From 7b3b49400a121ebb672f39e181daf342ab8b2e03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: aarneranta <aarne@chalmers.se>
Date: Thu, 9 Feb 2023 09:35:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] added ExtendGer functions needed in Wikimini

---
 doc/tour/tourSwe.html   | 932 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/german/ExtendGer.gf |  24 +-
 2 files changed, 803 insertions(+), 153 deletions(-)
diff --git a/doc/tour/tourSwe.html b/doc/tour/tourSwe.html
index f5c40d7cb..4014fad91 100644
--- a/doc/tour/tourSwe.html
+++ b/doc/tour/tourSwe.html
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
 <HTML>
 <HEAD>
-<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
+<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.org">
 <LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="utf8">
 <TITLE>A Guided Tour of Swedish Grammar</TITLE>
 </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
-<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1>A Guided Tour of Swedish Grammar</H1>
-<FONT SIZE="4">
-<I>Aarne Ranta</I><BR>
-</FONT></CENTER>
+<CENTER>
+<H1>A Guided Tour of Swedish Grammar</H1>
+<FONT SIZE="4">Aarne Ranta</FONT>
+</CENTER>
 
 <P></P>
 <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
 <P></P>
+
   <UL>
   <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Computer prerequisites</A>
   <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Words and inflection</A>
@@ -42,81 +43,139 @@
 <P></P>
 <P>
 This is an introduction to the basic grammar of Swedish. 
+</P>
+<P>
 It is guided by a computer program that knows the rules of the grammar.
+</P>
+<P>
 All examples shown during the tour have been produced by that program.
+</P>
+<P>
 You can read this document as it is, to get an
+</P>
+<P>
 overview of Swedish grammar. 
+</P>
+<P>
 However, really to exploit the linguistic knowledge included in the program,
+</P>
+<P>
 you should try out every rule by itself and also vary the rules in
+</P>
+<P>
 interaction with the computer. 
 </P>
 <P>
 The same tour is (or will be) available for 17 languages.
 </P>
+
 <UL>
 <LI><A HREF="tourAra.html">Arabic</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourBul.html">Bulgarian</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourCat.html">Catalan</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourDan.html">Danish</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourDut.html">Dutch</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourEng.html">English</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourFin.html">Finnish</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourFre.html">French</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourGer.html">German</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourIta.html">Italian</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourNor.html">Norwegian</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourPol.html">Polish</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourRon.html">Romanian</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourRus.html">Russian</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourSpa.html">Spanish</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourSwe.html">Swedish</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI><A HREF="tourUrd.html">Urdu</A>
 </UL>
 
 <P>
 See the last section of this document for how to contribute support for 
+</P>
+<P>
 new languages as a developer.
 </P>
+
 <A NAME="toc1"></A>
 <H1>Computer prerequisites</H1>
+
 <P>
 To use the Swedish grammar program and test the grammar yourself, you need
 </P>
+
 <UL>
 <LI>a computer with Linux, Mac OS, or Windows
+<P></P>
 <LI>the program GF (Grammatical Framework), downloadable from
+<P></P>
   the <A HREF="http://grammaticalframework.org">GF website</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI>the grammar package <CODE>Demo.pgf</CODE>, downloadable from 
+<P></P>
   <A HREF="http://grammaticalframework.org/lib/doc/Demo.pgf.gz">here</A>
 </UL>
 
 <P>
 In the future, we plan to provide a web-based version of this grammar tour,
+</P>
+<P>
 so that you can ran the program without downloading or installing anything.
 </P>
 <P>
 After installing GF (see instructions at GF website), just start it by
+</P>
+<P>
 the shell command
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     gf Demo.pgf
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Then initialize the shell with a couple of handy commands:
 </P>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING="4" BORDER="1">
+
+<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="4">
 <TR>
 <TD><CODE>%forms</CODE></TD>
 <TD>show the forms of a word or a phrase in Swedish</TD>
 </TR>
+</TABLE>
+
+<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="4">
 <TR>
 <TD><CODE>%numeral</CODE></TD>
 <TD>translate a number to a Swedish numeral expression</TD>
 </TR>
+</TABLE>
+
+<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="4">
 <TR>
 <TD><CODE>%table</CODE></TD>
 <TD>show the inflection table a word or a phrase in Swedish</TD>
 </TR>
+</TABLE>
+
+<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="4">
 <TR>
 <TD><CODE>%translate</CODE></TD>
 <TD>translate an utterance from English to Swedish</TD>
@@ -126,43 +185,74 @@ Then initialize the shell with a couple of handy commands:
 <P>
 Initialization is made with the command macro definitions in GF:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; dc translate ps -lextext ?0 | parse -cat=Utt -lang=Eng | linearize -lang=Swe
+  
   &gt; dc table linearize -table -lang=Swe ?0
+  
   &gt; dc forms linearize -list -lang=Swe ?0
+  
   &gt; dc numeral ps -chars ?0 | p -cat=Digits -lang=Swe | pt -transfer=digits2num | l -bind -lang=Swe
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 This is just to save you some work afterwards and to make this document
+</P>
+<P>
 clearer; you could quite as well use the basic commands that are predifined
+</P>
+<P>
 in GF, and for some less frequent cases we'll actually use them directly.
 </P>
 <P>
 The <B>prompt</B> sign <CODE>&gt;</CODE> is produced by GF, and you should only
+</P>
+<P>
 write what is after it. In this document, we will use two kinds of markings
+</P>
+<P>
 of type-written lines:
 </P>
+
 <UL>
 <LI><CODE>&gt;</CODE> followed by a command you type
+<P></P>
 <LI><CODE>*</CODE> followed by output from GF
 </UL>
 
