collectPattOp,mkAbs,mkApp,term2patt)
+import GF.Grammar.Lockfield(isLockLabel)
+import GF.Grammar.Predef(cPredef,cInts)
+import GF.Compile.Compute.Predef(predef)
+import GF.Compile.Compute.Value(Predefined(..))
+import GF.Infra.Ident(ModuleName(..),Ident,prefixIdent,showIdent,isWildIdent)
+import GF.Infra.Option(optionsPGF)
+import PGF2.Internal(Literal(..))
+import GF.Compile.Compute.ConcreteNew(normalForm,resourceValues)
+import GF.Grammar.Canonical as C
+import Debug.Trace
+
+-- | Generate Canonical code for the named abstract syntax and all associated
+-- concrete syntaxes
+grammar2canonical opts absname gr =
+   Grammar (abstract2canonical absname gr)
+           (map snd (concretes2canonical opts absname gr))
+
+-- | Generate Canonical code for the named abstract syntax
+abstract2canonical absname gr =
+    Abstract (modId absname) (convFlags gr absname) cats funs
+  where
+    cats = [CatDef (gId c) (convCtx ctx) | ((_,c),AbsCat ctx) <- adefs]
+
+    funs = [FunDef (gId f) (convType ty) |
+            ((_,f),AbsFun (Just (L _ ty)) ma mdef _) <- adefs]
+
+    adefs = allOrigInfos gr absname
+
+    convCtx = maybe [] (map convHypo . unLoc)
+    convHypo (bt,name,t) =
+      case typeForm t of
+        ([],(_,cat),[]) -> gId cat -- !!
+
+    convType t =
+      case typeForm t of
+        (hyps,(_,cat),args) -> Type bs (TypeApp (gId cat) as)
+          where
+            bs = map convHypo' hyps
+            as = map convType args
+
+    convHypo' (bt,name,t) = TypeBinding (gId name) (convType t)
+
+
+-- | Generate Canonical code for the all concrete syntaxes associated with
+-- the named abstract syntax in given the grammar.
+concretes2canonical opts absname gr =
+  [(cncname,concrete2canonical gr cenv absname cnc cncmod)
+     | let cenv = resourceValues opts gr,
+       cnc<-allConcretes gr absname,
+       let cncname = "canonical/"++render cnc ++ ".gf" :: FilePath
+           Ok cncmod = lookupModule gr cnc
+  ]
+
+-- | Generate Canonical GF for the given concrete module.
+concrete2canonical gr cenv absname cnc modinfo =
+  Concrete (modId cnc) (modId absname) (convFlags gr cnc)
+      (neededParamTypes S.empty (params defs))
+      [lincat|(_,Left lincat)<-defs]
+      [lin|(_,Right lin)<-defs]
+  where
+    defs = concatMap (toCanonical gr absname cenv) . 
+           M.toList $
+           jments modinfo
+
+    params = S.toList . S.unions . map fst
+
+    neededParamTypes have [] = []
+    neededParamTypes have (q:qs) =
+        if q `S.member` have
+        then neededParamTypes have qs
+        else let ((got,need),def) = paramType gr q
+             in def++neededParamTypes (S.union got have) (S.toList need++qs)
+
+toCanonical gr absname cenv (name,jment) =
+  case jment of
+    CncCat (Just (L loc typ)) _ _ pprn _ ->
+        [(pts,Left (LincatDef (gId name) (convType ntyp)))]
+      where
+        pts = paramTypes gr ntyp
+        ntyp = nf loc typ
+    CncFun (Just r@(cat,ctx,lincat)) (Just (L loc def)) pprn _ ->
+        [(tts,Right (LinDef (gId name) (map gId args) (convert gr e')))]
+      where
+        tts = tableTypes gr [e']
+
+        e' = unAbs (length params) $
+             nf loc (mkAbs params (mkApp def (map Vr args)))
+        params = [(b,x)|(b,x,_)<-ctx]
+        args = map snd params
+
+    AnyInd _ m  -> case lookupOrigInfo gr (m,name) of
+                     Ok (m,jment) -> toCanonical gr absname cenv (name,jment)
+                     _ -> []
+    _ -> []
+  where
+    nf loc = normalForm cenv (L loc name)
+--  aId n = prefixIdent "A." (gId n)
+
+    unAbs 0 t = t
+    unAbs n (Abs _ _ t) = unAbs (n-1) t
+    unAbs _ t = t
+
+tableTypes gr ts = S.unions (map tabtys ts)
+  where
+    tabtys t =
+      case t of
+        V t cc -> S.union (paramTypes gr t) (tableTypes gr cc)
+        T (TTyped t) cs -> S.union (paramTypes gr t) (tableTypes gr (map snd cs))
+        _ -> collectOp tabtys t
+
+paramTypes gr t =
+  case t of
+    RecType fs -> S.unions (map (paramTypes gr.snd) fs)
+    Table t1 t2 -> S.union (paramTypes gr t1) (paramTypes gr t2)
+    App tf ta -> S.union (paramTypes gr tf) (paramTypes gr ta)
+    Sort _ -> S.empty
+    EInt _ -> S.empty
+    Q q -> lookup q
+    QC q -> lookup q
+    FV ts -> S.unions (map (paramTypes gr) ts)
+    _ -> ignore
+  where
+    lookup q = case lookupOrigInfo gr q of
+                 Ok (_,ResOper  _ (Just (L _ t))) ->
+                                       S.insert q (paramTypes gr t)
+                 Ok (_,ResParam {}) -> S.singleton q
+                 _ -> ignore
+
+    ignore = trace ("Ignore: "++show t) S.empty
+
+
+convert gr = convert' gr []
+
+convert' gr vs = ppT
+  where
+    ppT0 = convert' gr vs
+    ppTv vs' = convert' gr vs'
+
+    ppT t =
+      case t of
+--      Abs b x t -> ...
+--      V ty ts -> VTableValue (convType ty) (map ppT ts)
+        V ty ts -> TableValue (convType ty) [TableRow (ppP p) (ppT t)|(p,t)<-zip ps ts]
+          where
+            Ok pts = allParamValues gr ty
+            Ok ps = mapM term2patt pts
+        T (TTyped ty) cs -> TableValue (convType ty) (map ppCase cs)
+        S t p -> selection (ppT t) (ppT p)
+        C t1 t2 -> concatValue (ppT t1) (ppT t2)
+        App f a -> ap (ppT f) (ppT a)
+        R r -> RecordValue (fields r)
+        P t l -> projection (ppT t) (lblId l)
+        Vr x -> VarValue (gId x)
+        Cn x -> VarValue (gId x) -- hmm
+        Con c -> ParamConstant (Param (gId c) [])
+        Sort k -> VarValue (gId k)
+        EInt n -> LiteralValue (IntConstant n)
+        Q (m,n) -> if m==cPredef then ppPredef n else VarValue ((gQId m n))
+        QC (m,n) -> ParamConstant (Param ((gQId m n)) [])
+        K s -> LiteralValue (StrConstant s)
+        Empty -> LiteralValue (StrConstant "")
+        FV ts -> VariantValue (map ppT ts)
+        Alts t' vs -> alts vs (ppT t')
+        _ -> error $ "convert' "++show t
+
+    ppCase (p,t) = TableRow (ppP p) (ppTv (patVars p++vs) t)
+
+    ppPredef n =
+      case predef n of
+        Ok BIND       -> p "BIND"
+        Ok SOFT_BIND  -> p "SOFT_BIND"
+        Ok SOFT_SPACE -> p "SOFT_SPACE"
+        Ok CAPIT      -> p "CAPIT"
+        Ok ALL_CAPIT  -> p "ALL_CAPIT"
+        _ -> VarValue (gQId cPredef n) -- hmm
+      where
+       p = PredefValue . PredefId
+      
+    ppP p =
+      case p of
+        PC c ps -> ParamPattern (Param (gId c) (map ppP ps))
+        PP (m,c) ps -> ParamPattern (Param ((gQId m c)) (map ppP ps))
+        PR r -> RecordPattern (fields r) {-
+        PW -> WildPattern
+        PV x -> VarP x
+        PString s -> Lit (show s) -- !!
+        PInt i -> Lit (show i)
+        PFloat x -> Lit (show x)
+        PT _ p -> ppP p
+        PAs x p -> AsP x (ppP p) -}
+      where
+        fields = map field . filter (not.isLockLabel.fst)
+        field (l,p) = RecordRow (lblId l) (ppP p)
+
+--  patToParam p = case ppP p of ParamPattern pv -> pv
+
+--  token s = single (c "TK" `Ap` lit s)
+
+    alts vs = PreValue (map alt vs)
+      where
+        alt (t,p) = (pre p,ppT0 t)
+
+        pre (K s) = [s]
+        pre Empty = [""]  -- Empty == K ""
+        pre (Strs ts) = concatMap pre ts
+        pre (EPatt p) = pat p
+        pre t = error $ "pre "++show t
+
+        pat (PString s) = [s]
+        pat (PAlt p1 p2) = pat p1++pat p2
+        pat (PSeq p1 p2) = [s1++s2 | s1<-pat p1, s2<-pat p2]
+        pat p = error $ "pat "++show p
+
+    fields = map field . filter (not.isLockLabel.fst)
+    field (l,(_,t)) = RecordRow (lblId l) (ppT t)
+  --c = Const
+  --c = VarValue . VarValueId
+  --lit s = c (show s) -- hmm
+
+    ap f a = case f of
+               ParamConstant (Param p ps) ->
+                 ParamConstant (Param p (ps++[a]))
+               _ -> error $ "convert' ap: "++render (ppA f <+> ppA a)
+
+concatValue v1 v2 =
+  case (v1,v2) of
+    (LiteralValue (StrConstant ""),_) -> v2
+    (_,LiteralValue (StrConstant "")) -> v1
+    _ -> ConcatValue v1 v2
+
+-- | Smart constructor for projections
+projection r l = maybe (Projection r l) id (proj r l)
+
+proj r l =
+  case r of
+    RecordValue r -> case [v|RecordRow l' v<-r,l'==l] of
+                          [v] -> Just v
+                          _ -> Nothing
+    _ -> Nothing
+
+-- | Smart constructor for selections
+selection t v =
+  -- Note: impossible cases can become possible after grammar transformation
+  case t of
+    TableValue tt r ->
+        case nub [rv|TableRow _ rv<-keep] of
+          [rv] -> rv
+          _ -> Selection (TableValue tt r') v
+      where
+        -- Don't introduce wildcard patterns, true to the canonical format,
+        -- annotate (or eliminate) rhs in impossible rows
+        r' = map trunc r
+        trunc r@(TableRow p e) = if mightMatchRow v r
+                                 then r
+                                 else TableRow p (impossible e)
+        {-
+        -- Creates smaller tables, but introduces wildcard patterns
+        r' = if null discard
+             then r
+             else keep++[TableRow WildPattern impossible]
+        -}
+        (keep,discard) = partition (mightMatchRow v) r
+    _ -> Selection t v
+
+impossible = CommentedValue "impossible"
+
+mightMatchRow v (TableRow p _) =
+  case p of
+    WildPattern -> True
+    _ -> mightMatch v p
+
+mightMatch v p =
+  case v of
+    ConcatValue _ _ -> False
+    ParamConstant (Param c1 pvs) ->
+      case p of
+        ParamPattern (Param c2 pps) -> c1==c2 && length pvs==length pps &&
+                                       and [mightMatch v p|(v,p)<-zip pvs pps]
+        _ -> False
+    RecordValue rv ->
+      case p of
+        RecordPattern rp ->
+          and [maybe False (flip mightMatch p) (proj v l) | RecordRow l p<-rp]
+        _ -> False
+    _ -> True
+
+patVars p =
+  case p of
+    PV x -> [x]
+    PAs x p -> x:patVars p
+    _ -> collectPattOp patVars p
+
+convType = ppT
+  where
+    ppT t =
+      case t of
+        Table ti tv -> TableType (ppT ti) (ppT tv)
+        RecType rt -> RecordType (convFields rt)
+--      App tf ta -> TAp (ppT tf) (ppT ta)
+--      FV [] -> tcon0 (identS "({-empty variant-})")
+        Sort k -> convSort k
+--      EInt n -> tcon0 (identS ("({-"++show n++"-})")) -- type level numeric literal
+        FV (t:ts) -> ppT t -- !!
+        QC (m,n) -> ParamType (ParamTypeId ((gQId m n)))
+        Q (m,n) -> ParamType (ParamTypeId ((gQId m n)))
+        _ -> error $ "Missing case in convType for: "++show t
+
+    convFields = map convField . filter (not.isLockLabel.fst)
+    convField (l,r) = RecordRow (lblId l) (ppT r)
+
+    convSort k = case showIdent k of
+                   "Float" -> FloatType
+                   "Int" -> IntType
+                   "Str" -> StrType
+                   _ -> error ("convSort "++show k)
+
+toParamType t = case convType t of
+                  ParamType pt -> pt
+                  _ -> error ("toParamType "++show t)
+
+toParamId t = case toParamType t of
+                   ParamTypeId p -> p
+
+paramType gr q@(_,n) =
+    case lookupOrigInfo gr q of
+      Ok (m,ResParam (Just (L _ ps)) _)
+       {- - | m/=cPredef && m/=moduleNameS "Prelude"-} ->
+         ((S.singleton (m,n),argTypes ps),
+          [ParamDef name (map (param m) ps)]
+         )
+       where name = (gQId m n)
+      Ok (m,ResOper  _ (Just (L _ t)))
+        | m==cPredef && n==cInts ->
+           ((S.empty,S.empty),[]) {-
+           ((S.singleton (m,n),S.empty),
+            [Type (ConAp ((gQId m n)) [identS "n"]) (TId (identS "Int"))])-}
+        | otherwise ->
+           ((S.singleton (m,n),paramTypes gr t),
+            [ParamAliasDef ((gQId m n)) (convType t)])
+      _ -> ((S.empty,S.empty),[])
+  where
+    param m (n,ctx,_) = Param ((gQId m n)) [toParamId t|(_,_,t)<-ctx]
+    argTypes = S.unions . map argTypes1
+    argTypes1 (n,ctx,_) = S.unions [paramTypes gr t|(_,_,t)<-ctx]
+
+lblId = LabelId . render -- hmm
+modId (MN m) = ModId (showIdent m)
+
+class FromIdent i where gId :: Ident -> i
+
+instance FromIdent VarId where
+  gId i = if isWildIdent i then Anonymous else VarId (showIdent i)
+
+instance FromIdent C.FunId where gId = C.FunId . showIdent
+instance FromIdent CatId where gId = CatId . showIdent
+instance FromIdent ParamId where gId = ParamId . unqual
+instance FromIdent VarValueId where gId = VarValueId . unqual
+
+class FromIdent i => QualIdent i where gQId :: ModuleName -> Ident -> i
+
+instance QualIdent ParamId    where gQId m n = ParamId (qual m n)
+instance QualIdent VarValueId where gQId m n = VarValueId (qual m n)
+
+qual m n = Qual (modId m) (showIdent n)
+unqual n = Unqual (showIdent n)
+
+convFlags gr mn =
+  Flags [(n,convLit v) |
+         (n,v)<-err (const []) (optionsPGF.mflags) (lookupModule gr mn)]
+  where
+    convLit l =
+      case l of
+        LStr s -> Str s
+        LInt i -> C.Int i
+        LFlt d -> Flt d
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GrammarToPGF.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GrammarToPGF.hs
@@ -1,23 +1,17 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns, FlexibleContexts #-}
-module GF.Compile.GrammarToPGF (mkCanon2pgf) where
+{-# LANGUAGE ImplicitParams, BangPatterns, FlexibleContexts, MagicHash #-}
+module GF.Compile.GrammarToPGF (grammar2PGF) where

--import GF.Compile.Export
 import GF.Compile.GeneratePMCFG
 import GF.Compile.GenerateBC
+import GF.Compile.OptimizePGF

-import PGF(CId,mkCId,utf8CId)
-import PGF.Internal(fidInt,fidFloat,fidString,fidVar)
-import PGF.Internal(updateProductionIndices)
--import qualified PGF.Macros as CM
-import qualified PGF.Internal as C
-import qualified PGF.Internal as D
+import PGF2 hiding (mkType)
+import PGF2.Internal
 import GF.Grammar.Predef
--import GF.Grammar.Printer
-import GF.Grammar.Grammar
+import GF.Grammar.Grammar hiding (Production)
 import qualified GF.Grammar.Lookup as Look
 import qualified GF.Grammar as A
 import qualified GF.Grammar.Macros as GM
--import GF.Compile.GeneratePMCFG

 import GF.Infra.Ident
 import GF.Infra.Option
@@ -25,108 +19,141 @@ import GF.Infra.UseIO (IOE)
 import GF.Data.Operations

 import Data.List
+import Data.Char
 import qualified Data.Set as Set
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
 import Data.Array.IArray
+import Data.Maybe(fromMaybe)

-mkCanon2pgf :: Options -> SourceGrammar -> ModuleName -> IOE D.PGF
-mkCanon2pgf opts gr am = do
-  (an,abs) <- mkAbstr am
-  cncs     <- mapM mkConcr (allConcretes gr am)
-  return $ updateProductionIndices (D.PGF Map.empty an abs (Map.fromList cncs))
+import GHC.Prim
+import GHC.Base(getTag)
+
+grammar2PGF :: Options -> SourceGrammar -> ModuleName -> Map.Map PGF2.Fun Double -> IO PGF
+grammar2PGF opts gr am probs = do
+  cnc_infos <- getConcreteInfos gr am
+  return $
+    build (let gflags   = if flag optSplitPGF opts 
+                            then [("split", LStr "true")]
+                            else []
+               (an,abs) = mkAbstr am probs
+               cncs     = map (mkConcr opts abs) cnc_infos
+           in newPGF gflags an abs cncs)
  where
    cenv = resourceValues opts gr
+    aflags = err (const noOptions) mflags (lookupModule gr am)

-    mkAbstr am = return (mi2i am, D.Abstr flags funs cats)
+    mkAbstr :: (?builder :: Builder s) => ModuleName -> Map.Map PGF2.Fun Double -> (AbsName, B s AbstrInfo)
+    mkAbstr am probs = (mi2i am, newAbstr flags cats funs)
      where
-        aflags = err (const noOptions) mflags (lookupModule gr am)
-
        adefs =
            [((cPredefAbs,c), AbsCat (Just (L NoLoc []))) | c <- [cFloat,cInt,cString]] ++ 
            Look.allOrigInfos gr am

-        flags = Map.fromList [(mkCId f,x) | (f,x) <- optionsPGF aflags]
+        flags = optionsPGF aflags

-        funs = Map.fromList [(i2i f, (mkType [] ty, arity, mkDef gr arity mdef, 0)) | 
+        toLogProb = realToFrac . negate . log
+
+        cats = [(c', snd (mkContext [] cont), toLogProb (fromMaybe 0 (Map.lookup c' probs))) |
+                                   ((m,c),AbsCat (Just (L _ cont))) <- adefs, let c' = i2i c]
+
+        funs = [(f', mkType [] ty, arity, bcode, toLogProb (fromMaybe 0 (Map.lookup f' funs_probs))) |
                                   ((m,f),AbsFun (Just (L _ ty)) ma mdef _) <- adefs,
-                                   let arity = mkArity ma mdef ty]
+                                   let arity = mkArity ma mdef ty,
+                                   let bcode = mkDef gr arity mdef,
+                                   let f' = i2i f]
+                                   
+        funs_probs = (Map.fromList . concat . Map.elems . fmap pad . Map.fromListWith (++))
+                        [(i2i cat,[(i2i f,Map.lookup f' probs)]) | ((m,f),AbsFun (Just (L _ ty)) _ _ _) <- adefs,
+                                                                   let (_,(_,cat),_) = GM.typeForm ty,
+                                                                   let f' = i2i f]
+          where
+            pad :: [(a,Maybe Double)] -> [(a,Double)]
+            pad pfs = [(f,fromMaybe deflt mb_p) | (f,mb_p) <- pfs]
+              where
+                deflt = case length [f | (f,Nothing) <- pfs] of
+                          0 -> 0
+                          n -> max 0 ((1 - sum [d | (f,Just d) <- pfs]) / fromIntegral n)

-        cats = Map.fromList [(i2i c, (snd (mkContext [] cont),catfuns c, 0)) |
-                                   ((m,c),AbsCat (Just (L _ cont))) <- adefs]
+    mkConcr opts abs (cm,ex_seqs,cdefs) =
+      let cflags = err (const noOptions) mflags (lookupModule gr cm)
+          ciCmp | flag optCaseSensitive cflags = compare
+                | otherwise                    = compareCaseInsensitive

-        catfuns cat =
-              [(0,i2i f) | ((m,f),AbsFun (Just (L _ ty)) _ _ (Just True)) <- adefs, snd (GM.valCat ty) == cat]
-
-    mkConcr cm = do
-      let cflags  = err (const noOptions) mflags (lookupModule gr cm)
-
-      (ex_seqs,cdefs) <- addMissingPMCFGs
-                            Map.empty 
-                            ([((cPredefAbs,c), CncCat (Just (L NoLoc GM.defLinType)) Nothing Nothing Nothing Nothing) | c <- [cInt,cFloat,cString]] ++
-                             Look.allOrigInfos gr cm)
-
-      let flags = Map.fromList [(mkCId f,x) | (f,x) <- optionsPGF cflags]
+          flags = optionsPGF aflags

          seqs = (mkSetArray . Set.fromList . concat) $
-                     (Map.keys ex_seqs : [maybe [] elems (mseqs mi) | (m,mi) <- allExtends gr cm])
-
-          ex_seqs_arr = mkMapArray ex_seqs :: Array SeqId Sequence
+                       (elems (ex_seqs :: Array SeqId [Symbol]) : [maybe [] elems (mseqs mi) | (m,mi) <- allExtends gr cm])

          !(!fid_cnt1,!cnccats) = genCncCats gr am cm cdefs
+          cnccat_ranges = Map.fromList (map (\(cid,s,e,_) -> (cid,(s,e))) cnccats)
          !(!fid_cnt2,!productions,!lindefs,!linrefs,!cncfuns)
-                                = genCncFuns gr am cm ex_seqs_arr seqs cdefs fid_cnt1 cnccats
-        
+                                = genCncFuns gr am cm ex_seqs ciCmp seqs cdefs fid_cnt1 cnccat_ranges
+
          printnames = genPrintNames cdefs
-      return (mi2i cm, D.Concr flags
-                              printnames
-                              cncfuns
-                              lindefs
-                              linrefs
-                              seqs
-                              productions
-                              IntMap.empty
-                              Map.empty
-                              cnccats
-                              IntMap.empty
-                              fid_cnt2)
+
+          startCat = (fromMaybe "S" (flag optStartCat aflags))
+
+          (lindefs',linrefs',productions',cncfuns',sequences',cnccats') =
+               (if flag optOptimizePGF opts then optimizePGF startCat else id)
+                    (lindefs,linrefs,productions,cncfuns,elems seqs,cnccats)
+
+      in (mi2i cm, newConcr abs
+                            flags
+                            printnames
+                            lindefs'
+                            linrefs'
+                            productions'
+                            cncfuns'
+                            sequences'
+                            cnccats'
+                            fid_cnt2)
+
+    getConcreteInfos gr am = mapM flatten (allConcretes gr am)
      where
+        flatten cm = do
+          (seqs,infos) <- addMissingPMCFGs cm Map.empty
+                                           (lit_infos ++ Look.allOrigInfos gr cm)
+          return (cm,mkMapArray seqs :: Array SeqId [Symbol],infos)
+
+        lit_infos = [((cPredefAbs,c), CncCat (Just (L NoLoc GM.defLinType)) Nothing Nothing Nothing Nothing) | c <- [cInt,cFloat,cString]]
+
        -- if some module was compiled with -no-pmcfg, then
        -- we have to create the PMCFG code just before linking
-        addMissingPMCFGs seqs []                  = return (seqs,[])
-        addMissingPMCFGs seqs (((m,id), info):is) = do
-          (seqs,info) <- addPMCFG opts gr cenv Nothing am cm seqs id info
-          (seqs,is  ) <- addMissingPMCFGs seqs is
-          return (seqs, ((m,id), info) : is)
+        addMissingPMCFGs cm seqs []                  = return (seqs,[])
+        addMissingPMCFGs cm seqs (((m,id), info):is) = do
+          (seqs,info)  <- addPMCFG opts gr cenv Nothing am cm seqs id info
+          (seqs,infos) <- addMissingPMCFGs cm seqs is
+          return (seqs, ((m,id), info) : infos)

-i2i :: Ident -> CId
-i2i = utf8CId . ident2utf8
+i2i :: Ident -> String
+i2i = showIdent

-mi2i :: ModuleName -> CId
+mi2i :: ModuleName -> String
 mi2i (MN i) = i2i i

-mkType :: [Ident] -> A.Type -> C.Type
+mkType :: (?builder :: Builder s) => [Ident] -> A.Type -> B s PGF2.Type
 mkType scope t =
  case GM.typeForm t of
    (hyps,(_,cat),args) -> let (scope',hyps') = mkContext scope hyps
-                           in C.DTyp hyps' (i2i cat) (map (mkExp scope') args)
+                           in dTyp hyps' (i2i cat) (map (mkExp scope') args)

-mkExp :: [Ident] -> A.Term -> C.Expr
-mkExp scope t = 
+mkExp :: (?builder :: Builder s) => [Ident] -> A.Term -> B s Expr
+mkExp scope t =
  case t of
-    Q (_,c)  -> C.EFun (i2i c)
-    QC (_,c) -> C.EFun (i2i c)
+    Q (_,c)  -> eFun (i2i c)
+    QC (_,c) -> eFun (i2i c)
    Vr x     -> case lookup x (zip scope [0..]) of
-                  Just i  -> C.EVar  i
-                  Nothing -> C.EMeta 0
-    Abs b x t-> C.EAbs b (i2i x) (mkExp (x:scope) t)
-    App t1 t2-> C.EApp (mkExp scope t1) (mkExp scope t2)
-    EInt i   -> C.ELit (C.LInt (fromIntegral i))
-    EFloat f -> C.ELit (C.LFlt f)
-    K s      -> C.ELit (C.LStr s)
-    Meta i   -> C.EMeta i
-    _        -> C.EMeta 0
-
+                  Just i  -> eVar  i
+                  Nothing -> eMeta 0
+    Abs b x t-> eAbs b (i2i x) (mkExp (x:scope) t)
+    App t1 t2-> eApp (mkExp scope t1) (mkExp scope t2)
+    EInt i   -> eLit (LInt (fromIntegral i))
+    EFloat f -> eLit (LFlt f)
+    K s      -> eLit (LStr s)
+    Meta i   -> eMeta i
+    _        -> eMeta 0
+{-
 mkPatt scope p = 
  case p of
    A.PP (_,c) ps->let (scope',ps') = mapAccumL mkPatt scope ps
@@ -141,66 +168,64 @@ mkPatt scope p =
    A.PImplArg p-> let (scope',p') = mkPatt scope p
                   in (scope',C.PImplArg p')
    A.PTilde t  -> (  scope,C.PTilde (mkExp scope t))
-
-mkContext :: [Ident] -> A.Context -> ([Ident],[C.Hypo])
+-}
+mkContext :: (?builder :: Builder s) => [Ident] -> A.Context -> ([Ident],[B s PGF2.Hypo])
 mkContext scope hyps = mapAccumL (\scope (bt,x,ty) -> let ty' = mkType scope ty
                                                      in if x == identW
-                                                           then (  scope,(bt,i2i x,ty'))
-                                                           else (x:scope,(bt,i2i x,ty'))) scope hyps 
+                                                           then (  scope,hypo bt (i2i x) ty')
+                                                           else (x:scope,hypo bt (i2i x) ty')) scope hyps 

-mkDef gr arity (Just eqs) = Just ([C.Equ ps' (mkExp scope' e) | L _ (ps,e) <- eqs, let (scope',ps') = mapAccumL mkPatt [] ps]
-                                 ,generateByteCode gr arity eqs
-                                 )
-mkDef gr arity Nothing    = Nothing
+mkDef gr arity (Just eqs) = generateByteCode gr arity eqs
+mkDef gr arity Nothing    = []

 mkArity (Just a) _        ty = a   -- known arity, i.e. defined function
 mkArity Nothing  (Just _) ty = 0   -- defined function with no arity - must be an axiom
 mkArity Nothing  _        ty = let (ctxt, _, _) = GM.typeForm ty  -- constructor
                               in length ctxt

