working on resource doc and exx, fixing bugs

resource/abstract/Resource.gf

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+--# -path=.:../../prelude
+
 abstract Resource = Rules, Clause, Structural ** {} ;

resource/doc/Makefile

@@ -6,17 +6,27 @@ htmls:
 gfdoc:
 	gfdoc ../abstract/Categories.gf ; mv ../abstract/Categories.html .
 	gfdoc ../abstract/Rules.gf ; mv ../abstract/Rules.html .
+	gfdoc ../abstract/Verbphrase.gf ; mv ../abstract/Verbphrase.html .
 	gfdoc ../abstract/Clause.gf ; mv ../abstract/Clause.html .
 	gfdoc ../abstract/Structural.gf ; mv ../abstract/Structural.html .
 	gfdoc ../abstract/Basic.gf ; mv ../abstract/Basic.html .
 	gfdoc ../abstract/Time.gf ; mv ../abstract/Time.html .
 	gfdoc ../abstract/Lang.gf ; mv ../abstract/Lang.html .
 	gfdoc ../swedish/ParadigmsSwe.gf ; mv ../swedish/ParadigmsSwe.html .
+	gfdoc ../swedish/VerbsSwe.gf ; mv ../swedish/VerbsSwe.html .
 	gfdoc ../swedish/BasicSwe.gf ; mv ../swedish/BasicSwe.html .
 	gfdoc ../english/ParadigmsEng.gf ; mv ../english/ParadigmsEng.html .
 	gfdoc ../english/VerbsEng.gf ; mv ../english/VerbsEng.html .
+	gfdoc ../english/BasicEng.gf ; mv ../english/BasicEng.html .
+	gfdoc ../french/ParadigmsFre.gf ; mv ../french/ParadigmsFre.html .
+	gfdoc ../french/VerbsFre.gf ; mv ../french/VerbsFre.html .
+	gfdoc ../french/BasicFre.gf ; mv ../french/BasicFre.html .
 
-gifs: lang scand low
+gifs: api lang scand low
+
+api:
+#	echo "pm -printer=graph | wf Resource.dot" | gf ../abstract/Resource.gf
+	dot -Tgif ResourceVP.dot>Resource.gif
 
 lang:
 	echo "pm -printer=graph | wf Lang.dot" | gf ../abstract/Lang.gf

resource/doc/ResourceVP.dot

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+digraph {
+
+Verbphrase [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Verbphrase.gf"];
+Verbphrase -> Categories [style = "solid"];
+
+Resource [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Resource.gf"];
+Resource -> Rules [style = "solid"];
+Resource -> Clause [style = "solid"];
+Resource -> Structural [style = "solid"];
+
+Rules [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Rules.gf"];
+Rules -> Categories [style = "solid"];
+
+Clause [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Clause.gf"];
+Clause -> Categories [style = "solid"];
+
+Structural [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Structural.gf"];
+Structural -> Categories [style = "solid"];
+Structural -> Numerals [style = "solid"];
+
+Categories [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Categories.gf"];
+Categories -> PredefAbs [style = "solid"];
+
+PredefAbs [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "PredefAbs.gf"];
+
+Numerals [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Numerals.gf"];
+
+}

resource/doc/example/Animals.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+abstract Animals = {
+  cat 
+    Phrase ; Animal ; Action ;
+  fun
+    Who    : Action -> Animal -> Phrase ;
+    Whom   : Animal -> Action -> Phrase ;
+    Answer : Animal -> Action -> Animal -> Phrase ;
+
+    Dog, Cat, Mouse, Lion, Zebra : Animal ;
+    Chase, Eat, Like : Action ;
+}
+

resource/doc/example/AnimalsEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+--# -path=.:resource/english:resource/abstract:resource/../prelude
+
+concrete AnimalsEng of Animals = open ResourceEng, ParadigmsEng, VerbsEng in {
+  lincat
+    Phrase = Phr ;
+    Animal = N ;
+    Action = V2 ;
+  lin
+    Who act obj = QuestPhrase (UseQCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) 
+                   (QPredV2 who8one_IP act (IndefNumNP NoNum (UseN obj)))) ;
+    Whom subj act = QuestPhrase (UseQCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) 
+                      (IntSlash who8one_IP (SlashV2 (DefOneNP (UseN subj)) act))) ;
+    Answer subj act obj = IndicPhrase (UseCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) 
+                            (SPredV2 (DefOneNP (UseN subj)) act (IndefNumNP NoNum (UseN obj)))) ;
+    Dog = regN "dog" ;
+    Cat = regN "cat" ;
+    Mouse = mk2N "mouse" "mice" ;
+    Lion = regN "lion" ;
+    Zebra = regN "zebra" ;
+    Chase = dirV2 (regV "chase") ;
+    Eat = dirV2 (eat_V ** {lock_V = <>}) ;
+    Like = dirV2 (regV "like") ;
+}
+
+
+{-
+> p -cat=Phr "who likes cars ?"
+
+QuestPhrase (UseQCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) (QPredV2 who8one_IP like_V2 (IndefNumNP NoNum (UseN car_N))))
+
+QuestPhrase (UseQCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) (IntSlash who8one_IP (SlashV2 (DefOneNP (UseN car_N))  like_V2)))
+
+> p -cat=Phr "the house likes cars ."
+
+IndicPhrase (UseCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) (SPredV2 (DefOneNP (UseN house_N)) like_V2 (IndefNumNP NoNum (UseN car_N))))
+
+-}

