From 7e9ce03dce2dad01d7d835b560594d9fa0b2df55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: aarne Date: Sun, 22 May 2005 18:43:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] improved resource doc --- resource/doc/Makefile | 2 +- resource/doc/example/Animals.gf | 2 +- resource/doc/example/AnimalsEng.gf | 2 +- resource/doc/example/AnimalsFre.gf | 2 +- resource/doc/example/AnimalsSwe.gf | 2 +- resource/doc/example/QuestionsI.gf | 2 +- .../example/{mkAnimals.gfcm => mkAnimals.gfs} | 0 resource/doc/gf-resource.html | 163 +++++++++++------- resource/french/StructuralFre.gf | 2 +- resource/italian/StructuralIta.gf | 2 +- resource/romance/CategoriesRomance.gf | 2 +- resource/romance/RulesRomance.gf | 2 +- resource/romance/SyntaxRomance.gf | 13 +- resource/spanish/StructuralSpa.gf | 2 +- 14 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-) rename resource/doc/example/{mkAnimals.gfcm => mkAnimals.gfs} (100%) diff --git a/resource/doc/Makefile b/resource/doc/Makefile index 8e3c79697..af91c3a1b 100644 --- a/resource/doc/Makefile +++ b/resource/doc/Makefile @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ gfdoc: gfdoc ../italian/BeschIta.gf ; mv ../italian/BeschIta.html . gfdoc ../spanish/ParadigmsSpa.gf ; mv ../spanish/ParadigmsSpa.html . -# gfdoc ../spanish/BasicSpa.gf ; mv ../spanish/BasicSpa.html . + gfdoc ../spanish/BasicSpa.gf ; mv ../spanish/BasicSpa.html . gfdoc ../spanish/BeschSpa.gf ; mv ../spanish/BeschSpa.html . gifs: api lang scand low diff --git a/resource/doc/example/Animals.gf b/resource/doc/example/Animals.gf index e6d084243..17e64c7b1 100644 --- a/resource/doc/example/Animals.gf +++ b/resource/doc/example/Animals.gf @@ -5,6 +5,6 @@ abstract Animals = Questions ** { fun -- a lexicon of animals and actions among them Dog, Cat, Mouse, Lion, Zebra : Entity ; - Chase, Eat, Like : Action ; + Chase, Eat, See : Action ; } diff --git a/resource/doc/example/AnimalsEng.gf b/resource/doc/example/AnimalsEng.gf index a25a95ae2..e8a9c474a 100644 --- a/resource/doc/example/AnimalsEng.gf +++ b/resource/doc/example/AnimalsEng.gf @@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ concrete AnimalsEng of Animals = QuestionsEng ** Zebra = regN "zebra" ; Chase = dirV2 (regV "chase") ; Eat = dirV2 eat_V ; - Like = dirV2 (regV "like") ; + See = dirV2 see_V ; } diff --git a/resource/doc/example/AnimalsFre.gf b/resource/doc/example/AnimalsFre.gf index 635f47208..d35de8243 100644 --- a/resource/doc/example/AnimalsFre.gf +++ b/resource/doc/example/AnimalsFre.gf @@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ concrete AnimalsFre of Animals = QuestionsFre ** Zebra = regN "zèbre" masculine ; Chase = dirV2 (regV "chasser") ; Eat = dirV2 (regV "manger") ; - Like = dirV2 (regV "aimer") ; + See = voir_V2 ; } diff --git a/resource/doc/example/AnimalsSwe.gf b/resource/doc/example/AnimalsSwe.gf index f7aaa0cd6..acd839317 100644 --- a/resource/doc/example/AnimalsSwe.gf +++ b/resource/doc/example/AnimalsSwe.gf @@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ concrete AnimalsSwe of Animals = QuestionsSwe ** Zebra = regN "zebra" utrum ; Chase = dirV2 (regV "jaga") ; Eat = dirV2 äta_V ; - Like = mkV2 (mk2V "tycka" "tycker") "om" ; + See = dirV2 se_V ; } diff --git a/resource/doc/example/QuestionsI.gf b/resource/doc/example/QuestionsI.gf index 7dda8ca8c..9915cc8d5 100644 --- a/resource/doc/example/QuestionsI.gf +++ b/resource/doc/example/QuestionsI.gf @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --# -path=.:resource/abstract:resource/../prelude --- Language-independent question grammar parametwized on Resource. +-- Language-independent question grammar parametrized on Resource. incomplete concrete QuestionsI of Questions = open Resource in { lincat diff --git a/resource/doc/example/mkAnimals.gfcm b/resource/doc/example/mkAnimals.gfs similarity index 100% rename from resource/doc/example/mkAnimals.gfcm rename to resource/doc/example/mkAnimals.gfs diff --git a/resource/doc/gf-resource.html b/resource/doc/gf-resource.html index 902cc5432..795f333f6 100644 --- a/resource/doc/gf-resource.html +++ b/resource/doc/gf-resource.html @@ -9,9 +9,11 @@

