diff --git a/resource/danish/SyntaxDan.gf b/resource/danish/SyntaxDan.gf
index 11cd5b696..1cfca0c9b 100644
--- a/resource/danish/SyntaxDan.gf
+++ b/resource/danish/SyntaxDan.gf
@@ -113,9 +113,7 @@ instance SyntaxDan of SyntaxScand = TypesDan **
   progressiveClause : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Clause = \np,vp ->
     predVerbGroupClause np
      (complVerbVerb 
-      (verbVara **
-       {isAux = False} ----- {s3 = ["ved at"]}
-      )
+      {s = verbVara.s ; s1 = "ved" ; isAux = False}
       vp) ;
 
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/resource/english/CategoriesEng.gf b/resource/english/CategoriesEng.gf
index 923c3159d..4ee8b7d83 100644
--- a/resource/english/CategoriesEng.gf
+++ b/resource/english/CategoriesEng.gf
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ lincat
   V2S    = TransVerb ;
   V2Q    = TransVerb ;
   V2V    = TransVerb ** {s4 : Str} ;
+----V2V    = {s : VForm => Str ; s1 : Particle ; s3, s4 : Str} ;
   V2A    = TransVerb ;
   V0     = Verb ;
 
diff --git a/resource/english/RulesEng.gf b/resource/english/RulesEng.gf
index 27ecc4881..e6dd04b92 100644
--- a/resource/english/RulesEng.gf
+++ b/resource/english/RulesEng.gf
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ lin
 
   AdjPart = adjPastPart ;
 
-  UseV2V x = x ** {isAux = False} ;
+  UseV2V x = verb2aux x ** {isAux = False} ;
   UseV2S x = x ;
   UseV2Q x = x ;
   UseA2S x = x ;
diff --git a/resource/french/ParadigmsFre.gf b/resource/french/ParadigmsFre.gf
index 86d74cc2e..ca2fd1133 100644
--- a/resource/french/ParadigmsFre.gf
+++ b/resource/french/ParadigmsFre.gf
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ oper
   mkV0  v = v ** {lock_V0 = <>} ;
   mkVS  v = v ** {mn,mp = Ind ; lock_VS = <>} ;  ---- more moods
   mkV2S v p = mkV2 v p ** {mn,mp = Ind ; lock_V2S = <>} ;
-  mkVV  v = v ** {c = accusative ; lock_VV = <>} ;
+  mkVV  v = v ** {c = accusative.p1 ; lock_VV = <>} ;
   deVV  v = v ** {c = genitive.p1 ; lock_VV = <>} ;
   aVV  v = v ** {c = dative.p1 ; lock_VV = <>} ;
   mkV2V v p t = mkV2 v p ** {c3 = t.p1  ; s3 = p.p2 ; lock_V2V = <>} ;
diff --git a/resource/italian/ParadigmsIta.gf b/resource/italian/ParadigmsIta.gf
index 730d7fa72..3bd58fa78 100644
--- a/resource/italian/ParadigmsIta.gf
+++ b/resource/italian/ParadigmsIta.gf
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ oper
   mkV0  v = v ** {lock_V0 = <>} ;
   mkVS  v = v ** {mn,mp = Ind ; lock_VS = <>} ;  ---- more moods
   mkV2S v p = mkV2 v p ** {mn,mp = Ind ; lock_V2S = <>} ;
-  mkVV  v = v ** {c = accusative ; lock_VV = <>} ;
+  mkVV  v = v ** {c = accusative.p1 ; lock_VV = <>} ;
   deVV  v = v ** {c = genitive.p1 ; lock_VV = <>} ;
   aVV  v = v ** {c = dative.p1 ; lock_VV = <>} ;
   mkV2V v p t = mkV2 v p ** {c3 = t.p1  ; s3 = p.p2 ; lock_V2V = <>} ;
diff --git a/resource/norwegian/SyntaxNor.gf b/resource/norwegian/SyntaxNor.gf
index a797ae488..f81f0c47a 100644
--- a/resource/norwegian/SyntaxNor.gf
+++ b/resource/norwegian/SyntaxNor.gf
@@ -114,8 +114,6 @@ instance SyntaxNor of SyntaxScand = TypesNor **
   progressiveClause : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Clause = \np,vp ->
     predVerbGroupClause np
      (complVerbVerb 
-      (verbVara **
-       {isAux = False} ----- {s3 = ["ved at"]}
-      )
+      ({s = verbVara.s ; s1 = "ved" ; isAux = False})
       vp) ;
 }
diff --git a/resource/scandinavian/SyntaxScand.gf b/resource/scandinavian/SyntaxScand.gf
index b67d8c488..128db5356 100644
--- a/resource/scandinavian/SyntaxScand.gf
+++ b/resource/scandinavian/SyntaxScand.gf
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ oper
 
   mkVerbGroupCopula : (Gender => Number => Person => Str) -> VerbGroup = 
     \obj ->
-    mkVerbGroupObject (verbVara ** {s1 = []}) obj ;
+    mkVerbGroupObject verbVara obj ;
 
 -----------------------
 
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ oper
 -- on semantic grounds.
 
   vara : (Gender => Number => Person => Str) -> VerbGroup = 
-    useVerb (verbVara ** {s1 = []}) ;
+    useVerb verbVara ;
 
   predAdjective : Adjective -> VerbGroup = \arg ->
     vara (\\g,n,_ => arg.s ! predFormAdj g n ! Nom) ;
@@ -1016,7 +1016,7 @@ oper
     insertObject (mkSats subj verb) obj ;
 
   mkSatsCopula : NounPhrase -> Str -> Sats = \subj,obj ->
-    mkSatsObject subj (verbVara ** {s1 = []}) obj ;
+    mkSatsObject subj verbVara obj ;
 
 
 --3 Sentence-complement verbs
diff --git a/resource/spanish/ParadigmsSpa.gf b/resource/spanish/ParadigmsSpa.gf
index 908bd760c..c7154ea23 100644
--- a/resource/spanish/ParadigmsSpa.gf
+++ b/resource/spanish/ParadigmsSpa.gf
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ oper
   mkV0  v = v ** {lock_V0 = <>} ;
   mkVS  v = v ** {mn,mp = Ind ; lock_VS = <>} ;  ---- more moods
   mkV2S v p = mkV2 v p ** {mn,mp = Ind ; lock_V2S = <>} ;
-  mkVV  v = v ** {c = accusative ; lock_VV = <>} ;
+  mkVV  v = v ** {c = accusative.p1 ; lock_VV = <>} ;
   deVV  v = v ** {c = genitive.p1 ; lock_VV = <>} ;
   aVV  v = v ** {c = dative.p1 ; lock_VV = <>} ;
   mkV2V v p t = mkV2 v p ** {c3 = t.p1  ; s3 = p.p2 ; lock_V2V = <>} ;