resource/doc/example/AnimalsFre.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+--# -path=.:resource/french:resource/romance:resource/abstract:resource/../prelude
+
+concrete AnimalsFre of Animals = open ResourceFre, ParadigmsFre, VerbsFre in {
+  lincat
+    Phrase = Phr ;
+    Animal = N ;
+    Action = V2 ;
+  lin
+    Who act obj = QuestPhrase (UseQCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) 
+                   (QPredV2 who8one_IP act (IndefNumNP NoNum (UseN obj)))) ;
+    Whom subj act = QuestPhrase (UseQCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) 
+                      (IntSlash who8one_IP (SlashV2 (DefOneNP (UseN subj)) act))) ;
+    Answer subj act obj = IndicPhrase (UseCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) 
+                            (SPredV2 (DefOneNP (UseN subj)) act (IndefNumNP NoNum (UseN obj)))) ;
+    Dog   = regN "chien" masculine ;
+    Cat   = regN "chat" masculine ;
+    Mouse = regN "souris" feminine ;
+    Lion  = regN "lion" masculine ;
+    Zebra = regN "zèbre" masculine ;
+    Chase = dirV2 (regV "chasser") ;
+    Eat   = dirV2 (regV "manger") ;
+    Like  = dirV2 (regV "aimer") ;
+}

resource/doc/example/AnimalsSwe.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+--# -path=.:resource/swedish:resource/scandinavian:resource/abstract:resource/../prelude
+
+concrete AnimalsSwe of Animals = open ResourceSwe, ParadigmsSwe, VerbsSwe in {
+  lincat
+    Phrase = Phr ;
+    Animal = N ;
+    Action = V2 ;
+  lin
+    Who act obj = QuestPhrase (UseQCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) 
+                   (QPredV2 who8one_IP act (IndefNumNP NoNum (UseN obj)))) ;
+    Whom subj act = QuestPhrase (UseQCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) 
+                      (IntSlash who8one_IP (SlashV2 (DefOneNP (UseN subj)) act))) ;
+    Answer subj act obj = IndicPhrase (UseCl (PosTP TPresent ASimul) 
+                            (SPredV2 (DefOneNP (UseN subj)) act (IndefNumNP NoNum (UseN obj)))) ;
+    Dog = regN "hund" utrum ;
+    Cat = mk2N "katt" "katter" ;
+    Mouse = mkN "mus" "musen" "möss" "mössen" ;
+    Lion = mk2N "lejon" "lejon" ;
+    Zebra = regN "zebra" utrum ;
+    Chase = dirV2 (regV "jaga") ;
+    Eat = dirV2 äta_V ;
+    Like = mkV2 (mk2V "tycka" "tycker") "om" ;
+}

resource/doc/gf-resource.html

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 
 <p>
 
-<b>First Draft, Gothenburg, 7 February 2005</b>
+Second Version, Gothenburg, 18 February 2005
+<br>
+First Draft, Gothenburg, 7 February 2005
 
 </p><p>
 
@@ -23,18 +25,124 @@ Aarne Ranta
 
 
 <!-- NEW -->
-<h2>The purpose of the resource grammar library</h2>
+<h2>GF = Grammatical Framework</h2>
 
-Basic syntactic structures
+A grammar formalism based on functional programming and type theory.
 