 <A NAME="toc2"></A>
 <H1>Words and inflection</H1>
+
 <P>
 We are ready to start the tour. 
+</P>
+<P>
 We begin in the same way as grammar books usually do:
+</P>
+<P>
 from words and their forms. We will also show the most basic 
+</P>
+<P>
 syntactic combinations, to explain how the words are used, but
+</P>
+<P>
 syntax proper is treated in the next chapter.
 </P>
+
 <A NAME="toc3"></A>
 <H2>Nouns</H2>
+
 <P>
 The inflection forms of nouns are shown in the following example:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %table flower_N
+  
   s Sg Indef Nom : blomma
   s Sg Indef Gen : blommas
   s Sg Def Nom : blomman
@@ -171,342 +261,545 @@ The inflection forms of nouns are shown in the following example:
   s Pl Indef Gen : blommors
   s Pl Def Nom : blommorna
   s Pl Def Gen : blommornas
-  
+  co : blomma
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The forms together are an example of an <B>inflection pattern</B>.
+</P>
+<P>
 Here are some inflection patterns.
+</P>
+<P>
 They show the declensions 1 to 5.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %forms flower_N
-  blomma, blommas, blomman, blommans, blommor, blommors, blommorna, blommornas
+  
+  blomma, blommas, blomman, blommans, blommor, blommors, blommorna, blommornas, blomma
+  
   
   &gt; %forms car_N
-  bil, bils, bilen, bilens, bilar, bilars, bilarna, bilarnas
+  
+  bil, bils, bilen, bilens, bilar, bilars, bilarna, bilarnas, bil
+  
   
   &gt; %forms cat_N
-  katt, katts, katten, kattens, katter, katters, katterna, katternas
+  
+  katt, katts, katten, kattens, katter, katters, katterna, katternas, katt
+  
   
   &gt; %forms apple_N
-  äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas
+  
+  äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas, äpple, äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas, äppel
+  
   
   &gt; %forms house_N
-  hus, hus, huset, husets, hus, hus, husen, husens
+  
+  hus, hus, huset, husets, hus, hus, husen, husens, hus
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The symbol <CODE>N</CODE> is used in the program to denote nouns. Here it is suffixed to
+</P>
+<P>
 English words to indicate the meanings of the Swedish nouns. This meaning
+</P>
+<P>
 can be approximative, or just cover one of the possible senses.
 </P>
 <P>
 In addition to inflection forms,
+</P>
+<P>
 Swedish nouns also have a gender. The gender is reflected, among
+</P>
+<P>
 other things, in the indefinite article used with the nouns.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "a man"
+  
   en man
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "a woman"
+  
   en kvinna
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "a house"
+  
   ett hus
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The grammar training program has a small lexicon, with just 182 nouns. To see 
+</P>
+<P>
 all there nouns, together with their inflection forms and senses explained in
+</P>
+<P>
 English, you can do as follows:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; generate_trees -cat=N -number=5 | linearize -treebank -list -lang=Swe
-  Demo: airplane_N
-  DemoSwe: flygplan, flygplans, flygplanet, flygplanets, flygplan, flygplans, flygplanen, flygplanens
-   Demo: animal_N
-  DemoSwe: djur, djurs, djuret, djurets, djur, djurs, djuren, djurens
-   Demo: apartment_N
-  DemoSwe: lägenhet, lägenhets, lägenheten, lägenhetens, lägenheter, lägenheters, lägenheterna, lägenheternas
-   Demo: apple_N
-  DemoSwe: äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas
-   Demo: art_N
-  DemoSwe: konst, konsts, konsten, konstens, konster, konsters, konsterna, konsternas
+  
+  ResourceDemo: airplane_N
+  ResourceDemoSwe: flygplan, flygplans, flygplanet, flygplanets, flygplan, flygplans, flygplanen, flygplanens, flygplan
+  ResourceDemo: animal_N
+  ResourceDemoSwe: djur, djurs, djuret, djurets, djur, djurs, djuren, djurens, djur
+  ResourceDemo: apple_N
+  ResourceDemoSwe: äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas, äpple, äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas, äppel
+  ResourceDemo: baby_N
+  ResourceDemoSwe: bebis, bebis, bebisen, bebisens, bebisar, bebisars, bebisarna, bebisarnas, bebis
+  ResourceDemo: beer_N
+  ResourceDemoSwe: öl, öls, ölet, ölets, öl, öls, ölen, ölens, öl
+  
+  
   
   
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc4"></A>
 <H3>Quizzes with nouns</H3>
+
 <P>
 If you already know some Swedish,
+</P>
+<P>
 you can try out a <B>morphology quiz</B>, which lets you train your knowledge
+</P>
+<P>
 of Swedish noun inflection. You can later train your inflection skills with
+</P>
+<P>
 other parts of speech, just changing the symbol <CODE>N</CODE> to some other symbol.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     morpho_quiz -cat=N -lang=Swe
   
+  
+  
     Welcome to GF Morphology Quiz.
+  
     The quiz is over when you have done at least 10 examples
+  
     with at least 75 % success.
+  
     You can interrupt the quiz by entering a line consisting of a dot ('.').
   
