diff --git a/src/russian/ParadigmsRus.gf b/src/russian/ParadigmsRus.gf
index 10872b9f2..63700caa5 100644
--- a/src/russian/ParadigmsRus.gf
+++ b/src/russian/ParadigmsRus.gf
@@ -81,6 +81,16 @@ oper
       = \word, g, anim, zi -> lin N (noMinorCases (Z.makeNoun word g anim (Z.parseIndex zi))) ;
     mkN : A -> Gender -> Animacy -> N
       = \a, g, anim -> lin N (makeNFFromAF a g anim) ;
+
+    -- For backwards compatibility:
+    mkN : (nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg, prepos2Sg, nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl : Str) -> Gender -> Animacy -> N
+      = \nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg, prepos2Sg, nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl, g, anim ->
+        lin N {
+          snom=nomSg;pnom=nomPl;sgen=genSg;pgen=genPl;sdat=datSg;pdat=datPl;sacc=accSg;pacc=accPl;sins=instSg;pins=instPl;sprep=preposSg;pprep=preposPl;
+          sloc=prepos2Sg; sptv=genSg ; svoc=nomSg ;
+          anim=anim;
+          g=g
+        } ;
   } ;
 
   mkN2 = overload {
@@ -159,15 +169,30 @@ oper
       = \asp,tran,inf,sg1,sg3 -> lin V (guessVerbForms asp tran inf sg1 sg3) ;
     mkV : Aspect -> Transitivity -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> V
       = \asp,tran,inf,sg1,sg3,zv -> lin V (Z.makeVerb inf sg1 sg3 (Z.parseVerbIndex zv) asp tran (Z.infStemFromVerb inf).p2 ) ;
+    -- For backwards compatibility:
+    mkV : Aspect -> (presSg1,presSg2,presSg3,presPl1,presPl2,presPl3,pastSgMasc,imp,inf: Str) -> V
+      = \asp, sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3, sgMascPast, imperSgP2, inf ->
+        lin V ((guessVerbForms asp Transitive inf sgP1 sgP3) ** {
+          prsg1=Z.dropRefl sgP1 ;
+          prsg2=Z.dropRefl sgP2 ;
+          prsg3=Z.dropRefl sgP3 ;
+          prpl1=Z.dropRefl plP1 ;
+          prpl2=Z.dropRefl plP2 ;
+          prpl3=Z.dropRefl plP3 ;
+        })
   } ;
 
   mkV2 = overload {
     mkV2 : V -> V2
       = \vf -> lin V2 (vf ** {c={s=[] ; c=Acc ; hasPrep=False}}) ;
     mkV2 : V -> Case -> V2
-      = \vf, c -> lin V2 (vf ** {c={s=[] ; c=c ; hasPrep=False}}) ;
+      = \vf, c -> lin V2 (vf ** {c={s=[] ; c=c ; hasPrep=True}}) ;
     mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2
       = \vf, prep -> lin V2 (vf ** {c=prep}) ;
+
+    -- For backwards compatibility:
+    mkV2 : V -> Str -> Case -> V2
+      = \vf, prep_s, c -> lin V2 (vf ** {c={s=prep_s ; c=c ; hasPrep=True}})
     } ;
 
   mkV3 = overload {
@@ -175,6 +200,10 @@ oper
       = \vf, cas1, cas2 -> lin V3 (vf ** {c={s=[] ; c=cas1 ; hasPrep=False} ; c2={s=[] ; c=cas2 ; hasPrep=False}} ) ;
     mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3   -- "сложить письмо в конверт"
       = \vf, prep1, prep2 -> lin V3 (vf ** {c=prep1 ; c2=prep2} ) ;
+
+    -- For backwards compatibility:
+    mkV3 : V -> Str -> Str -> Case -> Case -> V3
+      = \vf, prep1, prep2, cas1, cas2 -> lin V3 (vf ** {c={s=prep1 ; c=cas1 ; hasPrep=True} ; c2={s=prep2 ; c=cas2 ; hasPrep=True}} ) ;
   } ;
 
   dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
@@ -182,6 +211,25 @@ oper
   tvDirDir : V -> V3 ;
   tvDirDir v = mkV3 v Acc Dat ;
 