 <p>
 
+Designed to be nice for <i>ordinary programmers</i> to use.
+
+<p>
+
+Mission: to make natural-language applications available for
+ordinary programmers, in tasks like
+<ul>
+<li> software documentation
+<li> domain-specific translation
+<li> human-computer interaction
+<li> dialogue systems
+</ul>
+Thus <i>not</i> primarily another theoretical framework for
+linguists.
+
+
+<!-- NEW -->
+<h2>Language + Libraries</h2>
+
+Writing natural language grammars still requires
+theoretical knowledge about the language.
+
+<p>
+
+Which kind of programmer is easier to find?
+<ul>
+<li> one who can write a sorting algorithm 
+<li> one who can write a grammar for Swedish determiners
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+
+In main-stream programming, sorting algorithms are not
+written by hand but taken from <b>libraries</b>.
+
+<p>
+
+In the same way, we want to create grammar libraries that encapsulate
+basic linguistic facts.
+
+<p>
+
+Cf. the Java success story: the language is just a half of the
+success - libraries are another half.
+
+
+
+<!-- NEW -->
+<h2>Example of library-based grammar writing</h2>
+
+To define Swedish definite phrases form scratch:
+<pre>
+
+</pre>
+To use a library function for Swedish definite phrases:
+<pre>
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<!-- NEW -->
+<h2>Questions in grammar library design</h2>
+
+What should there be in the library?
+<br>
+<li> morphology, lexicon, syntax, semantics,...
+
+<p>
+
+How do we organize and present the library?
+<br>
+<li> division into modules, level of granularity
+<br>
+<li> "school grammar" vs. sophisticated linguistic concepts
+
+<p>
+
+Where do we get the data from?
+<br>
+<li> automatic extraction or hand-writing?
+<br>
+<li> reuse of existing resources?
+
+<p>
+
+Extra constraint: we want open-source free software.
+
+
+
+
+
+<!-- NEW -->
+<h2>The scope of the resource grammar library</h2>
+
 All morphological paradigms
 
 <p>
 
 Basic lexicon of structural, common, and irregular words
 
+<p>
+
+Basic syntactic structures
+
+<p>
+
+Currently <i>no</i> semantics,  
+<i>no</i> language-specific structures if not
+necessary for expressivity.
+
+
+
 
 <!-- NEW -->
 <h2>Success criteria</h2>
@@ -43,17 +151,23 @@ Grammatical correctness
 
 <p>
 
-Semantic coverage
+Semantic coverage: you can express whatever you want.
 
 <p>
 
-Usability as library for non-linguists
+Usability as library for non-linguists.
+
+<p>
+
+(Bonus for linguists:) nice generalizations w.r.t. language
+families, using the module system of GF.
+
 
 
 <!-- NEW -->
-<h2>These are  not success criteria</h2>
+<h2>These are not our success criteria</h2>
 
-Language coverage
+Language coverage: you can parse all expressions.
 
 <p>
 
@@ -64,11 +178,61 @@ Semantic correctness
   the time is seventy past forty-two
 </pre>
 
+<p>
+
+(Warning for linguists:) theoretical innovation in
+syntax
+
+
+
+<!-- NEW -->
+<h2>So where is semantics?</h2>
+
+GF incorporates a <b>Logical Framework</b> and is therefore
+capable of expressing logical semantics <i>à la</i> Montague
+or any other flavour, including anaphora and discourse.
+
+<p>
+
+But we do <i>not</i> believe semantics can be given once and
+for all for a natural language.
+
+<p>
+
+Instead, we expect semantics to be given in
+<b>application grammars</b> built on semantic models
+of different domains.
+
+<p>
+
+Example application: number theory
+<pre>
+  fun Even : Nat -> Prop ;         -- a mathematical predicate
+
+  lin Even = predA (regA "even") ; -- English translation
+  lin Even = predA (regA "pair") ; -- French translation
+  lin Even = predA (regA "jämn") ; -- Swedish translation
+</pre>
+How could the resource predict that just <i>these</i>
+translations are correct in this domain?
+
+<p>
+
+Application grammars are built by experts of these domains
+who - thanks to resource grammars - do no more need to be
+experts in linguistics.
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
 <!-- NEW -->
 <h2>Languages</h2>
 
