reconstructing English paradigms

resource/english/MorphoEng.gf

@@ -178,7 +178,8 @@ oper
        Indic P3 => goes ; 
        Indic _ => go ; 
        Pastt _ => went ;
-       PPart => gone
+       PPart => gone ;
+       PresPart => go + "ing" ---- fix!
        }
     } ;
 
@@ -241,7 +242,8 @@ oper
     Indic P3 => "is" ;
     Pastt Sg => "was" ;
     Pastt Pl => "were" ;
-    PPart => "been"
+    PPart => "been" ;
+    PresPart => "being"
     }} ;
 
   verbPart : VerbP3 -> Particle -> Verb = \v,p ->

resource/english/NewParadigmsEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
+
+--1 English Lexical Paradigms UNDER RECONSTRUCTION!
+--
+-- Aarne Ranta 2003
+--
+-- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar 
+-- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
+-- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
+-- 
+-- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
+-- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$. 
+--
+-- The main difference with $MorphoEng.gf$ is that the types
+-- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
+-- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
+-- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
+--
+-- The structure of functions for each word class $C$ is the following:
+-- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
+-- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function $mkC$, which serves as an
+-- escape to construct the most irregular words of type $C$.
+-- However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
+-- separate module $IrregularEng$, which covers all irregularly inflected
+-- words.
+-- 
+-- The following modules are presupposed:
+
+resource ParadigmsEng = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, SyntaxEng, ResourceEng in {
+
+--2 Parameters 
+--
+-- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
+
+oper
+  Gender : Type ; 
+
+  human    : Gender ;
+  nonhuman : Gender ;
+
+-- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
+  Number : Type ; 
+
+  singular : Number ;
+  plural   : Number ;
+
+-- To abstract over case names, we define the following.
+  Case : Type ;
+
+  nominative : Case ;
+  genitive   : Case ;
+
+
+--2 Nouns
+
+-- The regular function captures the variants for nouns ending with
+-- "s","sh","x","z" or "y": "kiss - kisses", "flash - flashes"; 
+-- "fly - flies" (but "toy - toys"),
+
+  regN : Str -> N ;
+
+-- Worst case: give all four forms and the semantic gender.
+
+  mkN  : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
+
+-- In practice the worst case is just: give singular and plural nominative.
+
+  manN : (man,men : Str) -> N ;
+
+-- All nouns created by the previous functions are marked as
+-- $nonhuman$. If you want a $human$ noun, wrap it with the following
+-- function:
+
+  humanN : N -> N ;
+
+--3 Compound nouns 
+--
+-- All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
+-- such as "baby boom". 
+
+
+--3 Relational nouns 
+-- 
+-- Relational nouns ("daughter of x") need a preposition. 
+
+  mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
+
+-- The most common preposition is "of", and the following is a
+-- shortcut for regulat, $nonhuman$ relational nouns with "of".
+
+  regN2 : Str -> N2 ;
+
+-- Use the function $mkPrep$ or see the section on prepositions below to  
+-- form other prepositions.
+--
+-- Three-place relational nouns ("the connection from x to y") need two prepositions.
+
+  mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
+
+--3 Relational common noun phrases
+--
+-- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a
+-- relational noun (e.g. "the old town hall of").
+
+  cnN2 : CN -> Prep -> N2 ;
+  cnN3 : CN -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
+
+-- 
+--3 Proper names
+--
+-- Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
+
+  pnReg : Str -> PN ;          -- John, John's
+
+--2 Adjectives