-genCncCats gr am cm cdefs =
-  let (index,cats) = mkCncCats 0 cdefs
-  in (index, Map.fromList cats)
+genCncCats gr am cm cdefs = mkCncCats 0 cdefs
  where
    mkCncCats index []                                                = (index,[])
    mkCncCats index (((m,id),CncCat (Just (L _ lincat)) _ _ _ _):cdefs) 
      | id == cInt    = 
-            let cc            = pgfCncCat gr lincat fidInt
+            let cc            = pgfCncCat gr (i2i id) lincat fidInt
                (index',cats) = mkCncCats index cdefs
-            in (index', (i2i id,cc) : cats)
+            in (index', cc : cats)
      | id == cFloat  = 
-            let cc            = pgfCncCat gr lincat fidFloat
+            let cc            = pgfCncCat gr (i2i id) lincat fidFloat
                (index',cats) = mkCncCats index cdefs
-            in (index', (i2i id,cc) : cats)
+            in (index', cc : cats)
      | id == cString = 
-            let cc            = pgfCncCat gr lincat fidString
+            let cc            = pgfCncCat gr (i2i id) lincat fidString
                (index',cats) = mkCncCats index cdefs
-            in (index', (i2i id,cc) : cats)
+            in (index', cc : cats)
      | otherwise     =
-            let cc@(C.CncCat _s e _) = pgfCncCat gr lincat index
-                (index',cats)        = mkCncCats (e+1) cdefs
-            in (index', (i2i id,cc) : cats)
-    mkCncCats index (_                      :cdefs) = mkCncCats index cdefs
+            let cc@(_, _s, e, _) = pgfCncCat gr (i2i id) lincat index
+                (index',cats)    = mkCncCats (e+1) cdefs
+            in (index', cc : cats)
+    mkCncCats index (_                                          :cdefs) = mkCncCats index cdefs

 genCncFuns :: Grammar
           -> ModuleName
           -> ModuleName
-           -> Array SeqId Sequence
-           -> Array SeqId Sequence
+           -> Array SeqId [Symbol]
+           -> ([Symbol] -> [Symbol] -> Ordering)
+           -> Array SeqId [Symbol]
           -> [(QIdent, Info)]
           -> FId
-           -> Map.Map CId D.CncCat
+           -> Map.Map PGF2.Cat (Int,Int)
           -> (FId,
-               IntMap.IntMap (Set.Set D.Production),
-               IntMap.IntMap [FunId],
-               IntMap.IntMap [FunId],
-               Array FunId D.CncFun)
-genCncFuns gr am cm ex_seqs seqs cdefs fid_cnt cnccats =
+               [(FId, [Production])],
+               [(FId, [FunId])],
+               [(FId, [FunId])],
+               [(PGF2.Fun,[SeqId])])
+genCncFuns gr am cm ex_seqs ciCmp seqs cdefs fid_cnt cnccat_ranges =
  let (fid_cnt1,funs_cnt1,funs1,lindefs,linrefs) = mkCncCats cdefs fid_cnt  0 [] IntMap.empty IntMap.empty
-      (fid_cnt2,funs_cnt2,funs2,prods)           = mkCncFuns cdefs fid_cnt1 funs_cnt1 funs1 lindefs Map.empty IntMap.empty
-  in (fid_cnt2,prods,lindefs,linrefs,array (0,funs_cnt2-1) funs2)
+      (fid_cnt2,funs_cnt2,funs2,prods0)          = mkCncFuns cdefs fid_cnt1 funs_cnt1 funs1 lindefs Map.empty IntMap.empty
+      prods                                      = [(fid,Set.toList prodSet) | (fid,prodSet) <- IntMap.toList prods0]
+  in (fid_cnt2,prods,IntMap.toList lindefs,IntMap.toList linrefs,reverse funs2)
  where
-    mkCncCats []                                                        fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs linrefs =
+    mkCncCats []                                                          fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs linrefs =
      (fid_cnt,funs_cnt,funs,lindefs,linrefs)
    mkCncCats (((m,id),CncCat _ _ _ _ (Just (PMCFG prods0 funs0))):cdefs) fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs linrefs =
      let !funs_cnt' = let (s_funid, e_funid) = bounds funs0
@@ -209,17 +234,16 @@ genCncFuns gr am cm ex_seqs seqs cdefs fid_cnt cnccats =
          linrefs'   = foldl' (toLinRef (am,id) funs_cnt) linrefs prods0
          funs'      = foldl' (toCncFun funs_cnt (m,mkLinDefId id)) funs (assocs funs0)
      in mkCncCats cdefs fid_cnt funs_cnt' funs' lindefs' linrefs'
-    mkCncCats (_                                                :cdefs) fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs linrefs =
+    mkCncCats (_                                                  :cdefs) fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs linrefs =
      mkCncCats cdefs fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs linrefs

    mkCncFuns []                                                        fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs crc prods =
      (fid_cnt,funs_cnt,funs,prods)
    mkCncFuns (((m,id),CncFun _ _ _ (Just (PMCFG prods0 funs0))):cdefs) fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs crc prods =
-      let ---Ok ty_C        = fmap GM.typeForm (Look.lookupFunType gr am id)
-          ty_C           = err error (\x -> x) $ fmap GM.typeForm (Look.lookupFunType gr am id)
+      let ty_C           = err error (\x -> x) $ fmap GM.typeForm (Look.lookupFunType gr am id)
          !funs_cnt'     = let (s_funid, e_funid) = bounds funs0
                           in funs_cnt+(e_funid-s_funid+1)
-          !(fid_cnt',crc',prods') 
+          !(fid_cnt',crc',prods')
                         = foldl' (toProd lindefs ty_C funs_cnt)
                                  (fid_cnt,crc,prods) prods0
          funs'          = foldl' (toCncFun funs_cnt (m,id)) funs (assocs funs0)
@@ -227,23 +251,23 @@ genCncFuns gr am cm ex_seqs seqs cdefs fid_cnt cnccats =
    mkCncFuns (_                                                :cdefs) fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs crc prods = 
      mkCncFuns cdefs fid_cnt funs_cnt funs lindefs crc prods

-    toProd lindefs (ctxt_C,res_C,_) offs st (Production fid0 funid0 args0) =
-      let !((fid_cnt,crc,prods),args) = mapAccumL mkArg st (zip ctxt_C args0) 
-          set0    = Set.fromList (map (C.PApply (offs+funid0)) (sequence args))
+    toProd lindefs (ctxt_C,res_C,_) offs st (A.Production fid0 funid0 args0) =
+      let !((fid_cnt,crc,prods),args) = mapAccumL mkArg st (zip ctxt_C args0)
+          set0    = Set.fromList (map (PApply (offs+funid0)) (sequence args))
          fid     = mkFId res_C fid0
          !prods' = case IntMap.lookup fid prods of
                     Just set -> IntMap.insert fid (Set.union set0 set) prods
                     Nothing  -> IntMap.insert fid set0 prods
      in (fid_cnt,crc,prods')
      where
-        mkArg st@(fid_cnt,crc,prods) ((_,_,ty),fid0s ) =
+        mkArg st@(fid_cnt,crc,prods) ((_,_,ty),fid0s) =
          case fid0s of
-            [fid0] -> (st,map (flip C.PArg (mkFId arg_C fid0)) ctxt)
+            [fid0] -> (st,map (flip PArg (mkFId arg_C fid0)) ctxt)
            fid0s  -> case Map.lookup fids crc of
-                        Just fid -> (st,map (flip C.PArg fid) ctxt)
+                        Just fid -> (st,map (flip PArg fid) ctxt)
                        Nothing  -> let !crc'   = Map.insert fids fid_cnt crc
-                                        !prods' = IntMap.insert fid_cnt (Set.fromList (map C.PCoerce fids)) prods
-                                    in ((fid_cnt+1,crc',prods'),map (flip C.PArg fid_cnt) ctxt)
+                                        !prods' = IntMap.insert fid_cnt (Set.fromList (map PCoerce fids)) prods
+                                    in ((fid_cnt+1,crc',prods'),map (flip PArg fid_cnt) ctxt)
          where
            (hargs_C,arg_C) = GM.catSkeleton ty
            ctxt = mapM (mkCtxt lindefs) hargs_C
@@ -251,14 +275,14 @@ genCncFuns gr am cm ex_seqs seqs cdefs fid_cnt cnccats =

    mkLinDefId id = prefixIdent "lindef " id

-    toLinDef res offs lindefs (Production fid0 funid0 args) =
+    toLinDef res offs lindefs (A.Production fid0 funid0 args) =
      if args == [[fidVar]]
        then IntMap.insertWith (++) fid [offs+funid0] lindefs
        else lindefs
      where
        fid = mkFId res fid0

-    toLinRef res offs linrefs (Production fid0 funid0 [fargs]) =
+    toLinRef res offs linrefs (A.Production fid0 funid0 [fargs]) =
      if fid0 == fidVar
        then foldr (\fid -> IntMap.insertWith (++) fid [offs+funid0]) linrefs fids
        else linrefs
@@ -266,25 +290,25 @@ genCncFuns gr am cm ex_seqs seqs cdefs fid_cnt cnccats =
        fids = map (mkFId res) fargs

    mkFId (_,cat) fid0 =
-      case Map.lookup (i2i cat) cnccats of
-        Just (C.CncCat s e _) -> s+fid0
-        Nothing               -> error ("GrammarToPGF.mkFId: missing category "++showIdent cat)
+      case Map.lookup (i2i cat) cnccat_ranges of
+        Just (s,e) -> s+fid0
+        Nothing    -> error ("GrammarToPGF.mkFId: missing category "++showIdent cat)

    mkCtxt lindefs (_,cat) =
-      case Map.lookup (i2i cat) cnccats of
-        Just (C.CncCat s e _) -> [(C.fidVar,fid) | fid <- [s..e], Just _ <- [IntMap.lookup fid lindefs]]
-        Nothing               -> error "GrammarToPGF.mkCtxt failed"
+      case Map.lookup (i2i cat) cnccat_ranges of
+        Just (s,e) -> [(fid,fid) | fid <- [s..e], Just _ <- [IntMap.lookup fid lindefs]]
+        Nothing    -> error "GrammarToPGF.mkCtxt failed"

    toCncFun offs (m,id) funs (funid0,lins0) =
      let mseqs = case lookupModule gr m of
                    Ok (ModInfo{mseqs=Just mseqs}) -> mseqs
                    _                              -> ex_seqs
-      in (offs+funid0,C.CncFun (i2i id) (amap (newIndex mseqs) lins0)):funs                                          
+      in (i2i id, map (newIndex mseqs) (elems lins0)):funs
      where
        newIndex mseqs i = binSearch (mseqs ! i) seqs (bounds seqs)
-           
+
        binSearch v arr (i,j)
-          | i <= j    = case compare v (arr ! k) of
+          | i <= j    = case ciCmp v (arr ! k) of
                          LT -> binSearch v arr (i,k-1)
                          EQ -> k
                          GT -> binSearch v arr (k+1,j)
@@ -292,8 +316,9 @@ genCncFuns gr am cm ex_seqs seqs cdefs fid_cnt cnccats =
          where
            k = (i+j) `div` 2

+
 genPrintNames cdefs =
-  Map.fromAscList [(i2i id, name) | ((m,id),info) <- cdefs, name <- prn info]
+  [(i2i id, name) | ((m,id),info) <- cdefs, name <- prn info]
  where
    prn (CncFun _ _   (Just (L _ tr)) _) = [flatten tr]
    prn (CncCat _ _ _ (Just (L _ tr)) _) = [flatten tr]
@@ -303,6 +328,120 @@ genPrintNames cdefs =
    flatten (Alts x _) = flatten x
    flatten (C x y)    = flatten x +++ flatten y

--mkArray    lst = listArray (0,length lst-1) lst
+mkArray    lst = listArray (0,length lst-1) lst
 mkMapArray map = array (0,Map.size map-1) [(v,k) | (k,v) <- Map.toList map]
-mkSetArray set = listArray (0,Set.size set-1) [v | v <- Set.toList set]
+mkSetArray set = listArray (0,Set.size set-1) (Set.toList set)
+
+-- The following is a version of Data.List.sortBy which together
+-- with the sorting also eliminates duplicate values 
+sortNubBy cmp = mergeAll . sequences
+  where
+    sequences (a:b:xs) =
+      case cmp a b of
+        GT -> descending b [a]  xs
+        EQ -> sequences (b:xs)
+        LT -> ascending  b (a:) xs
+    sequences xs = [xs]
+
+    descending a as []     = [a:as]
+    descending a as (b:bs) =
+      case cmp a b of
+        GT -> descending b (a:as) bs
+        EQ -> descending a as bs
+        LT -> (a:as) : sequences (b:bs)
+
+    ascending a as []     = let !x = as [a]
+                            in [x]
+    ascending a as (b:bs) =
+      case cmp a b of
+        GT -> let !x = as [a]
+              in x : sequences (b:bs)
+        EQ -> ascending a as bs
+        LT -> ascending b (\ys -> as (a:ys)) bs
+
+    mergeAll [x] = x
+    mergeAll xs  = mergeAll (mergePairs xs)
+
+    mergePairs (a:b:xs) = let !x = merge a b
+                          in x : mergePairs xs
+    mergePairs xs       = xs
+
+    merge as@(a:as') bs@(b:bs') =
+      case cmp a b of
+        GT -> b:merge as  bs'
+        EQ -> a:merge as' bs'
+        LT -> a:merge as' bs
+    merge [] bs         = bs
+    merge as []         = as
+
+-- The following function does case-insensitive comparison of sequences.
+-- This is used to allow case-insensitive parsing, while
+-- the linearizer still has access to the original cases.
+
+compareCaseInsensitive []     []     = EQ
+compareCaseInsensitive []     _      = LT
+compareCaseInsensitive _      []     = GT
+compareCaseInsensitive (x:xs) (y:ys) =
+  case compareSym x y of
+    EQ -> compareCaseInsensitive xs ys
+    x  -> x
+  where
+    compareSym s1 s2 =
+      case s1 of
+        SymCat d1 r1
+          -> case s2 of
+               SymCat d2 r2
+                 -> case compare d1 d2 of
+                      EQ -> r1 `compare` r2
+                      x  -> x
+               _ -> LT
+        SymLit d1 r1
+          -> case s2 of
+               SymCat {} -> GT
+               SymLit d2 r2
+                 -> case compare d1 d2 of
+                      EQ -> r1 `compare` r2
+                      x  -> x
+               _ -> LT
+        SymVar d1 r1
+          -> if tagToEnum# (getTag s2 ># 2#)
+               then LT
+               else case s2 of
+                      SymVar d2 r2
+                        -> case compare d1 d2 of
+                             EQ -> r1 `compare` r2
+                             x  -> x
+                      _ -> GT
+        SymKS t1
+          -> if tagToEnum# (getTag s2 ># 3#)
+               then LT
+               else case s2 of
+                      SymKS t2 -> t1 `compareToken` t2
+                      _          -> GT
+        SymKP a1 b1
+          -> if tagToEnum# (getTag s2 ># 4#)
+               then LT
+               else case s2 of
+                      SymKP a2 b2
+                        -> case compare a1 a2 of
+                             EQ -> b1 `compare` b2
+                             x  -> x
+                      _ -> GT
+        _ -> let t1 = getTag s1
+                 t2 = getTag s2
+             in if tagToEnum# (t1 <# t2) 
+                  then LT
+                  else if tagToEnum# (t1 ==# t2)
+                         then EQ
+                         else GT
+  
+    compareToken []     []     = EQ
+    compareToken []     _      = LT
+    compareToken _      []     = GT
+    compareToken (x:xs) (y:ys)
+      | x == y    = compareToken xs ys
+      | otherwise = case compare (toLower x) (toLower y) of
+                      EQ -> case compareToken xs ys of
+                              EQ -> compare x y
+                              x  -> x
+                      x  -> x
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Optimize.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Optimize.hs
@@ -21,23 +21,16 @@ import GF.Grammar.Printer
 import GF.Grammar.Macros
 import GF.Grammar.Lookup
 import GF.Grammar.Predef
--import GF.Compile.Refresh
--import GF.Compile.Compute.Concrete
 import GF.Compile.Compute.ConcreteNew(GlobalEnv,normalForm,resourceValues)
--import GF.Compile.CheckGrammar
--import GF.Compile.Update
-
 import GF.Data.Operations
--import GF.Infra.CheckM
 import GF.Infra.Option

 import Control.Monad
--import Data.List
 import qualified Data.Set as Set
+import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import GF.Text.Pretty
 import Debug.Trace

-
 -- | partial evaluation of concrete syntax. AR 6\/2001 -- 16\/5\/2003 -- 5\/2\/2005.

 optimizeModule :: Options -> SourceGrammar -> SourceModule -> Err SourceModule
@@ -54,7 +47,7 @@ optimizeModule opts sgr m@(name,mi)

   updateEvalInfo mi (i,info) = do
     info <- evalInfo oopts resenv sgr (name,mi) i info
-     return (mi{jments=updateTree (i,info) (jments mi)})
+     return (mi{jments=Map.insert i info (jments mi)})

 evalInfo :: Options -> GlobalEnv -> SourceGrammar -> SourceModule -> Ident -> Info -> Err Info
 evalInfo opts resenv sgr m c info = do
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/OptimizePGF.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/OptimizePGF.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}
+module GF.Compile.OptimizePGF(optimizePGF) where
+
+import PGF2(Cat,Fun)
+import PGF2.Internal
+import Data.Array.ST
+import Data.Array.Unboxed
+import qualified Data.Map as Map
+import qualified Data.Set as Set
+import qualified Data.IntSet as IntSet
+import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
+import qualified Data.List as List
+import Control.Monad.ST
+
+type ConcrData = ([(FId,[FunId])],          -- ^ Lindefs
+                  [(FId,[FunId])],          -- ^ Linrefs
+                  [(FId,[Production])],     -- ^ Productions
+                  [(Fun,[SeqId])],          -- ^ Concrete functions   (must be sorted by Fun)
+                  [[Symbol]],               -- ^ Sequences            (must be sorted)
+                  [(Cat,FId,FId,[String])]) -- ^ Concrete categories
+
+optimizePGF :: Cat -> ConcrData -> ConcrData
+optimizePGF startCat = topDownFilter startCat . bottomUpFilter
+
+catString = "String"
+catInt    = "Int"
+catFloat  = "Float"
+catVar    = "__gfVar"
+
+topDownFilter :: Cat -> ConcrData -> ConcrData
+topDownFilter startCat (lindefs,linrefs,prods,cncfuns,sequences,cnccats) =
+  let env0             = (Map.empty,Map.empty)
+      (env1,lindefs')  = List.mapAccumL (\env (fid,funids) -> let (env',funids') = List.mapAccumL (optimizeFun fid [PArg [] fidVar]) env funids in (env',(fid,funids')))
+                                        env0
+                                        lindefs
+      (env2,linrefs')  = List.mapAccumL (\env (fid,funids) -> let (env',funids') = List.mapAccumL (optimizeFun fidVar [PArg [] fid]) env funids in (env',(fid,funids')))
+                                        env1
+                                        linrefs
+      (env3,prods')    = List.mapAccumL (\env (fid,set)    -> let (env',set') = List.mapAccumL (optimizeProd fid) env set in (env',(fid,set')))
+                                        env2
+                                        prods
+      cnccats' = map filterCatLabels cnccats
+      (sequences',cncfuns') = env3
+  in (lindefs',linrefs',prods',mkSetArray cncfuns',mkSetArray  sequences',cnccats')
+  where
+    cncfuns_array   = listArray (0,length cncfuns-1)   cncfuns   :: Array FunId (Fun, [SeqId])
+    sequences_array = listArray (0,length sequences-1) sequences :: Array SeqId [Symbol]
+    prods_map  = IntMap.fromList prods
+    fid2catMap = IntMap.fromList ((fidVar,catVar) :  [(fid,cat) | (cat,start,end,lbls) <- cnccats,
+                                                                  fid <- [start..end]])
+
+    fid2cat fid =
+      case IntMap.lookup fid fid2catMap of
+        Just cat -> cat
+        Nothing  -> case [fid | Just set <- [IntMap.lookup fid prods_map], PCoerce fid <- set] of
+                      (fid:_) -> fid2cat fid
+                      _       -> error "unknown forest id"
+
+    starts =
+      [(startCat,lbl) | (cat,_,_,lbls) <- cnccats, cat==startCat, lbl <- [0..length lbls-1]]
+
+    allRelations =
+      Map.unionsWith Set.union
+                     [rel fid prod | (fid,set) <- prods, prod <- set]
+      where
+        rel fid (PApply funid args) = Map.fromList [((fid2cat fid,lbl),deps args seqid) | (lbl,seqid) <- zip [0..] lin]
+          where
+            (_,lin) = cncfuns_array ! funid
+        rel fid _                   = Map.empty
+
+        deps args seqid = Set.fromList [let PArg _ fid = args !! r in (fid2cat fid,d) | SymCat r d <- seq]
+          where
+            seq = sequences_array ! seqid
+
+    -- here we create a mapping from a category to an array of indices.
+    -- An element of the array is equal to -1 if the corresponding index
+    -- is not going to be used in the optimized grammar, or the new index
+    -- if it will be used
+    closure :: Map.Map Cat [Int]
+    closure = runST $ do
+      set <- initSet
+      addLitCat catString set
+      addLitCat catInt    set
+      addLitCat catFloat  set
+      addLitCat catVar    set
+      closureSet set starts
+      doneSet set
+      where
+        initSet :: ST s (Map.Map Cat (STUArray s Int Int))
+        initSet =
+          fmap Map.fromList $ sequence
+                        [fmap ((,) cat) (newArray (0,length lbls-1) (-1))
+                                             | (cat,_,_,lbls) <- cnccats]
+
+        addLitCat cat set =
+          case Map.lookup cat set of
+            Just indices -> writeArray indices 0 0
+            Nothing      -> return ()
+
+        closureSet set []                 = return ()
+        closureSet set (x@(cat,index):xs) =
+          case Map.lookup cat set of
+            Just indices -> do v <- readArray indices index
+                               writeArray indices index 0
+                               if v < 0
+                                 then case Map.lookup x allRelations of
+                                        Just ys -> closureSet set (Set.toList ys++xs)
+                                        Nothing -> closureSet set xs
+                                 else closureSet set xs
+            Nothing      -> error "unknown cat"
+
+        doneSet :: Map.Map Cat (STUArray s Int Int) -> ST s (Map.Map Cat [Int])
+        doneSet set =
+          fmap Map.fromAscList $ mapM done (Map.toAscList set)
+          where
+            done (cat,indices) = do
+              indices <- fmap (reindex 0) (getElems indices)
+              return (cat,indices)
+
+            reindex k []     = []
+            reindex k (v:vs)
+              | v < 0        = v : reindex k     vs
+              | otherwise    = k : reindex (k+1) vs
+
+    optimizeProd res env (PApply funid args) =
+      let (env',funid') = optimizeFun res args env funid
+      in (env', PApply funid' args)
+    optimizeProd res env prod = (env,prod)
+
+    optimizeFun res args (seqs,funs) funid =
+      let (seqs',lin')   = List.mapAccumL addUnique seqs [map updateSymbol (sequences_array ! seqid) | 
+                                                                   (idx,seqid) <- zip (indicesOf res) lin, idx >= 0]
+          (funs',funid') = addUnique funs (fun, lin')
+      in ((seqs',funs'), funid')
+      where
+        (fun,lin) = cncfuns_array ! funid
+
+        indicesOf fid
+          | fid < 0   = [0]
+          | otherwise =
+              case Map.lookup (fid2cat fid) closure of
+                Just indices -> indices
+                Nothing      -> error "unknown category"
+
+        addUnique seqs seq =
+          case Map.lookup seq seqs of
+            Just seqid -> (seqs,seqid)
+            Nothing    -> let seqid = Map.size seqs
+                          in (Map.insert seq seqid seqs, seqid)
+
+        updateSymbol (SymCat r d) = let PArg _ fid = args !! r in SymCat r (indicesOf fid !! d)
+        updateSymbol s            = s
+
+    filterCatLabels (cat,start,end,lbls) =
+      case Map.lookup cat closure of
+        Just indices -> let lbls' = [lbl | (idx,lbl) <- zip indices lbls, idx >= 0]
+                        in (cat,start,end,lbls')
+        Nothing      -> error ("unknown category")
+
+    mkSetArray map = sortSnd (Map.toList map)
+      where
+        sortSnd = List.map fst . List.sortBy (\(_,i) (_,j) -> compare i j)
+
+
+bottomUpFilter :: ConcrData -> ConcrData
+bottomUpFilter (lindefs,linrefs,prods,cncfuns,sequences,cnccats) =
+  (lindefs,linrefs,filterProductions IntMap.empty IntSet.empty prods,cncfuns,sequences,cnccats)
+
+filterProductions prods0 hoc0 prods
+  | prods0 == prods1 = IntMap.toList prods0
+  | otherwise        = filterProductions prods1 hoc1 prods
+  where
+    (prods1,hoc1) = foldl foldProdSet (IntMap.empty,IntSet.empty) prods
+
+    foldProdSet (!prods,!hoc) (fid,set)
+      | null set1 = (prods,hoc)
+      | otherwise = (IntMap.insert fid set1 prods,hoc1)
+      where
+        set1 = filter filterRule set
+        hoc1 = foldl accumHOC hoc set1
+
+    filterRule (PApply funid args) = all (\(PArg _ fid) -> isLive fid) args
+    filterRule (PCoerce fid)       = isLive fid
+    filterRule _                   = True
+
+    isLive fid = isPredefFId fid || IntMap.member fid prods0 || IntSet.member fid hoc0
+
+    accumHOC hoc (PApply funid args) = List.foldl' (\hoc (PArg hypos _) -> List.foldl' (\hoc fid -> IntSet.insert fid hoc) hoc (map snd hypos)) hoc args
+    accumHOC hoc _                   = hoc
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoHaskell.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoHaskell.hs
@@ -16,13 +16,14 @@

 module GF.Compile.PGFtoHaskell (grammar2haskell) where

-import PGF(showCId)
-import PGF.Internal
+import PGF2
+import PGF2.Internal

 import GF.Data.Operations
 import GF.Infra.Option

-import Data.List --(isPrefixOf, find, intersperse)
+import Data.List
+import Data.Maybe(mapMaybe)
 import qualified Data.Map as Map

