diff --git a/src/arabic/RelativeAra.gf b/src/arabic/RelativeAra.gf
index e3a9969c4..12bf8e6c9 100644
--- a/src/arabic/RelativeAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/RelativeAra.gf
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ concrete RelativeAra of Relative = CatAra **
      s = \\t,p,agr,c => 
        let 
          npS : Case => Str = \\_ => rp.s ! agr2ragr agr c ;
-         np = {s = npS ; a = agr} ;
+         np = emptyNP ** {s = npS ; a = agr} ;
          cl = Se.PredVP np vp ;
        in
        cl.s ! t ! p ! Nominal
diff --git a/src/arabic/ResAra.gf b/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
index ea1e8de72..3df3a117b 100644
--- a/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
@@ -1301,7 +1301,6 @@ patHollowImp : (_,_ :Str) -> Gender => Number => Str =\xaf,xAf ->
         }
       };
 
-
     predVP : NP -> VP -> Cl = \np,vp ->
       { s =\\t,p,o =>
           let {
@@ -1323,24 +1322,29 @@ patHollowImp : (_,_ :Str) -> Gender => Number => Str =\xaf,xAf ->
               <True, Pres, Neg> => "لَيسَ" ;--same here, just add negation particle
               <_, Past, Pos> => kataba ;
               <_, Past, Neg> => "لَمْ" ++ yaktub ;
-              <_, _Fut,  Pos> => "سَ" ++ yaktubu ;
-              <_, _Fut,  Neg> => "لَنْ" ++ yaktuba
+              <_, Cond, _  > => yaktuba ;
+              <_, Fut,  Pos> => "سَ" ++ yaktubu ;
+              <_, Fut,  Neg> => "لَنْ" ++ yaktuba
               };
             pred : ParamX.Tense -> Polarity -> Str =
               \tn,pl -> case <vp.isPred,tn,pl>  of {
               <True, Pres, Pos> => vp.pred.s ! gn ! Nom; --xabar marfooc
               _ => vp.pred.s ! gn ! Acc --xabar kaana wa laysa manSoob
               };
+            subj = np.empty 
+                ++ case <vp.isPred,np.a.isPron> of {
+                          <False,True> => [] ; -- prodrop if it's not predicative
+                          _            => np.s ! Nom
+                   } ;
 
           } in
-          -- If you want prodrop, use proDrop : NP -> NP for your subject. /IL
           case o of {
             Verbal => vStr t p ++ case vp.obj.a.isPron of {
-                            True  => vp.obj.s ++ np.s ! Nom ; -- obj. clitic attaches directly to the verb                                   
-                            False => np.s ! Nom ++ vp.obj.s }
+                            True  => vp.obj.s ++ subj ; -- obj. clitic attaches directly to the verb                                   
+                            False => subj ++ vp.obj.s }
                    ++ vp.s2 ++ pred t p ;
-            Nominal => np.s ! Nom ++ vStr t p ++ vp.obj.s ++ vp.s2 ++ pred t p ;
-            VOS => vStr t p ++ vp.obj.s ++ vp.s2 ++ pred t p ++ np.s ! Nom
+            Nominal => subj ++ vStr t p ++ vp.obj.s ++ vp.s2 ++ pred t p ;
+            VOS => vStr t p ++ vp.obj.s ++ vp.s2 ++ pred t p ++ subj
 
           }
       } ;
diff --git a/src/arabic/SentenceAra.gf b/src/arabic/SentenceAra.gf
index 23181603b..408b34681 100644
--- a/src/arabic/SentenceAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/SentenceAra.gf
@@ -68,18 +68,18 @@ concrete SentenceAra of Sentence = CatAra ** open
     UseCl t p cl =
       {s = t.s ++ p.s ++
          case <t.t,t.a> of { --- IL guessed tenses
-             <(Pres|Cond),Simul>  => cl.s ! Pres ! p.p ! Nominal ;
-             <Fut        ,_    >  => cl.s ! Fut ! p.p ! Nominal ;
-             <_          ,_    >  => cl.s ! Past ! p.p ! Nominal
+             <Pres,Simul>  => cl.s ! Pres ! p.p ! Nominal ;
+             <Pres,Anter>  => cl.s ! Past ! p.p ! Nominal ;
+             <x   ,_    >  => cl.s ! x ! p.p ! Nominal
            }
       };
 
     UseQCl t p qcl =
       {s = \\q => t.s ++ p.s ++
          case <t.t,t.a> of { --- IL guessed tenses
-           <(Pres|Cond),Simul>  => qcl.s ! Pres ! p.p ! q ;
-           <Fut        ,_    >  => qcl.s ! Fut ! p.p ! q ;
-           <_          ,_    >  => qcl.s ! Past ! p.p ! q
+           <Pres,Simul>  => qcl.s ! Pres ! p.p ! q ;
+           <Pres,Anter>  => qcl.s ! Past ! p.p ! q ;
+           <x   ,_    >  => qcl.s ! x ! p.p ! q
          }
       };
 
diff --git a/src/arabic/SymbolAra.gf b/src/arabic/SymbolAra.gf
index c239b087a..43bf160aa 100644
--- a/src/arabic/SymbolAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/SymbolAra.gf
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ lin
     let g = cn.g ; n = sizeToNumber det.n  in {
     s = \\c => det.s ! NoHum ! g ! c ++ cn.s ! Sg ! Def ! c ++ cn.adj ! n ! Def ! c ++ xs.s; ----IL word order?? Seems to be nontrivial according to ResAra comments.
     a = dummyAgrP3 n ;
+    empty = []
     } ;
   CNNumNP cn i = {
     s = \\c => cn.s ! Sg ! Def ! c ++ uttNum i ! Masc ;
     a = dummyAgrP3 Sg ;
+    empty = []
     } ;
 
   SymbS sy = sy ;
diff --git a/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf b/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf
index 0f7210317..110059dd9 100644
--- a/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ concrete VerbAra of Verb = CatAra ** open Prelude, ResAra in {
       vp ** {
         s = \\pgn,vpf => vvVP.s ! pgn ! vpf
                       ++ vv.c2.s  -- أَنْ
-                      ++ vp.s ! pgn ! VPImpf Cnj
+                      ++ vp.s ! pgn ! VPImpf Cnj ;
+        isPred = False
       } ;
 
 --    ComplVS v s  = insertObj (\\_ => conjThat ++ s.s) (predV v) ;