+  
+  
     vetenskap s Sg Def Gen
+  
     vetenskapens
+  
     &gt; Yes.
+  
     Score 1/1
   
+  
+  
     kyrka s Pl Indef Nom
+  
     kyrker
+  
     &gt; No, not kyrker, but
+  
     kyrkor
+  
     Score 1/2
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 (The above quiz example is swedish for all languages, for technical reasons.)
 </P>
 <P>
 The quiz questions are randomly generated, so you can use the same
+</P>
+<P>
 quiz for increasing your Swedish skills over and over again.
 </P>
 <P>
 Another quiz is the <B>translation quiz</B>, which lets you to train translations
+</P>
+<P>
 of nouns from English to Swedish (or, in fact, of any part of speech from any
+</P>
+<P>
 language to any other one). Here is how it goes 
+</P>
+<P>
 (to Swedish, for the sake of example):
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     translation_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe -cat=N
+  
     Welcome to GF Translation Quiz.
+  
     The quiz is over when you have done at least 10 examples
+  
     with at least 75 % success.
+  
     You can interrupt the quiz by entering a line consisting of a dot ('.').
+  
    
+  
     ceiling
+  
     tak
+  
     &gt; Yes.
+  
     Score 1/1
+  
     night
+  
     nat
+  
     &gt; No, not nat, but
+  
     natt
+  
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc5"></A>
 <H2>Numerals and determiners</H2>
+
 <P>
 Numerals are in Swedish the easiest way to build complex noun phrases from nouns,
+</P>
+<P>
 since their forms are independent of the noun; the noun is just inflected in
+</P>
+<P>
 the plural indefinite. This is with the exception of "one", whose form depends
+</P>
+<P>
 on the gender of the noun. Here is a quick way to generate the numerals from 1 
+</P>
+<P>
 to 9:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; generate_trees -cat=Sub10 -number=9 | l -lang=Eng,Swe
+  
   two
   två
-   three
+  three
   tre
-   four
+  four
   fyra
-   five
+  five
   fem
-   six
+  six
   sex
-   seven
+  seven
   sju
-   eight
+  eight
   åtta
-   nine
+  nine
   nio
-   two
-  två
+  one
+  en
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Any sequence of digits from 1 to 999999 can be translated 
+</P>
+<P>
 to a Swedish numeral with the <CODE>%numeral</CODE> command:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %numeral "10"
-  tio
   
   &gt; %numeral "11"
-  elva
   
   &gt; %numeral "20"
-  tjugo
   
   &gt; %numeral "123"
-  etthundra tjugotre
   
   &gt; %numeral "999999"
-  niohundra nittioniotusen niohundra nittionio
   
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Numerals can be combined with nouns to form <B>noun phrases</B>:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "one boy"
+  
   en pojke
   &gt; %translate "one apple"
+  
   ett äpple
   &gt; %translate "two boys"
+  
   två pojkar
   &gt; %translate "eleven cars"
+  
   elva bilar
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Numerals are a special case of <B>determiners</B>: words that are 
+</P>
+<P>
 combined with nouns to
+</P>
+<P>
 form <B>noun phrases</B>. Articles are anouther special case; 
+</P>
+<P>
 we already saw the indefinite articles:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "a man"
+  
   en man
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "a woman"
+  
   en kvinna
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "a car"
+  
   en bil
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "a house"
+  
   ett hus
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Here are examples with definite articles.
+</P>
+<P>
 In Swedish, they are expressed by inflecting the noun 
+</P>
+<P>
 rather than adding a word like English <I>the</I>.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "the man"
+  
   mannen
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "the woman"
+  
   kvinnan
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "the car"
+  
   bilen
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "the house"
+  
   huset
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Definite articles in the plural:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "the men"
+  
   männen
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "the women"
+  
   kvinnorna
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "the cars"
+  
   bilarna
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "the houses"
+  
   husen
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The indefinite forms in the plural form look as follows.
+</P>
+<P>
 English, like many other languages, have no explicit indefinite article: 
+</P>
+<P>
 just use the plural form of the noun.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "men"
+  
   män
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "women"
+  
   kvinnor
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "cars"
+  
   bilar
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "houses"
+  
   hus
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Other common determiners are shown in the following:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "this car"
+  
   den här bilen
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "that car"
+  
   den där bilen
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "these cars"
+  
   de här bilarna
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "those cars"
+  
   de där bilarna
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "some cars"
-  några bilar
+  
+  
   
   &gt; %translate "all cars"
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Generate more examples of nouns with determiners:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; gr -number=11 (UttNP (DetCN ? (UseN ?))) | l -lang=Eng,Swe
-  some sister
-  någon syster
-   many men
-  många män
-   those dusts
-  de där dammen
-   many pens
-  många pennor
-   some sticks
-  några pinnar
-   every boss
-  varje chef
-   few houses
-  få hus
-   some wars
-  några krig
-   some school
-  någon skola
-   many moons
-  många månar
-   a flower
-  en blomma
+  
+  a bike
+  en cykel
+  that year
+  det där året
+  a husband
+  en make
+  one hundred and eleven thousand songs
+  ett &amp;+ hundra elva tusen sånger
+  these newspapers
+  de här tidningarna
+  these breads
+  de här bröden
+  the hills
+  kullarna
+  those nights
+  de där nätterna
+  trains
+  tåg
+  this train
+  det här tåget
+  the boots
+  stövlarna
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 You will find out that other determiners can combine with numerals, such as in
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "these seven sisters"
-  de här sju systrarna
+  
+  
   