 type Prefix = String -> String
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ grammar2haskell opts name gr = foldr (++++) [] $
          lexical cat = haskellOption opts HaskellLexical && isLexicalCat opts cat
          gId | haskellOption opts HaskellNoPrefix = id
              | otherwise = ("G"++)
-          pragmas | gadt = ["{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-}","{-# LANGUAGE GADTs #-}"]
+          pragmas | gadt = ["{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-}"]
                  | otherwise = []
          types | gadt = datatypesGADT gId lexical gr'
                | otherwise = datatypes gId lexical gr'
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ fInstance gId lexical m (cat,rules) =
    then "    " ++ gId cat ++ " (fgs t) where\n     fgs t = case unApp t of"
    else "    case unApp t of") ++++
  unlines [mkInst f xx | (f,xx) <- nonLexicalRules (lexical cat) rules] ++++
-  (if lexical cat then "      Just (i,[]) -> " ++ lexicalConstructor cat +++ "(showCId i)" else "") ++++
+  (if lexical cat then "      Just (i,[]) -> " ++ lexicalConstructor cat +++ "i" else "") ++++
  "      _ -> error (\"no" +++ cat ++ " \" ++ show t)"
   where
    isList = isListCat (cat,rules)
@@ -262,18 +263,21 @@ fInstance gId lexical m (cat,rules) =
 --type HSkeleton = [(OIdent, [(OIdent, [OIdent])])]
 hSkeleton :: PGF -> (String,HSkeleton)
 hSkeleton gr = 
-  (showCId (absname gr), 
+  (abstractName gr,
   let fs = 
-         [(showCId c, [(showCId f, map showCId cs) | (f, (cs,_)) <- fs]) | 
-                                        fs@((_, (_,c)):_) <- fns]
-   in fs ++ [(sc, []) | c <- cts, let sc = showCId c, notElem sc (["Int", "Float", "String"] ++ map fst fs)]
+         [(c, [(f, cs) | (f, cs,_) <- fs]) | 
+                                        fs@((_, _,c):_) <- fns]
+   in fs ++ [(c, []) | c <- cts, notElem c (["Int", "Float", "String"] ++ map fst fs)]
  )
 where
-   cts = Map.keys (cats (abstract gr)) 
-   fns = groupBy valtypg (sortBy valtyps (map jty (Map.assocs (funs (abstract gr)))))
-   valtyps (_, (_,x)) (_, (_,y)) = compare x y
-   valtypg (_, (_,x)) (_, (_,y)) = x == y
-   jty (f,(ty,_,_,_)) = (f,catSkeleton ty)
+   cts = categories gr
+   fns = groupBy valtypg (sortBy valtyps (mapMaybe jty (functions gr)))
+   valtyps (_,_,x) (_,_,y) = compare x y
+   valtypg (_,_,x) (_,_,y) = x == y
+   jty f = case functionType gr f of
+             Just ty -> let (hypos,valcat,_) = unType ty
+                        in Just (f,[argcat | (_,_,ty) <- hypos, let (_,argcat,_) = unType ty],valcat)
+             Nothing -> Nothing
 {-
 updateSkeleton :: OIdent -> HSkeleton -> (OIdent, [OIdent]) -> HSkeleton
 updateSkeleton cat skel rule =
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoJS.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoJS.hs
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-module GF.Compile.PGFtoJS (pgf2js) where
-
-import PGF(showCId)
-import PGF.Internal as M
-import qualified GF.JavaScript.AbsJS as JS
-import qualified GF.JavaScript.PrintJS as JS
-
--import GF.Data.ErrM
--import GF.Infra.Option
-
--import Control.Monad (mplus)
--import Data.Array.Unboxed (UArray)
-import qualified Data.Array.IArray as Array
--import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
-import Data.Map (Map)
-import qualified Data.Set as Set
-import qualified Data.Map as Map
-import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
-
-pgf2js :: PGF -> String
-pgf2js pgf =
-  JS.printTree $ JS.Program [JS.ElStmt $ JS.SDeclOrExpr $ JS.Decl [JS.DInit (JS.Ident n) grammar]]
- where
-   n  = showCId $ absname pgf
-   as = abstract pgf
-   cs = Map.assocs (concretes pgf)
-   start = showCId $ M.lookStartCat pgf
-   grammar = new "GFGrammar" [js_abstract, js_concrete]
-   js_abstract = abstract2js start as
-   js_concrete = JS.EObj $ map concrete2js cs
-
-abstract2js :: String -> Abstr -> JS.Expr
-abstract2js start ds = new "GFAbstract" [JS.EStr start, JS.EObj $ map absdef2js (Map.assocs (funs ds))]
-
-absdef2js :: (CId,(Type,Int,Maybe ([Equation],[[M.Instr]]),Double)) -> JS.Property
-absdef2js (f,(typ,_,_,_)) =
-  let (args,cat) = M.catSkeleton typ in 
-    JS.Prop (JS.IdentPropName (JS.Ident (showCId f))) (new "Type" [JS.EArray [JS.EStr (showCId x) | x <- args], JS.EStr (showCId cat)])
-
-lit2js (LStr s) = JS.EStr s
-lit2js (LInt n) = JS.EInt n
-lit2js (LFlt d) = JS.EDbl d
-
-concrete2js :: (CId,Concr) -> JS.Property
-concrete2js (c,cnc) =
-  JS.Prop l (new "GFConcrete" [mapToJSObj (lit2js) $ cflags cnc,
-                               JS.EObj $ [JS.Prop (JS.IntPropName cat) (JS.EArray (map frule2js (Set.toList set))) | (cat,set) <- IntMap.toList (productions cnc)],
-                               JS.EArray $ (map ffun2js (Array.elems (cncfuns cnc))),
-                               JS.EArray $ (map seq2js (Array.elems (sequences cnc))),
-                               JS.EObj $ map cats (Map.assocs (cnccats cnc)),
-                               JS.EInt (totalCats cnc)])
-  where 
-   l  = JS.IdentPropName (JS.Ident (showCId c))
-{-
-   litslins = [JS.Prop (JS.StringPropName    "Int") (JS.EFun [children] [JS.SReturn $ new "Arr" [JS.EIndex (JS.EVar children) (JS.EInt 0)]]), 
-               JS.Prop (JS.StringPropName  "Float") (JS.EFun [children] [JS.SReturn $ new "Arr" [JS.EIndex (JS.EVar children) (JS.EInt 0)]]),
-               JS.Prop (JS.StringPropName "String") (JS.EFun [children] [JS.SReturn $ new "Arr" [JS.EIndex (JS.EVar children) (JS.EInt 0)]])]
-}
-   cats (c,CncCat start end _) = JS.Prop (JS.IdentPropName (JS.Ident (showCId c))) (JS.EObj [JS.Prop (JS.IdentPropName (JS.Ident "s")) (JS.EInt start)
-                                                                                            ,JS.Prop (JS.IdentPropName (JS.Ident "e")) (JS.EInt end)])
-{-
-mkStr :: String -> JS.Expr
-mkStr s = new "Str" [JS.EStr s]
-
-mkSeq :: [JS.Expr] -> JS.Expr
-mkSeq [x] = x
-mkSeq xs = new "Seq" xs
-
-argIdent :: Integer -> JS.Ident
-argIdent n = JS.Ident ("x" ++ show n)
-}
-children :: JS.Ident
-children = JS.Ident "cs"
-
-frule2js :: Production -> JS.Expr
-frule2js (PApply funid args) = new "Apply"  [JS.EInt funid, JS.EArray (map farg2js args)]
-frule2js (PCoerce arg)       = new "Coerce" [JS.EInt arg]
-
-farg2js (PArg hypos fid) = new "PArg" (map (JS.EInt . snd) hypos ++ [JS.EInt fid])
-
-ffun2js (CncFun f lins) = new "CncFun" [JS.EStr (showCId f), JS.EArray (map JS.EInt (Array.elems lins))]
-
-seq2js :: Array.Array DotPos Symbol -> JS.Expr
-seq2js seq = JS.EArray [sym2js s | s <- Array.elems seq]
-
-sym2js :: Symbol -> JS.Expr
-sym2js (SymCat n l)    = new "SymCat" [JS.EInt n, JS.EInt l]
-sym2js (SymLit n l)    = new "SymLit" [JS.EInt n, JS.EInt l]
-sym2js (SymVar n l)    = new "SymVar" [JS.EInt n, JS.EInt l]
-sym2js (SymKS t)       = new "SymKS"  [JS.EStr t]
-sym2js (SymKP ts alts) = new "SymKP"  [JS.EArray (map sym2js ts), JS.EArray (map alt2js alts)]
-sym2js SymBIND         = new "SymKS"  [JS.EStr "&+"]
-sym2js SymSOFT_BIND    = new "SymKS"  [JS.EStr "&+"]
-sym2js SymSOFT_SPACE   = new "SymKS"  [JS.EStr "&+"]
-sym2js SymCAPIT        = new "SymKS"  [JS.EStr "&|"]
-sym2js SymALL_CAPIT    = new "SymKS"  [JS.EStr "&|"]
-sym2js SymNE           = new "SymNE"  []
-
-alt2js (ps,ts) = new "Alt" [JS.EArray (map sym2js ps), JS.EArray (map JS.EStr ts)]
-
-new :: String -> [JS.Expr] -> JS.Expr
-new f xs = JS.ENew (JS.Ident f) xs
-
-mapToJSObj :: (a -> JS.Expr) -> Map CId a -> JS.Expr
-mapToJSObj f m = JS.EObj [ JS.Prop (JS.IdentPropName (JS.Ident (showCId k))) (f v) | (k,v) <- Map.toList m ]
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoJSON.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoJSON.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+module GF.Compile.PGFtoJSON (pgf2json) where
+
+import PGF2
+import PGF2.Internal
+import Text.JSON
+import qualified Data.Map as Map
+
+pgf2json :: PGF -> String
+pgf2json pgf =
+  encode $ makeObj
+    [ ("abstract", abstract2json pgf)
+    , ("concretes", makeObj $ map concrete2json
+                                (Map.toList (languages pgf)))
+    ]
+
+abstract2json :: PGF -> JSValue
+abstract2json pgf =
+  makeObj
+    [ ("name", showJSON (abstractName pgf))
+    , ("startcat", showJSON (showType [] (startCat pgf)))
+    , ("funs", makeObj $ map (absdef2json pgf) (functions pgf))
+    ]
+
+absdef2json :: PGF -> Fun -> (String,JSValue)
+absdef2json pgf f = (f,sig)
+  where
+    Just (hypos,cat,_) = fmap unType (functionType pgf f)
+    sig = makeObj
+      [ ("args", showJSON $ map (\(_,_,ty) -> showType [] ty) hypos)
+      , ("cat", showJSON cat)
+      ]
+
+lit2json :: Literal -> JSValue
+lit2json (LStr s) = showJSON s
+lit2json (LInt n) = showJSON n
+lit2json (LFlt d) = showJSON d
+
+concrete2json :: (ConcName,Concr) -> (String,JSValue)
+concrete2json (c,cnc) = (c,obj)
+  where
+    obj = makeObj
+      [ ("flags", makeObj [(k, lit2json v) | (k,v) <- concrFlags cnc])
+      , ("productions", makeObj [(show fid, showJSON (map frule2json (concrProductions cnc fid))) | (_,start,end,_) <- concrCategories cnc, fid <- [start..end]])
+      , ("functions", showJSON [ffun2json funid (concrFunction cnc funid) | funid <- [0..concrTotalFuns cnc-1]])
+      , ("sequences", showJSON [seq2json seqid (concrSequence cnc seqid) | seqid <- [0..concrTotalSeqs cnc-1]])
+      , ("categories", makeObj $ map cat2json (concrCategories cnc))
+      , ("totalfids", showJSON (concrTotalCats cnc))
+      ]
+
+cat2json :: (Cat,FId,FId,[String]) -> (String,JSValue)
+cat2json (cat,start,end,_) = (cat, ixs)
+  where
+    ixs = makeObj
+      [ ("start", showJSON start)
+      , ("end",   showJSON end)
+      ]
+
+frule2json :: Production -> JSValue
+frule2json (PApply fid args) =
+  makeObj
+    [ ("type", showJSON "Apply")
+    , ("fid",  showJSON fid)
+    , ("args", showJSON (map farg2json args))
+    ]
+frule2json (PCoerce arg) =
+  makeObj
+    [ ("type", showJSON "Coerce")
+    , ("arg",  showJSON arg)
+    ]
+
+farg2json :: PArg -> JSValue
+farg2json (PArg hypos fid) =
+  makeObj
+    [ ("type", showJSON "PArg")
+    , ("hypos", JSArray $ map (showJSON . snd) hypos)
+    , ("fid", showJSON fid)
+    ]
+
+ffun2json :: FunId -> (Fun,[SeqId]) -> JSValue
+ffun2json funid (fun,seqids) =
+  makeObj
+    [ ("name", showJSON fun)
+    , ("lins", showJSON seqids)
+    ]
+
+seq2json :: SeqId -> [Symbol] -> JSValue
+seq2json seqid seq = showJSON [sym2json sym | sym <- seq]
+
+sym2json :: Symbol -> JSValue
+sym2json (SymCat n l)    = new "SymCat" [showJSON n, showJSON l]
+sym2json (SymLit n l)    = new "SymLit" [showJSON n, showJSON l]
+sym2json (SymVar n l)    = new "SymVar" [showJSON n, showJSON l]
+sym2json (SymKS t)       = new "SymKS"  [showJSON t]
+sym2json (SymKP ts alts) = new "SymKP"  [JSArray (map sym2json ts), JSArray (map alt2json alts)]
+sym2json SymBIND         = new "SymKS"  [showJSON "&+"]
+sym2json SymSOFT_BIND    = new "SymKS"  [showJSON "&+"]
+sym2json SymSOFT_SPACE   = new "SymKS"  [showJSON "&+"]
+sym2json SymCAPIT        = new "SymKS"  [showJSON "&|"]
+sym2json SymALL_CAPIT    = new "SymKS"  [showJSON "&|"]
+sym2json SymNE           = new "SymNE"  []
+
+alt2json :: ([Symbol],[String]) -> JSValue
+alt2json (ps,ts) = new "Alt" [showJSON (map sym2json ps), showJSON ts]
+
+new :: String -> [JSValue] -> JSValue
+new f xs =
+  makeObj
+    [ ("type", showJSON f)
+    , ("args", showJSON xs)
+    ]
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoJava.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoJava.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module GF.Compile.PGFtoJava (grammar2java) where

-import PGF
+import PGF2
 import Data.Maybe(maybe)
 import Data.List(intercalate)
 import GF.Infra.Option
@@ -24,9 +24,8 @@ javaPreamble name =
 ]
 
 javaMethod gr fun =
-  "  public static Expr "++name++"("++arg_decls++") { return new Expr("++show name++args++"); }"
+  "  public static Expr "++fun++"("++arg_decls++") { return new Expr("++show fun++args++"); }"
  where
-    name  = showCId fun
    arity = maybe 0 getArrity (functionType gr fun)
    vars  = ['e':show i | i <- [1..arity]]
    
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoProlog.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoProlog.hs
@@ -1,262 +0,0 @@
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module      : PGFtoProlog
-- Maintainer  : Peter Ljunglöf
--
-- exports a GF grammar into a Prolog module
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-module GF.Compile.PGFtoProlog (grammar2prolog) where
-
-import PGF(mkCId,wildCId,showCId)
-import PGF.Internal
--import PGF.Macros
-
-import GF.Data.Operations
-
-import qualified Data.Array.IArray as Array
-import qualified Data.Set as Set
-import qualified Data.Map as Map
-import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
-import Data.Char (isAlphaNum, isAscii, isAsciiLower, isAsciiUpper, ord)
-import Data.List (isPrefixOf, mapAccumL)
-
-grammar2prolog :: PGF -> String
-grammar2prolog pgf
-    = ("%% This file was automatically generated by GF" +++++
-       ":- style_check(-singleton)." +++++
-       plFacts wildCId "abstract" 1 "(?AbstractName)"
-                   [[plp name]] ++++
-       plFacts wildCId "concrete" 2 "(?AbstractName, ?ConcreteName)" 
-                   [[plp name, plp cncname] | 
-                    cncname <- Map.keys (concretes pgf)] ++++
-       plFacts wildCId "flag" 2 "(?Flag, ?Value): global flags" 
-                   [[plp f, plp v] | 
-                    (f, v) <- Map.assocs (gflags pgf)] ++++
-       plAbstract name (abstract pgf) ++++
-       unlines (map plConcrete (Map.assocs (concretes pgf)))
-      )
-    where name = absname pgf
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-- abstract syntax
-
-plAbstract :: CId -> Abstr -> String
-plAbstract name abs 
-    = (plHeader "Abstract syntax" ++++
-       plFacts name "flag" 2 "(?Flag, ?Value): flags for abstract syntax"
-                   [[plp f, plp v] | 
-                    (f, v) <- Map.assocs (aflags abs)] ++++
-       plFacts name "cat" 2 "(?Type, ?[X:Type,...])"
-                   [[plType cat args, plHypos hypos'] |
-                    (cat, (hypos,_,_)) <- Map.assocs (cats abs),
-                    let ((_, subst), hypos') = mapAccumL alphaConvertHypo emptyEnv hypos,
-                        let args = reverse [EFun x | (_,x) <- subst]] ++++
-       plFacts name "fun" 3 "(?Fun, ?Type, ?[X:Type,...])"
-                   [[plp fun, plType cat args, plHypos hypos] |
-                    (fun, (typ, _, _, _)) <- Map.assocs (funs abs),
-                    let (_, DTyp hypos cat args) = alphaConvert emptyEnv typ] ++++
-       plFacts name "def" 2 "(?Fun, ?Expr)" 
-                   [[plp fun, plp expr] |
-                    (fun, (_, _, Just (eqs,_), _)) <- Map.assocs (funs abs),
-                    let (_, expr) = alphaConvert emptyEnv eqs]
-      )
-    where plType cat args = plTerm (plp cat) (map plp args)
-          plHypos hypos = plList [plOper ":" (plp x) (plp ty) | (_, x, ty) <- hypos]
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-- concrete syntax
-
-plConcrete :: (CId, Concr) -> String
-plConcrete (name, cnc) 
-    = (plHeader ("Concrete syntax: " ++ plp name) ++++
-       plFacts name "flag" 2 "(?Flag, ?Value): flags for concrete syntax"
-                   [[plp f, plp v] | 
-                    (f, v) <- Map.assocs (cflags cnc)] ++++
-       plFacts name "printname" 2 "(?AbsFun/AbsCat, ?Atom)"
-                   [[plp f, plp n] | 
-                    (f, n) <- Map.assocs (printnames cnc)] ++++
-       plFacts name "lindef" 2 "(?CncCat, ?CncFun)"
-                   [[plCat cat, plFun fun] | 
-                    (cat, funs) <- IntMap.assocs (lindefs cnc),
-                    fun <- funs] ++++
-       plFacts name "prod" 3 "(?CncCat, ?CncFun, ?[CncCat])"
-                   [[plCat cat, fun, plTerm "c" (map plCat args)] |
-                    (cat, set) <- IntMap.toList (productions cnc),
-                    (fun, args) <- map plProduction (Set.toList set)] ++++
-       plFacts name "cncfun" 3 "(?CncFun, ?[Seq,...], ?AbsFun)"
-                   [[plFun fun, plTerm "s" (map plSeq (Array.elems lins)), plp absfun] |
-                    (fun, CncFun absfun lins) <- Array.assocs (cncfuns cnc)] ++++
-       plFacts name "seq" 2 "(?Seq, ?[Term])"
-                   [[plSeq seq, plp (Array.elems symbols)] |
-                    (seq, symbols) <- Array.assocs (sequences cnc)] ++++
-       plFacts name "cnccat" 2 "(?AbsCat, ?[CnCCat])" 
-                   [[plp cat, plList (map plCat [start..end])] |
-                    (cat, CncCat start end _) <- Map.assocs (cnccats cnc)]
-      )
-    where plProduction (PCoerce arg)       = ("-", [arg])
-          plProduction (PApply funid args) = (plFun funid, [fid | PArg hypos fid <- args])
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-- prolog-printing pgf datatypes
-
-instance PLPrint Type where
-    plp (DTyp hypos cat args) 
-        | null hypos = result
-        | otherwise  = plOper " -> " plHypos result
-        where result = plTerm (plp cat) (map plp args)
-              plHypos = plList [plOper ":" (plp x) (plp ty) | (_,x,ty) <- hypos]
-
-instance PLPrint Expr where
-    plp (EFun x)    = plp x
-    plp (EAbs _ x e)= plOper "^" (plp x) (plp e)
-    plp (EApp e e') = plOper " * " (plp e) (plp e')
-    plp (ELit lit)  = plp lit
-    plp (EMeta n)   = "Meta_" ++ show n
-
-instance PLPrint Patt where
-    plp (PVar x)    = plp x
-    plp (PApp f ps) = plOper " * " (plp f) (plp ps)
-    plp (PLit lit)  = plp lit
-
-instance PLPrint Equation where
-    plp (Equ patterns result) = plOper ":" (plp patterns) (plp result)
-
-instance PLPrint CId where
-    plp cid | isLogicalVariable str || cid == wildCId = plVar str
-            | otherwise = plAtom str
-        where str = showCId cid
-
-instance PLPrint Literal where
-    plp (LStr s) = plp s
-    plp (LInt n) = plp (show n)
-    plp (LFlt f) = plp (show f)
-
-instance PLPrint Symbol where
-    plp (SymCat n l)    = plOper ":" (show n) (show l)
-    plp (SymLit n l)    = plTerm "lit" [show n, show l]
-    plp (SymVar n l)    = plTerm "var" [show n, show l]
-    plp (SymKS t)       = plAtom t
-    plp (SymKP ts alts) = plTerm "pre" [plList (map plp ts), plList (map plAlt alts)]
-        where plAlt (ps,ts) = plOper "/" (plList (map plp ps)) (plList (map plAtom ts))
-
-class PLPrint a where
-    plp :: a -> String
-    plps :: [a] -> String
-    plps = plList . map plp
-
-instance PLPrint Char where
-    plp  c = plAtom [c]
-    plps s = plAtom s
-
-instance PLPrint a => PLPrint [a] where
-    plp = plps
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-- other prolog-printing functions
-
-plCat :: Int -> String
-plCat n = plAtom ('c' : show n)
-
-plFun :: Int -> String
-plFun n = plAtom ('f' : show n)
-
-plSeq :: Int -> String
-plSeq n = plAtom ('s' : show n)
-
-plHeader :: String -> String
-plHeader hdr = "%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%\n%% " ++ hdr ++ "\n"
-
-plFacts :: CId -> String -> Int -> String -> [[String]] -> String
-plFacts mod pred arity comment facts = "%% " ++ pred ++ comment ++++ clauses
-    where clauses = (if facts == [] then ":- dynamic " ++ pred ++ "/" ++ show arity ++ ".\n"
-                     else unlines [mod' ++ plTerm pred args ++ "." | args <- facts])
-          mod' = if mod == wildCId then "" else plp mod ++ ": "
-
-plTerm :: String -> [String] -> String
-plTerm fun args = plAtom fun ++ prParenth (prTList ", " args)
-
-plList :: [String] -> String
-plList xs = prBracket (prTList "," xs)
-
-plOper :: String -> String -> String -> String
-plOper op a b = prParenth (a ++ op ++ b)
-
-plVar :: String -> String
-plVar = varPrefix  . concatMap changeNonAlphaNum 
-    where varPrefix var@(c:_) | isAsciiUpper c || c=='_' = var
-                              | otherwise = "_" ++ var
-          changeNonAlphaNum c | isAlphaNumUnderscore c = [c]
-                              | otherwise = "_" ++ show (ord c) ++ "_"
-
-plAtom :: String -> String
-plAtom "" = "''"
-plAtom atom@(c:cs) | isAsciiLower c && all isAlphaNumUnderscore cs 
-                     || c == '\'' && cs /= "" && last cs == '\''   = atom
-                   | otherwise = "'" ++ changeQuote atom ++ "'"
-    where changeQuote ('\'':cs) = '\\' : '\'' : changeQuote cs
-          changeQuote ('\\':cs) = '\\' : '\\' : changeQuote cs
-          changeQuote (c:cs) = c : changeQuote cs
-          changeQuote "" = ""
-
-isAlphaNumUnderscore :: Char -> Bool
-isAlphaNumUnderscore c = (isAscii c && isAlphaNum c) || c == '_'
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-- prolog variables 
-
-createLogicalVariable :: Int -> CId
-createLogicalVariable n = mkCId (logicalVariablePrefix ++ show n)
-
-isLogicalVariable :: String -> Bool
-isLogicalVariable = isPrefixOf logicalVariablePrefix 
-
-logicalVariablePrefix :: String 
-logicalVariablePrefix = "X"
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-- alpha convert variables to (unique) logical variables
-- * this is needed if we want to translate variables to Prolog variables
-- * used for abstract syntax, not concrete
-- * not (yet?) used for variables bound in pattern equations
-
-type ConvertEnv = (Int, [(CId,CId)])
-
-emptyEnv :: ConvertEnv
-emptyEnv = (0, [])
-
-class AlphaConvert a where
-    alphaConvert :: ConvertEnv -> a -> (ConvertEnv, a)
-
-instance AlphaConvert a => AlphaConvert [a] where
-    alphaConvert env [] = (env, [])
-    alphaConvert env (a:as) = (env'', a':as')
-        where (env',  a')  = alphaConvert env  a
-              (env'', as') = alphaConvert env' as
-
-instance AlphaConvert Type where
-    alphaConvert env@(_,subst) (DTyp hypos cat args) 
-        = ((ctr,subst), DTyp hypos' cat args')
-        where (env',   hypos') = mapAccumL alphaConvertHypo env hypos
-              ((ctr,_), args') = alphaConvert env' args
-
-alphaConvertHypo env (b,x,typ) = ((ctr+1,(x,x'):subst), (b,x',typ'))
-    where ((ctr,subst), typ') = alphaConvert env typ
-          x' = createLogicalVariable ctr
-
-instance AlphaConvert Expr where
-    alphaConvert (ctr,subst) (EAbs b x e) = ((ctr',subst), EAbs b x' e')
-        where ((ctr',_), e') = alphaConvert (ctr+1,(x,x'):subst) e
-              x' = createLogicalVariable ctr
-    alphaConvert env (EApp e1 e2) = (env'', EApp e1' e2')
-        where (env',  e1') = alphaConvert env  e1
-              (env'', e2') = alphaConvert env' e2
-    alphaConvert env expr@(EFun i) = (env, maybe expr EFun (lookup i (snd env)))
-    alphaConvert env expr = (env, expr)
-
-- pattern variables are not alpha converted
-- (but they probably should be...)
-instance AlphaConvert Equation where
-    alphaConvert env@(_,subst) (Equ patterns result)
-        = ((ctr,subst), Equ patterns result')
-        where ((ctr,_), result') = alphaConvert env result
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoPython.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/PGFtoPython.hs
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module      : PGFtoPython
-- Maintainer  : Peter Ljunglöf
--
-- exports a GF grammar into a Python module
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
-module GF.Compile.PGFtoPython (pgf2python) where
-
-import PGF(showCId)
-import PGF.Internal as M
-
-import GF.Data.Operations
-
-import qualified Data.Array.IArray as Array
-import qualified Data.Set as Set
-import qualified Data.Map as Map
-import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
--import Data.List (intersperse)
-
-pgf2python :: PGF -> String
-pgf2python pgf = ("# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-" ++++
-                  "# This file was automatically generated by GF" +++++
-                  showCId name +++ "=" +++ 
-                  pyDict 1 pyStr id [
-                              ("flags", pyDict 2 pyCId pyLiteral (Map.assocs (gflags pgf))),
-                              ("abstract", pyDict 2 pyStr id [
-                                              ("name", pyCId name), 
-                                              ("start", pyCId start), 
-                                              ("flags", pyDict 3 pyCId pyLiteral (Map.assocs (aflags abs))),
-                                              ("funs", pyDict 3 pyCId pyAbsdef (Map.assocs (funs abs)))
-                                             ]),
-                              ("concretes", pyDict 2 pyCId pyConcrete (Map.assocs cncs))
-                             ] ++ "\n")
-    where
-      name  = absname pgf
-      start = M.lookStartCat pgf
-      abs = abstract pgf
-      cncs = concretes pgf
-
-pyAbsdef :: (Type, Int, Maybe ([Equation], [[M.Instr]]), Double) -> String
-pyAbsdef (typ, _, _, _) = pyTuple 0 id [pyCId cat, pyList 0 pyCId args]
-    where (args, cat) = M.catSkeleton typ 
-
-pyLiteral :: Literal -> String
-pyLiteral (LStr s) = pyStr s
-pyLiteral (LInt n) = show n
-pyLiteral (LFlt d) = show d
-
-pyConcrete :: Concr -> String
-pyConcrete cnc = pyDict 3 pyStr id [
-                  ("flags", pyDict 0 pyCId pyLiteral (Map.assocs (cflags cnc))),
-                  ("printnames", pyDict 4 pyCId pyStr (Map.assocs (printnames cnc))),
-                  ("lindefs", pyDict 4 pyCat (pyList 0 pyFun) (IntMap.assocs (lindefs cnc))),
-                  ("productions", pyDict 4 pyCat pyProds (IntMap.assocs (productions cnc))),
-                  ("cncfuns", pyDict 4 pyFun pyCncFun (Array.assocs (cncfuns cnc))),
-                  ("sequences",  pyDict 4 pySeq pySymbols (Array.assocs (sequences cnc))),
-                  ("cnccats", pyDict 4 pyCId pyCncCat (Map.assocs (cnccats cnc))),
-                  ("size",  show (totalCats cnc))
-                 ]
-    where pyProds prods = pyList 5 pyProduction (Set.toList prods)
-          pyCncCat (CncCat start end _) = pyList 0 pyCat [start..end]
-          pyCncFun (CncFun f lins) = pyTuple 0 id [pyList 0 pySeq (Array.elems lins), pyCId f]
-          pySymbols syms = pyList 0 pySymbol (Array.elems syms)
-
-pyProduction :: Production -> String
-pyProduction (PCoerce arg)       = pyTuple 0 id [pyStr "", pyList 0 pyCat [arg]]
-pyProduction (PApply funid args) = pyTuple 0 id [pyFun funid, pyList 0 pyPArg args]
-    where pyPArg (PArg [] fid) = pyCat fid
-          pyPArg (PArg hypos fid) = pyTuple 0 pyCat (fid : map snd hypos)
-
-pySymbol :: Symbol -> String
-pySymbol (SymCat n l)    = pyTuple 0 show [n, l]
-pySymbol (SymLit n l)    = pyDict 0 pyStr id [("lit", pyTuple 0 show [n, l])]
-pySymbol (SymVar n l)    = pyDict 0 pyStr id [("var", pyTuple 0 show [n, l])]
-pySymbol (SymKS t)       = pyStr t
-pySymbol (SymKP ts alts) = pyDict 0 pyStr id [("pre", pyList 0 pySymbol ts), ("alts", pyList 0 alt2py alts)]
-    where alt2py (ps,ts) = pyTuple 0 (pyList 0 pyStr) [map pySymbol ps, ts]
-pySymbol SymBIND         = pyStr "&+"
-pySymbol SymSOFT_BIND    = pyStr "&+"
-pySymbol SymSOFT_SPACE   = pyStr "&+"
-pySymbol SymCAPIT        = pyStr "&|"
-pySymbol SymALL_CAPIT    = pyStr "&|"
-pySymbol SymNE           = pyDict 0 pyStr id [("nonExist", pyTuple 0 id [])]
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-- python helpers 
-
-pyDict :: Int -> (k -> String) -> (v -> String) -> [(k, v)] -> String
-pyDict n pk pv [] = "{}"
-pyDict n pk pv kvlist = prCurly (pyIndent n ++ prTList ("," ++ pyIndent n) (map pyKV kvlist) ++ pyIndent n)
-    where pyKV (k, v) = pk k ++ ":" ++ pv v
-
-pyList :: Int -> (v -> String) -> [v] -> String
-pyList n pv [] = "[]"
-pyList n pv xs = prBracket (pyIndent n ++ prTList ("," ++ pyIndent n) (map pv xs) ++ pyIndent n)
-
-pyTuple :: Int -> (v -> String) -> [v] -> String
-pyTuple n pv [] = "()"
-pyTuple n pv [x] = prParenth (pyIndent n ++ pv x ++ "," ++ pyIndent n)
-pyTuple n pv xs = prParenth (pyIndent n ++ prTList ("," ++ pyIndent n) (map pv xs) ++ pyIndent n)
-
-pyCat :: Int -> String
-pyCat n = pyStr ('C' : show n)
-
-pyFun :: Int -> String
-pyFun n = pyStr ('F' : show n)
-
-pySeq :: Int -> String
-pySeq n = pyStr ('S' : show n)
-
-pyStr :: String -> String
-pyStr s = 'u' : prQuotedString s
-
-pyCId :: CId -> String
-pyCId = pyStr . showCId
-
-pyIndent :: Int -> String
-pyIndent n | n > 0 = "\n" ++ replicate n ' '
-           | otherwise = ""
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Rename.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Rename.hs
@@ -27,19 +27,20 @@ module GF.Compile.Rename (
 	       renameModule
 	      ) where

+import GF.Infra.Ident
+import GF.Infra.CheckM
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar
 import GF.Grammar.Values
 import GF.Grammar.Predef
-import GF.Infra.Ident
-import GF.Infra.CheckM
+import GF.Grammar.Lookup
 import GF.Grammar.Macros
 import GF.Grammar.Printer
--import GF.Grammar.Lookup
--import GF.Grammar.Printer
 import GF.Data.Operations

 import Control.Monad
 import Data.List (nub,(\\))
+import qualified Data.Map as Map
+import Data.Maybe(mapMaybe)
 import GF.Text.Pretty

 -- | this gives top-level access to renaming term input in the cc command
@@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ renameModule cwd gr mo@(m,mi) = do
  js     <- checkMapRecover (renameInfo cwd status mo) (jments mi)
  return (m, mi{jments = js})

-type Status = (StatusTree, [(OpenSpec, StatusTree)])
+type Status = (StatusMap, [(OpenSpec, StatusMap)])