-Second Version, Gothenburg, 1 March 2005 +Third Version, 22 May 2005
-First Draft, Gothenburg, 7 February 2005 +Second Version, 1 March 2005 +
+First Draft, 7 February 2005

@@ -31,7 +33,8 @@ A grammar formalism based on functional programming and type theory.

-Designed to be nice for ordinary programmers to use. +Designed to be nice for ordinary programmers to use: by this +we mean programmers without training in linguistics.

@@ -47,6 +50,7 @@ Thus not primarily another theoretical framework for linguists. +

Multilingual grammars

@@ -90,6 +94,7 @@ wenn 2 ist gerade, dann 2+2 ist gerade
om 2 är jämnt, 2+2 är jämnt
+

Solving the difficulties

@@ -197,17 +202,15 @@ Where do we get the data from?
  • automatic extraction or hand-writing?
  • reuse of existing resources? - -

    - -Extra constraint: we want open-source free software. - +
    +Extra constraint: we want open-source free software and +hence cannot use existing proprietary resources. -

    The scope of the resource grammar library

    +

    The scope of a resource grammar library for a language

    All morphological paradigms @@ -228,6 +231,7 @@ Currently,
    +

    Success criteria

    @@ -251,24 +255,33 @@ families, using the module system of GF.

    These are not our success criteria

    -Language coverage: you can parse all expressions. Example: +Language coverage: to be able to parse all expressions. +
    +Example: the French passé simple tense, although covered by the -morhology, is not used in the language-independent API, but -only the passé composé is. +morphology, is not used in the language-independent API, but +only the passé composé is. However, an application +accessing the French-specific (or Romance-specific) +modules can use the passé simple.

    -Semantic correctness +Semantic correctness: only to produce meaningful expressions. +
    +Example: the following sentences can be generated 

       colourless green ideas sleep furiously
 
   the time is seventy past forty-two
    +However, an applicatio grammar can use a domain-specific +semantics to guarantee semantic well-formedness.

    (Warning for linguists:) theoretical innovation in -syntax (and it will all be hidden anyway!) +syntax is not among the goals +(and it would be hidden from users anyway!). @@ -334,6 +347,7 @@ The current GF Resource Project covers ten languages: The first three letters (Dan etc) are used in grammar module names +

    Library structure 1: language-independent API

    @@ -351,6 +365,7 @@ conjunctions, pronouns), e.g. and_Conj : Conj ; +

    Library structure 2: language-dependent modules

    @@ -477,6 +492,8 @@ Alternative views on sentence formation: Spanish paradigms
    +example use of Spanish paradigms +
    Spanish verb conjugations

    @@ -491,7 +508,7 @@ Alternative views on sentence formation:

    Use as top-level grammar: testing

    -Import a set of $LangX$ grammars: +Import a set of LangX grammars: 
       i english/LangEng.gf
   i swedish/LangSwe.gf
@@ -532,11 +549,14 @@ Import directly by open:
 
       concrete AppNor of App = open LangNor, ParadigmsNor in {...}
 
    
-No more dummy reuse modules and bulky .gfr files!
+(Note for the users of GF 2.1 and older:
+the dummy reuse modules and their bulky .gfr versions
+are no longer needed!)
 
 
    
 
-If you need to convert resource category records to/from strings, use
+If you need to convert resource records to strings, and don't want to know
+the concrete type (as you never should), you can use
 
       Predef.toStr : (L : Type) -> L -> Str ; 
 
    
@@ -548,65 +568,99 @@ If you need to convert resource category records to/from strings, use
 
 
 
+
 
 
    Use as library through parser
    
 
-Use the parser when developing a resource.
+You can use the parser with a LangX grammar
+when developing a resource.
+
+
    
+
+Using the -v option shows if the parser fails because
+of unknown words.
 