   &gt; %translate "the seven sisters"
-  de sju systrarna
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 thus with a numeral, the definite article suddenly appears as a word.
 </P>
 <P>
 The random generation above used a <B>pattern</B> for generating
+</P>
+<P>
 expressions of the form <CODE>(UttNP (DetCN ? (UseN ?)))</CODE>, where just the
+</P>
+<P>
 question marks may vary. Such patterns can also be used to fine-tune quizzes.
+</P>
+<P>
 For instance, here is a translation quiz for nouns with determiners:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     trans_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (UttNP (DetCN ? (UseN ?)))
+  
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc6"></A>
 <H2>Adjectives</H2>
+
 <P>
 Adjectives generally have more forms than nouns. Here is an example showing the
+</P>
+<P>
 available forms for Swedish adjectives:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %table warm_A
+  
   s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Utr))) Nom) : varm
   s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Utr))) Gen) : varms
   s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Neutr))) Nom) : varmt
@@ -523,209 +816,333 @@ available forms for Swedish adjectives:
   s (AF (ASuperl SupStrong) Gen) : varmasts
   s (AF (ASuperl SupWeak) Nom) : varmaste
   s (AF (ASuperl SupWeak) Gen) : varmastes
-  
+  s AAdv : varmt
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The comparative and superlative forms are often formed syntactically, by using 
+</P>
+<P>
 words similar to <I>more</I> and <I>most</I>.
 </P>
 <P>
 Here are some examples of adjective inflections:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %forms good_A
-  god, gods, gott, gotts, goda, godas, goda, godas, goda, godas, bättre, bättres, bäst, bästs, bästa, bästas
+  
+  god, gods, gott, gotts, goda, godas, goda, godas, goda, godas, bättre, bättres, bäst, bästs, bästa, bästas, gott
+  
   
   &gt; %forms bad_A
-  dålig, dåligs, dåligt, dåligts, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, sämre, sämres, sämst, sämsts, sämsta, sämstas
+  
+  dålig, dåligs, dåligt, dåligts, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, sämre, sämres, sämst, sämsts, sämsta, sämstas, dåligt
+  
   
   &gt; %forms rotten_A
-  rutten, ruttens, ruttet, ruttets, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttnare, ruttnares, ruttnast, ruttnasts, ruttnaste, ruttnastes
+  
+  rutten, ruttens, ruttet, ruttets, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttnare, ruttnares, ruttnast, ruttnasts, ruttnaste, ruttnastes, ruttet
+  
   
   &gt; %forms important_A
-  viktig, viktigs, viktigt, viktigts, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktigare, viktigares, viktigast, viktigasts, viktigaste, viktigastes
+  
+  viktig, viktigs, viktigt, viktigts, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktigare, viktigares, viktigast, viktigasts, viktigaste, viktigastes, viktigt
+  
   
   &gt; %forms stupid_A
-  dum, dums, dumt, dumts, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dummare, dummares, dummast, dummasts, dummaste, dummastes
+  
+  dum, dums, dumt, dumts, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dummare, dummares, dummast, dummasts, dummaste, dummastes, dumt
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The morpho quiz for adjectives is as one would expect:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     morpho_quiz -cat=A -lang=DemoSwe
+  
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc7"></A>
 <H2>The use of adjectives</H2>
+
 <P>
 Adjectives can be used to <B>modify</B> nouns.
+</P>
+<P>
 The form of the adjective may then depend on the gender of the noun.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "old man"
+  
   gammal man
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "old woman"
+  
   gammal kvinna
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "old house"
+  
   gammalt hus
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The adjective+noun combination is inflected for the same forms as the
+</P>
+<P>
 bare noun:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; parse -cat=CN "old house" | %forms
+  
   gammalt hus, gammalt hus, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla huset, gamla husets, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla husen, gamla husens
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Here are the quizzes for training the adjectival modification of nouns:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (AdjCN (PositA ?) (UseN ?))
+  
     
+  
     morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (AdjCN (PositA ?) (UseN ?))
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Adjectives can be combined to <B>adjectival phrases</B> (AP). One way to do this
+</P>
+<P>
 is by means of <B>adadjectives</B>, such as <I>very</I> and <I>too</I>:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; p -lang=Eng -cat=AP "very old" | l -lang=Swe
+  
   mycket gammal
   
+  
   &gt; p -lang=Eng -cat=AP "too heavy" | l -lang=Swe
-  för tung
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The <B>comparative</B> forms can be used for building adjectival phrases together
+</P>
+<P>
 with noun phrase complements:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; p -lang=Eng -cat=AP  "warmer than the sun" | l -lang=Swe
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Also these complex AP's can modify common nouns. The word order can be different
+</P>
+<P>
 from modification with simple adjectives.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; p -lang=Eng -cat=CN  "country warmer than the sun" | l -lang=Swe
   
+  
+  
   &gt; p -lang=Eng -cat=CN  "very warm country" | l -lang=Swe
+  
   mycket varmt land
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Quizzes for such constructions are as follows:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))
+  
     
+  
     morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))
+  
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc8"></A>
 <H2>Personal pronouns</H2>
+
 <P>
 Personal pronouns have many forms:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %table we_Pron
+  
   s NPNom : vi
   s NPAcc : oss
-  s (NPPoss (GSg Utr)) : vår
-  s (NPPoss (GSg Neutr)) : vårt
-  s (NPPoss GPl) : våra
-  
+  s (NPPoss (GSg Utr) Nom) : vår
+  s (NPPoss (GSg Utr) Gen) : vårs
+  s (NPPoss (GSg Neutr) Nom) : vårt
+  s (NPPoss (GSg Neutr) Gen) : vårts
+  s (NPPoss GPl Nom) : våra
+  s (NPPoss GPl Gen) : våras
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Here are the forms of all personal pronouns of Swedish:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %forms i_Pron
-  jag, mig, min, mitt, mina
+  
+  jag, mig, min, mins, mitt, mitts, mina, minas
+  
   
   &gt; %forms youSg_Pron
-  du, dig, din, ditt, dina
+  
+  du, dig, din, dins, ditt, ditts, dina, dinas
+  
   