+
+-- Non-comparison one-place adjectives need two forms: one for
+-- the adjectival and one for the adverbial form ("free - freely")
+
+  mkA : (free,freely : Str) -> A ;
+
+-- For regular adjectives, the adverbial form is derived. This holds
+-- even for cases with the variation "happy - happily".
+
+  regA : Str -> A ;
+ 
+--3 Two-place adjectives
+--
+-- Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
+
+  mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
+
+-- Comparison adjectives may two more forms. 
+
+  mkADeg : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> ADeg ;
+
+-- The regular pattern recognizes two common variations: 
+-- "-e" ("rude" - "ruder" - "rudest") and
+-- "-y" ("happy - happier - happiest - happily")
+
+  regADeg : Str -> ADeg ;      -- long, longer, longest
+
+-- However, the duplication of the final consonant is nor predicted,
+-- but a separate pattern is used:
+
+  fatADeg : Str -> ADeg ;      -- fat, fatter, fattest
+
+-- If comparison is formed by "more, "most", as in general for
+-- long adjective, the following pattern is used:
+
+  compoundADeg : A -> ADeg ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
+
+-- From a given $ADeg$, it is possible to get back to $A$.
+
+  adegA : ADeg -> A ;
+
+
+--2 Adverbs
+
+-- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
+-- after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. "always").
+
+  mkAdv  : Str -> Adv ;
+  preAdv : Str -> Adv ;
+
+-- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
+
+  mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
+  mkAdS : Str -> AdS ;
+
+-- Prepositional phrases are another productive form of adverbials.
+
+  mkPP : Prep -> NP -> Adv ;
+
+--2 Prepositions
+--
+-- A preposition is just a string.
+
+  mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
+
+--2 Verbs
+--
+-- Except for "be", the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and
+-- the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the
+-- past and present participles.
+
+  mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V ;
+
+-- The regular verb function recognizes the special cases where the last
+-- character is "y" ("cry - cries" but "buy - buys") or "s", "sh", "x", "z"
+-- ("fix - fixes", etc).
+
+  regV : Str -> V ;
+
+-- There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module $IrregularEng$.
+-- In practice, it is enough to give three forms, 
+-- e.g. "drink - drank - drunk", with a variant indicating consonant
+-- duplication in the present participle.
+
+  irregV     : (drink, drank, drunk  : Str) -> V ;
+  irregDuplV : (get,   got,   gotten : Str) -> V ;
+
+
+--3 Verbs with a particle.
+--
+-- The particle, such as in "switch on", is given as a string.
+
+  partV  : V -> Str -> V ;
+
+--3 Two-place verbs
+--
+-- Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
+-- (transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the $V$.
+
+  mkV2  : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
+
+  dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
+
+--3 Three-place verbs
+--
+-- Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
+-- the first one or both can be absent.
+
+  mkV3     : V -> Str -> Str -> V3 ;    -- speak, with, about
+  dirV3    : V -> Str -> V3 ;           -- give,_,to
+  dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ;                  -- give,_,_
+
+--2 Definitions of paradigms
+--
+-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
+-- hidden from the document.
+--.
+
+  Gender = SyntaxEng.Gender ; 
+  Number = SyntaxEng.Number ;
+  Case = SyntaxEng.Case ;
+  human = Hum ; 
+  nonhuman = NoHum ;
+  singular = Sg ;
+  plural = Pl ;
+
+  nominative = Nom ;
+  genitive = Nom ;
+
+  mkN = \man,men,man's,men's,g -> 
+    mkNoun man men man's men's ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
+  nReg a g = addGenN nounReg a g ;