       > p -cat=S -v "jag ska åka till Chalmers"
   unknown tokens [TS "åka",TS "Chalmers"]
-
+
    
+Then try to select words that LangX recognizes:
+
       > p -cat=S "jag ska gå till Danmark"
   UseCl (PosTP TFuture ASimul)
     (AdvCl (SPredV i_NP go_V)
     (AdvPP (PrepNP to_Prep (UsePN (PNCountry Denmark)))))
 
    
-Extend vocabulary at need.
+Use these API structures and extend vocabulary to match your need.
 
       åka_V = lexV "åker" ; 
   Chalmers = regPN "Chalmers" neutrum ;
 
    
 
+
+
    Syntax editor as library browser
    
+
+You can run the syntax editor on LangX to
+find resource API functions through context-sensitive menus.
+For instance, the shell command
+
    +  jgf LangEng.gf LangFre.gf
+
    
+opens the editor with English and French views. The
+
+Editor User Manual gives more information on the use of the editor.
+
+
    
+
+A restriction of the editor is that it does not give access to
+ParadigmsX modules. An IDE environment extending the editor
+to a grammar programming tool is work in progress.
+
+
+
 
 
 
    Example application: a small translation system
    
 
-You can say things like the following:
+In this system, you can express questions and answers of
+the following forms:
 
    -  who chases mice ?
-  whom does the lion chase ?
-  the dog chases cats
+  Who chases mice ?
+  Whom does the lion chase ?
+  The dog chases cats.
 
    
-Source modules:
+We build the abstract syntax in two phases:
+
      
+
    •  Questions defines question and
+  answer forms independently of domain
+
    •  Animals defines a lexicon with
+  animals and things that animals do.
+
    
 
 
    
 
-Abstract syntax:
-Questions,
-Animals
+The concrete syntax of English is built in three phases:
+
      
+
    •  QuestionsI is a parametrized module
+  using the API module Resource.
+
    •  QuestionsEng is an instantiation
+  of the API with ResourceEng.
+
    •  AnimalsEng is a concrete syntax
+  of Animals using ParadigmsEng and VerbsEng.
+
    
 
 
    
 
-Concrete syntax of questions parametrized on the resource API:
-QuestionsI
+The concrete syntax of Swedish is built upon QuestionsI
+in a similar way, with the modules
+QuestionsSwe and.
+AnimalsSwe.
 
 
    
 
-English concrete syntax:
-QuestionsEng,
-AnimalsEng
+The concrete syntax of French consists similarly of the modules
+QuestionsFre and
+AnimalsFre.
 
-
    
-
-French concrete syntax:
-QuestionsFre,
-AnimalsFre
-
-
    
-
-Swedish concrete syntax:
-QuestionsSwe,
-AnimalsSwe
 
 
 
@@ -635,27 +689,13 @@ and you get an end-user grammar animals.gfcm.
 
 You can also write the commands in a gfs (GF script)
 file, say
-mkAnimals.gfs,
+mkAnimals.gfs,
 and then call GF with
 
       gf <mkAnimals.gfs
 
    
 
 
-
-
    Further simplifications of the application grammar
    
-
-Step 1: use a simplified access to present-tense sentences,
-SentenceX (to be written...)
-
-
    
-
-Step 2: factor out the categories and purely combinational
-rules into an incomplete module (to be shown... but
-this does not work for French, which uses different structures:
-e.g. Qui aime les lions ? with a definite phrase
-where English has Who loves lions?
-
 
 
 
    Implementation details: the structure of low-level files
    
@@ -678,6 +718,7 @@ In two language families:
 
 
 
+
 
 
    Current status
    
 
@@ -701,6 +742,7 @@ X = implemented (few exceptions may occur)
 - = not implemented
 
 
+
 
 
    Known bugs and limitations
    
 
@@ -737,10 +779,11 @@ some verbs in Basic should be reflexive
 Swedish      
 
 
+
 
 
    Obtaining it
    
 
-Get the grammar package atDownload from
+Get the grammar package from
 
 GF Download Page. The current libraries are in
 lib/resource. Version 0.6 is in
diff --git a/resource/french/StructuralFre.gf b/resource/french/StructuralFre.gf
index 2665b3607..4016d7c03 100644
--- a/resource/french/StructuralFre.gf
+++ b/resource/french/StructuralFre.gf
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ concrete StructuralFre of Structural =
 
 lin
 
-  UseNumeral n = {s = \\g => n.s !g ; n = n.n} ;
+  UseNumeral n = {s = \\g => n.s !g ; n = n.n ; isNo = False} ;
 