   &gt; %forms youPol_Pron
-  ni, er, er, ert, era
+  
+  ni, er, er, ers, ert, erts, era, eras
+  
   
   &gt; %forms he_Pron
-  han, honom, hans, hans, hans
+  
+  han, honom, hans, hans, hans, hans, hans, hans
+  
   
   &gt; %forms she_Pron
-  hon, henne, hennes, hennes, hennes
+  
+  hon, henne, hennes, hennes, hennes, hennes, hennes, hennes
+  
   
   &gt; %forms we_Pron
-  vi, oss, vår, vårt, våra
+  
+  vi, oss, vår, vårs, vårt, vårts, våra, våras
+  
   
   &gt; %forms youPl_Pron
-  ni, er, er, ert, era
+  
+  ni, er, er, ers, ert, erts, era, eras
+  
   
   &gt; %forms they_Pron
-  de, dem, deras, deras, deras
+  
+  de, dem, deras, deras, deras, deras, deras, deras
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Notice the polite and plural forms of <I>you</I>, which English doesn't have.
 </P>
 <P>
 The <B>possessive</B> forms of pronouns are used as determiners:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "her house , my car and our children"
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Here's the pattern for training the combination of possessive pronouns and
+</P>
+<P>
 nouns, with the <CODE>morpho_quiz</CODE> and <CODE>translate_quiz</CODE> commands:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     (DetCN (DetQuant (PossPron ?) ?) (UseN ?))
+  
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc9"></A>
 <H2>Prepositions</H2>
+
 <P>
 Prepositions are not inflected. But when attached to noun phrases, they may
+</P>
+<P>
 affect the inflection of the noun phrase. In some languages, no preposition
+</P>
+<P>
 word may be shown, but just a different form of the noun phrase.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "my yellow house"
+  
   mitt gula hus
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "in my yellow house"
+  
   i mitt gula hus
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "to my yellow house"
-  till mitt gula hus
+  
+  
   
   &gt; %translate "from my yellow house"
-  från mitt gula hus
+  
+  
   
   &gt; %translate "with my yellow house"
+  
   med mitt gula hus
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "without my yellow house"
-  utan mitt gula hus
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Pronouns show in some languages even more variation.
 </P>
 <P>
 To train prepositional phrases, use the pattern
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     (PrepNP ? ?)
+  
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc10"></A>
 <H2>Verbs</H2>
+
 <P>
 Verbs usually have more inflection forms than any other words:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %table sleep_V
+  
   s (VF (VPres Act)) : sover
   s (VF (VPres Pass)) : sovs
   s (VF (VPret Act)) : sov
@@ -746,340 +1163,551 @@ Verbs usually have more inflection forms than any other words:
   s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Sg) Gen)) : sovnas
   s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Pl) Nom)) : sovna
   s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Pl) Gen)) : sovnas
+  s (VI (VPtPres Sg Indef Nom)) : sovande
+  s (VI (VPtPres Sg Indef Gen)) : sovandes
+  s (VI (VPtPres Sg Def Nom)) : sovandet
+  s (VI (VPtPres Sg Def Gen)) : sovandets
+  s (VI (VPtPres Pl Indef Nom)) : sovanden
+  s (VI (VPtPres Pl Indef Gen)) : sovandens
+  s (VI (VPtPres Pl Def Nom)) : sovandena
+  s (VI (VPtPres Pl Def Gen)) : sovandenas
   part : 
-  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Here are some inflection examples:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %forms speak_V2
-  talar, talas, talade, talades, tala, talas, tala, talas, talat, talats, talad, talads, talat, talats, talade, talades, talade, talades, talade, talades, , 
+  
+  talar, talas, talade, talades, tala, talas, tala, talas, talat, talats, talad, talads, talat, talats, talade, talades, talade, talades, talade, talades, talande, talandes, talandet, talandets, talanden, talandens, talandena, talandenas, , 
+  
   
   &gt; %forms play_V2
-  spelar, spelas, spelade, spelades, spela, spelas, spela, spelas, spelat, spelats, spelad, spelads, spelat, spelats, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades, , 
+  
+  spelar, spelas, spelade, spelades, spela, spelas, spela, spelas, spelat, spelats, spelad, spelads, spelat, spelats, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades, spelande, spelandes, spelandet, spelandets, spelanden, spelandens, spelandena, spelandenas, , 
+  
   
   &gt; %forms buy_V2
-  köper, köps, köpte, köptes, köp, köps, köpa, köpas, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, , 
+  
+  köper, köps, köpte, köptes, köp, köps, köpa, köpas, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, köpande, köpandes, köpandet, köpandets, köpanden, köpandens, köpandena, köpandenas, , 
+  
   
   &gt; %forms run_V
-  springer, springs, sprang, sprangs, spring, springs, springa, springas, sprungit, sprungits, sprungen, sprungens, sprunget, sprungets, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas, 
+  
+  springer, springs, sprang, sprangs, spring, springs, springa, springas, sprungit, sprungits, sprungen, sprungens, sprunget, sprungets, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas, springande, springandes, springandet, springandets, springanden, springandens, springandena, springandenas, 
+  
   