+  -- for backwards compatibility only. Use mkV methods instead.
+  -- These are deprecated!
+param Conjugation = First | FirstE | Second | SecondA | Mixed | Dolzhen | Foreign ;
+oper
+  first, firstE, second, mixed, dolzhen, foreign : Conjugation ;
+  first = First ; firstE = FirstE ; second = Second ; secondA = SecondA ; mixed = Mixed ; dolzhen = Dolzhen; foreign = Foreign;
+
+  -- Do not use the following method as it is only approximate because it does not use most informative SgP3 amd
+  -- SgP3 is being guessed instead from SgP1.
+  regV : Aspect -> Conjugation -> (stemPresSg1,endPresSg1,pastSg1,imp,inf : Str) -> V ;
+  regV asp bconj stemPresSg1 endPresSg1 pastSg1 imp inf =
+    let sg1=stemPresSg1 + endPresSg1 in
+    let sg3 : Str = case bconj of {
+      First => (Z.sg1StemFromVerb sg1) + "ет" ;
+      FirstE => (Z.sg1StemFromVerb sg1) + "ёт" ;
+      Second | SecondA => (Z.sg1StemFromVerb sg1) + "ит" ;
+      _ => (Z.sg1StemFromVerb sg1) + "ет"
+      } in (guessVerbForms asp Transitive inf sg1 sg3);
+
 ------------------------
 -- Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, ...
 
diff --git a/src/russian/VerbRus.gf b/src/russian/VerbRus.gf
index e16a03bdd..e75285c6e 100644
--- a/src/russian/VerbRus.gf
+++ b/src/russian/VerbRus.gf
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ lin
 
   -- : VPSlash -> VP ;         -- love himself
   ReflVP vps = vps ** {
-    compl=\\a => vps.compl ! a ++ vps.c.s ++ sam.s ! vps.c.c
+    compl=\\a => vps.compl ! a ++ vps.c.s ++ sam.s ! vps.c.c  -- TODO: use applyPronounPrep (search all ".c.s" also)
     } ;
 
   -- : Comp -> VP ;            -- be warm
diff --git a/src/russian/ZaliznyakAlgo.gf b/src/russian/ZaliznyakAlgo.gf
index 48fec5a11..e85022526 100644
--- a/src/russian/ZaliznyakAlgo.gf
+++ b/src/russian/ZaliznyakAlgo.gf
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ oper
     = \v ->
       case v of {
         s + ("у" | "ю" | "усь" | "юсь") => s ;
-        _ => Predef.error "Error: incorrect Sg P1 Pres/Fut"
+        _ => Predef.error ("Error: incorrect Sg P1 Pres/Fut:" + v)
       } ;
 
   sg3StemAndConjFromVerb : Str -> Str * Conjug
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ oper
         <I | I', i+("ать"|"ять"), s2, s3> => 6 ;
         <II, i+"ить", s2, s3> => 4 ;  -- после шип  -- here and below alternations possible
         <II, i+("ать"|"ять"|"еть"), s2, s3> => 5 ;
-        _ => Predef.error ("Error: guessing verb conjugation does not work for " ++ inf)
+        _ => Predef.error ("Error: guessing verb conjugation does not work for:" + sg1 + sg3.p1 + ":" + inf + ":" + sgP1PresFut + ":" + sgP3PresFut)
       } in <ZV conjtype No (VSS (case sg3.p2 of {I' => _B; _ => _A}) _A), refl> ;
 
   makeVerb : Str -> Str -> Str -> ZVIndex -> Aspect -> Transitivity -> Reflexivity -> VerbForms