-<p>
+The current GF Resource Project covers ten languages:
+<ul>
 <li><tt>Dan</tt>ish
 <li><tt>Eng</tt>lish
 <li><tt>Fin</tt>nish
@@ -79,31 +243,87 @@ Semantic correctness
 <li><tt>Rus</tt>sian
 <li><tt>Spa</tt>nish
 <li><tt>Swe</tt>dish
-<p>
+</ul>>
+The first three letters (<tt>Dan</tt> etc) are used in grammar module names
+
+
+<!-- NEW -->
+<h2>Library structure 1: language-independent API</h2>
+
+<li> syntactic <tt>Categories</tt> (parts of speech, word classes), e.g.
+<pre>
+  V ; NP ; CN ; Det ;  -- verb, noun phrase, common noun, determiner
+</pre>
+<li> <tt>Rules</tt> for combining words and phrases, e.g.
+<pre>
+  DetNP : Det -> CN -> NP ; -- combine Det and CN into NP
+</pre>
+<li> the most common <tt>Structural</tt> words (determiners,
+conjunctions, pronouns), e.g.
+<pre>
+  and_Conj : Conj ;
+</pre>
+
+<!-- NEW -->
+<h2>Library structure 2: language-dependent modules</h2>
+
+<li> morphological <tt>Paradigms</tt>, e.g.
+<pre>
+  mkN : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Gender -> N ; -- worst-case nouns
+  mkN : Str -> N ;                                -- regular nouns
+</pre>
+<li> irregular <tt>Verbs</tt>, e.g.
+<pre>
+  angripa_V = irregV "angripa" "angrep" "angripit" ;
+</pre>
+<li> <tt>Lexicon</tt> of frequent words
+<pre>
+  man_N = mkN "man" "mannen" "män" "männen" masculine ;
+</pre>
+<li> <tt>Ext</tt>ended syntax with language-specific rules
+<pre>
+  PassBli : V2 -> NP -> VP ;  -- bli överkörd av ngn
+</pre>
 
 
 
 <!-- NEW -->
-<h2>Library structure: overview</h2>
+<h2>How much can be language-independent?</h2>
 
-Language-independent API
+For the ten languages we have considered, it <i>is</i> possible
+to implement the current API.
 
 <p>
 
-Language-dependent resources
+Reservations:
 <ul>
-<li> morphological <tt>Paradigms</tt>
+<li> does not necessarily extend to all other languages
-<li> irregular <tt>Verbs</tt>
+<li> does not necessarily cover the most idiomatic expressions
-</ul>
+     of each language
+<li> may not be the easiest API to implement (e.g. negation and
+inversion with  <i>do</i> in English suggest that some other
+structure would be more natural)
+<li> does not guarantee that same structure has the same semantics
+in different languages
+<p>
 
 
 <!-- NEW -->
 <h2>Library structure: language-independent API</h2>
 
+<center>
+<img src="Resource.gif">
+</center>
+
+
+<!-- NEW -->
+<h2>Library structure: test bed for the language-independent API</h2>
+
 <center>
 <img src="Lang.gif">
 </center>
 
+
 <!-- NEW -->
 <h2>API documentation</h2>
 
@@ -113,7 +333,9 @@ Language-dependent resources
 <a href="Rules.html">Rules</a>
 
 <p>
-<a href="Clause.html">Clause</a>
+Alternative views on sentence formation:
+<a href="Clause.html">Clause</a>,
+<a href="Verbphrase.html">Verbphrase</a>
 
 <p>
 <a href="Structural.html">Structural</a>
@@ -135,19 +357,27 @@ Language-dependent resources
 <!-- NEW -->
 <h2>Paradigms documentation</h2>
 
-<a href="ParadigmsEng.html">English</a>
+<a href="ParadigmsEng.html">English paradigms</a>
-
+<br>
-<p>
+<a href="BasicEng.html">example use of English oaradigms</a>
-
+<br>
 <a href="VerbsEng.html">English verbs</a>
 
 <p>
 
-<a href="ParadigmsSwe.html">Swedish</a>
+<a href="ParadigmsFre.html">French paradigms</a>
+<br>
+<a href="BasicFre.html">example use of French paradigms</a>
+<br>
+<a href="VerbsFre.html">French verbs</a>
 
 <p>
 
-<a href="BasicSwe.html">example of Swedish</a>
+<a href="ParadigmsSwe.html">Swedish paradigms</a>
+<br>
+<a href="BasicSwe.html">example use of Swedish paradigms</a>
+<br>
+<a href="VerbsSwe.html">Swedish verbs</a>
 
 
 

resource/english/ParadigmsEng.gf

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
 
---1 English Lexical Paradigms UNDER RECONSTRUCTION!
+--1 English Lexical Paradigms
 --
 -- Aarne Ranta 2003
 --

resource/english/SyntaxEng.gf

@@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ oper
   intPronWho : Number -> IntPron = \num -> {
     s = table {
       NomP  => "who" ;
-      AccP  => variants {"who" ; "whom"} ;
+      AccP  => variants {"whom" ; "who"} ;
       GenP  => "whose" ;
       GenSP => "whom"
       } ;

resource/swedish/ParadigmsSwe.gf

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:../scandinavian:../abstract:../../prelude
 
---1 Swedish Lexical Paradigms UNDER RECONSTRUCTION!
+--1 Swedish Lexical Paradigms
 --
 -- Aarne Ranta 2003
 --