   &gt; %forms walk_V
-  går, gås, gick, gicks, gå, gås, gå, gås, gått, gåtts, gången, gångens, gånget, gångets, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas, 
+  
+  går, gås, gick, gicks, gå, gås, gå, gås, gått, gåtts, gången, gångens, gånget, gångets, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas, gående, gåendes, gåendet, gåendets, gåenden, gåendens, gåendena, gåendenas, 
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 In some languages, verbs can be very irregular.
 </P>
 <P>
 There are different <B>subcategories</B> of verbs: intransitive verbs (V), two-place
+</P>
+<P>
 verbs (V2), sentence-complement verbs (VS). The differences have to do with
+</P>
+<P>
 syntax, and will be discussed later.
 </P>
+
 <A NAME="toc11"></A>
 <H1>Syntactic combinations</H1>
+
 <P>
 Above, we have discussed some syntactic combinations:
+</P>
+<P>
 determination (<I>the car</I>, <I>this car</I>) and adjectival modification
+</P>
+<P>
 (<I>old car</I>). In this chapter, we concentrate on the formation of
+</P>
+<P>
 sentences.
 </P>
+
 <A NAME="toc12"></A>
 <H2>Predication</H2>
+
 <P>
 In <B>predication</B>, a verb is give its <B>arguments</B>: 
+</P>
+<P>
 the <B>subject</B> (the one who does something)
+</P>
+<P>
 and the <B>complements</B> (what is done, to whom it is done, etc). The simplest
+</P>
+<P>
 predication is with <B>intransitive verbs</B>, which only have the subject:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "he walks"
+  
   han går
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "we sleep"
+  
   vi sover
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "the very old woman sings"
+  
   den mycket gamla kvinnan sjunger
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 A predication forms a <B>clause</B>, which corresponds to many different
+</P>
+<P>
 (yes or no), and possibly a word order (inverted question, subordinate clause),
+</P>
+<P>
 a mood (indicative, subjunctive). Here is a table showing what forms a clause
+</P>
+<P>
 can have in Swedish:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
-  &gt; p -cat=Cl -lang=Eng "the man walks" | %table
-  s Pres Simul Pos Main : mannen går
-  s Pres Simul Pos Inv : går mannen
-  s Pres Simul Pos Sub : mannen går
-  s Pres Simul Neg Main : mannen går inte
-  s Pres Simul Neg Inv : går mannen inte
-  s Pres Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte går
-  s Pres Anter Pos Main : mannen har gått
-  s Pres Anter Pos Inv : har mannen gått
-  s Pres Anter Pos Sub : mannen har gått
-  s Pres Anter Neg Main : mannen har inte gått
-  s Pres Anter Neg Inv : har mannen inte gått
-  s Pres Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte har gått
-  s Past Simul Pos Main : mannen gick
-  s Past Simul Pos Inv : gick mannen
-  s Past Simul Pos Sub : mannen gick
-  s Past Simul Neg Main : mannen gick inte
-  s Past Simul Neg Inv : gick mannen inte
-  s Past Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte gick
-  s Past Anter Pos Main : mannen hade gått
-  s Past Anter Pos Inv : hade mannen gått
-  s Past Anter Pos Sub : mannen hade gått
-  s Past Anter Neg Main : mannen hade inte gått
-  s Past Anter Neg Inv : hade mannen inte gått
-  s Past Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte hade gått
-  s Fut Simul Pos Main : mannen ska gå
-  s Fut Simul Pos Inv : ska mannen gå
-  s Fut Simul Pos Sub : mannen ska gå
-  s Fut Simul Neg Main : mannen ska inte gå
-  s Fut Simul Neg Inv : ska mannen inte gå
-  s Fut Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte ska gå
-  s Fut Anter Pos Main : mannen ska ha gått
-  s Fut Anter Pos Inv : ska mannen ha gått
-  s Fut Anter Pos Sub : mannen ska ha gått
-  s Fut Anter Neg Main : mannen ska inte ha gått
-  s Fut Anter Neg Inv : ska mannen inte ha gått
-  s Fut Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte ska ha gått
-  s Cond Simul Pos Main : mannen skulle gå
-  s Cond Simul Pos Inv : skulle mannen gå
-  s Cond Simul Pos Sub : mannen skulle gå
-  s Cond Simul Neg Main : mannen skulle inte gå
-  s Cond Simul Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte gå
-  s Cond Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle gå
-  s Cond Anter Pos Main : mannen skulle ha gått
-  s Cond Anter Pos Inv : skulle mannen ha gått
-  s Cond Anter Pos Sub : mannen skulle ha gått
-  s Cond Anter Neg Main : mannen skulle inte ha gått
-  s Cond Anter Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte ha gått
-  s Cond Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle ha gått
   
