diff --git a/src/arabic/LexiconAra.gf b/src/arabic/LexiconAra.gf
index 30d3675e6..a0dcfd821 100644
--- a/src/arabic/LexiconAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/LexiconAra.gf
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ flags
   wind_N       = brkN "ريح" "فِعل" "فِعال"      Fem NoHum;
   wing_N       = brkN "جنح" "فَعال" "أَفعِلة"   Masc NoHum ;
   worm_N       = brkN "دود" "فُعلة" "فِيعان"     Fem NoHum ;
-  year_N       = sdfN "سن"  "فَعة"              Fem NoHum   ;
+  year_N       = mkN  "سَنَة"  "سَنَوَات"       Fem NoHum   ;
 
   blow_V       = regV "يَنفُخ" ;
   breathe_V    = dirV2 (v5 "نفس") ;
diff --git a/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf b/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
index 5645c7368..ba6473fda 100644
--- a/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
       = regV ;
     mkV : (root : Str) -> (perf,impf : Vowel) -> V  -- verb form I ; vowel = a|i|u
       = v1 ;
-    mkV : (root : Str) -> VerbForm -> V             -- FormI .. FormVIII (no VII) ; default vowels a u for I
+    mkV : (root : Str) -> VerbForm -> V             -- FormI .. FormX (no VII, IX) ; default vowels a u for I
       = formV ;
     } ;
 
@@ -195,6 +195,8 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
 
   v8 : Str -> V ;
 
+-- Verb Form X 'istaf`ala
+
   v10 : Str -> V ;
 
 --3 Two-place verbs
@@ -536,7 +538,7 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
   mkVS  v = v ** {lock_VS = <>} ;
   mkVQ  v = v ** {lock_VQ = <>} ;
 
-  regVV : V -> VV = \v -> lin VV v ** {c2 = []} ;
+  regVV : V -> VV = \v -> lin VV v ** {c2 = "أَنْ"} ;
   c2VV : V -> Str -> VV = \v,prep -> regVV v ** {c2 = prep} ;
 
   V0 : Type = V ;
@@ -557,8 +559,9 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
   mkA2V v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A2 = <>} ;
 
 
-smartN : Str -> N = \s -> case last s of {
-  "ة" => mkFullN (sndf s) Fem NoHum ;
+smartN : Str -> N = \s -> case s of {
+  _ + "ة" => mkFullN (sndf s) Fem NoHum ;
+  _ + "ة" + #vow => mkFullN (sndf s) Fem NoHum ;
   _ => mkFullN (sndm s) Masc NoHum
   } ;
 
diff --git a/src/arabic/ResAra.gf b/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
index 0d070d43e..0a977cf65 100644
--- a/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
@@ -856,7 +856,9 @@ patHollowImp : (_,_ :Str) -> Gender => Number => Str =\xaf,xAf ->
       \caSaA ->
       case caSaA of {
         lemma + ("ا"|"ى") => \\s,c => defArt s lemma + "ي" + dl ! s ! c ;
-        _                 => \\s,c => defArt s caSaA + dl ! s ! c
+        lemma + "ة" =>
+          \\s,c => defArt s (lemma + "ت") + dl ! s ! c ;
+        _  => \\s,c => defArt s caSaA + dl ! s ! c
       };
 
     -- takes a singular word and gives the corresponding sound
@@ -953,12 +955,12 @@ patHollowImp : (_,_ :Str) -> Gender => Number => Str =\xaf,xAf ->
         Const =>
           table {
             Nom => "َا";
-            _   => "َي"
+            _   => "َيْ‎"
           };
         _ =>
           table {
             Nom => "َانِ";
-            _   => "َينِ"
+            _   => "َيْنِ"
           }
       };
 
@@ -1189,6 +1191,8 @@ patHollowImp : (_,_ :Str) -> Gender => Number => Str =\xaf,xAf ->
         isPred = False
       };
 
+   predVSlash : Verb ** {c2 : Str} -> VPSlash = \v ->
+     predV v ** {c2 = v.c2} ;
 
