diff --git a/src/scots/ExtendSco.gf b/src/scots/ExtendSco.gf
index f14d4508..9a704b64 100644
--- a/src/scots/ExtendSco.gf
+++ b/src/scots/ExtendSco.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,24 @@
 --# -path=.:../common:../abstract
 
-concrete ExtendSco of Extend = ExtendEng ** {
+concrete ExtendSco of Extend = ExtendEng-[passVPSlash,PassVPSlash,PassAgentVPSlash,ProgrVPSlash] ** open ResSco in {
+
+oper
+  passVPSlash : VPSlash -> Str -> ResEng.VP =
+   \vps,ag ->
+    let
+      be = predAux auxBe ;
+      ppt = vps.ptp
+    in be ** {
+        p = [] ;
+        ad = \\_ => [] ;
+        s2 = \\a => vps.ad ! a ++ ppt ++ vps.p  ++ vps.s2 ! a ++ ag ++ vps.c2 ; ---- place of agent
+        isSimple = False ;
+        ext = vps.ext
+    } ;
+
+lin PassVPSlash vps = passVPSlash (lin VPSlash vps) [] ;
+    PassAgentVPSlash vps np = passVPSlash (lin VPSlash vps) ("by" ++ np.s ! NPAcc) ;
+    ProgrVPSlash vp = insertObjc (\\a => vp.ad ! a ++ vp.prp ++ vp.p ++ vp.s2 ! a)
+      (predAux auxBe ** {c2 = vp.c2; gapInMiddle = vp.gapInMiddle; missingAdv = vp.missingAdv});
+
 }
diff --git a/src/scots/IdiomSco.gf b/src/scots/IdiomSco.gf
index 3fc95353..bad132b3 100644
--- a/src/scots/IdiomSco.gf
+++ b/src/scots/IdiomSco.gf
@@ -1,2 +1,29 @@
-concrete IdiomSco of Idiom = IdiomEng ** {
+concrete IdiomSco of Idiom = IdiomEng - [CleftNP,CleftAdv,ExistNP,ExistIP,ExistNPAdv,ExistIPAdv,ProgrVP] ** open Prelude, ResSco in {
+
+lin CleftNP np rs = mkClause "it" (agrP3 Sg)
+      (insertObj (\\_ => rs.s ! np.a)
+        (insertObj (\\_ => np.s ! rs.c) (predAux auxBe))) ;
+
+    CleftAdv ad s = mkClause "it" (agrP3 Sg)
+      (insertObj (\\_ => conjThat ++ s.s)
+        (insertObj (\\_ => ad.s) (predAux auxBe))) ;
+
+    ExistNP np =
+      mkClause "there" (agrP3 (fromAgr np.a).n)
+        (insertObj (\\_ => np.s ! NPAcc) (predAux auxBe)) ;
+
+    ExistIP ip =
+      mkQuestion (ss (ip.s ! npNom))
+        (mkClause "there" (agrP3 ip.n) (predAux auxBe)) ;
+
+    ExistNPAdv np adv =
+      mkClause "there" (agrP3 (fromAgr np.a).n)
+        (insertObj (\\_ => np.s ! NPAcc ++ adv.s) (predAux auxBe)) ;
+
+    ExistIPAdv ip adv =
+      mkQuestion (ss (ip.s ! npNom))
+        (mkClause "there" (agrP3 ip.n) (insertObj (\\_ => adv.s) (predAux auxBe))) ;
+
+    ProgrVP vp = insertObj (\\a => vp.ad ! a ++ vp.prp ++ vp.p ++ vp.s2 ! a) (predAux auxBe) ;
+
 }
diff --git a/src/scots/QuestionSco.gf b/src/scots/QuestionSco.gf
index e936f175..bac4b6cb 100644
--- a/src/scots/QuestionSco.gf
+++ b/src/scots/QuestionSco.gf
@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
-concrete QuestionSco of Question = QuestionEng ** {
+concrete QuestionSco of Question = QuestionEng-[QuestIComp] ** open ResSco in {
+
+lin QuestIComp icomp np =
+      mkQuestion icomp (mkClause (np.s ! npNom) np.a (predAux auxBe)) ;
+
 }
diff --git a/src/scots/ResSco.gf b/src/scots/ResSco.gf
index 8c2241b8..7e4d8c48 100644
--- a/src/scots/ResSco.gf
+++ b/src/scots/ResSco.gf
@@ -1,2 +1,29 @@
-resource ResSco = ResEng ** {
+resource ResSco = ResEng - [auxBe,posneg] ** {
+
+oper
+  auxBe : Aux = {
+    pres = \\b,a => case <b,a> of {
+      <Pos,AgP1 Sg> => "am" ;
+      <Neg,AgP1 Sg> => "amna" ;
+      _ => agrVerb (posneg b "is")  (posneg b "are") a
+      } ;
+    contr = \\b,a => case <b,a> of {
+      <Pos,AgP1 Sg> => cBind "m" ;
+      <Neg,AgP1 Sg> => cBind "m not" ; --- am not I
+      _ => agrVerb (posneg b (cBind "s"))  (posneg b (cBind "re")) a
+      } ;
+    past = \\b,a => case a of {          --# notpresent
+      AgP1 Sg | AgP3Sg _ => posneg b "wis" ; --# notpresent
+      _                  => posneg b "wir"   --# notpresent
+      } ; --# notpresent
+    inf  = "be" ;
+    ppart = "been" ;
+    prpart = "bein"
+    } ;
+
+  posneg : Polarity -> Str -> Str = \p,s -> case p of {
+    Pos => s ;
+    Neg => s + "na"
+    } ;
+
 }
diff --git a/src/scots/VerbSco.gf b/src/scots/VerbSco.gf
index af1d28f6..b02a77e0 100644
--- a/src/scots/VerbSco.gf
+++ b/src/scots/VerbSco.gf
@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
-concrete VerbSco of Verb = VerbEng ** {
+concrete VerbSco of Verb = VerbEng-[UseComp,UseCopula,PassV2] ** open ResSco in {
+
+lin UseComp comp = insertObj comp.s (predAux auxBe) ;
+    UseCopula = predAux auxBe ;
+
 }