diff --git a/src/persian/CatPes.gf b/src/persian/CatPes.gf
index 69077d1cc..b5396a8c5 100644
--- a/src/persian/CatPes.gf
+++ b/src/persian/CatPes.gf
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ concrete CatPes of Cat = CommonX ** open ResPes, Prelude in {
 ------ Tensed/Untensed
 
     S  = {s : VVForm => Str} ; -- as a complement to Subj
-    QS = {s : QForm => Str} ;
-    RS = {s : Agr => Str } ; -- c for it clefts
+    QS = {s : Str} ;
+    RS = {s : Agr => Str } ;
     SSlash = {s : VVForm => Str ; c2 : ResPes.Compl} ;
 
 ---- Sentence
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ concrete CatPes of Cat = CommonX ** open ResPes, Prelude in {
     Imp = {s : Polarity => ImpForm => Str} ;
 
 ---- Question
-    QCl = {s : ResPes.TAnt => Polarity => QForm => Str} ;
+    QCl = {s : ResPes.TAnt => Polarity => Str} ;
 
     IP = {s: Str ; n : Number};
 
diff --git a/src/persian/IdiomPes.gf b/src/persian/IdiomPes.gf
index ae64fea5c..72a8d2f90 100644
--- a/src/persian/IdiomPes.gf
+++ b/src/persian/IdiomPes.gf
@@ -16,16 +16,12 @@ lin
   CleftAdv ad ss = { s = \\t,b,o => ad.s ++ ss.s ! Indic};
 
   ExistNP np =
-    mkSClause " " (agrP3 (fromAgr np.a).n)
-        (insertComp (\\_ => np.s ! Bare) (predV beVerb)) ;
+    mkSClause [] (agrP3 (fromAgr np.a).n)
+              (insertComp (\\_ => np.s ! Bare) (predV beVerb)) ;
 
   ExistIP ip =
-    let cl = mkSClause ( ip.s ) (agrP3 ip.n) (predV beVerb);
-    in {s = \\t,p,qf => case qf of {
-          QDir =>   cl.s ! t ! p ! ODir;
-          QIndir => cl.s ! t! p ! ODir
-          }
-       };
+    let cl = mkSClause ip.s (agrP3 ip.n) (predV beVerb);
+    in {s = \\t,p => cl.s ! t ! p ! ODir};
 
 
   ProgrVP vp = predProg vp ;
diff --git a/src/persian/PhrasePes.gf b/src/persian/PhrasePes.gf
index ff53f7de3..419e6a481 100644
--- a/src/persian/PhrasePes.gf
+++ b/src/persian/PhrasePes.gf
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ concrete PhrasePes of Phrase = CatPes ** open Prelude, ResPes in {
   lin
     PhrUtt pconj utt voc = {s = pconj.s ++ utt.s ++ voc.s} ;
     UttS s = {s = s.s ! Indic} ;
-    UttQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QDir} ;
     UttImpSg pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p ! ImpF Sg False} ;
     UttImpPl pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p ! ImpF Pl False} ;
     UttImpPol pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p ! ImpF Sg True} ;
 
     UttIP, --- Acc also
+    UttQS,
     UttAdv,
     UttIAdv,
     UttCard = \ss -> ss ;
diff --git a/src/persian/QuestionPes.gf b/src/persian/QuestionPes.gf
index 924c8568c..2fba87468 100644
--- a/src/persian/QuestionPes.gf
+++ b/src/persian/QuestionPes.gf
@@ -4,41 +4,26 @@ concrete QuestionPes of Question = CatPes ** open ResPes, Prelude in {
 
   lin
 
-    QuestCl cl = {
-      s = \\t,p,qf => case qf of {
-	              QDir => cl.s ! t ! p ! OQuest;
-                      QIndir =>  cl.s ! t! p ! ODir
-					  }
-				};
+  QuestCl cl = {
+    s = \\t,p => cl.s ! t ! p ! OQuest
+    };
 
-    QuestVP qp vp =
-       let cl = mkSClause ("") (Ag qp.n P3) vp;
---           qp1 = qp.s;
---           qp2 = qp.s ! Obl ++ "nE"
-          in { s = \\t,p,o =>  qp.s ++ cl.s ! t ! p ! ODir } ;
---					 _         => qp1 ++ cl.s ! t ! p ! ODir
---					 }
+  QuestVP qp vp =
+   let cl = mkSClause [] (Ag qp.n P3) vp;
+    in {s = \\t,p => qp.s ++ cl.s ! t ! p ! ODir} ;
 