     -- in verbal sentences, the verb agrees with the subject
     -- in Gender but not in number
@@ -1198,8 +1202,8 @@ patHollowImp : (_,_ :Str) -> Gender => Number => Str =\xaf,xAf ->
         _        => pgn
       };
 
-    insertObj : NP -> VP -> VP = \np,vp -> vp **
-      { obj = {s = np.s ! Acc ; a = np.a} };
+    insertObj : NP -> VPSlash -> VP = \np,vp -> vp **
+      { obj = {s = vp.obj.s ++ vp.c2 ++ np.s ! Acc ; a = np.a} };
 
     insertPred : {s : AAgr => Case => Str} -> VP -> VP = \p,vp -> vp **
       { pred = p;
diff --git a/src/arabic/StructuralAra.gf b/src/arabic/StructuralAra.gf
index 36ba135be..fb7ae0b12 100644
--- a/src/arabic/StructuralAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/StructuralAra.gf
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ concrete StructuralAra of Structural = CatAra **
 --  but_PConj = ss "بُت" ;
   by8agent_Prep = ss "بِ" ;
   by8means_Prep = ss "بِ" ;
---  can8know_VV, can_VV = {
+  can_VV = mkVV (mkV "طوع" FormX) ;
+--  can8know_VV = {
 --    s = table VVForm [["بي َبلي تْ"] ; "عَن" ; "عُْلد" ;
 --         ["بّن َبلي تْ"] ; ["بِنغ َبلي تْ"] ; "عَنءت" ; "عُْلدنءت"] ;
 --    isAux = True
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ concrete StructuralAra of Structural = CatAra **
 --  more_CAdv = ss "مْري" ;
   most_Predet = mkPredet  "أَكثَر" True ;
   much_Det = mkDet "الكَثِير مِنَ" Pl Const ;
-  must_VV = mkVV (v1 "وجب" a i) "أن" ;
+  must_VV = mkVV (v1 "وجب" a i) ;
 --    s = table VVForm [["بي هَثي تْ"] ; "مُست" ; ["هَد تْ"] ;
 --         ["هَد تْ"] ; ["هَثِنغ تْ"] ; "مُستنءت" ; ["هَدنءت تْ"]] ; ----
 --    isAux = True
diff --git a/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf b/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf
index a70e875a4..9602b19b1 100644
--- a/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ concrete VerbAra of Verb = CatAra ** open Prelude, ResAra in {
     UseV = predV ;
 
     SlashVV vv vps = vps ** predV vv ; ----IL
-    SlashV2a v = predV v ** {c2 = v.c2};
-    Slash3V3 v np = insertObj np (predV v) ** {c2 = v.c2};
+    SlashV2a v = predVSlash v ;
+    Slash3V3 v np = insertObj np (predVSlash v) ** {c2 = v.c3};
 
     ComplSlash vp np = insertObj np vp ;
 
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ concrete VerbAra of Verb = CatAra ** open Prelude, ResAra in {
                  a = {pgn = Per3 Masc Sg ; isPron = False} } --FIXME
       (predV v) ;-}
 
-    ComplVV vv vp =  --- IL
-      predV vv ** {
-       s2   = vv.c2 ;     -- add the preposition of the VV. TODO: do we need a separate field in the VP?
-       pred = compVP vp ; -- add VP complement in pred. TODO: what agreement features are needed?
-       isPred = False } ; {- Despite verb complement being in pred, it's not predicative.
-                             Changing this to True causes PredVP to not include the verb. -}
+    ComplVV vv vp =  let vvVP = predV vv in --- IL
+      vp ** {
+        s = \\pgn,vpf => vvVP.s ! pgn ! vpf
+                      ++ vv.c2  -- أَنْ‎
+                      ++ vp.s ! pgn ! VPImpf Cnj
+      } ;
 
 --    ComplVS v s  = insertObj (\\_ => conjThat ++ s.s) (predV v) ;
 --    ComplVQ v q  = insertObj (\\_ => q.s ! QIndir) (predV v) ;