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56 lines
2.1 KiB
Plaintext
56 lines
2.1 KiB
Plaintext
On the syntax of clitic particles in Finnish
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-- AR 29/12/2010
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The clitic particles come in two groups:
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Pas ::= pas | pa | han | kos | ko | kohan | pahan -- free variation
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Kin ::= kin/kaan -- depending on polarity
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(vowel harmony ignored). A Finnish sentence can have at most one of each. A Pas clitic is
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always attached to the first word ("Aripas juo maitoa") or phrase such as NP
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("minun poikanipas juo maitoa"). A Kin clitic can be attached to almost any word; if the
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same as Pas, Kin must come first ("Arikinhan juo maitoa"). Some combinations are clumsy
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but presumably OK ("Arikinpas"). If the verb is first, it doesn't seem to allow Kin
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(*"juokin Ari maitoa").
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The following is a list of combinatory possibilities. Adverbs (represented by "nyt")
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can be added ad libitum - at most two of them then become carriers of clitics
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("nythän Ari juo maitoa täälläkin").
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-- declaratives and questions
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(Notice that, in the presence of "ei", Kin is "kaan", otherwise "kin".)
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ari Pas? ei? (juo Kin maitoa nyt | juo maitoa Kin nyt | juo maitoa nyt Kin?)
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maitoa Pas? ei? (ari Kin juo nyt | ari juo Kin nyt | ari juo nyt Kin?)
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nyt Pas? ei? (ari Kin juo maitoa | ari juo Kin maitoa | ari juo maitoa Kin?)
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ari Kin Pas? ei? juo maitoa nyt
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maitoa Kin Pas? ari ei? juo nyt
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nyt Kin Pas? ari ei? juo maitoa
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juo Pas? (ari Kin maitoa nyt | ari maitoa Kin nyt | ari maitoa nyt Kin?)
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ei Pas? (ari Kin juo maitoa nyt | ari juo Kin maitoa nyt | ari juo maitoa Kin nyt |
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ari juo maitoa nyt Kin?)
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-- imperatives
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The question clitic is (for obvious semantic reasons) omitted from the Pas category:
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Pas- ::= pa | pas | han | pahan
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juo Pas-? (ari Kin maitoa nyt | ari maitoa Kin nyt | ari maitoa nyt Kin?)
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älä Pas-? (ari Kin juo maitoa nyt | ari juo Kin maitoa nyt | ari juo maitoa Kin nyt
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| ari juo maitoa nyt Kin?)
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-- negation word
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Strangely enough, Kin seems to be getting accepted in plural (= two-syllabic) negations:
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*enkään, *etkään, *eikään, ?emmekään, ?ettekään, ?eivätkään (quite some Google hits)
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