   above_Prep = {s = ["au dessus"] ; c = genitive} ;
   after_Prep = justPrep "après" ;
diff --git a/resource/italian/StructuralIta.gf b/resource/italian/StructuralIta.gf
index c37abbf21..1eec02262 100644
--- a/resource/italian/StructuralIta.gf
+++ b/resource/italian/StructuralIta.gf
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ concrete StructuralIta of Structural = CategoriesIta, NumeralsIta **
 
 lin
 
-  UseNumeral n = {s = \\g => n.s !g ; n = n.n} ;
+  UseNumeral n = {s = \\g => n.s !g ; n = n.n ; isNo = False} ;
 
   above_Prep = justPrep "sopra" ;
   after_Prep = justPrep "dopo" ;
diff --git a/resource/romance/CategoriesRomance.gf b/resource/romance/CategoriesRomance.gf
index abeb751d2..c5b063091 100644
--- a/resource/romance/CategoriesRomance.gf
+++ b/resource/romance/CategoriesRomance.gf
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ lincat
       -- = CommNoun ** {s2 : Preposition ; c : CaseA} ;
   N3     = Function ** {s3 : Preposition ; c3 : CaseA} ;
   Prep   = {s : Preposition ; c : CaseA} ; 
-  Num    = {s : Gender => Str ; n : Number} ;
+  Num    = {s : Gender => Str ; n : Number ; isNo : Bool} ;
 
   A      = Adjective ;
       -- = {s : AForm => Str ; p : Bool} ;
diff --git a/resource/romance/RulesRomance.gf b/resource/romance/RulesRomance.gf
index 19abcc3a9..886cf4b20 100644
--- a/resource/romance/RulesRomance.gf
+++ b/resource/romance/RulesRomance.gf
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ lin
   ModGenOne = npGenDet singular ;
   ModGenNum = npGenDetNum ;
 
-  UseInt i = {s = \\_ => i.s ; n = Pl} ; ---- n
+  UseInt i = {s = \\_ => i.s ; n = Pl ; isNo = False} ; ---- n
   NoNum = noNum ;
 
   UseA = adj2adjPhrase ;
diff --git a/resource/romance/SyntaxRomance.gf b/resource/romance/SyntaxRomance.gf
index 6e4778264..2b87e8cf7 100644
--- a/resource/romance/SyntaxRomance.gf
+++ b/resource/romance/SyntaxRomance.gf
@@ -60,9 +60,10 @@ oper
   pronNounPhrase : Pronoun -> NounPhrase = \pro -> pro ;
 
 -- Many determiners can be modified with numerals, which may be inflected in
--- gender.
+-- gender. The label $isNo$ is a hack used to force $des$ for plural
+-- indefinite with $noNum$.
 
-  Numeral : Type = {s : Gender => Str ; n : Number} ;
+  Numeral : Type = {s : Gender => Str ; n : Number ; isNo : Bool} ;
 
   pronWithNum : Pronoun -> Numeral -> Pronoun = \nous,deux ->
     {s = \\c => nous.s ! c ++ deux.s ! pgen2gen nous.g ; 
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ oper
      c = nous.c
     } ;
 
-  noNum : Numeral = {s = \\_ => [] ; n = Pl} ;
+  noNum : Numeral = {s = \\_ => [] ; n = Pl ; isNo = True} ;
 
 -- The existence construction "il y a", "c'è / ci sono" is defined separately,
 -- and ad hoc, in each language.
@@ -138,7 +139,11 @@ oper
 
   indefNounPhraseNum : Numeral -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \nu,mec -> 
     normalNounPhrase 
-      (\\c => prepCase c ++ nu.s ! mec.g ++ mec.s ! nu.n)
+      (\\c => case nu.isNo of {
+                True => artIndef mec.g Pl c ++ mec.s ! Pl ;
+                _ => prepCase c ++ nu.s ! mec.g ++ mec.s ! nu.n
+                }
+      )
       mec.g 
       nu.n ; 
 
diff --git a/resource/spanish/StructuralSpa.gf b/resource/spanish/StructuralSpa.gf
index 0dee0ec74..afd6b0e94 100644
--- a/resource/spanish/StructuralSpa.gf
+++ b/resource/spanish/StructuralSpa.gf
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ concrete StructuralSpa of Structural = CategoriesSpa, NumeralsSpa **
   
 lin
 
-  UseNumeral n = {s = \\g => n.s !g ; n = n.n} ;
+  UseNumeral n = {s = \\g => n.s !g ; n = n.n ; isNo = False} ;
 
   above_Prep = justPrep "sobre" ;
   after_Prep = {s = "después" ; c = genitive} ;