-type StatusTree = BinTree Ident StatusInfo
+type StatusMap = Map.Map Ident StatusInfo

 type StatusInfo = Ident -> Term

@@ -73,12 +74,12 @@ renameIdentTerm' env@(act,imps) t0 =
    Q (m',c) | m' == cPredef {- && isInPredefined c -} -> return t0
    Q (m',c) -> do
      m <- lookupErr m' qualifs
-      f <- lookupTree showIdent c m
+      f <- lookupIdent c m
      return $ f c
    QC (m',c) | m' == cPredef {- && isInPredefined c -} -> return t0
    QC (m',c) -> do
      m <- lookupErr m' qualifs
-      f <- lookupTree showIdent c m
+      f <- lookupIdent c m
      return $ f c
    _ -> return t0
  where
@@ -93,41 +94,32 @@ renameIdentTerm' env@(act,imps) t0 =
      | otherwise     = checkError s

    ident alt c = 
-      case lookupTree showIdent c act of
-        Ok f -> return (f c)
-        _    -> case lookupTreeManyAll showIdent opens c of
-                  [f]  -> return (f c)
-                  []   -> alt c ("constant not found:" <+> c $$
-                                 "given" <+> fsep (punctuate ',' (map fst qualifs)))
-                  fs   -> case nub [f c | f <- fs]  of
-                            [tr]     -> return tr
-{-
-                            ts       -> return $ AdHocOverload ts  
-                                        -- name conflicts resolved as overloading in TypeCheck.RConcrete AR 31/1/2014
-                                        -- the old definition is below and still presupposed in TypeCheck.Concrete
-}
-                            ts@(t:_) -> do checkWarn ("atomic term" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 t0 $$
-                                                      "conflict" <+> hsep (punctuate ',' (map (ppTerm Qualified 0) ts)) $$
-                                                      "given" <+> fsep (punctuate ',' (map fst qualifs)))
-                                           return t
+      case Map.lookup c act of
+        Just f -> return (f c)
+        _      -> case mapMaybe (Map.lookup c) opens of
+                    [f]  -> return (f c)
+                    []   -> alt c ("constant not found:" <+> c $$
+                                   "given" <+> fsep (punctuate ',' (map fst qualifs)))
+                    fs   -> case nub [f c | f <- fs]  of
+                              [tr]     -> return tr
+                              ts@(t:_) -> do checkWarn ("atomic term" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 t0 $$
+                                                        "conflict" <+> hsep (punctuate ',' (map (ppTerm Qualified 0) ts)) $$
+                                                        "given" <+> fsep (punctuate ',' (map fst qualifs)))
+                                             return t

-            -- a warning will be generated in CheckGrammar, and the head returned
-            -- in next V: 
-            -- Bad $ "conflicting imports:" +++ unwords (map prt ts) 
-
-info2status :: Maybe ModuleName -> (Ident,Info) -> StatusInfo
-info2status mq (c,i) = case i of
+info2status :: Maybe ModuleName -> Ident -> Info -> StatusInfo
+info2status mq c i = case i of
  AbsFun _ _ Nothing _ -> maybe Con (curry QC) mq
-  ResValue _  -> maybe Con (curry QC) mq
+  ResValue _ _  -> maybe Con (curry QC) mq
  ResParam _ _  -> maybe Con (curry QC) mq
  AnyInd True m -> maybe Con (const (curry QC m)) mq
  AnyInd False m -> maybe Cn (const (curry Q m)) mq
  _           -> maybe Cn (curry Q) mq

-tree2status :: OpenSpec -> BinTree Ident Info -> BinTree Ident StatusInfo
+tree2status :: OpenSpec -> Map.Map Ident Info -> StatusMap
 tree2status o = case o of
-  OSimple i   -> mapTree (info2status (Just i))
-  OQualif i j -> mapTree (info2status (Just j))
+  OSimple i   -> Map.mapWithKey (info2status (Just i))
+  OQualif i j -> Map.mapWithKey (info2status (Just j))

 buildStatus :: FilePath -> Grammar -> Module -> Check Status
 buildStatus cwd gr mo@(m,mi) = checkInModule cwd mi NoLoc empty $ do
@@ -136,14 +128,14 @@ buildStatus cwd gr mo@(m,mi) = checkInModule cwd mi NoLoc empty $ do
  ops <- mapM (\o -> lookupModule gr1 (openedModule o) >>= \mi -> return (o,mi)) (mopens mi)
  let sts = map modInfo2status (exts++ops)
  return (if isModCnc mi
-            then (emptyBinTree,    reverse sts)  -- the module itself does not define any names
+            then (Map.empty,       reverse sts)  -- the module itself does not define any names
            else (self2status m mi,reverse sts)) -- so the empty ident is not needed

-modInfo2status :: (OpenSpec,ModuleInfo) -> (OpenSpec, StatusTree)
+modInfo2status :: (OpenSpec,ModuleInfo) -> (OpenSpec, StatusMap)
 modInfo2status (o,mo) = (o,tree2status o (jments mo))

-self2status :: ModuleName -> ModuleInfo -> StatusTree
-self2status c m = mapTree (info2status (Just c)) (jments m)
+self2status :: ModuleName -> ModuleInfo -> StatusMap
+self2status c m = Map.mapWithKey (info2status (Just c)) (jments m)

  
 renameInfo :: FilePath -> Status -> Module -> Ident -> Info -> Check Info
@@ -156,9 +148,9 @@ renameInfo cwd status (m,mi) i info =
    ResParam (Just pp) m -> do
      pp' <- renLoc (mapM (renParam status)) pp
      return (ResParam (Just pp') m)
-    ResValue t -> do
-      t <- renLoc (renameTerm status []) t
-      return (ResValue t)
+    ResValue ty offset -> do
+      t <- renLoc (renameTerm status []) ty
+      return (ResValue ty offset)
    CncCat mcat mdef mref mpr mpmcfg -> liftM5 CncCat (renTerm mcat) (renTerm mdef) (renTerm mref) (renTerm mpr) (return mpmcfg)
    CncFun mty mtr mpr mpmcfg -> liftM3 (CncFun mty)         (renTerm mtr) (renTerm mpr) (return mpmcfg)
    _ -> return info
@@ -186,9 +178,9 @@ renameInfo cwd status (m,mi) i info =
        return (ps',t')

    renParam :: Status -> Param -> Check Param
-    renParam env (c,co) = do
+    renParam env (c,co,i) = do
      co' <- renameContext env co
-      return (c,co')
+      return (c,co',i)

 renameTerm :: Status -> [Ident] -> Term -> Check Term
 renameTerm env vars = ren vars where
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Tags.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Tags.hs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ getLocalTags x (m,mi) =
    getLocations (AbsFun mb_type _ mb_eqs _)    = maybe (ltype "fun")        mb_type ++
                                                  maybe (list (loc "def"))   mb_eqs  
    getLocations (ResParam mb_params _)         = maybe (loc "param")        mb_params
-    getLocations (ResValue mb_type)             = ltype "param-value"          mb_type
+    getLocations (ResValue mb_type _)           = ltype "param-value"          mb_type
    getLocations (ResOper  mb_type mb_def)      = maybe (ltype "oper-type")  mb_type ++
                                                  maybe (loc "oper-def")     mb_def
    getLocations (ResOverload _ defs)           = list (\(x,y) -> ltype "overload-type" x ++ 
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ToAPI.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ToAPI.hs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ module GF.Compile.ToAPI
 (stringToAPI,exprToAPI)
  where

-import PGF.Internal
-import PGF(showCId)
+import PGF2
 import Data.Maybe
 --import System.IO
 --import Control.Monad
@@ -47,12 +46,12 @@ exprToFunc :: Expr -> APIfunc
 exprToFunc expr = 
   case unApp expr of
      Just (cid,l) -> 
-         case Map.lookup (showCId cid) syntaxFuncs of 
+         case Map.lookup cid syntaxFuncs of 
            Just sig -> mkAPI True (fst sig,expr)
            _        -> case l of 
-                          [] -> BasicFunc (showCId cid) 
+                          [] -> BasicFunc cid 
                          _  -> let es = map exprToFunc l 
-                                   in  AppFunc (showCId cid) es
+                                   in  AppFunc cid es
      _ -> BasicFunc (showExpr [] expr)

        
@@ -69,8 +68,8 @@ mkAPI opt (ty,expr) =
  where
     rephraseSentence ty expr = 
       case unApp expr of 
-         Just (cid,es) -> if isPrefixOf "Use" (showCId cid) then 
-                                                             let newCat = drop 3 (showCId cid)
+         Just (cid,es) -> if isPrefixOf "Use" cid then 
+                                                             let newCat = drop 3 cid
                                                                 afClause = mkAPI True (newCat, es !! 2)
                                                                 afPol = mkAPI True ("Pol",es !! 1)                                         
                                                                 lTense = mkAPI True ("Temp", head es)                                        
@@ -98,9 +97,9 @@ mkAPI opt (ty,expr) =
 computeAPI :: (String,Expr) ->  APIfunc
 computeAPI (ty,expr) =
   case (unApp expr) of 
-     Just (cid,[]) ->  getSimpCat (showCId cid) ty
+     Just (cid,[]) ->  getSimpCat cid ty
     Just (cid,es) -> 
-        let p = specFunction (showCId cid) es  
+        let p = specFunction cid es  
          in if isJust p then fromJust p
              else case Map.lookup (show cid) syntaxFuncs of
                    Nothing -> exprToFunc expr    
@@ -147,23 +146,23 @@ optimize expr = optimizeNP expr
 optimizeNP expr = 
   case unApp expr of
     Just (cid,es) -> 
-         if showCId cid == "MassNP" then let afs = nounAsCN (head es)
-                                           in AppFunc "mkNP" [afs]
-           else if showCId cid == "DetCN" then let quants = quantAsDet (head es)
-                                                   ns     = nounAsCN (head $ tail es)
-                                                  in AppFunc "mkNP" (quants ++ [ns])
+         if cid == "MassNP" then let afs = nounAsCN (head es)
+                                 in AppFunc "mkNP" [afs]
+           else if cid == "DetCN" then let quants = quantAsDet (head es)
+                                           ns     = nounAsCN (head $ tail es)
+                                       in AppFunc "mkNP" (quants ++ [ns])
                 else mkAPI False ("NP",expr)
     _             -> error $ "incorrect expression " ++ (showExpr [] expr)
    where 
     nounAsCN expr = 
      case unApp expr of 
-       Just (cid,es) -> if showCId cid == "UseN" then (mkAPI False) ("N",head es)
+       Just (cid,es) -> if cid == "UseN" then (mkAPI False) ("N",head es)
           else (mkAPI False) ("CN",expr)
       _ -> error $ "incorrect expression "++ (showExpr [] expr)

     quantAsDet expr =
       case unApp expr of
-        Just (cid,es) -> if showCId cid == "DetQuant" then map (mkAPI False) [("Quant", head es),("Num",head $ tail es)]
+        Just (cid,es) -> if cid == "DetQuant" then map (mkAPI False) [("Quant", head es),("Num",head $ tail es)]
                           else [mkAPI False ("Det",expr)]
                                  
        _             -> error $ "incorrect expression "++ (showExpr [] expr)
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/TypeCheck/Primitives.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/TypeCheck/Primitives.hs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ typPredefined :: Ident -> Maybe Type
 typPredefined f = case Map.lookup f primitives of
                    Just (ResOper (Just (L _ ty)) _) -> Just ty
                    Just (ResParam _ _)              -> Just typePType
-                    Just (ResValue (L _ ty))         -> Just ty
+                    Just (ResValue (L _ ty) _)       -> Just ty
                    _                                -> Nothing

 primitives = Map.fromList
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ primitives = Map.fromList
  , (cInt      , ResOper (Just (noLoc typePType)) Nothing)
  , (cFloat    , ResOper (Just (noLoc typePType)) Nothing)
  , (cInts     , fun [typeInt] typePType)
-  , (cPBool    , ResParam (Just (noLoc [(cPTrue,[]),(cPFalse,[])])) (Just [QC (cPredef,cPTrue), QC (cPredef,cPFalse)]))
-  , (cPTrue    , ResValue (noLoc typePBool))
-  , (cPFalse   , ResValue (noLoc typePBool))
+  , (cPBool    , ResParam (Just (noLoc [(cPTrue,[],0),(cPFalse,[],1)])) (Just [QC (cPredef,cPTrue), QC (cPredef,cPFalse)]))
+  , (cPTrue    , ResValue (noLoc typePBool) 0)
+  , (cPFalse   , ResValue (noLoc typePBool) 1)
  , (cError    , fun [typeStr] typeError)  -- non-can. of empty set
  , (cLength   , fun [typeTok] typeInt)
  , (cDrop     , fun [typeInt,typeTok] typeTok)
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/TypeCheck/RConcrete.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/TypeCheck/RConcrete.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE PatternGuards #-}
 module GF.Compile.TypeCheck.RConcrete( checkLType, inferLType, computeLType, ppType ) where
-import Prelude hiding ((<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint

 import GF.Infra.CheckM
 import GF.Data.Operations
@@ -360,12 +359,13 @@ getOverload gr g mt ot = case appForm ot of
                      nest 2 (showTypes pre)
         return (mkApp fun tts, val)
       ([],[]) -> do
-         checkError $ "no overload instance of" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 f $$
-                      "for" $$
+         checkError $ "no overload instance of" <+> ppTerm Qualified 0 f $$
+                      maybe empty (\x -> "with value type" <+> ppType x) mt $$
+                      "for argument list" $$
                      nest 2 stysError $$
-                      "among" $$
-                      nest 2 (vcat stypsError) $$
-                      maybe empty (\x -> "with value type" <+> ppType x) mt
+                      "among alternatives" $$
+                      nest 2 (vcat stypsError) 
+

       (vfs1,vfs2) -> case (noProds vfs1,noProds vfs2) of
         ([(val,fun)],_) -> do
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Update.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/Update.hs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import Control.Monad
 import GF.Text.Pretty

 -- | combine a list of definitions into a balanced binary search tree
-buildAnyTree :: Monad m => ModuleName -> [(Ident,Info)] -> m (BinTree Ident Info)
+buildAnyTree :: Monad m => ModuleName -> [(Ident,Info)] -> m (Map.Map Ident Info)
 buildAnyTree m = go Map.empty
  where
    go map []         = return map
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ rebuildModule cwd gr mo@(i,mi@(ModInfo mt stat fs_ me mw ops_ med_ msrc_ env_ js
            []  -> return mi{jments=js'}
            j0s -> do
                m0s <- mapM (lookupModule gr) j0s
-                let notInM0 c _  = all (not . isInBinTree c . jments) m0s
-                let js2 = filterBinTree notInM0 js'
+                let notInM0 c _  = all (not . Map.member c . jments) m0s
+                let js2 = Map.filterWithKey notInM0 js'
                return mi{jments=js2}
        _ -> return mi

@@ -123,8 +123,11 @@ rebuildModule cwd gr mo@(i,mi@(ModInfo mt stat fs_ me mw ops_ med_ msrc_ env_ js

      --- check if me is incomplete
      let fs1 = fs `addOptions` fs_                           -- new flags have priority
-      let js0 = [(c,globalizeLoc fpath j) | (c,j) <- tree2list js, isInherited incl c]
-      let js1 = buildTree (tree2list js_ ++ js0)
+      let js0 = Map.mapMaybeWithKey (\c j -> if isInherited incl c
+                                               then Just (globalizeLoc fpath j)
+                                               else Nothing)
+                                    js
+      let js1 = Map.union js0 js_
      let med1= nub (ext : infs ++ insts ++ med_)
      return $ ModInfo mt0 stat' fs1 me Nothing ops1 med1 msrc_ env_ js1

@@ -135,14 +138,14 @@ rebuildModule cwd gr mo@(i,mi@(ModInfo mt stat fs_ me mw ops_ med_ msrc_ env_ js
 -- If the extended module is incomplete, its judgements are just copied.
 extendMod :: Grammar ->
             Bool -> (Module,Ident -> Bool) -> ModuleName ->
-             BinTree Ident Info -> Check (BinTree Ident Info)
+             Map.Map Ident Info -> Check (Map.Map Ident Info)
 extendMod gr isCompl ((name,mi),cond) base new = foldM try new $ Map.toList (jments mi) 
  where
    try new (c,i0)
      | not (cond c) = return new
      | otherwise    = case Map.lookup c new of
                         Just j -> case unifyAnyInfo name i j of
-		                     Ok k  -> return $ updateTree (c,k) new
+		                     Ok k  -> return $ Map.insert c k new
 		                     Bad _ -> do (base,j) <- case j of 
 		                                               AnyInd _ m -> lookupOrigInfo gr (m,c)
 		                                               _          -> return (base,j)
@@ -155,15 +158,15 @@ extendMod gr isCompl ((name,mi),cond) base new = foldM try new $ Map.toList (jme
 		                                             nest 4 (ppJudgement Qualified (c,j)) $$
 		                                             "in module" <+> base)
                         Nothing-> if isCompl
-                                     then return $ updateTree (c,indirInfo name i) new
-                                     else return $ updateTree (c,i) new
+                                     then return $ Map.insert c (indirInfo name i) new
+                                     else return $ Map.insert c i new
      where
        i = globalizeLoc (msrc mi) i0

    indirInfo :: ModuleName -> Info -> Info
    indirInfo n info = AnyInd b n' where 
      (b,n') = case info of
-        ResValue _ -> (True,n)
+        ResValue _ _ -> (True,n)
        ResParam _ _ -> (True,n)
        AbsFun _ _ Nothing _ -> (True,n) 
        AnyInd b k -> (b,k)
@@ -174,7 +177,7 @@ globalizeLoc fpath i =
    AbsCat mc             -> AbsCat (fmap gl mc)
    AbsFun mt ma md moper -> AbsFun (fmap gl mt) ma (fmap (fmap gl) md) moper
    ResParam mt mv        -> ResParam (fmap gl mt) mv
-    ResValue t            -> ResValue (gl t)
+    ResValue t offset     -> ResValue (gl t) offset
    ResOper mt m          -> ResOper (fmap gl mt) (fmap gl m)
    ResOverload ms os     -> ResOverload ms (map (\(x,y) -> (gl x,gl y)) os)
    CncCat mc md mr mp mpmcfg-> CncCat (fmap gl mc) (fmap gl md) (fmap gl mr) (fmap gl mp) mpmcfg
@@ -196,9 +199,9 @@ unifyAnyInfo m i j = case (i,j) of

  (ResParam mt1 mv1, ResParam mt2 mv2) ->
    liftM2 ResParam (unifyMaybeL mt1 mt2) (unifyMaybe mv1 mv2)
-  (ResValue (L l1 t1), ResValue (L l2 t2)) 
-      | t1==t2    -> return (ResValue (L l1 t1))
-      | otherwise -> fail ""
+  (ResValue (L l1 t1) i1, ResValue (L l2 t2) i2) 
+      | t1==t2 && i1 == i2 -> return (ResValue (L l1 t1) i1)
+      | otherwise          -> fail ""
  (_, ResOverload ms t) | elem m ms ->
    return $ ResOverload ms t
  (ResOper mt1 m1, ResOper mt2 m2) -> 
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/pgf.schema.json
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/pgf.schema.json
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "$id": "http://grammaticalframework.org/pgf.schema.json",
+  "type": "object",
+  "title": "PGF JSON Schema",
+  "required": [
+    "abstract",
+    "concretes"
+  ],
+  "properties": {
+    "abstract": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "name",
+        "startcat",
+        "funs"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "startcat": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "funs": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "required": [
+              "args",
+              "cat"
+            ],
+            "properties": {
+              "args": {
+                "type": "array",
+                "items": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "cat": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "concretes": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": {
+        "required": [
+          "flags",
+          "productions",
+          "functions",
+          "sequences",
+          "categories",
+          "totalfids"
+        ],
+        "properties": {
+          "flags": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": {
+              "type": ["string", "number"]
+            }
+          },
+          "productions": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "oneOf": [
+                  {
+                    "$ref": "#/definitions/apply"
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "$ref": "#/definitions/coerce"
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "functions": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "title": "CncFun",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "name": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "lins": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "integer"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "sequences": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "$ref": "#/definitions/sym"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "categories": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": {
+              "title": "CncCat",
+              "type": "object",
+              "required": [
+                "start",
+                "end"
+              ],
+              "properties": {
+                "start": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "end": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "totalfids": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "definitions": {
+    "apply": {
+      "required": [
+        "type",
+        "fid",
+        "args"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "type": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": ["Apply"]
+        },
+        "fid": {
+          "type": "integer"
+        },
+        "args": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/parg"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "coerce": {
+      "required": [
+        "type",
+        "arg"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "type": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": ["Coerce"]
+        },
+        "arg": {
+          "type": "integer"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "parg": {
+      "required": [
+        "type",
+        "hypos",
+        "fid"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "type": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": ["PArg"]
+        },
+        "hypos": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "integer"
+          }
+        },
+        "fid": {
+          "type": "integer"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "sym": {
+      "title": "Sym",
+      "required": [
+        "type",
+        "args"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "type": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": [
+            "SymCat",
+            "SymLit",
+            "SymVar",
+            "SymKS",
+            "SymKP",
+            "SymNE"
+          ]
+        },
+        "args": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "anyOf": [
+              {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              {
+                "type": "integer"
+              },
+              {
+                "$ref": "#/definitions/sym"
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/src/compiler/GF/CompileInParallel.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/CompileInParallel.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 -- | Parallel grammar compilation
 module GF.CompileInParallel(parallelBatchCompile) where
-import Prelude hiding (catch,(<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint
+import Prelude hiding (catch)
 import Control.Monad(join,ap,when,unless)
 import Control.Applicative
 import GF.Infra.Concurrency
@@ -34,11 +34,8 @@ import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BS
 parallelBatchCompile jobs opts rootfiles0 =
  do setJobs jobs
     rootfiles <- mapM canonical rootfiles0
-     lib_dirs1 <- getLibraryDirectory opts
-     lib_dirs2 <- mapM canonical lib_dirs1
-     let lib_dir = head lib_dirs2
-     when (length lib_dirs2 >1) $ ePutStrLn ("GF_LIB_PATH defines more than one directory; using the first, " ++ show lib_dir)
-     filepaths <- mapM (getPathFromFile [lib_dir] opts) rootfiles
+     lib_dir  <- canonical =<< getLibraryDirectory opts
+     filepaths <- mapM (getPathFromFile lib_dir opts) rootfiles
     let groups = groupFiles lib_dir filepaths
         n = length groups
     when (n>1) $ ePutStrLn "Grammar mixes present and alltenses, dividing modules into two groups"
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compiler.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compiler.hs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-module GF.Compiler (mainGFC, linkGrammars, writePGF, writeOutputs) where
+module GF.Compiler (mainGFC, linkGrammars, writeGrammar, writeOutputs) where

-import PGF
-import PGF.Internal(concretes,optimizePGF,unionPGF)
-import PGF.Internal(putSplitAbs,encodeFile,runPut)
+import PGF2
+import PGF2.Internal(unionPGF,writePGF,writeConcr)
 import GF.Compile as S(batchCompile,link,srcAbsName)
 import GF.CompileInParallel as P(parallelBatchCompile)
 import GF.Compile.Export
 import GF.Compile.ConcreteToHaskell(concretes2haskell)
+import GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical--(concretes2canonical)
 import GF.Compile.CFGtoPGF
 import GF.Compile.GetGrammar
 import GF.Grammar.BNFC
@@ -17,12 +17,13 @@ import GF.Infra.UseIO
 import GF.Infra.Option
 import GF.Data.ErrM
 import GF.System.Directory
-import GF.Text.Pretty(render)
+import GF.Text.Pretty(render,render80)

 import Data.Maybe
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import qualified Data.Set as Set
 import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL
+import GF.Grammar.CanonicalJSON (encodeJSON)
 import System.FilePath
 import Control.Monad(when,unless,forM_)

@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ mainGFC opts fs = do
 compileSourceFiles :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IOE ()
 compileSourceFiles opts fs = 
    do output <- batchCompile opts fs
-       cncs2haskell output
+       exportCanonical output
       unless (flag optStopAfterPhase opts == Compile) $
           linkGrammars opts output
  where
@@ -55,22 +56,42 @@ compileSourceFiles opts fs =
    batchCompile' opts fs = do (t,cnc_gr) <- S.batchCompile opts fs
                               return (t,[cnc_gr])

-    cncs2haskell output =
-      when (FmtHaskell `elem` flag optOutputFormats opts &&
-            haskellOption opts HaskellConcrete) $
-        mapM_ cnc2haskell (snd output)
+    exportCanonical (_time, canonical) =
+      do when (FmtHaskell `elem` ofmts && haskellOption opts HaskellConcrete) $
+           mapM_ cnc2haskell canonical
+         when (FmtCanonicalGF `elem` ofmts) $
+           do createDirectoryIfMissing False "canonical"
+              mapM_ abs2canonical canonical
+              mapM_ cnc2canonical canonical
+         when (FmtCanonicalJson `elem` ofmts) $ mapM_ grammar2json canonical
+      where
+        ofmts = flag optOutputFormats opts

    cnc2haskell (cnc,gr) =
-        mapM_ writeHs $ concretes2haskell opts (srcAbsName gr cnc) gr
+      do mapM_ writeExport $ concretes2haskell opts (srcAbsName gr cnc) gr

-    writeHs (path,s) = writing opts path $ writeUTF8File path s
+    abs2canonical (cnc,gr) =
+        writeExport ("canonical/"++render absname++".gf",render80 canAbs)
+      where
+        absname = srcAbsName gr cnc
+        canAbs = abstract2canonical absname gr
+
+    cnc2canonical (cnc,gr) =
+      mapM_ (writeExport.fmap render80) $
+            concretes2canonical opts (srcAbsName gr cnc) gr
+
+    grammar2json (cnc,gr) = encodeJSON (render absname ++ ".json") gr_canon
+      where absname = srcAbsName gr cnc
+            gr_canon = grammar2canonical opts absname gr
+
+    writeExport (path,s) = writing opts path $ writeUTF8File path s


 -- | Create a @.pgf@ file (and possibly files in other formats, if specified
 -- in the 'Options') from the output of 'parallelBatchCompile'.
 -- If a @.pgf@ file by the same name already exists and it is newer than the
 -- source grammar files (as indicated by the 'UTCTime' argument), it is not
-- recreated. Calls 'writePGF' and 'writeOutputs'.
+-- recreated. Calls 'writeGrammar' and 'writeOutputs'.
 linkGrammars opts (t_src,~cnc_grs@(~(cnc,gr):_)) =
    do let abs = render (srcAbsName gr cnc)
           pgfFile = outputPath opts (grammarName' opts abs<.>"pgf")
@@ -80,8 +101,8 @@ linkGrammars opts (t_src,~cnc_grs@(~(cnc,gr):_)) =
       if t_pgf >= Just t_src
         then putIfVerb opts $ pgfFile ++ " is up-to-date."
         else do pgfs <- mapM (link opts) cnc_grs
-                 let pgf = foldl1 unionPGF pgfs
-                 writePGF opts pgf
+                 let pgf = foldl1 (\one two -> fromMaybe two (unionPGF one two)) pgfs
+                 writeGrammar opts pgf
                 writeOutputs opts pgf

 compileCFFiles :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IOE ()
@@ -91,12 +112,11 @@ compileCFFiles opts fs = do
  startCat <- case rules of
                (Rule cat _ _ : _) -> return cat
                _                  -> fail "empty CFG"
-  let pgf = cf2pgf (last fs) (mkCFG startCat Set.empty rules)
+  probs <- liftIO (maybe (return Map.empty) readProbabilitiesFromFile (flag optProbsFile opts))
+  let pgf = cf2pgf opts (last fs) (mkCFG startCat Set.empty rules) probs
  unless (flag optStopAfterPhase opts == Compile) $
-     do probs <- liftIO (maybe (return . defaultProbabilities) readProbabilitiesFromFile (flag optProbsFile opts) pgf)
-        let pgf' = setProbabilities probs $ if flag optOptimizePGF opts then optimizePGF pgf else pgf
-        writePGF opts pgf'
-        writeOutputs opts pgf'
+     do writeGrammar opts pgf
+        writeOutputs opts pgf

 unionPGFFiles :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IOE ()
 unionPGFFiles opts fs =
@@ -114,12 +134,11 @@ unionPGFFiles opts fs =

    doIt =
      do pgfs <- mapM readPGFVerbose fs
-         let pgf0 = foldl1 unionPGF pgfs
-             pgf  = if flag optOptimizePGF opts then optimizePGF pgf0 else pgf0
-             pgfFile = outputPath opts (grammarName opts pgf <.> "pgf")
+         let pgf = foldl1 (\one two -> fromMaybe two (unionPGF one two)) pgfs
+         let pgfFile = outputPath opts (grammarName opts pgf <.> "pgf")
         if pgfFile `elem` fs
           then putStrLnE $ "Refusing to overwrite " ++ pgfFile
-           else writePGF opts pgf
+           else writeGrammar opts pgf
         writeOutputs opts pgf

    readPGFVerbose f =
@@ -136,21 +155,20 @@ writeOutputs opts pgf = do
 -- | Write the result of compiling a grammar (e.g. with 'compileToPGF' or
 -- 'link') to a @.pgf@ file.
 -- A split PGF file is output if the @-split-pgf@ option is used.
-writePGF :: Options -> PGF -> IOE ()
-writePGF opts pgf =
-    if flag optSplitPGF opts then writeSplitPGF else writeNormalPGF
+writeGrammar :: Options -> PGF -> IOE ()
+writeGrammar opts pgf =
+  if flag optSplitPGF opts then writeSplitPGF else writeNormalPGF
  where
    writeNormalPGF =
       do let outfile = outputPath opts (grammarName opts pgf <.> "pgf")
-          writing opts outfile $ encodeFile outfile pgf
+          writing opts outfile (writePGF outfile pgf)

    writeSplitPGF =
      do let outfile = outputPath opts (grammarName opts pgf <.> "pgf")
-         writing opts outfile $ BSL.writeFile outfile (runPut (putSplitAbs pgf))
-                                --encodeFile_ outfile (putSplitAbs pgf)
-         forM_ (Map.toList (concretes pgf)) $ \cnc -> do
-           let outfile = outputPath opts (showCId (fst cnc) <.> "pgf_c")
-           writing opts outfile $ encodeFile outfile cnc
+         writing opts outfile $ writePGF outfile pgf
+         forM_ (Map.toList (languages pgf)) $ \(concrname,concr) -> do
+           let outfile = outputPath opts (concrname <.> "pgf_c")
+           writing opts outfile (writeConcr outfile concr)


 writeOutput :: Options -> FilePath-> String -> IOE ()
@@ -160,7 +178,7 @@ writeOutput opts file str = writing opts path $ writeUTF8File path str
 -- * Useful helper functions

 grammarName :: Options -> PGF -> String
-grammarName opts pgf = grammarName' opts (showCId (abstractName pgf))
+grammarName opts pgf = grammarName' opts (abstractName pgf)
 grammarName' opts abs = fromMaybe abs (flag optName opts)

 outputJustPGF opts = null (flag optOutputFormats opts) && not (flag optSplitPGF opts)
--- a/src/compiler/GF/CompilerAPI.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/CompilerAPI.hs
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ import GF.Compile.ReadFiles
 import GF.Compile.Update
 import GF.Compile.Refresh