-    QuestSlash ip slash = {
-      s = \\t,p,o =>
-        slash.subj ++ slash.c2.s ++ ip.s ++ slash.c2.ra ++
-	slash.vp ! t ! p ! ODir;
-	-- order of whome and john needs to be changed
-        -- AR 18/9/2017 now changed by making ClSlash discontinuous
-        };
+  QuestSlash ip slash = {
+    s = \\t,p => slash.subj ++ slash.c2.s ++ ip.s ++ slash.c2.ra
+              ++ slash.vp ! t ! p ! ODir
+    };
 
-    QuestIAdv iadv cl = {
-             s = \\t,p,_ => iadv.s ++ cl.s ! t ! p ! ODir;
-                      	};
+  QuestIAdv iadv cl = {
+    s = \\t,p => iadv.s ++ cl.s ! t ! p ! ODir
+    };
 
-    QuestIComp icomp np =
-     let cl = mkSClause (np.s !  Bare ++ icomp.s) np.a (predV beVerb);
-	   in {
-       s = \\t,p,qf => case qf of {
-	      QDir =>   cl.s ! t ! p ! ODir;
-          QIndir => cl.s ! t! p ! ODir
-		  }
-		};
+  QuestIComp icomp np =
+   let cl = mkSClause (np.s ! Bare ++ icomp.s) np.a (predV beVerb)
+    in {s = \\t,p => cl.s ! t ! p ! ODir};
 
     PrepIP p ip = {s = p.s ++ ip.s } ;
 
diff --git a/src/persian/SentencePes.gf b/src/persian/SentencePes.gf
index b80db77fb..7e108a641 100644
--- a/src/persian/SentencePes.gf
+++ b/src/persian/SentencePes.gf
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ concrete SentencePes of Sentence = CatPes ** open Prelude, ResPes,Predef in {
         {c2 = slash.c2} ;
 
     EmbedS  s  = {s = conjThat ++ s.s ! Indic} ;
-    EmbedQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QIndir} ;
+    EmbedQS qs = qs ;
     EmbedVP vp = {s = showVPH Inf defaultAgr vp} ; --- agr
 
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ concrete SentencePes of Sentence = CatPes ** open Prelude, ResPes,Predef in {
       } ;
 
     UseQCl temp p qcl  = let vt = TA temp.t temp.a in {
-      s = \\q => temp.s ++ p.s ++ qcl.s ! vt ! p.p ! q;
+      s = temp.s ++ p.s ++ qcl.s ! vt ! p.p ;
       } ;
 
     UseRCl temp p rcl = let vt = TA temp.t temp.a in rcl ** {
diff --git a/src/persian/VerbPes.gf b/src/persian/VerbPes.gf
index 5e8b8104b..368a9a7a9 100644
--- a/src/persian/VerbPes.gf
+++ b/src/persian/VerbPes.gf
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ concrete VerbPes of Verb = CatPes ** open ResPes,Prelude in {
 
     ComplVV = insertVV ;
     ComplVS v s  = embComp (conjThat ++ s.s ! Indic) (predV v) ;
-    ComplVQ v q  = embComp (conjThat ++ q.s ! QIndir) (predV v) ;
+    ComplVQ v q  = embComp (conjThat ++ q.s)         (predV v) ;
     ComplVA v ap = insertObj (appComp v.c2 (ap.s ! Bare)) (predV v) ; -- check form of adjective
 
     SlashVV vv vps = vps ** ComplVV vv vps ;
     SlashV2S v s  = predVc v ** embComp (conjThat ++ s.s ! Indic) (predV v) ;
-    SlashV2Q v q  = predVc v ** embComp (q.s ! QIndir) (predV v) ;
+    SlashV2Q v q  = predVc v ** embComp q.s (predV v) ;
     SlashV2A v ap = predVc v ** insertObj (appComp v.c2 (ap.s ! Bare)) (predV v) ; ---- paint it red , check form of adjective
 
     -- : V2V -> VP -> VPSlash ;  -- beg (her) to go