+  &gt; p -cat=Cl -lang=Eng "the man walks" | %table
+  
+  s SPres Simul Pos Main : mannen går
+  s SPres Simul Pos Inv : går mannen
+  s SPres Simul Pos Sub : mannen går
+  s SPres Simul Neg Main : mannen går inte
+  s SPres Simul Neg Inv : går mannen inte
+  s SPres Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte går
+  s SPres Anter Pos Main : mannen har gått
+  s SPres Anter Pos Inv : har mannen gått
+  s SPres Anter Pos Sub : mannen har gått
+  s SPres Anter Neg Main : mannen har inte gått
+  s SPres Anter Neg Inv : har mannen inte gått
+  s SPres Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte har gått
+  s SPast Simul Pos Main : mannen gick
+  s SPast Simul Pos Inv : gick mannen
+  s SPast Simul Pos Sub : mannen gick
+  s SPast Simul Neg Main : mannen gick inte
+  s SPast Simul Neg Inv : gick mannen inte
+  s SPast Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte gick
+  s SPast Anter Pos Main : mannen hade gått
+  s SPast Anter Pos Inv : hade mannen gått
+  s SPast Anter Pos Sub : mannen hade gått
+  s SPast Anter Neg Main : mannen hade inte gått
+  s SPast Anter Neg Inv : hade mannen inte gått
+  s SPast Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte hade gått
+  s SFut Simul Pos Main : mannen ska gå
+  s SFut Simul Pos Inv : ska mannen gå
+  s SFut Simul Pos Sub : mannen ska gå
+  s SFut Simul Neg Main : mannen ska inte gå
+  s SFut Simul Neg Inv : ska mannen inte gå
+  s SFut Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte ska gå
+  s SFut Anter Pos Main : mannen ska ha gått
+  s SFut Anter Pos Inv : ska mannen ha gått
+  s SFut Anter Pos Sub : mannen ska ha gått
+  s SFut Anter Neg Main : mannen ska inte ha gått
+  s SFut Anter Neg Inv : ska mannen inte ha gått
+  s SFut Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte ska ha gått
+  s SFutKommer Simul Pos Main : mannen kommer att gå
+  s SFutKommer Simul Pos Inv : kommer mannen att gå
+  s SFutKommer Simul Pos Sub : mannen kommer att gå
+  s SFutKommer Simul Neg Main : mannen kommer inte att gå
+  s SFutKommer Simul Neg Inv : kommer mannen inte att gå
+  s SFutKommer Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte kommer att gå
+  s SFutKommer Anter Pos Main : mannen kommer att ha gått
+  s SFutKommer Anter Pos Inv : kommer mannen att ha gått
+  s SFutKommer Anter Pos Sub : mannen kommer att ha gått
+  s SFutKommer Anter Neg Main : mannen kommer inte att ha gått
+  s SFutKommer Anter Neg Inv : kommer mannen inte att ha gått
+  s SFutKommer Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte kommer att ha gått
+  s SCond Simul Pos Main : mannen skulle gå
+  s SCond Simul Pos Inv : skulle mannen gå
+  s SCond Simul Pos Sub : mannen skulle gå
+  s SCond Simul Neg Main : mannen skulle inte gå
+  s SCond Simul Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte gå
+  s SCond Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle gå
+  s SCond Anter Pos Main : mannen skulle ha gått
+  s SCond Anter Pos Inv : skulle mannen ha gått
+  s SCond Anter Pos Sub : mannen skulle ha gått
+  s SCond Anter Neg Main : mannen skulle inte ha gått
+  s SCond Anter Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte ha gått
+  s SCond Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle ha gått
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The following quiz can be used for training the inflection of intransitive
+</P>
+<P>
 clauses:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (PredVP (UsePron ?) (UseV ?))
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The following quiz translates English sentences in random tenses and polarities:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (UseCl ? ? (PredVP (UsePron ?) (UseV ?)))
+  
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc13"></A>
 <H2>Verbs with different predication patterns</H2>
+
 <P>
 Transitive verbs take an object in the accusative case (if there is a case):
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "he loves her"
+  
   han älskar henne
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 A generalization is two-place verbs, where the object is in some other case, or
+</P>
+<P>
 has a preposition. What is transitive in one language can often require a 
+</P>
+<P>
 preposition in another language:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "he waits for her"
+  
   han väntar på henne
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "he likes her"
+  
   han tycker om henne
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Three-place verbs usually take an object and another argument:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "the king gave the city to the queen"
-  kungen gav staden till drottningen
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 There are also verbs that have a sentence or a question as an argument,
+</P>
+<P>
 possibly with an object:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "he said that the man walks"
+  
   han sade att mannen går
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "he wonders who sleeps"
+  
   han undrar vem som sover
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "he asked me who sleeps"
-  han frågade mig vem som sover
+  
+  
   
   &gt; %translate "we answer to him that everybody sleeps"
-  vi svarar till honom att alla sover
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 There are also verbs that take other verbs (with their complements) as arguments:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "we must sleep"
+  
   vi måste sova
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "we want to wait for her"
+  
   vi vill vänta på henne
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The verb <I>to be</I> takes adjectives and noun phrases as arguments:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "he is very old"
+  
   han är mycket gammal
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "he is an old man"
+  
+  han är en gammal man
   han är en gammal man
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The following quiz can be used for training the inflection of clauses with 
+</P>
+<P>
 any verb:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (PredVP (UsePron ?) ?)
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The following quiz can be used for training the inflection of clauses with 
+</P>
+<P>
 <I>to be</I>:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (PredVP (UsePron ?) (UseComp ?))
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 The following quiz translates English sentences in random tenses and polarities:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (UseCl ? ? (PredVP (UsePron ?) ?))
+  
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc14"></A>
 <H2>Questions</H2>
+
 <P>
 Questions are similar to sentences, but can have a different word order:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "is he very old"
+  
   är han mycket gammal
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "would I sleep"
+  
   skulle jag sova
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Questions can moreover have <B>interrogatives</B> as their arguments,
+</P>
+<P>
 instead of norman nouns:
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "who doesn't sleep"
+  
   vem sover inte
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "whom did she see"
+  
   vem såg hon
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 Sentences without interrogatives can be made to questions with
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
   &gt; %translate "where will we sleep"
+  
   var ska vi sova
   
+  
   &gt; %translate "why didn't she wait for us"
+  
   varför väntade hon inte på oss
 </PRE>
-<P></P>
+
 <A NAME="toc15"></A>
 <H1>For developers</H1>
+
 <P>
 There are three levels of involvement, from the easiest to the hardest,
 </P>
+
 <OL>
 <LI>create the default tour for a language that is in the GF resource grammar library
+<P></P>
   (takes less than a minute, if you have the tools listed below)
+<P></P>
 <LI>customize the tour for a language that is in the library
+<P></P>
   (worth spending a couple of hours on)
+<P></P>
 <LI>add a language to the library and build the tour for it
+<P></P>
   (an undertaking of a few months)
 </OL>
 