-import GF.Compile.Coding
-
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar
 import GF.Grammar.Lookup
 import GF.Grammar.Printer
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Data/Operations.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Data/Operations.hs
@@ -28,14 +28,6 @@ module GF.Data.Operations (

                   -- ** Monadic operations on lists and pairs
 		   mapPairListM, mapPairsM, pairM,
-
-		   -- ** Binary search trees; now with FiniteMap
-		   BinTree, emptyBinTree, isInBinTree, --justLookupTree,
-		   lookupTree, --lookupTreeMany,
-                   lookupTreeManyAll, updateTree,
-		   buildTree, filterBinTree,
-                   mapTree, --mapMTree,
-                   tree2list,
 
 		   -- ** Printing
 		   indent, (+++), (++-), (++++), (+++-), (+++++),
@@ -50,10 +42,6 @@ module GF.Data.Operations (
 		   ifNull,
 		   combinations, done, readIntArg, --singleton,
 		   iterFix,  chunks,
-{-
-		   -- ** State monad with error; from Agda 6\/11\/2001
-		   STM(..), appSTM, stm, stmr, readSTM, updateSTM, writeSTM,
-}
                
 		  ) where

@@ -117,44 +105,6 @@ unifyMaybeBy f (Just p1) (Just p2)
 unifyMaybeBy _ Nothing   mp2       = return mp2
 unifyMaybeBy _ mp1       _         = return mp1

-- binary search trees
-
-type BinTree a b = Map a b
-
-emptyBinTree :: BinTree a b
-emptyBinTree = Map.empty
-
-isInBinTree :: (Ord a) => a -> BinTree a b -> Bool
-isInBinTree = Map.member
-{-
-justLookupTree :: (ErrorMonad m,Ord a) => a -> BinTree a b -> m b
-justLookupTree = lookupTree (const [])
-}
-lookupTree :: (ErrorMonad m,Ord a) => (a -> String) -> a -> BinTree a b -> m b
-lookupTree pr x = maybeErr no . Map.lookup x
-  where no = "no occurrence of element" +++ pr x
-
-lookupTreeManyAll :: Ord a => (a -> String) -> [BinTree a b] -> a -> [b]
-lookupTreeManyAll pr (t:ts) x = case lookupTree pr x t of
-  Ok v -> v : lookupTreeManyAll pr ts x
-  _ -> lookupTreeManyAll pr ts x
-lookupTreeManyAll pr [] x = []
-
-updateTree :: (Ord a) => (a,b) -> BinTree a b -> BinTree a b
-updateTree (a,b) = Map.insert a b
-
-buildTree :: (Ord a) => [(a,b)] -> BinTree a b
-buildTree = Map.fromList
-
-mapTree :: ((a,b) -> c) -> BinTree a b -> BinTree a c
-mapTree f = Map.mapWithKey (\k v -> f (k,v))
-
-filterBinTree :: Ord a => (a -> b -> Bool) -> BinTree a b -> BinTree a b
-filterBinTree = Map.filterWithKey
-
-tree2list :: BinTree a b -> [(a,b)] -- inorder
-tree2list = Map.toList
-
 -- printing

 indent :: Int -> String -> String
@@ -297,42 +247,6 @@ chunks sep ws = case span (/= sep) ws of
 readIntArg :: String -> Int
 readIntArg n = if (not (null n) && all isDigit n) then read n else 0

-{-
-- state monad with error; from Agda 6/11/2001
-
-newtype STM s a = STM (s -> Err (a,s)) 
-
-appSTM :: STM s a -> s -> Err (a,s)
-appSTM (STM f) s = f s
-
-stm :: (s -> Err (a,s)) -> STM s a
-stm = STM
-
-stmr :: (s -> (a,s)) -> STM s a
-stmr f = stm (\s -> return (f s))
-
-instance Functor (STM s) where fmap = liftM
-
-instance Applicative (STM s) where
-  pure = return
-  (<*>) = ap
-
-instance  Monad (STM s) where
-  return a    = STM (\s -> return (a,s))
-  STM c >>= f = STM (\s -> do 
-                        (x,s') <- c s
-                        let STM f' = f x
-                        f' s')
-
-readSTM :: STM s s
-readSTM = stmr (\s -> (s,s))
-
-updateSTM :: (s -> s) -> STM s () 
-updateSTM f = stmr (\s -> ((),f s))
-
-writeSTM :: s -> STM s ()
-writeSTM s = stmr (const ((),s))
-}
 -- | @return ()@
 done :: Monad m => m ()
 done = return ()
@@ -377,4 +291,4 @@ doUntil cond ms = case ms of
    v <- a
    if cond v then return v else doUntil cond as
  _ -> raise "no result"
-}
+-}
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Analyse.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Analyse.hs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ stripInfo i = case i of
  AbsCat _ -> i
  AbsFun mt mi me mb -> AbsFun mt mi Nothing mb
  ResParam mp mt -> ResParam mp Nothing
-  ResValue lt -> i ----
+  ResValue _ lt -> i ----
  ResOper mt md -> ResOper mt Nothing
  ResOverload is fs -> ResOverload is [(lty, L loc (EInt 0)) | (lty,L loc _) <- fs]
  CncCat mty mte _ mtf mpmcfg -> CncCat mty Nothing Nothing Nothing Nothing
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ sizeInfo i = case i of
  AbsFun mt mi me mb -> 1 + msize mt + 
    sum [sum (map (sizeTerm . patt2term) ps) + sizeTerm t | Just es <- [me], L _ (ps,t) <- es]
  ResParam mp mt -> 
-    1 + sum [1 + sum [1 + sizeTerm ty | (_,_,ty) <- co] | Just (L _ ps) <- [mp], (_,co) <- ps]
-  ResValue lt -> 0
+    1 + sum [1 + sum [1 + sizeTerm ty | (_,_,ty) <- co] | Just (L _ ps) <- [mp], (_,co,_) <- ps]
+  ResValue _ lt -> 0
  ResOper mt md -> 1 + msize mt + msize md
  ResOverload is fs -> 1 + sum [sizeTerm ty + sizeTerm tr | (L _ ty, L _ tr) <- fs]
  CncCat mty _ _ _ _ -> 1 + msize mty   -- ignoring lindef, linref and printname
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/BNFC.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/BNFC.hs
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 module GF.Grammar.BNFC(BNFCRule(..), BNFCSymbol, Symbol(..), CFTerm(..), bnfc2cf) where

 import GF.Grammar.CFG
-import PGF (Token, mkCId)
 import Data.List (partition)

 type IsList = Bool
@@ -64,12 +63,12 @@ transformRules sepMap (BNFCCoercions c num) = rules ++ [lastRule]
                lastRule = Rule (c',[0]) ss rn
                  where c' = c ++ show num
                        ss = [Terminal "(", NonTerminal (c,[0]), Terminal ")"]
-                        rn = CFObj (mkCId $ "coercion_" ++ c) []
+                        rn = CFObj ("coercion_" ++ c) []

 fRules c n = Rule (c',[0]) ss rn
   where c' = if n == 0 then c else c ++ show n
         ss = [NonTerminal (c ++ show (n+1),[0])]
-         rn = CFObj (mkCId $ "coercion_" ++ c') []
+         rn = CFObj ("coercion_" ++ c') []

 transformSymb :: SepMap -> BNFCSymbol -> (String, ParamCFSymbol)
 transformSymb sepMap s = case s of
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ createListRules' ne isSep symb c = ruleBase : ruleCons
                       then [NonTerminal (c,[0]) | ne]
                       else [NonTerminal (c,[0]) | ne] ++
                            [Terminal symb | symb /= "" && ne]
-                rn   = CFObj (mkCId $ "Base" ++ c) []
+                rn   = CFObj ("Base" ++ c) []
        ruleCons
          | isSep && symb /= "" && not ne = [Rule ("List" ++ c,[1]) smbs0 rn
                                            ,Rule ("List" ++ c,[1]) smbs1 rn]
@@ -107,4 +106,4 @@ createListRules' ne isSep symb c = ruleBase : ruleCons
                smbs = [NonTerminal (c,[0])] ++
                       [Terminal symb | symb /= ""] ++
                       [NonTerminal ("List" ++ c,[0])]
-                rn   = CFObj (mkCId $ "Cons" ++ c) []
+                rn   = CFObj ("Cons" ++ c) []
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Binary.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Binary.hs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 module GF.Grammar.Binary(VersionTagged(..),decodeModuleHeader,decodeModule,encodeModule) where

 import Prelude hiding (catch)
+import Control.Monad
 import Control.Exception(catch,ErrorCall(..),throwIO)
-
-import PGF.Internal(Binary(..),Word8,putWord8,getWord8,encodeFile,decodeFile)
+import Data.Binary
 import qualified Data.Map as Map(empty)
 import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as BS

@@ -22,11 +22,10 @@ import GF.Infra.Option
 import GF.Infra.UseIO(MonadIO(..))
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar

-import PGF() -- Binary instances
-import PGF.Internal(Literal(..))
+import PGF2.Internal(Literal(..),Symbol(..))

 -- Please change this every time when the GFO format is changed
-gfoVersion = "GF04"
+gfoVersion = "GF05"

 instance Binary Ident where
  put id = put (ident2utf8 id)
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ instance Binary Info where
  put (AbsCat x)       = putWord8 0 >> put x
  put (AbsFun w x y z) = putWord8 1 >> put (w,x,y,z)
  put (ResParam x y)   = putWord8 2 >> put (x,y)
-  put (ResValue x)     = putWord8 3 >> put x
+  put (ResValue x y)   = putWord8 3 >> put (x,y)
  put (ResOper x y)    = putWord8 4 >> put (x,y)
  put (ResOverload x y)= putWord8 5 >> put (x,y)
  put (CncCat v w x y z)=putWord8 6 >> put (v,w,x,y,z)
@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ instance Binary Info where
             0 -> get >>= \x         -> return (AbsCat x)
             1 -> get >>= \(w,x,y,z) -> return (AbsFun w x y z)
             2 -> get >>= \(x,y)     -> return (ResParam x y)
-             3 -> get >>= \x         -> return (ResValue x)
+             3 -> get >>= \(x,y)     -> return (ResValue x y)
             4 -> get >>= \(x,y)     -> return (ResOper x y)
             5 -> get >>= \(x,y)     -> return (ResOverload x y)
             6 -> get >>= \(v,w,x,y,z)->return (CncCat v w x y z)
@@ -298,6 +297,53 @@ instance Binary Label where
             1 -> fmap LVar   get
             _ -> decodingError

+instance Binary BindType where
+  put Explicit = putWord8 0
+  put Implicit = putWord8 1
+  get = do tag <- getWord8
+           case tag of
+             0 -> return Explicit
+             1 -> return Implicit
+             _ -> decodingError
+
+instance Binary Literal where
+  put (LStr s) = putWord8 0 >> put s
+  put (LInt i) = putWord8 1 >> put i
+  put (LFlt d) = putWord8 2 >> put d
+  get = do tag <- getWord8
+           case tag of
+             0 -> liftM  LStr get
+             1 -> liftM  LInt get
+             2 -> liftM  LFlt get
+             _ -> decodingError
+
+instance Binary Symbol where
+  put (SymCat n l)       = putWord8 0 >> put (n,l)
+  put (SymLit n l)       = putWord8 1 >> put (n,l)
+  put (SymVar n l)       = putWord8 2 >> put (n,l)
+  put (SymKS ts)         = putWord8 3 >> put ts
+  put (SymKP d vs)       = putWord8 4 >> put (d,vs)
+  put SymBIND            = putWord8 5
+  put SymSOFT_BIND       = putWord8 6
+  put SymNE              = putWord8 7
+  put SymSOFT_SPACE      = putWord8 8
+  put SymCAPIT           = putWord8 9
+  put SymALL_CAPIT       = putWord8 10
+  get = do tag <- getWord8
+           case tag of
+             0 -> liftM2 SymCat get get
+             1 -> liftM2 SymLit get get
+             2 -> liftM2 SymVar get get
+             3 -> liftM  SymKS  get
+             4 -> liftM2 (\d vs -> SymKP d vs) get get
+             5 -> return SymBIND
+             6 -> return SymSOFT_BIND
+             7 -> return SymNE
+             8 -> return SymSOFT_SPACE
+             9 -> return SymCAPIT
+             10-> return SymALL_CAPIT
+             _ -> decodingError
+
 --putGFOVersion = mapM_ (putWord8 . fromIntegral . ord) gfoVersion
 --getGFOVersion = replicateM (length gfoVersion) (fmap (chr . fromIntegral) getWord8)
 --putGFOVersion = put gfoVersion
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/CFG.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/CFG.hs
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@
 --
 -- Context-free grammar representation and manipulation.
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-module GF.Grammar.CFG where
+module GF.Grammar.CFG(Cat,Token, module GF.Grammar.CFG) where

 import GF.Data.Utilities
-import PGF
+import PGF2(Fun,Cat)
+import PGF2.Internal(Token)
 import GF.Data.Relation

 import Data.Map (Map)
@@ -20,8 +21,6 @@ import qualified Data.Set as Set
 -- * Types
 --

-type Cat = String
-
 data Symbol c t = NonTerminal c | Terminal t
  deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

@@ -39,12 +38,12 @@ data Grammar c t = Grammar {
  deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

 data CFTerm
-    = CFObj CId [CFTerm] -- ^ an abstract syntax function with arguments
+    = CFObj Fun [CFTerm] -- ^ an abstract syntax function with arguments
    | CFAbs Int CFTerm -- ^ A lambda abstraction. The Int is the variable id.
    | CFApp CFTerm CFTerm -- ^ Application
    | CFRes Int -- ^ The result of the n:th (0-based) non-terminal
    | CFVar Int -- ^ A lambda-bound variable
-    | CFMeta CId -- ^ A metavariable
+    | CFMeta Fun -- ^ A metavariable
  deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

 type CFSymbol = Symbol  Cat Token
@@ -232,7 +231,7 @@ uniqueFuns = snd . mapAccumL uniqueFun Set.empty
    uniqueFun funs (Rule cat items (CFObj fun args)) = (Set.insert fun' funs,Rule cat items (CFObj fun' args))
      where
        fun' = head [fun'|suffix<-"":map show ([2..]::[Int]),
-                          let fun'=mkCId (showCId fun++suffix),
+                          let fun'=fun++suffix,
                          not (fun' `Set.member` funs)]

 -- | Gets all rules in a CFG.
@@ -310,12 +309,12 @@ prProductions prods =
 prCFTerm :: CFTerm -> String
 prCFTerm = pr 0
  where
-    pr p (CFObj f args) = paren p (showCId f ++ " (" ++ concat (intersperse "," (map (pr 0) args)) ++ ")")
+    pr p (CFObj f args) = paren p (f ++ " (" ++ concat (intersperse "," (map (pr 0) args)) ++ ")")
    pr p (CFAbs i t) = paren p ("\\x" ++ show i ++ ". " ++ pr 0 t)
    pr p (CFApp t1 t2) = paren p (pr 1 t1 ++ "(" ++ pr 0 t2 ++ ")")
    pr _ (CFRes i) = "$" ++ show i
    pr _ (CFVar i) = "x" ++ show i
-    pr _ (CFMeta c) = "?" ++ showCId c
+    pr _ (CFMeta c) = "?" ++ c
    paren 0 x = x
    paren 1 x = "(" ++ x ++ ")"

@@ -323,12 +322,12 @@ prCFTerm = pr 0
 -- * CFRule Utilities
 --

-ruleFun :: Rule c t -> CId
+ruleFun :: Rule c t -> Fun
 ruleFun (Rule _ _ t) = f t
  where f (CFObj n _) = n
        f (CFApp _ x) = f x
        f (CFAbs _ x) = f x
-        f _ = mkCId ""
+        f _ = ""

 -- | Check if any of the categories used on the right-hand side
 --   are in the given list of categories.
@@ -336,7 +335,7 @@ anyUsedBy :: Eq c => [c] -> Rule c t -> Bool
 anyUsedBy cs (Rule _ ss _) = any (`elem` cs) (filterCats ss)

 mkCFTerm :: String -> CFTerm
-mkCFTerm n = CFObj (mkCId n) []
+mkCFTerm n = CFObj n []

 ruleIsNonRecursive :: Ord c => Set c -> Rule c t -> Bool
 ruleIsNonRecursive cs = noCatsInSet cs . ruleRhs
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Canonical.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Canonical.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+-- |
+-- Module    :  GF.Grammar.Canonical
+-- Stability :  provisional
+--
+-- Abstract syntax for canonical GF grammars, i.e. what's left after
+-- high-level constructions such as functors and opers have been eliminated
+-- by partial evaluation. This is intended as a common intermediate
+-- representation to simplify export to other formats.
+
+{-# LANGUAGE DeriveTraversable #-}
+module GF.Grammar.Canonical where
+import Prelude hiding ((<>))
+import GF.Text.Pretty
+
+-- | A Complete grammar
+data Grammar = Grammar Abstract [Concrete] deriving Show
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ** Abstract Syntax
+
+-- | Abstract Syntax
+data Abstract = Abstract ModId Flags [CatDef] [FunDef] deriving Show
+abstrName (Abstract mn _ _ _) = mn
+
+data CatDef   = CatDef CatId [CatId]        deriving Show
+data FunDef   = FunDef FunId Type           deriving Show
+data Type     = Type [TypeBinding] TypeApp  deriving Show
+data TypeApp  = TypeApp CatId [Type]        deriving Show
+
+data TypeBinding = TypeBinding VarId Type   deriving Show
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ** Concreate syntax
+
+-- | Concrete Syntax
+data Concrete  = Concrete ModId ModId Flags [ParamDef] [LincatDef] [LinDef]
+                 deriving Show
+concName (Concrete cnc _ _ _ _ _) = cnc
+
+data ParamDef  = ParamDef ParamId [ParamValueDef]
+               | ParamAliasDef ParamId LinType
+               deriving Show
+data LincatDef = LincatDef CatId LinType  deriving Show
+data LinDef    = LinDef FunId [VarId] LinValue  deriving Show
+
+-- | Linearization type, RHS of @lincat@
+data LinType = FloatType 
+             | IntType 
+             | ParamType ParamType
+             | RecordType [RecordRowType]
+             | StrType 
+             | TableType LinType LinType 
+             | TupleType [LinType]
+              deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+
+newtype ParamType = ParamTypeId ParamId deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+
+-- | Linearization value, RHS of @lin@
+data LinValue = ConcatValue LinValue LinValue
+              | LiteralValue LinLiteral
+              | ErrorValue String
+              | ParamConstant ParamValue 
+              | PredefValue PredefId
+              | RecordValue [RecordRowValue]
+              | TableValue LinType [TableRowValue]
+---           | VTableValue LinType [LinValue]
+              | TupleValue [LinValue]
+              | VariantValue [LinValue]
+              | VarValue VarValueId
+              | PreValue [([String], LinValue)] LinValue
+              | Projection LinValue LabelId
+              | Selection LinValue LinValue
+              | CommentedValue String LinValue
+              deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+
+data LinLiteral = FloatConstant Float 
+                | IntConstant Int 
+                | StrConstant String 
+                deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+
+data LinPattern = ParamPattern ParamPattern
+                | RecordPattern [RecordRow LinPattern]
+                | TuplePattern [LinPattern]
+                | WildPattern
+                deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+
+type ParamValue = Param LinValue
+type ParamPattern = Param LinPattern
+type ParamValueDef = Param ParamId
+
+data Param arg = Param ParamId [arg]
+                 deriving (Eq,Ord,Show,Functor,Foldable,Traversable)
+
+type RecordRowType  = RecordRow LinType
+type RecordRowValue = RecordRow LinValue
+type TableRowValue  = TableRow LinValue
+
+data RecordRow rhs = RecordRow LabelId    rhs
+                     deriving (Eq,Ord,Show,Functor,Foldable,Traversable)
+data TableRow  rhs = TableRow  LinPattern rhs
+                     deriving (Eq,Ord,Show,Functor,Foldable,Traversable)
+
+-- *** Identifiers in Concrete Syntax
+
+newtype PredefId = PredefId Id        deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+newtype LabelId  = LabelId Id         deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+data VarValueId  = VarValueId QualId  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+
+-- | Name of param type or param value 
+newtype ParamId = ParamId QualId  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ** Used in both Abstract and Concrete Syntax
+
+newtype ModId = ModId Id  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+
+newtype CatId = CatId Id  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+newtype FunId = FunId Id  deriving (Eq,Show)
+
+data VarId = Anonymous | VarId Id  deriving Show
+
+newtype Flags = Flags [(FlagName,FlagValue)] deriving Show
+type FlagName = Id
+data FlagValue = Str String | Int Int | Flt Double deriving Show
+
+
+-- *** Identifiers
+
+type Id = String
+data QualId = Qual ModId Id | Unqual Id  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ** Pretty printing
+
+instance Pretty Grammar where
+  pp (Grammar abs cncs) = abs $+$ vcat cncs
+
+instance Pretty Abstract where
+  pp (Abstract m flags cats funs) =
+    "abstract" <+> m <+> "=" <+> "{" $$
+       flags $$
+       "cat" <+> fsep cats $$
+       "fun" <+> vcat funs $$
+       "}"
+
+instance Pretty CatDef where
+  pp (CatDef c cs) = hsep (c:cs)<>";"
+
+instance Pretty FunDef where
+  pp (FunDef f ty) = f <+> ":" <+> ty <>";"
+
+instance Pretty Type where
+  pp (Type bs ty) = sep (punctuate " ->" (map pp bs ++ [pp ty]))
+
+instance PPA Type where
+  ppA (Type [] (TypeApp c [])) = pp c
+  ppA t = parens t
+
+instance Pretty TypeBinding where
+  pp (TypeBinding Anonymous (Type [] tapp)) = pp tapp
+  pp (TypeBinding Anonymous ty) = parens ty
+  pp (TypeBinding (VarId x) ty) = parens (x<+>":"<+>ty)
+
+instance Pretty TypeApp where
+ pp (TypeApp c targs) = c<+>hsep (map ppA targs)
+
+instance Pretty VarId where
+  pp Anonymous = pp "_"
+  pp (VarId x) = pp x
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+instance Pretty Concrete where
+  pp (Concrete cncid absid flags params lincats lins) =
+      "concrete" <+> cncid <+> "of" <+> absid <+> "=" <+> "{" $$
+      vcat params $$
+      section "lincat" lincats $$
+      section "lin" lins $$
+      "}"
+    where
+      section name [] = empty
+      section name ds = name <+> vcat (map (<> ";") ds)
+
+instance Pretty ParamDef where
+  pp (ParamDef p pvs) = hang ("param"<+> p <+> "=") 4 (punctuate " |" pvs)<>";"
+  pp (ParamAliasDef p t) = hang ("oper"<+> p <+> "=") 4 t<>";"
+
+instance PPA arg => Pretty (Param arg) where
+  pp (Param p ps) = pp p<+>sep (map ppA ps)
+
+instance PPA arg => PPA (Param arg) where
+  ppA (Param p []) = pp p
+  ppA pv = parens pv
+
+instance Pretty LincatDef where
+  pp (LincatDef c lt) = hang (c <+> "=") 4 lt
+
+instance Pretty LinType where
+ pp lt = case lt of
+           FloatType -> pp "Float"
+           IntType -> pp "Int"
+           ParamType pt -> pp pt
+           RecordType rs -> block rs
+           StrType -> pp "Str"
+           TableType pt lt -> sep [pt <+> "=>",pp lt]
+           TupleType lts -> "<"<>punctuate "," lts<>">"
+
+instance RhsSeparator LinType  where rhsSep _ = pp ":"
+
+instance Pretty ParamType where
+  pp (ParamTypeId p) = pp p
+
+instance Pretty LinDef where
+  pp (LinDef f xs lv) = hang (f<+>hsep xs<+>"=") 4 lv
+
+instance Pretty LinValue where
+  pp lv = case lv of
+            ConcatValue v1 v2 -> sep [v1 <+> "++",pp v2]
+            ErrorValue s -> "Predef.error"<+>doubleQuotes s
+            ParamConstant pv -> pp pv
+            Projection lv l -> ppA lv<>"."<>l
+            Selection tv pv -> ppA tv<>"!"<>ppA pv
+            VariantValue vs -> "variants"<+>block vs
+            CommentedValue s v -> "{-" <+> s <+> "-}" $$ v
+            _ -> ppA lv
+
+instance PPA LinValue where
+  ppA lv = case lv of
+             LiteralValue l -> ppA l
+             ParamConstant pv -> ppA pv
+             PredefValue p -> ppA p
+             RecordValue [] -> pp "<>"
+             RecordValue rvs -> block rvs
+             PreValue alts def ->
+               "pre"<+>block (map alt alts++["_"<+>"=>"<+>def])
+               where
+                 alt (ss,lv) = hang (hcat (punctuate "|" (map doubleQuotes ss)))
+                                    2 ("=>"<+>lv)
+             TableValue _ tvs -> "table"<+>block tvs
+--           VTableValue t ts -> "table"<+>t<+>brackets (semiSep ts)
+             TupleValue lvs -> "<"<>punctuate "," lvs<>">"
+             VarValue v -> pp v
+             _ -> parens lv
+
+instance Pretty LinLiteral where pp = ppA
+
+instance PPA LinLiteral where
+  ppA l = case l of
+            FloatConstant f -> pp f
+            IntConstant n -> pp n
+            StrConstant s -> doubleQuotes s -- hmm
+  
+instance RhsSeparator LinValue where rhsSep _ = pp "="
+
+instance Pretty LinPattern where
+  pp p =
+    case p of
+      ParamPattern pv -> pp pv
+      _ -> ppA p
+
+instance PPA LinPattern where
+  ppA p =
+    case p of
+      ParamPattern pv -> ppA pv
+      RecordPattern r -> block r
+      TuplePattern ps -> "<"<>punctuate "," ps<>">"
+      WildPattern     -> pp "_"                
+      _ -> parens p
+
+instance RhsSeparator LinPattern where rhsSep _ = pp "="
+
+instance RhsSeparator rhs => Pretty (RecordRow rhs) where
+  pp (RecordRow l v) = hang (l<+>rhsSep v) 2 v
+
+instance Pretty rhs => Pretty (TableRow rhs) where
+  pp (TableRow l v) = hang (l<+>"=>") 2 v
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+instance Pretty ModId where pp (ModId s) = pp s
+instance Pretty CatId where pp (CatId s) = pp s
+instance Pretty FunId where pp (FunId s) = pp s
+instance Pretty LabelId where pp (LabelId s) = pp s
+instance Pretty PredefId where pp = ppA
+instance PPA    PredefId where ppA (PredefId s) = "Predef."<>s
+instance Pretty ParamId where pp = ppA
+instance PPA    ParamId where ppA (ParamId s) = pp s
+instance Pretty VarValueId where pp (VarValueId s) = pp s
+
+instance Pretty QualId where pp = ppA
+
+instance PPA QualId where
+  ppA (Qual m n) = m<>"_"<>n -- hmm
+  ppA (Unqual n) = pp n
+
+instance Pretty Flags where
+  pp (Flags []) = empty
+  pp (Flags flags) = "flags" <+> vcat (map ppFlag flags)
+    where
+      ppFlag (name,value) = name <+> "=" <+> value <>";"
+
+instance Pretty FlagValue where
+  pp (Str s) = pp s
+  pp (Int i) = pp i
+  pp (Flt d) = pp d
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- | Pretty print atomically (i.e. wrap it in parentheses if necessary)
+class Pretty a => PPA a where ppA :: a -> Doc
+
+class Pretty rhs => RhsSeparator rhs where rhsSep :: rhs -> Doc
+
+semiSep xs = punctuate ";" xs
+block xs = braces (semiSep xs)
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/CanonicalJSON.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/CanonicalJSON.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+module GF.Grammar.CanonicalJSON (
+  encodeJSON
+  ) where
+
+import Text.JSON
+import Control.Applicative ((<|>))
+import Data.Ratio (denominator, numerator)
+import GF.Grammar.Canonical
+
+
+encodeJSON :: FilePath -> Grammar -> IO ()
+encodeJSON fpath g = writeFile fpath (encode g)
+
+
+-- in general we encode grammars using JSON objects/records,
+-- except for newtypes/coercions/direct values
+
+-- the top-level definitions use normal record labels,
+-- but recursive types/values/ids use labels staring with a "."
+
+instance JSON Grammar where
+  showJSON (Grammar abs cncs) = makeObj [("abstract", showJSON abs), ("concretes", showJSON cncs)]
+
+  readJSON o = Grammar <$> o!"abstract" <*> o!"concretes"
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ** Abstract Syntax
+
+instance JSON Abstract where
+  showJSON (Abstract absid flags cats funs) 
+    = makeObj [("abs", showJSON absid),
+               ("flags", showJSON flags),
+               ("cats", showJSON cats),
+               ("funs", showJSON funs)]
+
+  readJSON o = Abstract
+    <$> o!"abs"
+    <*>(o!"flags" <|> return (Flags []))
+    <*> o!"cats"
+    <*> o!"funs"
+
+instance JSON CatDef where
+  -- non-dependent categories are encoded as simple strings:
+  showJSON (CatDef c []) = showJSON c
+  showJSON (CatDef c cs) = makeObj [("cat", showJSON c), ("args", showJSON cs)]
+
+  readJSON o = CatDef <$> readJSON o <*> return []
+    <|>        CatDef <$> o!"cat" <*> o!"args"
+
+instance JSON FunDef where
+  showJSON (FunDef f ty) = makeObj [("fun", showJSON f), ("type", showJSON ty)]
+
+  readJSON o = FunDef <$> o!"fun" <*> o!"type"
+
+instance JSON Type where
+  showJSON (Type bs ty) = makeObj [(".args", showJSON bs), (".result", showJSON ty)]
+
+  readJSON o = Type <$> o!".args" <*> o!".result"
+
+instance JSON TypeApp where
+  -- non-dependent categories are encoded as simple strings:
+  showJSON (TypeApp c [])   = showJSON c
+  showJSON (TypeApp c args) = makeObj [(".cat", showJSON c), (".args", showJSON args)]
+
+  readJSON o = TypeApp <$> readJSON o <*> return []
+    <|>        TypeApp <$> o!".cat" <*> o!".args"
+
+instance JSON TypeBinding where
+  -- non-dependent categories are encoded as simple strings:
+  showJSON (TypeBinding Anonymous (Type [] (TypeApp c []))) = showJSON c
+  showJSON (TypeBinding x ty) = makeObj [(".var", showJSON x), (".type", showJSON ty)]
+
+  readJSON o = do c <- readJSON o
+                  return (TypeBinding Anonymous (Type [] (TypeApp c [])))
+           <|> TypeBinding <$> o!".var" <*> o!".type"
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ** Concrete syntax
+
+instance JSON Concrete where
+  showJSON (Concrete cncid absid flags params lincats lins) 
+    = makeObj [("cnc", showJSON cncid),
+               ("abs", showJSON absid),
+               ("flags", showJSON flags),
+               ("params", showJSON params),
+               ("lincats", showJSON lincats),
+               ("lins", showJSON lins)]
+
+  readJSON o = Concrete
+    <$> o!"cnc"
+    <*> o!"abs"
+    <*>(o!"flags" <|> return (Flags []))
+    <*> o!"params"
+    <*> o!"lincats"
+    <*> o!"lins"
+
+instance JSON ParamDef where
+  showJSON (ParamDef      p pvs) = makeObj [("param", showJSON p), ("values", showJSON pvs)]
+  showJSON (ParamAliasDef p t)   = makeObj [("param", showJSON p), ("alias", showJSON t)]
+
+  readJSON o = ParamDef      <$> o!"param" <*> o!"values"
+    <|>        ParamAliasDef <$> o!"param" <*> o!"alias"
+
+instance JSON LincatDef where
+  showJSON (LincatDef c lt) = makeObj [("cat", showJSON c), ("lintype", showJSON lt)]
+
+  readJSON o = LincatDef <$> o!"cat" <*> o!"lintype"
+
+instance JSON LinDef where
+  showJSON (LinDef f xs lv) = makeObj [("fun", showJSON f), ("args", showJSON xs), ("lin", showJSON lv)]
+
+  readJSON o = LinDef <$> o!"fun" <*> o!"args" <*> o!"lin"
+
+instance JSON LinType where
+  -- the basic types (Str, Float, Int) are encoded as strings:
+  showJSON (StrType)         = showJSON "Str"
+  showJSON (FloatType)       = showJSON "Float"
+  showJSON (IntType)         = showJSON "Int"
+  -- parameters are also encoded as strings:
+  showJSON (ParamType pt)    = showJSON pt
+  -- tables/tuples are encoded as JSON objects:
+  showJSON (TableType pt lt) = makeObj [(".tblarg", showJSON pt), (".tblval", showJSON lt)]
+  showJSON (TupleType lts)   = makeObj [(".tuple",  showJSON lts)]
+  -- records are encoded as records:
+  showJSON (RecordType rows) = showJSON rows
+
+  readJSON o = do "Str"   <- readJSON o; return StrType
+    <|>        do "Float" <- readJSON o; return FloatType
+    <|>        do "Int"   <- readJSON o; return IntType
+    <|>        do  ptype  <- readJSON o; return (ParamType ptype)
+    <|>        TableType  <$> o!".tblarg" <*> o!".tblval"
+    <|>        TupleType  <$> o!".tuple"
+    <|>        RecordType <$> readJSON o
+
+instance JSON LinValue where
+  showJSON (LiteralValue  l ) = showJSON l
+  -- most values are encoded as JSON objects:
+  showJSON (ParamConstant pv) = makeObj [(".param",    showJSON pv)]
+  showJSON (PredefValue   p ) = makeObj [(".predef",   showJSON p)]
+  showJSON (TableValue t tvs) = makeObj [(".tblarg",   showJSON t), (".tblrows", showJSON tvs)]
+  showJSON (TupleValue   lvs) = makeObj [(".tuple",    showJSON lvs)]
+  showJSON (VarValue      v ) = makeObj [(".var",      showJSON v)]
+  showJSON (ErrorValue    s ) = makeObj [(".error",    showJSON s)]
+  showJSON (Projection lv l ) = makeObj [(".project",  showJSON lv), (".label", showJSON l)]
+  showJSON (Selection  tv pv) = makeObj [(".select",   showJSON tv), (".key", showJSON pv)]
+  showJSON (VariantValue  vs) = makeObj [(".variants", showJSON vs)]
+  showJSON (PreValue pre def) = makeObj [(".pre",      showJSON pre),(".default", showJSON def)]
+  -- records are encoded directly as JSON records:
+  showJSON (RecordValue rows) = showJSON rows
+  -- concatenation is encoded as a JSON array:
+  showJSON v@(ConcatValue _ _) = showJSON (flatten v [])
+    where flatten (ConcatValue v v') = flatten v . flatten v'
+          flatten  v                 = (v :)
+
+  readJSON o = LiteralValue  <$> readJSON o
+    <|>        ParamConstant <$> o!".param"
+    <|>        PredefValue   <$> o!".predef"
+    <|>        TableValue    <$> o!".tblarg"  <*> o!".tblrows"
+    <|>        TupleValue    <$> o!".tuple"
+    <|>        VarValue      <$> o!".var"
+    <|>        ErrorValue    <$> o!".error"
+    <|>        Projection    <$> o!".project" <*> o!".label"
+    <|>        Selection     <$> o!".select"  <*> o!".key"
+    <|>        VariantValue  <$> o!".variants"
+    <|>        PreValue      <$> o!".pre"     <*> o!".default"
+    <|>        RecordValue   <$> readJSON o
+    <|>        do vs <- readJSON o :: Result [LinValue]
+                  return (foldr1 ConcatValue vs)
+
+instance JSON LinLiteral where
+  -- basic values (Str, Float, Int) are encoded as JSON strings/numbers:
+  showJSON (StrConstant   s) = showJSON s
+  showJSON (FloatConstant f) = showJSON f
+  showJSON (IntConstant   n) = showJSON n
+
+  readJSON = readBasicJSON StrConstant IntConstant FloatConstant
+
+instance JSON LinPattern where
+  -- wildcards and patterns without arguments are encoded as strings:
+  showJSON (WildPattern) = showJSON "_"
+  showJSON (ParamPattern (Param p [])) = showJSON p
+  -- complex patterns are encoded as JSON objects:
+  showJSON (ParamPattern pv) = showJSON pv
+  -- and records as records:
+  showJSON (RecordPattern r) = showJSON r
+
+  readJSON o = do "_" <- readJSON o; return WildPattern
+    <|>        do  p  <- readJSON o; return (ParamPattern (Param p []))
+    <|>        ParamPattern  <$> readJSON o
+    <|>        RecordPattern <$> readJSON o
+
+instance JSON arg => JSON (Param arg) where
+  -- parameters without arguments are encoded as strings:
+  showJSON (Param p [])   = showJSON p
+  showJSON (Param p args) = makeObj [(".paramid", showJSON p), (".args", showJSON args)]
+
+  readJSON o = Param <$> readJSON o <*> return []
+    <|>        Param <$> o!".paramid" <*> o!".args"
+
+instance JSON a => JSON (RecordRow a) where
+  -- record rows and lists of record rows are both encoded as JSON records (i.e., objects)
+  showJSON  row  = showJSONs [row]
+  showJSONs rows = makeObj (map toRow rows)
+    where toRow (RecordRow (LabelId lbl) val) = (lbl, showJSON val)
+
+  readJSON  obj = head <$> readJSONs obj
+  readJSONs obj = mapM fromRow (assocsJSObject obj)
+    where fromRow (lbl, jsvalue) = do value <- readJSON jsvalue
+                                      return (RecordRow (LabelId lbl) value)
+
+instance JSON rhs => JSON (TableRow rhs) where
+  showJSON (TableRow l v) = makeObj [(".pattern", showJSON l), (".value", showJSON v)]
+
+  readJSON o = TableRow <$> o!".pattern" <*> o!".value"
+
+
+-- *** Identifiers in Concrete Syntax
+
+instance JSON PredefId   where showJSON (PredefId    s) = showJSON s ; readJSON = fmap PredefId    . readJSON 
+instance JSON LabelId    where showJSON (LabelId     s) = showJSON s ; readJSON = fmap LabelId     . readJSON 
+instance JSON VarValueId where showJSON (VarValueId  s) = showJSON s ; readJSON = fmap VarValueId  . readJSON 
+instance JSON ParamId    where showJSON (ParamId     s) = showJSON s ; readJSON = fmap ParamId     . readJSON 
+instance JSON ParamType  where showJSON (ParamTypeId s) = showJSON s ; readJSON = fmap ParamTypeId . readJSON 
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ** Used in both Abstract and Concrete Syntax
+
+instance JSON ModId where showJSON (ModId s) = showJSON s ; readJSON = fmap ModId . readJSON 
+instance JSON CatId where showJSON (CatId s) = showJSON s ; readJSON = fmap CatId . readJSON 
+instance JSON FunId where showJSON (FunId s) = showJSON s ; readJSON = fmap FunId . readJSON 
+
+instance JSON VarId where
+  -- the anonymous variable is the underscore:
+  showJSON Anonymous = showJSON "_"
+  showJSON (VarId x) = showJSON x
+
+  readJSON o = do "_" <- readJSON o; return Anonymous
+    <|>        VarId <$> readJSON o
+
+instance JSON QualId where
+  showJSON (Qual (ModId m) n) = showJSON (m++"."++n)
+  showJSON (Unqual n) = showJSON n
+
+  readJSON o = do qualid <- readJSON o
+                  let (mod, id) = span (/= '.') qualid
+                  return $ if null mod then Unqual id else Qual (ModId mod) id
+
+instance JSON Flags where
+  -- flags are encoded directly as JSON records (i.e., objects):
+  showJSON (Flags fs) = makeObj [(f, showJSON v) | (f, v) <- fs]
+
+  readJSON obj = Flags <$> mapM fromRow (assocsJSObject obj)
+    where fromRow (lbl, jsvalue) = do value <- readJSON jsvalue
+                                      return (lbl, value)
+
+instance JSON FlagValue where
+  -- flag values are encoded as basic JSON types:
+  showJSON (Str s) = showJSON s
+  showJSON (Int i) = showJSON i
+  showJSON (Flt f) = showJSON f
+
+  readJSON = readBasicJSON Str Int Flt
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- ** Convenience functions
+
+(!) :: JSON a => JSValue -> String -> Result a
+obj ! key = maybe (fail $ "CanonicalJSON.(!): Could not find key: " ++ show key)
+            readJSON
+            (lookup key (assocsJSObject obj))
+
+assocsJSObject :: JSValue -> [(String, JSValue)]
+assocsJSObject (JSObject o) = fromJSObject o
+assocsJSObject (JSArray  _) = fail $ "CanonicalJSON.assocsJSObject: Expected a JSON object, found an Array"
+assocsJSObject  jsvalue     = fail $ "CanonicalJSON.assocsJSObject: Expected a JSON object, found " ++ show jsvalue
+
+
+readBasicJSON :: (JSON int, Integral int, JSON flt, RealFloat flt) =>
+                 (String -> v) -> (int -> v) -> (flt -> v) -> JSValue -> Result v
+readBasicJSON str int flt o
+  =   str        <$> readJSON o
+  <|> int_or_flt <$> readJSON o
+  where int_or_flt f | f == fromIntegral n = int n
+                     | otherwise           = flt f
+          where n = round f
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/EBNF.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/EBNF.hs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ module GF.Grammar.EBNF (EBNF, ERule, ERHS(..), ebnf2cf) where

