diff --git a/src/danish/LexiconDan.gf b/src/danish/LexiconDan.gf
index 38361a67b..ebe7584c9 100644
--- a/src/danish/LexiconDan.gf
+++ b/src/danish/LexiconDan.gf
@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@ lin
   iron_N = mk2N "jern" "jernet" ;
   john_PN = mkPN "John" utrum ;
   king_N = mk2N "konge" "kongen" ;
-  know_V2 = dirV2 vide_V ;
+  know_V2 = dirV2 (mkV "kende" "kendte") ;
+  know_VS = mkVS vide_V ;
   lake_N = mk2N "sø" "søen" ;
   lamp_N = mk2N "lampe" "lampen" ;
   learn_V2 = dirV2 (mk2V "lære" "lærte") ;
diff --git a/src/german/NounGer.gf b/src/german/NounGer.gf
index 4415069bc..a6516eb21 100644
--- a/src/german/NounGer.gf
+++ b/src/german/NounGer.gf
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun = CatGer ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
       isPron = False
       } ;
 
-    UsePN pn = heavyNP {
+    UsePN pn = {
       s = \\c => usePrepC c (\k -> pn.s ! k) ;
-      a = agrP3 Sg
+      a = agrP3 Sg ;
+      isPron = True --- means: this is not a heavy NP, but comes before negation
       } ;
 
     UsePron pron = {
diff --git a/src/norwegian/LexiconNor.gf b/src/norwegian/LexiconNor.gf
index cdc17ec3c..7a5f6dfd0 100644
--- a/src/norwegian/LexiconNor.gf
+++ b/src/norwegian/LexiconNor.gf
@@ -101,7 +101,8 @@ lin
   iron_N = regGenN "jern" neutrum ;
   john_PN = mkPN "John" masculine ;
   king_N = regGenN "konge" masculine ;
-  know_V2 = dirV2 IrregNor.vite_V ;
+  know_V2 = dirV2 (mkV "kjenne" "kjente") ;
+  know_VS = mkVS IrregNor.vite_V ;
   lake_N = regGenN "vann" neutrum ;
   lamp_N = regGenN "lampe" feminine ;
   learn_V2 = dirV2 (mk2V "lære" "lærte") ; 
diff --git a/src/spanish/LexiconSpa.gf b/src/spanish/LexiconSpa.gf
index 07c985f9b..d51240c73 100644
--- a/src/spanish/LexiconSpa.gf
+++ b/src/spanish/LexiconSpa.gf
@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ lin
    industry_N = regN "industria" ;
    iron_N = regN "fierro" ;
    king_N = regN "rey" ;
-   know_V2 = dirV2 (verboV (saber_71 "saber")) ; --   conocer
+   know_V2 = mkV2 (verboV (conocer_25 "conocer")) ;
+   know_VS = mkVS (verboV (saber_71 "saber")) ;
    lake_N = regN "lago" ;
    lamp_N = regN "lámpara" ;
    learn_V2 = dirV2 (regV "aprender") ;