 <P>
 1. To create the tour for a language that is in the library, e.g. Spanish, 
+</P>
+<P>
 just run
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     make Spa
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 in the directory <CODE>GF/lib/doc/tour</CODE>. You need the following things for this 
+</P>
+<P>
 to work out
 </P>
+
 <UL>
 <LI>the program GF (Grammatical Framework), downloadable from
+<P></P>
   the <A HREF="http://grammaticalframework.org">GF website</A>
+<P></P>
 <LI>the precompiled grammar package <CODE>Demo.pgf</CODE>, downloadable from 
+<P></P>
   <A HREF="http://grammaticalframework.org/lib/doc/Demo.pgf.gz">here</A> or makeable in
+<P></P>
   <CODE>GF/lib/src</CODE> with <CODE>make demo</CODE>
+<P></P>
 <LI>the command <CODE>runghc</CODE> available in any <A HREF="http://www.haskell.org/ghc">GHC</A> installation
+<P></P>
 <LI>the command <A HREF="http://txt2tags.sourceforge.net/"><CODE>txt2tags</CODE></A>
 </UL>
 
 <P>
 2. To customize the tour, edit the master file <CODE>GF/lib/doc/tour/tour.txt</CODE>. 
+</P>
+<P>
 The customization mainly proceeds by adding lines marked <CODE>#Spa</CODE> (if Spanish is
+</P>
+<P>
 your target language). This can be done both for text lines, e.g.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     #Spa Swedish has separate second-person plural pronouns for both genders.
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 and for GF command lines, e.g.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     #Spa %translate "you are very old"
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 In both cases, one can also add <CODE>#Spa</CODE> to the existing markings if they are
+</P>
+<P>
 adequate, e.g.
 </P>
+
 <PRE>
+  
     #Fre,Spa Swedish has two genders: the masculine and the feminine.
+  
 </PRE>
+
 <P>
 It's in particular for this purpose that we recommend using the variable <CODE>Swedish</CODE>
+</P>
+<P>
 rather than the constant <CODE>Spanish</CODE>. The <CODE>make</CODE> procedure replaces the variable with
+</P>
+<P>
 the constant automatically. Similarly, the language code <CODE>Spa</CODE> used in GF commands
+</P>
+<P>
 should be avoided and the variable <CODE>Swe</CODE> used instead.
 </P>
 <P>
 In general, the master file <CODE>tour.txt</CODE> is processed line by line. It has five kinds
+</P>
+<P>
 of lines, distinguished by the prefix of the line:
 </P>
+
 <UL>
 <LI><CODE>#</CODE> <I>LANGS</I> <CODE>&gt;</CODE> <I>COMMAND</I> : language-specific GF command
+<P></P>
 <LI><CODE>#</CODE> <I>LANGS</I> <I>TEXT</I> : language-specific text
+<P></P>
 <LI><CODE>&gt;</CODE> <I>COMMAND</I> : language-independent GF command
+<P></P>
 <LI><CODE>*</CODE> : ignored; included for the sake of documentation
+<P></P>
 <LI>any other text : language-independet text
 </UL>
 
 <P>
 Here <I>LANGS</I> is a comma-separated list of 3-letter language codes,
+</P>
+<P>
 such as <CODE>Fre,Spa,Ita</CODE>.
 </P>
 <P>
 3. To contribute a new language to the library, see the
+</P>
+<P>
 <A HREF="http://grammaticalframework.org/doc/gfss">GF Resource Grammar Project</A>.
 </P>
 <P>
 In cases (2) and (3), please contribute your work to the GF community!
 </P>
 
-<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.4 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
+<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.6 (http://txt2tags.org) -->
 <!-- cmdline: txt2tags -\-toc -thtml tourSwe.txt -->
 </BODY></HTML>
diff --git a/src/german/ExtendGer.gf b/src/german/ExtendGer.gf
index b86b4d202..e6abf28ac 100644
--- a/src/german/ExtendGer.gf
+++ b/src/german/ExtendGer.gf
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ concrete ExtendGer of Extend =
     VPS, ListVPS, VPI, ListVPI,
     MkVPS, BaseVPS, ConsVPS, ConjVPS, PredVPS, 
     MkVPI, BaseVPI, ConsVPI, ConjVPI, ComplVPIVV,
-    CardCNCard
+    CardCNCard, PassVPSlash, PassAgentVPSlash, CompoundN
     ]
   with
     (Grammar = GrammarGer) **
@@ -150,4 +150,26 @@ lin FullName gn sn = {
        g = sex2gender gn.g ;
        n = Sg
     } ;
+
+lin PassVPSlash vp = 
+      insertObj (\\_ => (PastPartAP vp).s ! APred) (predV werdenPass) **
+          { c1 = subjPrep vp.c2 } ;
+    -- this also gives "mit dir wird gerechnet" ;
+    -- the alternative linearisation ("es wird mit dir gerechnet") is not implemented
+
+lin PassAgentVPSlash vp np = ---- "von" here, "durch" in StructuralGer
+      insertObj (\\_ => (PastPartAgentAP (lin VPSlash vp) (lin NP np)).s ! APred) (predV werdenPass) ;
+
+lin CompoundN a x =
+       let s = a.co in
+       lin N {
+          s  = \\n,c => s ++ Predef.BIND ++ x.uncap.s ! n ! c ; 
+          co = s ++ Predef.BIND ++ x.uncap.co ;
+          uncap = {
+            s  = \\n,c => a.uncap.co  ++ Predef.BIND ++ x.uncap.s ! n ! c ; 
+            co = a.uncap.co  ++ Predef.BIND ++ x.uncap.co ;
+            } ;
+          g = x.g
+          } ;
+
 }