 import GF.Data.Operations
 import GF.Grammar.CFG
-import PGF (mkCId)

 type EBNF = [ERule]
 type ERule = (ECat, ERHS)
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ ebnf2cf :: EBNF -> [ParamCFRule]
 ebnf2cf ebnf = 
  [Rule cat items (mkCFF i cat) | (i,(cat,items)) <- zip [0..] (normEBNF ebnf)]
  where
-    mkCFF i (c,_) = CFObj (mkCId ("Mk" ++ c ++ "_" ++ show i)) []
+    mkCFF i (c,_) = CFObj ("Mk" ++ c ++ "_" ++ show i) []

 normEBNF :: EBNF -> [CFJustRule]
 normEBNF erules = let
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Grammar.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Grammar.hs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module GF.Grammar.Grammar (
        Location(..), L(..), unLoc, noLoc, ppLocation, ppL,

        -- ** PMCFG        
-        PMCFG(..), Production(..), FId, FunId, SeqId, LIndex, Sequence
+        PMCFG(..), Production(..), FId, FunId, SeqId, LIndex
        ) where

 import GF.Infra.Ident
@@ -73,7 +73,8 @@ import GF.Infra.Location

 import GF.Data.Operations

-import PGF.Internal (FId, FunId, SeqId, LIndex, Sequence, BindType(..))
+import PGF2(LIndex, BindType(..))
+import PGF2.Internal(FId, FunId, SeqId, Symbol)

 import Data.Array.IArray(Array)
 import Data.Array.Unboxed(UArray)
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ data ModuleInfo = ModInfo {
    mopens  :: [OpenSpec],
    mexdeps :: [ModuleName],
    msrc    :: FilePath,
-    mseqs   :: Maybe (Array SeqId Sequence),
+    mseqs   :: Maybe (Array SeqId [Symbol]),
    jments  :: Map.Map Ident Info
  }

@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@ data Info =

 -- judgements in resource
 | ResParam (Maybe (L [Param])) (Maybe [Term])   -- ^ (/RES/) the second parameter is list of all possible values
- | ResValue (L Type)                             -- ^ (/RES/) to mark parameter constructors for lookup
+ | ResValue (L Type) Int                         -- ^ (/RES/) to mark parameter constructors for lookup
 | ResOper  (Maybe (L Type)) (Maybe (L Term))    -- ^ (/RES/)

 | ResOverload [ModuleName] [(L Type,L Term)]         -- ^ (/RES/) idents: modules inherited
@@ -458,7 +459,7 @@ type Case = (Patt, Term)
 --type Cases = ([Patt], Term) 
 type LocalDef = (Ident, (Maybe Type, Term))

-type Param = (Ident, Context) 
+type Param = (Ident, Context, Int) 
 type Altern = (Term, [(Term, Term)])

 type Substitution =  [(Ident, Term)]
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Lookup.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Lookup.hs
@@ -23,10 +23,11 @@ module GF.Grammar.Lookup (
           lookupResType, 
           lookupOverload,
           lookupOverloadTypes,
-           lookupParamValues, 
+           lookupParamValues,
           allParamValues,
-           lookupAbsDef, 
-           lookupLincat, 
+           lookupParamValueIndex,
+           lookupAbsDef,
+           lookupLincat,
           lookupFunType,
           lookupCatContext,
           allOpers, allOpersTo
@@ -51,11 +52,11 @@ lock c = lockRecType c -- return
 unlock c = unlockRecord c -- return

 -- to look up a constant etc in a search tree --- why here? AR 29/5/2008
-lookupIdent :: ErrorMonad m => Ident -> BinTree Ident b -> m b
+lookupIdent :: ErrorMonad m => Ident -> Map.Map Ident b -> m b
 lookupIdent c t =
-  case lookupTree showIdent c t of
-    Ok v  -> return v
-    Bad _ -> raise ("unknown identifier" +++ showIdent c)
+  case Map.lookup c t of
+    Just v  -> return v
+    Nothing -> raise ("unknown identifier" +++ showIdent c)

 lookupIdentInfo :: ErrorMonad m => SourceModInfo -> Ident -> m Info
 lookupIdentInfo mo i = lookupIdent i (jments mo)
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ lookupResDefLoc gr (m,c)

        AnyInd _ n        -> look n c
        ResParam _ _      -> return (noLoc (QC (m,c)))
-        ResValue _        -> return (noLoc (QC (m,c)))
+        ResValue _ _      -> return (noLoc (QC (m,c)))
        _   -> raise $ render (c <+> "is not defined in resource" <+> m)

 lookupResType :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> QIdent -> m Type
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ lookupResType gr (m,c) = do
          return $ mkProd cont val' []
    AnyInd _ n        -> lookupResType gr (n,c)
    ResParam _ _      -> return typePType
-    ResValue (L _ t)  -> return t
+    ResValue (L _ t) _-> return t
    _   -> raise $ render (c <+> "has no type defined in resource" <+> m)

 lookupOverloadTypes :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> QIdent -> m [(Term,Type)]
@@ -113,8 +114,8 @@ lookupOverloadTypes gr id@(m,c) = do
    CncFun (Just (cat,cont,val)) _ _ _ -> do
          val' <- lock cat val 
          ret $ mkProd cont val' []
-    ResParam _ _      -> ret typePType
-    ResValue (L _ t)  -> ret t
+    ResParam _ _       -> ret typePType
+    ResValue (L _ t) _ -> ret t
    ResOverload os tysts -> do
            tss <- mapM (\x -> lookupOverloadTypes gr (x,c)) os
            return $ [(tr,ty) | (L _ ty,L _ tr) <- tysts] ++
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ lookupOrigInfo gr (m,c) = do
 allOrigInfos :: Grammar -> ModuleName -> [(QIdent,Info)]
 allOrigInfos gr m = fromErr [] $ do
  mo <- lookupModule gr m
-  return [((m,c),i) | (c,_) <- tree2list (jments mo), Ok (m,i) <- [lookupOrigInfo gr (m,c)]]
+  return [((m,c),i) | (c,_) <- Map.toList (jments mo), Ok (m,i) <- [lookupOrigInfo gr (m,c)]]

 lookupParamValues :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> QIdent -> m [Term]
 lookupParamValues gr c = do
@@ -176,6 +177,13 @@ allParamValues cnc ptyp =
    -- to normalize records and record types
    sortByFst = sortBy (\ x y -> compare (fst x) (fst y))

+lookupParamValueIndex :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> QIdent -> m Int
+lookupParamValueIndex gr c = do
+  (_,info) <- lookupOrigInfo gr c
+  case info of
+    ResValue _ i -> return i
+    _            -> raise $ render (ppQIdent Qualified c <+> "has no parameter index defined")
+
 lookupAbsDef :: ErrorMonad m => Grammar -> ModuleName -> Ident -> m (Maybe Int,Maybe [Equation])
 lookupAbsDef gr m c = errIn (render ("looking up absdef of" <+> c)) $ do
  info <- lookupQIdentInfo gr (m,c)
@@ -226,7 +234,7 @@ allOpers gr =
    typesIn info = case info of
      AbsFun  (Just ltyp) _ _ _ -> [ltyp]
      ResOper (Just ltyp) _     -> [ltyp]
-      ResValue ltyp             -> [ltyp]
+      ResValue ltyp _           -> [ltyp]
      ResOverload _ tytrs       -> [ltyp | (ltyp,_) <- tytrs]
      CncFun  (Just (i,ctx,typ)) _ _ _ ->
                                   [L NoLoc (mkProdSimple ctx (lock' i typ))]
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Macros.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Macros.hs
@@ -22,14 +22,13 @@ import GF.Data.Operations
 import GF.Data.Str
 import GF.Infra.Ident
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar
--import GF.Grammar.Values
 import GF.Grammar.Predef
 import GF.Grammar.Printer

 import Control.Monad.Identity(Identity(..))
 import qualified Data.Traversable as T(mapM)
+import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import Control.Monad (liftM, liftM2, liftM3)
--import Data.Char (isDigit)
 import Data.List (sortBy,nub)
 import Data.Monoid
 import GF.Text.Pretty(render,(<+>),hsep,fsep)
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ typeForm t =
    Q  c -> ([],c,[])
    QC c -> ([],c,[])
    Sort c -> ([],(MN identW, c),[])
-    _      -> error (render ("no normal form of type" <+> ppTerm Unqualified 0 t))
+    _      -> error (render ("no normal form of type" <+> show t))

 typeFormCnc :: Type -> (Context, Type)
 typeFormCnc t = 
@@ -608,20 +607,22 @@ sortRec = sortBy ordLabel where

 -- | dependency check, detecting circularities and returning topo-sorted list

-allDependencies :: (ModuleName -> Bool) -> BinTree Ident Info -> [(Ident,[Ident])]
+allDependencies :: (ModuleName -> Bool) -> Map.Map Ident Info -> [(Ident,[Ident])]
 allDependencies ism b = 
-  [(f, nub (concatMap opty (pts i))) | (f,i) <- tree2list b]
+  [(f, nub (concatMap opty (pts i))) | (f,i) <- Map.toList b]
  where
    opersIn t = case t of
      Q  (n,c) | ism n -> [c]
      QC (n,c) | ism n -> [c]
+      Cn c             -> [c]
      _ -> collectOp opersIn t
    opty (Just (L _ ty)) = opersIn ty
    opty _ = []
    pts i = case i of
      ResOper pty pt -> [pty,pt]
      ResOverload _ tyts -> concat [[Just ty, Just tr] | (ty,tr) <- tyts]
-      ResParam (Just (L loc ps)) _ -> [Just (L loc t) | (_,cont) <- ps, (_,_,t) <- cont]
+      ResParam (Just (L loc ps)) _ -> [Just (L loc t) | (_,cont,_) <- ps, (_,_,t) <- cont]
+      ResValue pty _ -> [Just pty]
      CncCat pty _ _ _ _ -> [pty]
      CncFun _   pt _ _ -> [pt]  ---- (Maybe (Ident,(Context,Type))
      AbsFun pty _ ptr _ -> [pty] --- ptr is def, which can be mutual
@@ -634,7 +635,7 @@ topoSortJments (m,mi) = do
          return
          (\cyc -> raise (render ("circular definitions:" <+> fsep (head cyc))))
          (topoTest (allDependencies (==m) (jments mi)))
-  return (reverse [(i,info) | i <- is, Ok info <- [lookupTree showIdent i (jments mi)]])
+  return (reverse [(i,info) | i <- is, Just info <- [Map.lookup i (jments mi)]])

 topoSortJments2 :: ErrorMonad m => SourceModule -> m [[(Ident,Info)]]
 topoSortJments2 (m,mi) = do
@@ -644,4 +645,4 @@ topoSortJments2 (m,mi) = do
                                   <+> fsep (head cyc))))
           (topoTest2 (allDependencies (==m) (jments mi)))
  return
-    [[(i,info) | i<-is,Ok info<-[lookupTree showIdent i (jments mi)]] | is<-iss]
+    [[(i,info) | i<-is,Just info<-[Map.lookup i (jments mi)]] | is<-iss]
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Parser.y
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Parser.y
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import GF.Grammar.Lexer
 import GF.Compile.Update (buildAnyTree)
 import Data.List(intersperse)
 import Data.Char(isAlphaNum)
-import PGF(mkCId)
+import qualified Data.Map as Map

 }

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ ModHeader
  : ComplMod ModType '=' ModHeaderBody { let { mstat = $1 ;
                                               (mtype,id) = $2 ;
                                               (extends,with,opens) = $4 }
-                                         in (id, ModInfo mtype mstat noOptions extends with opens [] "" Nothing emptyBinTree) }
+                                         in (id, ModInfo mtype mstat noOptions extends with opens [] "" Nothing Map.empty) }

 ComplMod :: { ModuleStatus }
 ComplMod 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ DataDef
 ParamDef :: { [(Ident,Info)] }
 ParamDef
  : Posn LhsIdent '=' ListParConstr Posn { ($2, ResParam (Just (mkL $1 $5 [param | L loc param <- $4])) Nothing) :
-                                        [(f, ResValue (L loc (mkProdSimple co (Cn $2)))) | L loc (f,co) <- $4] }
+                                        [(f, ResValue (L loc (mkProdSimple co (Cn $2))) i) | L loc (f,co,i) <- $4] }
  | Posn LhsIdent                   Posn { [($2, ResParam Nothing Nothing)] }

 OperDef :: { [(Ident,Info)] }
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ ListDataConstr

 ParConstr :: { L Param }
 ParConstr
-  : Posn Ident ListDDecl Posn { mkL $1 $4 ($2,$3) } 
+  : Posn Ident ListDDecl Posn { mkL $1 $4 ($2,$3,0) } 

 ListLinDef :: { [(Ident,Info)] }
 ListLinDef
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ ListCFRule

 CFRule :: { [BNFCRule] }
 CFRule
-  : Ident '.' Ident '::=' ListCFSymbol ';' { [BNFCRule (showIdent $3) $5 (CFObj (mkCId (showIdent $1)) [])]
+  : Ident '.' Ident '::=' ListCFSymbol ';' { [BNFCRule (showIdent $3) $5 (CFObj (showIdent $1) [])]
                                           }
  | Ident '::=' ListCFRHS ';'              { let { cat = showIdent $1;
                                                   mkFun cat its =
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ CFRule
                                                       Terminal    c     -> filter isAlphaNum c;
                                                       NonTerminal (t,_) -> t
                                                     }
-                                             } in map (\rhs -> BNFCRule cat rhs (CFObj (mkCId (mkFun cat rhs)) [])) $3
+                                             } in map (\rhs -> BNFCRule cat rhs (CFObj (mkFun cat rhs) [])) $3
                                           }
  | 'coercions' Ident Integer ';'          { [BNFCCoercions (showIdent $2) $3]}
  | 'terminator' NonEmpty Ident String ';' { [BNFCTerminator $2 (showIdent $3) $4] }
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ checkInfoType mt jment@(id,info) =
    CncCat pty pd pr ppn _->ifConcrete mt (locPerh pty ++ locPerh pd ++ locPerh pr ++ locPerh ppn)
    CncFun _   pd ppn _  -> ifConcrete mt (locPerh pd ++ locPerh ppn)
    ResParam pparam _    -> ifResource mt (locPerh pparam)
-    ResValue ty          -> ifResource mt (locL ty)
+    ResValue ty _        -> ifResource mt (locL ty)
    ResOper  pty pt      -> ifOper mt pty pt
    ResOverload _ xs     -> ifResource mt (concat [[loc1,loc2] | (L loc1 _,L loc2 _) <- xs])
  where
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Printer.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Printer.hs
@@ -22,21 +22,17 @@ module GF.Grammar.Printer
           , ppMeta
           , getAbs
           ) where
-import Prelude hiding ((<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint

+import PGF2 as PGF2
+import PGF2.Internal as PGF2
 import GF.Infra.Ident
 import GF.Infra.Option
 import GF.Grammar.Values
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar
-
-import PGF.Internal (ppMeta, ppLit, ppFId, ppFunId, ppSeqId, ppSeq)
-
 import GF.Text.Pretty
 import Data.Maybe (isNothing)
 import Data.List  (intersperse)
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
--import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
--import qualified Data.Set as Set
 import qualified Data.Array.IArray as Array

 data TermPrintQual 
@@ -110,8 +106,8 @@ ppJudgement q (id, ResParam pparams _) =
  (case pparams of
     Just (L _ ps) -> '=' <+> ppParams q ps
     _             -> empty) <+> ';'
-ppJudgement q (id, ResValue pvalue) = 
-  "-- param constructor" <+> id <+> ':' <+> 
+ppJudgement q (id, ResValue pvalue i) = 
+  "-- param constructor" <+> "[index" <+> i <> "]" <+> id <+> ':' <+> 
  (case pvalue of
     (L _ ty) -> ppTerm q 0 ty) <+> ';'
 ppJudgement q (id, ResOper  ptype pexp) =
@@ -209,7 +205,7 @@ ppTerm q d (S x y)     = case x of
 ppTerm q d (ExtR x y)  = prec d 3 (ppTerm q 3 x <+> "**" <+> ppTerm q 4 y)
 ppTerm q d (App x y)   = prec d 4 (ppTerm q 4 x <+> ppTerm q 5 y)
 ppTerm q d (V e es)    = hang "table" 2 (sep [ppTerm q 6 e,brackets (fsep (punctuate ';' (map (ppTerm q 0) es)))])
-ppTerm q d (FV es)     = "variants" <+> braces (fsep (punctuate ';' (map (ppTerm q 0) es)))
+ppTerm q d (FV es)     = prec d 4 ("variants" <+> braces (fsep (punctuate ';' (map (ppTerm q 0) es))))
 ppTerm q d (AdHocOverload es)     = "overload" <+> braces (fsep (punctuate ';' (map (ppTerm q 0) es)))
 ppTerm q d (Alts e xs) = prec d 4 ("pre" <+> braces (ppTerm q 0 e <> ';' <+> fsep (punctuate ';' (map (ppAltern q) xs))))
 ppTerm q d (Strs es)   = "strs" <+> braces (fsep (punctuate ';' (map (ppTerm q 0) es)))
@@ -326,7 +322,7 @@ ppBind (Implicit,v) = braces v
 ppAltern q (x,y) = ppTerm q 0 x <+> '/' <+> ppTerm q 0 y

 ppParams q ps = fsep (intersperse (pp '|') (map (ppParam q) ps))
-ppParam q (id,cxt) = id <+> hsep (map (ppDDecl q) cxt)
+ppParam q (id,cxt,_) = id <+> hsep (map (ppDDecl q) cxt)

 ppProduction (Production fid funid args) =
  ppFId fid <+> "->" <+> ppFunId funid <> 
@@ -363,3 +359,39 @@ getLet (Let l e) = let (ls,e') = getLet e
                   in (l:ls,e')
 getLet e         = ([],e)

+ppFunId funid = pp 'F' <> pp funid
+ppSeqId seqid = pp 'S' <> pp seqid
+
+ppFId fid
+  | fid == PGF2.fidString = pp "CString"
+  | fid == PGF2.fidInt    = pp "CInt"
+  | fid == PGF2.fidFloat  = pp "CFloat"
+  | fid == PGF2.fidVar    = pp "CVar"
+  | fid == PGF2.fidStart  = pp "CStart"
+  | otherwise             = pp 'C' <> pp fid
+
+ppMeta :: Int -> Doc
+ppMeta n
+  | n == 0    = pp '?'
+  | otherwise = pp '?' <> pp n
+
+ppLit (PGF2.LStr s) = pp (show s)
+ppLit (PGF2.LInt n) = pp n
+ppLit (PGF2.LFlt d) = pp d
+
+ppSeq (seqid,seq) = 
+  ppSeqId seqid <+> pp ":=" <+> hsep (map ppSymbol seq)
+
+ppSymbol (PGF2.SymCat d r) = pp '<' <> pp d <> pp ',' <> pp r <> pp '>'
+ppSymbol (PGF2.SymLit d r) = pp '{' <> pp d <> pp ',' <> pp r <> pp '}'
+ppSymbol (PGF2.SymVar d r) = pp '<' <> pp d <> pp ',' <> pp '$' <> pp r <> pp '>'
+ppSymbol (PGF2.SymKS t)    = doubleQuotes (pp t)
+ppSymbol PGF2.SymNE        = pp "nonExist"
+ppSymbol PGF2.SymBIND      = pp "BIND"
+ppSymbol PGF2.SymSOFT_BIND = pp "SOFT_BIND"
+ppSymbol PGF2.SymSOFT_SPACE= pp "SOFT_SPACE"
+ppSymbol PGF2.SymCAPIT     = pp "CAPIT"
+ppSymbol PGF2.SymALL_CAPIT = pp "ALL_CAPIT"
+ppSymbol (PGF2.SymKP syms alts) = pp "pre" <+> braces (hsep (punctuate (pp ';') (hsep (map ppSymbol syms) : map ppAlt alts)))
+
+ppAlt (syms,ps) = hsep (map ppSymbol syms) <+> pp '/' <+> hsep (map (doubleQuotes . pp) ps)
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Haskell.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Haskell.hs
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ tvar = TId
 tcon0 = TId
 tcon c = foldl TAp (TId c)

+lets [] e = e
+lets ds e = Lets ds e
+
 let1 x xe e = Lets [(x,xe)] e
 single x = List [x]

@@ -113,7 +116,8 @@ instance Pretty Exp where
          Op e1 op e2 -> hang (ppB e1<+>op) 2 (ppB e2)
          Lets bs e -> sep ["let"<+>vcat [hang (x<+>"=") 2 xe|(x,xe)<-bs],
                            "in" <+>e]
-          LambdaCase alts -> hang "\\case" 4 (vcat [p<+>"->"<+>e|(p,e)<-alts])
+          LambdaCase alts ->
+              hang "\\case" 2 (vcat [hang (p<+>"->") 2 e|(p,e)<-alts])
          _ -> ppB e

      ppB e = case flatAp e of f:as -> hang (ppA f) 2 (sep (map ppA as))
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Infra/BuildInfo.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Infra/BuildInfo.hs
@@ -14,9 +14,3 @@ buildInfo =
 #ifdef SERVER_MODE
    ++" server"
 #endif
-#ifdef NEW_COMP
-    ++" new-comp"
-#endif
-#ifdef C_RUNTIME
-    ++" c-runtime"
-#endif
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Infra/CheckM.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Infra/CheckM.hs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ module GF.Infra.CheckM
 	   checkIn, checkInModule, checkMap, checkMapRecover,
           parallelCheck, accumulateError, commitCheck,
 	  ) where
-import Prelude hiding ((<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint

 import GF.Data.Operations
 --import GF.Infra.Ident
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Ident.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Ident.hs
@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 module GF.Infra.Ident (-- ** Identifiers
-              ModuleName(..), moduleNameS,
-	      Ident, ident2utf8, showIdent, prefixIdent,
-              -- *** Normal identifiers (returned by the parser)
-	      identS, identC, identW,
-              -- *** Special identifiers for internal use
-              identV, identA, identAV,
-	      argIdent, isArgIdent, getArgIndex,
-              varStr, varX, isWildIdent, varIndex,
-              -- *** Raw identifiers
-              RawIdent, rawIdentS, rawIdentC, ident2raw, prefixRawIdent,
-              isPrefixOf, showRawIdent
+          ModuleName(..), moduleNameS,
+          Ident, ident2utf8, showIdent, prefixIdent,
+          -- *** Normal identifiers (returned by the parser)
+          identS, identC, identW,
+          -- *** Special identifiers for internal use
+          identV, identA, identAV,
+          argIdent, isArgIdent, getArgIndex,
+          varStr, varX, isWildIdent, varIndex,
+          -- *** Raw identifiers
+          RawIdent, rawIdentS, rawIdentC, ident2raw, prefixRawIdent,
+          isPrefixOf, showRawIdent
 	     ) where

 import qualified Data.ByteString.UTF8 as UTF8
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as BS(append,isPrefixOf)
                 -- Limit use of BS functions to the ones that work correctly on
                 -- UTF-8-encoded bytestrings!
 import Data.Char(isDigit)
-import PGF.Internal(Binary(..))
+import Data.Binary(Binary(..))
 import GF.Text.Pretty


--- a/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Location.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Location.hs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 -- | Source locations
 module GF.Infra.Location where
-import Prelude hiding ((<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint
 import GF.Text.Pretty

 -- ** Source locations
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Option.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Option.hs
@@ -34,17 +34,14 @@ import Data.Maybe
 import GF.Infra.Ident
 import GF.Infra.GetOpt
 import GF.Grammar.Predef
--import System.Console.GetOpt
 import System.FilePath
--import System.IO
+import PGF2.Internal(Literal(..))

 import GF.Data.Operations(Err,ErrorMonad(..),liftErr)

 import Data.Set (Set)
 import qualified Data.Set as Set

-import PGF.Internal(Literal(..))
-
 usageHeader :: String
 usageHeader = unlines 
 ["Usage: gf [OPTIONS] [FILE [...]]",
@@ -75,7 +72,6 @@ errors = raise . unlines

 data Mode = ModeVersion | ModeHelp
          | ModeInteractive | ModeRun
-          | ModeInteractive2 | ModeRun2
          | ModeCompiler
          | ModeServer {-port::-}Int
  deriving (Show,Eq,Ord)
@@ -87,11 +83,11 @@ data Phase = Preproc | Convert | Compile | Link
  deriving (Show,Eq,Ord)

 data OutputFormat = FmtPGFPretty
-                  | FmtJavaScript 
-                  | FmtPython 
+                  | FmtCanonicalGF
+                  | FmtCanonicalJson
+                  | FmtJSON
                  | FmtHaskell 
                  | FmtJava
-                  | FmtProlog
                  | FmtBNF
                  | FmtEBNF
                  | FmtRegular
@@ -153,7 +149,7 @@ data Flags = Flags {
      optLiteralCats     :: Set Ident,
      optGFODir          :: Maybe FilePath,
      optOutputDir       :: Maybe FilePath,
-      optGFLibPath       :: Maybe [FilePath],
+      optGFLibPath       :: Maybe FilePath,
      optDocumentRoot    :: Maybe FilePath, -- For --server mode
      optRecomp          :: Recomp,
      optProbsFile       :: Maybe FilePath,
@@ -208,10 +204,9 @@ parseModuleOptions args = do
    then return opts
    else errors $ map ("Non-option among module options: " ++) nonopts

-fixRelativeLibPaths curr_dir lib_dirs (Options o) = Options (fixPathFlags . o)
+fixRelativeLibPaths curr_dir lib_dir (Options o) = Options (fixPathFlags . o)
  where
-    fixPathFlags f@(Flags{optLibraryPath=path}) = f{optLibraryPath=concatMap (\dir -> [parent </> dir
-                                                                                      | parent <- curr_dir : lib_dirs]) path}
+    fixPathFlags f@(Flags{optLibraryPath=path}) = f{optLibraryPath=concatMap (\dir -> [curr_dir </> dir, lib_dir </> dir]) path}

 -- Showing options

@@ -307,8 +302,6 @@ optDescr =
     Option ['j'] ["jobs"] (OptArg jobs "N") "Compile N modules in parallel with -batch (default 1).",
     Option [] ["interactive"] (NoArg (mode ModeInteractive)) "Run in interactive mode (default).",
     Option [] ["run"] (NoArg (mode ModeRun)) "Run in interactive mode, showing output only (no other messages).",
-     Option [] ["cshell"] (NoArg (mode ModeInteractive2)) "Start the C run-time shell.",
-     Option [] ["crun"] (NoArg (mode ModeRun2)) "Start the C run-time shell, showing output only (no other messages).",
     Option [] ["server"] (OptArg modeServer "port") $
       "Run in HTTP server mode on given port (default "++show defaultPort++").",
     Option [] ["document-root"] (ReqArg gfDocuRoot "DIR")
@@ -325,7 +318,8 @@ optDescr =
     Option [] ["gfo-dir"] (ReqArg gfoDir "DIR") "Directory to put .gfo files in (default = '.').",
     Option ['f'] ["output-format"] (ReqArg outFmt "FMT") 
        (unlines ["Output format. FMT can be one of:",
-                  "Multiple concrete: pgf (default), js, pgf_pretty, prolog, python, ...", -- gar,
+                  "Canonical GF grammar: canonical_gf, canonical_json, (and haskell with option --haskell=concrete)",
+                  "Multiple concrete: pgf (default), json, js, pgf_pretty, prolog, python, ...", -- gar,
                  "Single concrete only: bnf, ebnf, fa, gsl, jsgf, regexp, slf, srgs_xml, srgs_abnf, vxml, ....", -- cf, lbnf,
                  "Abstract only: haskell, ..."]), -- prolog_abs,
     Option [] ["sisr"] (ReqArg sisrFmt "FMT") 
@@ -422,7 +416,7 @@ optDescr =
       literalCat  x = set $ \o -> o { optLiteralCats = foldr Set.insert (optLiteralCats o) ((map identS . splitBy (==',')) x) }
       lexicalCat  x = set $ \o -> o { optLexicalCats = foldr Set.insert (optLexicalCats o) (splitBy (==',') x) }
       outDir      x = set $ \o -> o { optOutputDir = Just x }
-       gfLibPath   x = set $ \o -> o { optGFLibPath = Just $ splitInModuleSearchPath x }
+       gfLibPath   x = set $ \o -> o { optGFLibPath = Just x }
       gfDocuRoot  x = set $ \o -> o { optDocumentRoot = Just x }
       recomp      x = set $ \o -> o { optRecomp = x }
       probsFile   x = set $ \o -> o { optProbsFile = Just x }
@@ -468,11 +462,11 @@ outputFormats = map fst outputFormatsExpl
 outputFormatsExpl :: [((String,OutputFormat),String)]
 outputFormatsExpl = 
    [(("pgf_pretty",   FmtPGFPretty),"human-readable pgf"),
-     (("js",           FmtJavaScript),"JavaScript (whole grammar)"),
-     (("python",       FmtPython),"Python (whole grammar)"),
+     (("canonical_gf", FmtCanonicalGF),"Canonical GF source files"),
+     (("canonical_json", FmtCanonicalJson),"Canonical JSON source files"),
+     (("json",         FmtJSON),"JSON (whole grammar)"),
     (("haskell",      FmtHaskell),"Haskell (abstract syntax)"),
     (("java",         FmtJava),"Java (abstract syntax)"),
-     (("prolog",       FmtProlog),"Prolog (whole grammar)"),
     (("bnf",          FmtBNF),"BNF (context-free grammar)"),
     (("ebnf",         FmtEBNF),"Extended BNF"),
     (("regular",      FmtRegular),"* regular grammar"),
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Infra/SIO.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Infra/SIO.hs
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ module GF.Infra.SIO(
       newStdGen,print,putStr,putStrLn,
       -- ** Specific to GF
       importGrammar,importSource,
-#ifdef C_RUNTIME
-       readPGF2,
-#endif
       putStrLnFlush,runInterruptibly,lazySIO,
       -- * Restricted accesss to arbitrary (potentially unsafe) IO operations
       -- | If the environment variable GF_RESTRICTED is defined, these
@@ -39,9 +36,6 @@ import qualified System.Random as IO(newStdGen)
 import qualified GF.Infra.UseIO as IO(getLibraryDirectory)
 import qualified GF.System.Signal as IO(runInterruptibly)
 import qualified GF.Command.Importing as GF(importGrammar, importSource)
-#ifdef C_RUNTIME
-import qualified PGF2
-#endif

 -- * The SIO monad

@@ -123,7 +117,3 @@ lazySIO              = lift1   lazyIO

 importGrammar pgf opts files = lift0 $ GF.importGrammar pgf opts files
 importSource      opts files = lift0 $ GF.importSource      opts files
-
-#ifdef C_RUNTIME
-readPGF2 = lift0 . PGF2.readPGF
-#endif
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Infra/UseIO.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Infra/UseIO.hs
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ import Control.Monad(when,liftM,foldM)
 import Control.Monad.Trans(MonadIO(..))
 import Control.Monad.State(StateT,lift)
 import Control.Exception(evaluate)
-import Data.List (nub)

 --putIfVerb :: MonadIO io => Options -> String -> io ()
 putIfVerb opts msg = when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ putStrLnE msg
@@ -52,32 +51,28 @@ type FullPath = String
 gfLibraryPath    = "GF_LIB_PATH"
 gfGrammarPathVar = "GF_GRAMMAR_PATH"

-getLibraryDirectory :: MonadIO io => Options -> io [FilePath]
+getLibraryDirectory :: MonadIO io => Options -> io FilePath
 getLibraryDirectory opts =
  case flag optGFLibPath opts of
    Just path -> return path
-    Nothing   -> liftM splitSearchPath $ liftIO (catch (getEnv gfLibraryPath)
-                                                (\ex -> fmap (</> "lib") getDataDir))
+    Nothing   -> liftIO $ catch (getEnv gfLibraryPath)
+                                (\ex -> fmap (</> "lib") getDataDir)

-getGrammarPath :: MonadIO io => [FilePath] -> io [FilePath]
-getGrammarPath lib_dirs = liftIO $ do
+getGrammarPath :: MonadIO io => FilePath -> io [FilePath]
+getGrammarPath lib_dir = liftIO $ do
  catch (fmap splitSearchPath $ getEnv gfGrammarPathVar) 
-        (\_ -> return $ concat [[lib_dir </> "alltenses", lib_dir </> "prelude"]
-                               | lib_dir <- lib_dirs ])     -- e.g. GF_GRAMMAR_PATH
+        (\_ -> return [lib_dir </> "alltenses",lib_dir </> "prelude"])     -- e.g. GF_GRAMMAR_PATH

 -- | extends the search path with the
 -- 'gfLibraryPath' and 'gfGrammarPathVar'
 -- environment variables. Returns only existing paths.
 extendPathEnv :: MonadIO io => Options -> io [FilePath]
 extendPathEnv opts = liftIO $ do
-  let opt_path = nub $ flag optLibraryPath opts         -- e.g. paths given as options
-  lib_dirs <- getLibraryDirectory opts                  -- e.g. GF_LIB_PATH
-  grm_path <- getGrammarPath lib_dirs                   -- e.g. GF_GRAMMAR_PATH
-  let paths = opt_path ++ lib_dirs ++ grm_path
-  when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ putStrLn ("extendPathEnv: opt_path is "++ show opt_path)
-  when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ putStrLn ("extendPathEnv: lib_dirs is "++ show lib_dirs)
-  when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ putStrLn ("extendPathEnv: grm_path is "++ show grm_path)
-  ps <- liftM (nub . concat) $ mapM allSubdirs (nub paths)
+  let opt_path = flag optLibraryPath opts         -- e.g. paths given as options
+  lib_dir  <- getLibraryDirectory opts                  -- e.g. GF_LIB_PATH
+  grm_path <- getGrammarPath lib_dir                   -- e.g. GF_GRAMMAR_PATH
+  let paths = opt_path ++ [lib_dir] ++ grm_path
+  ps <- liftM concat $ mapM allSubdirs paths
  mapM canonicalizePath ps
  where
    allSubdirs :: FilePath -> IO [FilePath]
@@ -85,15 +80,11 @@ extendPathEnv opts = liftIO $ do
    allSubdirs p = case last p of
      '*' -> do let path = init p
                fs <- getSubdirs path
-                let starpaths = [path </> f | f <- fs]
-                when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ putStrLn ("extendPathEnv: allSubdirs: * found "++show starpaths)
-                return starpaths
+                return [path </> f | f <- fs]
      _   -> do exists <- doesDirectoryExist p
                if exists
-                  then do
-                       when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ putStrLn ("extendPathEnv: allSubdirs: found path "++show p)
-                       return [p]
-                  else do when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ putStrLn ("extendPathEnv: allSubdirs: ignore path "++ show p)
+                  then return [p]
+                  else do when (verbAtLeast opts Verbose) $ putStrLn ("ignore path "++p)
                          return []

 getSubdirs :: FilePath -> IO [FilePath]
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Interactive.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Interactive.hs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE CPP, ScopedTypeVariables, FlexibleInstances #-}
 -- | GF interactive mode
 module GF.Interactive (mainGFI,mainRunGFI,mainServerGFI) where
+
 import Prelude hiding (putStrLn,print)
 import qualified Prelude as P(putStrLn)
 import GF.Command.Interpreter(CommandEnv(..),mkCommandEnv,interpretCommandLine)
--import GF.Command.Importing(importSource,importGrammar)
-import GF.Command.Commands(PGFEnv,HasPGFEnv(..),pgf,pgfEnv,pgfCommands)
+import GF.Command.Commands(HasPGF(..),pgfCommands)
 import GF.Command.CommonCommands(commonCommands,extend)
 import GF.Command.SourceCommands
 import GF.Command.CommandInfo
@@ -19,19 +19,13 @@ import GF.Infra.UseIO(ioErrorText,putStrLnE)
 import GF.Infra.SIO
 import GF.Infra.Option
 import qualified System.Console.Haskeline as Haskeline
--import GF.Text.Coding(decodeUnicode,encodeUnicode)

--import GF.Compile.Coding(codeTerm)
-
-import PGF
-import PGF.Internal(abstract,funs,lookStartCat,emptyPGF)
+import PGF2

 import Data.Char
 import Data.List(isPrefixOf)
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import qualified Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP as RP
--import System.IO(utf8)
--import System.CPUTime(getCPUTime)
 import System.Directory({-getCurrentDirectory,-}getAppUserDataDirectory)
 import Control.Exception(SomeException,fromException,evaluate,try)
 import Control.Monad.State hiding (void)
@@ -280,17 +274,18 @@ importInEnv opts files =
     if flag optRetainResource opts
      then do src <- lift $ importSource opts files
              pgf <- lift . lazySIO $ importPGF pgf0 -- duplicates some work, better to link src
-              modify $ \ gfenv -> gfenv {retain=True, pgfenv = (src,pgfEnv pgf)}
+              modify $ \ gfenv -> gfenv {retain=True, pgfenv = (src,pgf)}
      else do pgf1 <- lift $ importPGF pgf0
              modify $ \ gfenv->gfenv { retain=False,
-                                        pgfenv = (emptyGrammar,pgfEnv pgf1) }
+                                        pgfenv = (emptyGrammar,pgf1) }
  where
    importPGF pgf0 =
      do let opts' = addOptions (setOptimization OptCSE False) opts
         pgf1 <- importGrammar pgf0 opts' files
         if (verbAtLeast opts Normal)
-           then putStrLnFlush $
-                    unwords $ "\nLanguages:" : map showCId (languages pgf1)
+           then case pgf1 of
+                  Just pgf -> putStrLnFlush $ unwords $ "\nLanguages:" : Map.keys (languages pgf)
+                  Nothing  -> done
           else done
         return pgf1

@@ -301,12 +296,12 @@ tryGetLine = do
   Right l -> return l

 prompt env
-  | retain env || abs == wildCId = "> "
-  | otherwise      = showCId abs ++ "> "
-  where
-    abs = abstractName (multigrammar env)
+  | retain env = "> "
+  | otherwise  = case multigrammar env of
+                   Just pgf -> abstractName pgf ++ "> "
+                   Nothing  -> "> "

-type CmdEnv = (Grammar,PGFEnv)
+type CmdEnv = (Grammar,Maybe PGF)

 data GFEnv = GFEnv {
    startOpts :: Options,
@@ -318,10 +313,10 @@ data GFEnv = GFEnv {

 emptyGFEnv opts = GFEnv opts False emptyCmdEnv emptyCommandEnv []

-emptyCmdEnv = (emptyGrammar,pgfEnv emptyPGF)
+emptyCmdEnv = (emptyGrammar,Nothing)

 emptyCommandEnv = mkCommandEnv allCommands
-multigrammar = pgf . snd . pgfenv
+multigrammar = snd . pgfenv

 allCommands =
  extend pgfCommands (helpCommand allCommands:moreCommands)
@@ -329,24 +324,35 @@ allCommands =
  `Map.union` commonCommands

 instance HasGrammar ShellM where getGrammar = gets (fst . pgfenv)
-instance HasPGFEnv ShellM where getPGFEnv = gets (snd . pgfenv)
+instance HasPGF ShellM where getPGF = gets (snd . pgfenv)

 wordCompletion gfenv (left,right) = do
  case wc_type (reverse left) of
    CmplCmd pref
      -> ret (length pref) [Haskeline.simpleCompletion name | name <- Map.keys (commands cmdEnv), isPrefixOf pref name]
    CmplStr (Just (Command _ opts _)) s0
-      -> do mb_state0 <- try (evaluate (initState pgf (optLang opts) (optType opts)))
-            case mb_state0 of
-              Right state0 -> let (rprefix,rs) = break isSpace (reverse s0)
-                                  s            = reverse rs
-                                  prefix       = reverse rprefix
-                                  ws           = words s
-                              in case loop state0 ws of
-                                   Nothing    -> ret 0 []
-                                   Just state -> let compls = getCompletions state prefix
-                                                 in ret (length prefix) (map (\x -> Haskeline.simpleCompletion x) (Map.keys compls))
-              Left (_ :: SomeException) -> ret 0 []
+      -> case multigrammar gfenv of
+           Just pgf -> let langs = languages pgf
+                           optLang opts = case valStrOpts "lang" "" opts of
+                                            ""   -> case Map.minView langs of
+                                                      Nothing        -> Nothing
+                                                      Just (concr,_) -> Just concr
+                                            lang -> mplus (Map.lookup lang                       langs)
+                                                          (Map.lookup (abstractName pgf ++ lang) langs)
+                           optType opts = let readOpt str = case readType str of
+                                                              Just ty -> case checkType pgf ty of
+                                                                           Left _   -> Nothing
+                                                                           Right ty -> Just ty
+                                                              Nothing -> Nothing
+                                          in maybeStrOpts "cat" (Just (startCat pgf)) readOpt opts
+                           (rprefix,rs) = break isSpace (reverse s0)
+                           s            = reverse rs
+                           prefix       = reverse rprefix
+                       in case (optLang opts, optType opts) of
+                            (Just lang,Just cat) -> let compls = [t | (t,_,_,_) <- complete lang cat s prefix]
+                                                    in ret (length prefix) (map Haskeline.simpleCompletion compls)
+                            _                    -> ret 0 []
+           Nothing  -> ret 0 []
    CmplOpt (Just (Command n _ _)) pref
      -> case Map.lookup n (commands cmdEnv) of
           Just inf -> do let flg_compls = [Haskeline.Completion ('-':flg++"=") ('-':flg) False | (flg,_) <- flags   inf, isPrefixOf pref flg]
@@ -357,23 +363,15 @@ wordCompletion gfenv (left,right) = do
    CmplIdent (Just (Command "i" _ _)) _        -- HACK: file name completion for command i
      -> Haskeline.completeFilename (left,right)
    CmplIdent _ pref
-      -> do mb_abs <- try (evaluate (abstract pgf))
-            case mb_abs of
-              Right abs -> ret (length pref) [Haskeline.simpleCompletion name | cid <- Map.keys (funs abs), let name = showCId cid, isPrefixOf pref name]
-              Left (_ :: SomeException) -> ret (length pref) []
+      -> case multigrammar gfenv of
+           Just pgf -> ret (length pref) [Haskeline.simpleCompletion name | name <- functions pgf, isPrefixOf pref name]
+           Nothing  -> ret (length pref) []
    _ -> ret 0 []
  where
-    pgf    = multigrammar gfenv
    cmdEnv = commandenv gfenv
-    optLang opts = valCIdOpts "lang" (head (languages pgf)) opts
-    optType opts = 
-      let str = valStrOpts "cat" (showCId $ lookStartCat pgf) opts
-      in case readType str of
-           Just ty -> ty
-           Nothing -> error ("Can't parse '"++str++"' as type")

    loop ps []     = Just ps
-    loop ps (t:ts) = case nextState ps (simpleParseInput t) of
+    loop ps (t:ts) = case error "nextState ps (simpleParseInput t)" of
                       Left  es -> Nothing
                       Right ps -> loop ps ts

--- a/src/compiler/GF/Interactive2.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Interactive2.hs
@@ -1,445 +0,0 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE CPP, ScopedTypeVariables, TypeSynonymInstances, FlexibleInstances, FlexibleContexts #-}
-- | GF interactive mode (with the C run-time system)
-module GF.Interactive2 (mainGFI,mainRunGFI{-,mainServerGFI-}) where
-import Prelude hiding (putStrLn,print)
-import qualified Prelude as P(putStrLn)
-import GF.Command.Interpreter(CommandEnv(..),commands,mkCommandEnv,interpretCommandLine)
-import GF.Command.Commands2(PGFEnv,HasPGFEnv(..),pgf,concs,pgfEnv,emptyPGFEnv,pgfCommands)
-import GF.Command.CommonCommands
-import GF.Command.CommandInfo
-import GF.Command.Help(helpCommand)
-import GF.Command.Abstract
-import GF.Command.Parse(readCommandLine,pCommand)
-import GF.Data.Operations (Err(..),done)
-import GF.Data.Utilities(whenM,repeatM)
-
-import GF.Infra.UseIO(ioErrorText,putStrLnE)
-import GF.Infra.SIO
-import GF.Infra.Option
-import qualified System.Console.Haskeline as Haskeline
--import GF.Text.Coding(decodeUnicode,encodeUnicode)
-
--import GF.Compile.Coding(codeTerm)
-
-import qualified PGF2 as C
-import qualified PGF as H
-
-import Data.Char
-import Data.List(isPrefixOf)
-import qualified Data.Map as Map
-
-import qualified Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP as RP
--import System.IO(utf8)
--import System.CPUTime(getCPUTime)
-import System.Directory({-getCurrentDirectory,-}getAppUserDataDirectory)
-import System.FilePath(takeExtensions)
-import Control.Exception(SomeException,fromException,try)
--import Control.Monad
-import Control.Monad.State hiding (void)
-
-import qualified GF.System.Signal as IO(runInterruptibly)
-{-
-#ifdef SERVER_MODE
-import GF.Server(server)
-#endif
-}
-
-import GF.Command.Messages(welcome)
-
-- | Run the GF Shell in quiet mode (@gf -run@).
-mainRunGFI :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IO ()
-mainRunGFI opts files = shell (beQuiet opts) files
-
-beQuiet = addOptions (modifyFlags (\f -> f{optVerbosity=Quiet}))
-
-- | Run the interactive GF Shell
-mainGFI :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IO ()
-mainGFI opts files = do
-  P.putStrLn welcome
-  P.putStrLn "This shell uses the C run-time system. See help for available commands."
-  shell opts files
-
-shell opts files = flip evalStateT (emptyGFEnv opts) $
-                   do mapStateT runSIO $ importInEnv opts files
-                      loop
-
-{-
-#ifdef SERVER_MODE
-- | Run the GF Server (@gf -server@).
-- The 'Int' argument is the port number for the HTTP service.
-mainServerGFI opts0 port files =
-    server jobs port root (execute1 opts)
-      =<< runSIO (importInEnv (emptyGFEnv opts) opts files)
-  where
-    root = flag optDocumentRoot opts
-    opts = beQuiet opts0
-    jobs = join (flag optJobs opts)
-#else
-mainServerGFI opts port files =
-  error "GF has not been compiled with server mode support"
-#endif
-}
-- | Read end execute commands until it is time to quit
-loop :: StateT GFEnv IO ()
-loop = repeatM readAndExecute1
-
-- | Read and execute one command, returning 'True' to continue execution,
-- | 'False' when it is time to quit
-readAndExecute1 :: StateT GFEnv IO Bool
-readAndExecute1 = mapStateT runSIO . execute1 =<< readCommand
-
-- | Read a command
-readCommand :: StateT GFEnv IO String
-readCommand =
-  do opts <- gets startOpts
-     case flag optMode opts of
-       ModeRun -> lift tryGetLine
-       _       -> lift . fetchCommand =<< get
-
-timeIt act =
-  do t1 <- liftSIO $ getCPUTime
-     a <-  act
-     t2 <- liftSIO $ getCPUTime
-     return (t2-t1,a)
-
-- | Optionally show how much CPU time was used to run an IO action
-optionallyShowCPUTime :: (Monad m,MonadSIO m) => Options -> m a -> m a
-optionallyShowCPUTime opts act 
-  | not (verbAtLeast opts Normal) = act
-  | otherwise = do (dt,r) <- timeIt act
-                   liftSIO $ putStrLnFlush $ show (dt `div` 1000000000) ++ " msec"
-                   return r
-
-type ShellM = StateT GFEnv SIO
-
-- | Execute a given command line, returning 'True' to continue execution,
-- | 'False' when it is time to quit
-execute1 :: String -> ShellM Bool
-execute1 s0 =
-  do modify $ \ gfenv0 -> gfenv0 {history = s0 : history gfenv0}
-     execute1' s0
-
-- | Execute a given command line, without adding it to the history
-execute1' s0 =
-  do opts <- gets startOpts
-     interruptible $ optionallyShowCPUTime opts $
-       case pwords s0 of
-      -- cc, sd, so, ss and dg are now in GF.Commands.SourceCommands
-      -- special commands
-         "q" :_   -> quit
-         "!" :ws  -> system_command ws
-         "eh":ws  -> execute_history ws
-         "i" :ws  -> do import_ ws; continue
-      -- other special commands, working on GFEnv
-         "dc":ws  -> define_command ws
-         "dt":ws  -> define_tree ws
-      -- ordinary commands
-         _        -> do env <- gets commandenv
-                        interpretCommandLine env s0
-                        continue
-  where
-    continue,stop :: ShellM Bool
-    continue = return True
-    stop = return False
-
-    interruptible :: ShellM Bool -> ShellM Bool
-    interruptible act =
-      do gfenv <- get
-         mapStateT (
-           either (\e -> printException e >> return (True,gfenv)) return
-             <=< runInterruptibly) act
-
-  -- Special commands:
-
-    quit = do opts <- gets startOpts
-              when (verbAtLeast opts Normal) $ putStrLnE "See you."
-              stop
-
-    system_command ws = do lift $ restrictedSystem $ unwords ws ; continue
-
-
-       {-"eh":w:_ -> do
-                  cs <- readFile w >>= return . map words . lines
-                  gfenv' <- foldM (flip (process False benv)) gfenv cs
-                  loopNewCPU gfenv' -}
-    execute_history [w] =
-      do execute . lines =<< lift (restricted (readFile w))
-         continue
-      where
-        execute :: [String] -> ShellM ()
-        execute [] = done
-        execute (line:lines) = whenM (execute1' line) (execute lines)
-
-    execute_history _   =
-       do putStrLnE "eh command not parsed"
-          continue
-
-    define_command (f:ws) =
-        case readCommandLine (unwords ws) of
-           Just comm ->
-             do modify $
-                  \ gfenv ->
-                    let env = commandenv gfenv
-                    in gfenv {
-                         commandenv = env {
-                           commandmacros = Map.insert f comm (commandmacros env)
-                         }
-                       }
-                continue
-           _ -> dc_not_parsed
-    define_command _ = dc_not_parsed
-
-    dc_not_parsed = putStrLnE "command definition not parsed" >> continue
-
-    define_tree (f:ws) =
-        case H.readExpr (unwords ws) of
-          Just exp ->
-           do modify $
-                \ gfenv ->
-                  let env = commandenv gfenv
-                  in gfenv { commandenv = env {
-                               expmacros = Map.insert f exp (expmacros env) } }
-              continue
-          _ -> dt_not_parsed
-    define_tree _ = dt_not_parsed
-
-    dt_not_parsed = putStrLnE "value definition not parsed" >> continue
-
-pwords s = case words s of
-             w:ws -> getCommandOp w :ws
-             ws -> ws
-import_ args =
-  do case parseOptions args of
-       Ok (opts',files) -> do
-         opts <- gets startOpts
-         curr_dir <- lift getCurrentDirectory
-         lib_dir  <- lift $ getLibraryDirectory (addOptions opts opts')
-         importInEnv (addOptions opts (fixRelativeLibPaths curr_dir lib_dir opts')) files
-       Bad err ->
-         do putStrLnE $ "Command parse error: " ++ err
-
-- | Commands that work on 'GFEnv'
-moreCommands = [
-  ("e",  emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "empty",
-     synopsis = "empty the environment (except the command history)",
-     exec = \ _ _ ->
-            do modify $ \ gfenv -> (emptyGFEnv (startOpts gfenv))
-                                     { history=history gfenv }
-               return void
-     }),
-  ("ph", emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "print_history",
-     synopsis = "print command history",
-     explanation = unlines [
-       "Prints the commands issued during the GF session.",
-       "The result is readable by the eh command.",
-       "The result can be used as a script when starting GF."
-       ],
-     examples = [
-      mkEx "ph | wf -file=foo.gfs  -- save the history into a file"
-      ],
-     exec = \ _ _ ->
-            fmap (fromString . unlines . reverse . drop 1 . history) get
-     }),
-  ("r",  emptyCommandInfo {
-     longname = "reload",
-     synopsis = "repeat the latest import command",
-     exec = \ _ _ ->
-       do gfenv0 <- get
-          let imports = [(s,ws) | s <- history gfenv0, ("i":ws) <- [pwords s]]
-          case imports of
-            (s,ws):_ -> do
-              putStrLnE $ "repeating latest import: " ++ s
-              import_ ws
-            _ -> do
-              putStrLnE $ "no import in history"
-          return void
-     })
-  ]
-
-
-printException e = maybe (print e) (putStrLn . ioErrorText) (fromException e)
-
-fetchCommand :: GFEnv -> IO String
-fetchCommand gfenv = do
-  path <- getAppUserDataDirectory "gf_history"
-  let settings =
-        Haskeline.Settings {
-          Haskeline.complete = wordCompletion gfenv,
-          Haskeline.historyFile = Just path,
-          Haskeline.autoAddHistory = True
-        }
-  res <- IO.runInterruptibly $ Haskeline.runInputT settings (Haskeline.getInputLine (prompt gfenv))
-  case res of
-    Left  _        -> return ""
-    Right Nothing  -> return "q"
-    Right (Just s) -> return s
-
-importInEnv :: Options -> [FilePath] -> ShellM ()
-importInEnv opts files =
-  case files of
-    _ | flag optRetainResource opts ->
-          putStrLnE "Flag -retain is not supported in this shell"
-    [file] | takeExtensions file == ".pgf" -> importPGF file
-    [] -> done
-    _ -> do putStrLnE "Can only import one .pgf file"
-  where
-    importPGF file =
-      do gfenv <- get
-         case multigrammar gfenv of
-           Just _ -> putStrLnE "Discarding previous grammar"
-           _ -> done
-         pgf1 <- lift $ readPGF2 file
-         let gfenv' = gfenv { pgfenv = pgfEnv pgf1 }
-         when (verbAtLeast opts Normal) $
-           let langs = Map.keys . concretes $ gfenv'
-           in putStrLnE . unwords $ "\nLanguages:":langs
-         put gfenv'
-
-tryGetLine = do
-  res <- try getLine
-  case res of
-   Left (e :: SomeException) -> return "q"
-   Right l -> return l
-
-prompt env = abs ++ "> "
-  where
-    abs = maybe "" C.abstractName (multigrammar env)
-
-data GFEnv = GFEnv {
-    startOpts :: Options,
-  --grammar :: (), -- gfo grammar -retain
-  --retain :: (),  -- grammar was imported with -retain flag
-    pgfenv :: PGFEnv,
-    commandenv :: CommandEnv ShellM,
-    history    :: [String]
-  }
-
-emptyGFEnv opts = GFEnv opts {-() ()-} emptyPGFEnv emptyCommandEnv []
-
-emptyCommandEnv = mkCommandEnv allCommands
-multigrammar = pgf . pgfenv
-concretes = concs . pgfenv
-
-allCommands =
-  extend pgfCommands (helpCommand allCommands:moreCommands)
-  `Map.union` commonCommands
-
-instance HasPGFEnv ShellM where getPGFEnv = gets pgfenv
-
-- ** Completion
-
-wordCompletion gfenv (left,right) = do
-  case wc_type (reverse left) of
-    CmplCmd pref
-      -> ret (length pref) [Haskeline.simpleCompletion name | name <- Map.keys (commands cmdEnv), isPrefixOf pref name]
-{-
-    CmplStr (Just (Command _ opts _)) s0
-      -> do mb_state0 <- try (evaluate (H.initState pgf (optLang opts) (optType opts)))
-            case mb_state0 of
-              Right state0 -> let (rprefix,rs) = break isSpace (reverse s0)
-                                  s            = reverse rs
-                                  prefix       = reverse rprefix
-                                  ws           = words s
-                              in case loop state0 ws of
-                                   Nothing    -> ret 0 []
-                                   Just state -> let compls = H.getCompletions state prefix
-                                                 in ret (length prefix) (map (\x -> Haskeline.simpleCompletion x) (Map.keys compls))
-              Left (_ :: SomeException) -> ret 0 []
-}
-    CmplOpt (Just (Command n _ _)) pref
-      -> case Map.lookup n (commands cmdEnv) of
-           Just inf -> do let flg_compls = [Haskeline.Completion ('-':flg++"=") ('-':flg) False | (flg,_) <- flags   inf, isPrefixOf pref flg]
-                              opt_compls = [Haskeline.Completion ('-':opt)      ('-':opt) True | (opt,_) <- options inf, isPrefixOf pref opt]
-                          ret (length pref+1)
-                              (flg_compls++opt_compls)
-           Nothing  -> ret (length pref) []
-    CmplIdent (Just (Command "i" _ _)) _        -- HACK: file name completion for command i
-      -> Haskeline.completeFilename (left,right)
-
-    CmplIdent _ pref
-      -> case mb_pgf of
-           Just pgf -> ret (length pref)
-                           [Haskeline.simpleCompletion name 
-                            | name <- C.functions pgf,
-                              isPrefixOf pref name]
-           _ -> ret (length pref) []
-
-    _ -> ret 0 []
-  where
-    mb_pgf = multigrammar gfenv
-    cmdEnv = commandenv gfenv
-{-
-    optLang opts = valStrOpts "lang" (head $ Map.keys (concretes cmdEnv)) opts
-    optType opts = 
-      let str = valStrOpts "cat" (H.showCId $ H.lookStartCat pgf) opts
-      in case H.readType str of
-           Just ty -> ty
-           Nothing -> error ("Can't parse '"++str++"' as type")
-
-    loop ps []     = Just ps
-    loop ps (t:ts) = case H.nextState ps (H.simpleParseInput t) of
-                       Left  es -> Nothing
-                       Right ps -> loop ps ts
-}
-    ret len xs  = return (drop len left,xs)
-
-
-data CompletionType
-  = CmplCmd                   Ident
-  | CmplStr   (Maybe Command) String
-  | CmplOpt   (Maybe Command) Ident
-  | CmplIdent (Maybe Command) Ident
-  deriving Show
-
-wc_type :: String -> CompletionType
-wc_type = cmd_name
-  where
-    cmd_name cs =
-      let cs1 = dropWhile isSpace cs
-      in go cs1 cs1
-      where
-        go x []       = CmplCmd x
-        go x (c:cs)
-          | isIdent c = go x cs
-          | otherwise = cmd x cs
-
-    cmd x []       = ret CmplIdent x "" 0
-    cmd _ ('|':cs) = cmd_name cs
-    cmd _ (';':cs) = cmd_name cs
-    cmd x ('"':cs) = str x cs cs
-    cmd x ('-':cs) = option x cs cs
-    cmd x (c  :cs)
-      | isIdent c  = ident x (c:cs) cs
-      | otherwise  = cmd x cs
-
-    option x y []       = ret CmplOpt x y 1
-    option x y ('=':cs) = optValue x y cs
-    option x y (c  :cs)
-      | isIdent c       = option x y cs
-      | otherwise       = cmd x cs
-      
-    optValue x y ('"':cs) = str x y cs
-    optValue x y cs       = cmd x cs
-
-    ident x y []     = ret CmplIdent x y 0
-    ident x y (c:cs)
-      | isIdent c    = ident x y cs
-      | otherwise    = cmd x cs
-
-    str x y []          = ret CmplStr x y 1
-    str x y ('\"':cs)   = cmd x cs
-    str x y ('\\':c:cs) = str x y cs
-    str x y (c:cs)      = str x y cs
-
-    ret f x y d = f cmd y
-      where
-        x1 = take (length x - length y - d) x
-        x2 = takeWhile (\c -> isIdent c || isSpace c || c == '-' || c == '=' || c == '"') x1
-        
-        cmd = case [x | (x,cs) <- RP.readP_to_S pCommand x2, all isSpace cs] of
-	        [x] -> Just x
-                _   -> Nothing
-
-    isIdent c = c == '_' || c == '\'' || isAlphaNum c
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Main.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Main.hs
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
 module GF.Main where
 import GF.Compiler
-import qualified GF.Interactive as GFI1
-#ifdef C_RUNTIME
-import qualified GF.Interactive2 as GFI2
-#endif
+import GF.Interactive
 import GF.Data.ErrM
 import GF.Infra.Option
 import GF.Infra.UseIO
@@ -47,17 +44,7 @@ mainOpts opts files =
    case flag optMode opts of
      ModeVersion     -> putStrLn $ "Grammatical Framework (GF) version " ++ showVersion version ++ "\n" ++ buildInfo
      ModeHelp        -> putStrLn helpMessage
-      ModeServer port -> GFI1.mainServerGFI opts port files
+      ModeServer port -> mainServerGFI opts port files
      ModeCompiler    -> mainGFC opts files
-      ModeInteractive -> GFI1.mainGFI opts files
-      ModeRun         -> GFI1.mainRunGFI opts files
-#ifdef C_RUNTIME
-      ModeInteractive2 -> GFI2.mainGFI opts files
-      ModeRun2         -> GFI2.mainRunGFI opts files
-#else
-      ModeInteractive2 -> noCruntime
-      ModeRun2         -> noCruntime
-  where
-    noCruntime = do ePutStrLn "GF configured without C run-time support"
-                    exitFailure
-#endif
+      ModeInteractive -> mainGFI opts files
+      ModeRun         -> mainRunGFI opts files
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Quiz.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Quiz.hs
@@ -18,13 +18,8 @@ module GF.Quiz (
  morphologyList
  ) where

-import PGF
--import PGF.Linearize
+import PGF2
 import GF.Data.Operations
--import GF.Infra.UseIO
--import GF.Infra.Option
--import PGF.Probabilistic
-
 import System.Random
 import Data.List (nub)

@@ -38,7 +33,7 @@ mkQuiz msg tts = do
  teachDialogue qas msg

 translationList :: 
-  Maybe Expr -> PGF -> Language -> Language -> Type -> Int -> IO [(String,[String])]
+  Maybe Expr -> PGF -> Concr -> Concr -> Type -> Int -> IO [(String,[String])]
 translationList mex pgf ig og typ number = do
  gen <- newStdGen
  let ts   = take number $ case mex of
@@ -46,19 +41,22 @@ translationList mex pgf ig og typ number = do
                             Nothing -> generateRandom     gen pgf typ
  return $ map mkOne $ ts
 where
-   mkOne t = (norml (linearize pgf ig t), 
+   mkOne t = (norml (linearize ig t), 
              map norml (concatMap lins (homonyms t)))
-   homonyms = parse pgf ig typ . linearize pgf ig
-   lins = nub . concatMap (map snd) . tabularLinearizes pgf og
+   homonyms t = 
+     case (parse ig typ . linearize ig) t of
+       ParseOk res -> map fst res
+       _           -> []
+   lins = nub . concatMap (map snd) . tabularLinearizeAll og

 morphologyList :: 
-  Maybe Expr -> PGF -> Language -> Type -> Int -> IO [(String,[String])]
+  Maybe Expr -> PGF -> Concr -> Type -> Int -> IO [(String,[String])]
 morphologyList mex pgf ig typ number = do
  gen <- newStdGen
  let ts   = take (max 1 number) $ case mex of
                                     Just ex -> generateRandomFrom gen pgf ex
                                     Nothing -> generateRandom     gen pgf typ
-  let ss    = map (tabularLinearizes pgf ig) ts
+  let ss    = map (tabularLinearizeAll ig) ts
  let size  = length (head (head ss))
  let forms = take number $ randomRs (0,size-1) gen
  return [(snd (head pws0) +++ fst (pws0 !! i), ws) | 
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Server.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Server.hs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 module GF.Server(server) where
 import Data.List(partition,stripPrefix,isInfixOf)
 import qualified Data.Map as M
-import Control.Applicative -- for GHC<7.10
 import Control.Monad(when)
 import Control.Monad.State(StateT(..),get,gets,put)
 import Control.Monad.Error(ErrorT(..),Error(..))
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ import Network.Shed.Httpd(initServer,Request(..),Response(..),noCache)
 --import qualified Network.FastCGI as FCGI -- from hackage direct-fastcgi
 import Network.CGI(handleErrors,liftIO)
 import CGIUtils(handleCGIErrors)--,outputJSONP,stderrToFile
-import Text.JSON(JSValue(..),Result(..),valFromObj,encode,decode,showJSON,makeObj)
+import Text.JSON(encode,showJSON,makeObj)
 --import System.IO.Silently(hCapture)
 import System.Process(readProcessWithExitCode)
 import System.Exit(ExitCode(..))
@@ -43,7 +42,6 @@ import GF.Infra.UseIO(readBinaryFile,writeBinaryFile,ePutStrLn)
 import GF.Infra.SIO(captureSIO)
 import GF.Data.Utilities(apSnd,mapSnd)
 import qualified PGFService as PS
-import qualified ExampleService as ES
 import Data.Version(showVersion)
 import Paths_gf(getDataDir,version)
 import GF.Infra.BuildInfo (buildInfo)
@@ -171,7 +169,6 @@ handle logLn documentroot state0 cache execute1 stateVar
               (_  ,_             ,".pgf") -> do --debug $ "PGF service: "++path
                                                 wrapCGI $ PS.cgiMain' cache path
               (dir,"grammars.cgi",_     ) -> grammarList dir (decoded qs)
-               (dir  ,"exb.fcgi"  ,_    ) -> wrapCGI $ ES.cgiMain' root dir (PS.pgfCache cache)
               _ -> serveStaticFile rpath path
             where path = translatePath rpath
           _ -> return $ resp400 upath
@@ -180,7 +177,7 @@ handle logLn documentroot state0 cache execute1 stateVar

    translatePath rpath = root</>rpath -- hmm, check for ".."

-    versionInfo (c1,c2) =
+    versionInfo c =
        html200 . unlines $
           "<!DOCTYPE html>":
           "<meta name = \"viewport\" content = \"width = device-width\">":
@@ -188,8 +185,7 @@ handle logLn documentroot state0 cache execute1 stateVar
           "":
           ("<h2>"++hdr++"</h2>"):
           (zipWith (++) ("<p>":repeat "<br>") buildinfo)++
-           sh "Haskell run-time system" c1++
-           sh "C run-time system" c2
+           sh "Run-time system" c
      where
        hdr:buildinfo = lines gf_version
        rel = makeRelative documentroot
@@ -284,17 +280,13 @@ handle logLn documentroot state0 cache execute1 stateVar
    skip_empty = filter (not.null.snd)

    jsonList = jsonList' return
-    jsonListLong ext = jsonList' (mapM (addTime ext)) ext
+    jsonListLong = jsonList' (mapM addTime)
    jsonList' details ext = fmap (json200) (details =<< ls_ext "." ext)

-    addTime ext path =
+    addTime path =
        do t <- getModificationTime path
-           if ext==".json"
-             then addComment (time t) <$> liftIO (try $ getComment path)
-             else return . makeObj $ time t
+           return $ makeObj ["path".=path,"time".=format t]
      where
-        addComment t = makeObj . either (const t) (\c->t++["comment".=c])
-        time t = ["path".=path,"time".=format t]
        format = formatTime defaultTimeLocale rfc822DateFormat

    rm path | takeExtension path `elem` ok_to_delete =
@@ -336,11 +328,6 @@ handle logLn documentroot state0 cache execute1 stateVar
        do paths <- getDirectoryContents dir
           return [path | path<-paths, takeExtension path==ext]

-    getComment path =
-       do Ok (JSObject obj) <- decode <$> readFile path
-          Ok cmnt <- return (valFromObj "comment" obj)
-          return (cmnt::String)
-
 -- * Dynamic content

 jsonresult cwd dir cmd (ecode,stdout,stderr) files =
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Speech/CFGToFA.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Speech/CFGToFA.hs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import Data.Set (Set)
 import qualified Data.Set as Set

-import PGF.Internal
 import GF.Data.Utilities
 import GF.Grammar.CFG
 --import GF.Speech.PGFToCFG
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Speech/GSL.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Speech/GSL.hs
@@ -7,15 +7,12 @@
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 module GF.Speech.GSL (gslPrinter) where
-import Prelude hiding ((<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint

--import GF.Data.Utilities
 import GF.Grammar.CFG
 import GF.Speech.SRG
 import GF.Speech.RegExp
 import GF.Infra.Option
--import GF.Infra.Ident
-import PGF
+import PGF2

 import Data.Char (toUpper,toLower)
 import Data.List (partition)
@@ -24,7 +21,7 @@ import GF.Text.Pretty
 width :: Int
 width = 75

-gslPrinter :: Options -> PGF -> CId -> String
+gslPrinter :: Options -> PGF -> Concr -> String
 gslPrinter opts pgf cnc = renderStyle st $ prGSL $ makeNonLeftRecursiveSRG opts pgf cnc
  where st = style { lineLength = width } 

--- a/src/compiler/GF/Speech/JSGF.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Speech/JSGF.hs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 module GF.Speech.JSGF (jsgfPrinter) where
-import Prelude hiding ((<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint

 --import GF.Data.Utilities
 import GF.Infra.Option
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ import GF.Grammar.CFG
 import GF.Speech.RegExp
 import GF.Speech.SISR
 import GF.Speech.SRG
-import PGF
+import PGF2

 import Data.Char
 import Data.List
@@ -31,8 +30,8 @@ width :: Int
 width = 75

 jsgfPrinter :: Options
-	    -> PGF 
-            -> CId -> String
+	        -> PGF 
+            -> Concr -> String
 jsgfPrinter opts pgf cnc = renderStyle st $ prJSGF sisr $ makeNonLeftRecursiveSRG opts pgf cnc
  where st = style { lineLength = width }
        sisr = flag optSISR opts
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Speech/PGFToCFG.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Speech/PGFToCFG.hs
@@ -6,60 +6,54 @@
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 module GF.Speech.PGFToCFG (bnfPrinter, pgfToCFG) where

-import PGF(showCId)
-import PGF.Internal as PGF
--import GF.Infra.Ident
+import PGF2
+import PGF2.Internal
 import GF.Grammar.CFG hiding (Symbol)

-import Data.Array.IArray as Array
--import Data.List
 import Data.Map (Map)
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
--import Data.Maybe
 import Data.Set (Set)
 import qualified Data.Set as Set

-bnfPrinter :: PGF -> CId -> String
+bnfPrinter :: PGF -> Concr -> String
 bnfPrinter = toBNF id

-toBNF :: (CFG -> CFG) -> PGF -> CId -> String
+toBNF :: (CFG -> CFG) -> PGF -> Concr -> String
 toBNF f pgf cnc = prCFG $ f $ pgfToCFG pgf cnc

 type Profile = [Int]

-pgfToCFG :: PGF 
-          -> CId   -- ^ Concrete syntax name
-          -> CFG
-pgfToCFG pgf lang = mkCFG (showCId (lookStartCat pgf)) extCats (startRules ++ concatMap ruleToCFRule rules)
+pgfToCFG :: PGF -> Concr -> CFG
+pgfToCFG pgf cnc = mkCFG start_cat extCats (startRules ++ concatMap ruleToCFRule rules)
  where
-    cnc = lookConcr pgf lang
+    (_,start_cat,_) = unType (startCat pgf)

    rules :: [(FId,Production)]
-    rules = [(fcat,prod) | (fcat,set) <- IntMap.toList (PGF.productions cnc)
-                         , prod <- Set.toList set]
+    rules = [(fcat,prod) | fcat <- [0..concrTotalCats cnc],
+                           prod <- concrProductions cnc fcat]

    fcatCats :: Map FId Cat
-    fcatCats = Map.fromList [(fc, showCId c ++ "_" ++ show i) 
-                                 | (c,CncCat s e lbls) <- Map.toList (cnccats cnc), 
-                                   (fc,i) <- zip (range (s,e)) [1..]]
+    fcatCats = Map.fromList [(fc, c ++ "_" ++ show i) 
+                                 | (c,s,e,lbls) <- concrCategories cnc,
+                                   (fc,i) <- zip [s..e] [1..]]

    fcatCat :: FId -> Cat
    fcatCat c = Map.findWithDefault ("Unknown_" ++ show c) c fcatCats

-    fcatToCat :: FId -> LIndex -> Cat
+    fcatToCat :: FId -> Int -> Cat
    fcatToCat c l = fcatCat c ++ row
      where row = if catLinArity c == 1 then "" else "_" ++ show l

    -- gets the number of fields in the lincat for the given category
    catLinArity :: FId -> Int
-    catLinArity c = maximum (1:[rangeSize (bounds rhs) | (CncFun _ rhs, _) <- topdownRules c])
+    catLinArity c = maximum (1:[length rhs | ((_,rhs), _) <- topdownRules c])

    topdownRules cat = f cat []
      where
-        f cat rules = maybe rules (Set.foldr g rules) (IntMap.lookup cat (productions cnc))
+        f cat rules = foldr g rules (concrProductions cnc cat)
 	 
-        g (PApply funid args) rules = (cncfuns cnc ! funid,args) : rules
+        g (PApply funid args) rules = (concrFunction cnc funid,args) : rules
        g (PCoerce cat)       rules = f cat rules


@@ -67,26 +61,26 @@ pgfToCFG pgf lang = mkCFG (showCId (lookStartCat pgf)) extCats (startRules ++ co
    extCats = Set.fromList $ map ruleLhs startRules

    startRules :: [CFRule]
-    startRules = [Rule (showCId c) [NonTerminal (fcatToCat fc r)] (CFRes 0) 
-                      | (c,CncCat s e lbls) <- Map.toList (cnccats cnc), 
-                        fc <- range (s,e), not (isPredefFId fc),
+    startRules = [Rule c [NonTerminal (fcatToCat fc r)] (CFRes 0) 
+                      | (c,s,e,lbls) <- concrCategories cnc,
+                        fc <- [s..e], not (isPredefFId fc),
                        r <- [0..catLinArity fc-1]]

    ruleToCFRule :: (FId,Production) -> [CFRule]
    ruleToCFRule (c,PApply funid args) = 
        [Rule (fcatToCat c l) (mkRhs row) (profilesToTerm [fixProfile row n | n <- [0..length args-1]])
-           | (l,seqid) <- Array.assocs rhs
-           , let row = sequences cnc ! seqid
+           | (l,seqid) <- zip [0..] rhs
+           , let row = concrSequence cnc seqid
           , not (containsLiterals row)]
      where
-        CncFun f rhs = cncfuns cnc ! funid
+        (f, rhs) = concrFunction cnc funid

-        mkRhs :: Array DotPos Symbol -> [CFSymbol]
-        mkRhs = concatMap symbolToCFSymbol . Array.elems
+        mkRhs :: [Symbol] -> [CFSymbol]
+        mkRhs = concatMap symbolToCFSymbol

-        containsLiterals :: Array DotPos Symbol -> Bool
-        containsLiterals row = not (null ([n | SymLit n _ <- Array.elems row] ++
-                                          [n | SymVar n _ <- Array.elems row]))
+        containsLiterals :: [Symbol] -> Bool
+        containsLiterals row = not (null ([n | SymLit n _ <- row] ++
+                                          [n | SymVar n _ <- row]))

        symbolToCFSymbol :: Symbol -> [CFSymbol]
        symbolToCFSymbol (SymCat n l)    = [let PArg _ fid = args!!n in NonTerminal (fcatToCat fid l)]
@@ -102,10 +96,10 @@ pgfToCFG pgf lang = mkCFG (showCId (lookStartCat pgf)) extCats (startRules ++ co
        symbolToCFSymbol SymALL_CAPIT    = [Terminal "&|"]
        symbolToCFSymbol SymNE           = []

-        fixProfile :: Array DotPos Symbol -> Int -> Profile
+        fixProfile :: [Symbol] -> Int -> Profile
        fixProfile row i = [k | (k,j) <- nts, j == i]
            where
-              nts = zip [0..] [j | nt <- Array.elems row, j <- getPos nt]
+              nts = zip [0..] [j | nt <- row, j <- getPos nt]
              
              getPos (SymCat j _) = [j]
              getPos (SymLit j _) = [j]
@@ -113,9 +107,10 @@ pgfToCFG pgf lang = mkCFG (showCId (lookStartCat pgf)) extCats (startRules ++ co

        profilesToTerm :: [Profile] -> CFTerm
        profilesToTerm ps = CFObj f (zipWith profileToTerm argTypes ps)
-            where (argTypes,_) = catSkeleton $ lookType (abstract pgf) f
+            where Just (hypos,_,_) = fmap unType (functionType pgf f)
+                  argTypes = [cat | (_,_,ty) <- hypos, let (_,cat,_) = unType ty]

-        profileToTerm :: CId -> Profile -> CFTerm
+        profileToTerm :: Fun -> Profile -> CFTerm
        profileToTerm t [] = CFMeta t
        profileToTerm _ xs = CFRes (last xs) -- FIXME: unify
    ruleToCFRule (c,PCoerce c') =
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Speech/PrRegExp.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Speech/PrRegExp.hs
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ import GF.Grammar.CFG
 import GF.Speech.CFGToFA
 import GF.Speech.PGFToCFG
 import GF.Speech.RegExp
-import PGF
+import PGF2

-regexpPrinter :: PGF -> CId -> String
+regexpPrinter :: PGF -> Concr -> String
 regexpPrinter pgf cnc = (++"\n") $ prRE id $ dfa2re $ cfgToFA $ pgfToCFG pgf cnc

-multiRegexpPrinter :: PGF -> CId -> String
+multiRegexpPrinter :: PGF -> Concr -> String
 multiRegexpPrinter pgf cnc = prREs $ mfa2res $ cfgToMFA $ pgfToCFG pgf cnc

 prREs :: [(String,RE CFSymbol)] -> String
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Speech/SISR.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Speech/SISR.hs
@@ -10,13 +10,9 @@ module GF.Speech.SISR (SISRFormat(..), SISRTag, prSISR,

 import Data.List

--import GF.Data.Utilities
--import GF.Infra.Ident
 import GF.Infra.Option (SISRFormat(..))
 import GF.Grammar.CFG
 import GF.Speech.SRG (SRGNT)
-import PGF(showCId)
-
 import qualified GF.JavaScript.AbsJS   as JS
 import qualified GF.JavaScript.PrintJS as JS

@@ -50,12 +46,12 @@ catSISR t (c,i) fmt
 profileFinalSISR :: CFTerm -> SISRFormat -> SISRTag
 profileFinalSISR term fmt = [JS.DExpr $ fmtOut fmt `ass` f term]
  where 
-        f (CFObj n ts) = tree (showCId n) (map f ts)
+        f (CFObj n ts) = tree n (map f ts)
        f (CFAbs v x) = JS.EFun [var v] [JS.SReturn (f x)]
        f (CFApp x y) = JS.ECall (f x) [f y]
        f (CFRes i) = JS.EIndex (JS.EVar args) (JS.EInt (fromIntegral i))
        f (CFVar v) = JS.EVar (var v)
-        f (CFMeta typ) = obj [("name",JS.EStr "?"), ("type",JS.EStr (showCId typ))]
+        f (CFMeta typ) = obj [("name",JS.EStr "?"), ("type",JS.EStr typ)]

 fmtOut SISR_WD20030401 = JS.EVar (JS.Ident "$")
 fmtOut SISR_1_0 = JS.EVar (JS.Ident "out")
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More