+  nKiss n g = addGenN nounS n g ;
+  nFly = \fly -> addGenN nounY (Predef.tk 1 fly) ;
+  nMan = \man,men -> mkN man men (man + "'s") (men + "'s") ;
+  nHero = nKiss ;
+  nSheep = \sheep -> nMan sheep sheep ;
+
+  nHuman = \s -> nGen s Hum ;
+  nNonhuman = \s -> nGen s NoHum ;
+
+  nGen : Str -> Gender -> N = \fly,g -> let {
+      fl  = Predef.tk 1 fly ; 
+      y   = Predef.dp 1 fly ; 
+      eqy = ifTok (Str -> Gender -> N) y
+    } in
+    eqy "y" nFly  (
+    eqy "s" nKiss (
+    eqy "z" nKiss (
+            nReg))) fly g ;
+
+  mkN2 = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; s2 = p} ;
+  funNonhuman = \s -> mkN2 (nNonhuman s) "of" ;
+  funHuman = \s -> mkN2 (nHuman s) "of" ;
+
+  pnReg n = nameReg n ** {lock_PN = <>} ;
+
+  cnNonhuman = \s -> UseN (nGen s nonhuman) ;
+  cnHuman = \s -> UseN (nGen s human) ;
+  npReg = \s -> UsePN (pnReg s) ;  
+
+  mkN2CN = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; s2 = p} ;
+  funOfCN = \n -> mkN2CN n "of" ;
+
+  addGenN : (Str -> CommonNoun) -> Str -> Gender -> N = \f -> 
+    \s,g -> f s ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
+
+  mkA a = regAdjective a ** {lock_A = <>} ;
+  mkA2 = \s,p -> regAdjective s ** {s2 = p} ** {lock_A2 = <>} ;
+  mkADeg a b c = adjDegrIrreg a b c ** {lock_ADeg = <>} ;
+  aReg a = adjDegrReg a ** {lock_ADeg = <>} ;
+  aFat = \fat -> let {fatt = fat + Predef.dp 1 fat} in 
+         mkADeg fat (fatt + "er") (fatt + "est") ;
+  aRidiculous a = adjDegrLong a ** {lock_ADeg = <>} ;
+  apReg = \s -> UseA (mkA s) ;
+
+  aGen : Str -> ADeg = \s -> case last s of {
+    "y" => mkADeg s (init s + "ier") (init s + "iest") ;
+    "e" => mkADeg s (s + "r") (s + "st") ;
+    _   => aReg s
+    } ;
+
+  mkAdv a = advPost a ** {lock_Adv = <>} ;
+  mkAdvPre a = advPre a ** {lock_Adv = <>} ;
+  mkPP x y = prepPhrase x y ** {lock_Adv = <>} ;
+  mkAdA a = ss a ** {lock_AdA = <>} ;
+  mkAdS a = ss a ** {lock_AdS = <>} ;
+
+  mkV = \go,goes,went,gone -> verbNoPart (mkVerbP3 go goes went gone) ** 
+    {lock_V = <>} ;
+  vReg = \walk -> mkV walk (walk + "s") (walk + "ed") (walk + "ed") ;
+  vKiss = \kiss -> mkV kiss (kiss + "es") (kiss + "ed") (kiss + "ed") ;
+  vFly = \cry -> let {cr = Predef.tk 1 cry} in 
+                   mkV cry (cr + "ies") (cr + "ied") (cr + "ied") ;
+  vGo = vKiss ;
+
+  vGen = \fly -> let {
+      fl  = Predef.tk 1 fly ; 
+      y   = Predef.dp 1 fly ; 
+      eqy = ifTok (Str -> V) y
+    } in
+    eqy "y" vFly  (
+    eqy "s" vKiss (
+    eqy "z" vKiss (
+            vReg))) fly ;
+
+  vPart = \go, goes, went, gone, up -> 
+    verbPart (mkVerbP3 go goes went gone) up ** {lock_V = <>} ;
+  vPartReg = \get, up -> 
+    verbPart (vGen get) up  ** {lock_V = <>} ;
+
+  mkV2 = \v,p -> v ** {lock_V2 = <> ; s3 = p} ;
+  tvPartReg = \get, along, to -> mkV2 (vPartReg get along) to ;
+
+  vBe = verbBe  ** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ;
+  vHave = verbP3Have  ** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ;
+
+  tvGen = \s,p -> mkV2 (vGen s) p ;
+  tvDir = \v -> mkV2 v [] ;
+  tvGenDir = \s -> tvDir (vGen s) ;
+
+  mkV3 x y z = mkDitransVerb x y z ** {lock_V3 = <>} ;
+  v3Dir x y = mkV3 x [] y ;
+  v3DirDir x = v3Dir x [] ;
+
+  -- these are used in the generated lexicon
+  noun : Str -> N = nNonhuman ;
+
+  verb2 : Str -> Str -> V2 = \v -> mkV2 (vGen v) ;
+  verb3 : Str -> Str -> Str -> V3 = \v -> mkV3 (vGen v) ;
+
+} ;

resource/english/SyntaxEng.gf

@@ -706,7 +706,8 @@ oper
        InfImp => beable ; 
        Indic _ => can ; 
        Pastt _ => could ;
-       PPart => beenable
+       PPart => beenable ;
+       PrepPart => nonExist ---- fix!
        } ;
      s1 = [] ;
      isAux = True

resource/english/TypesEng.gf

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ oper
 -- in the singular; plural forms are uniformly equal to the 2nd person singular.
 
 param
-  VForm = InfImp | Indic Person | Pastt Number | PPart ;
+  VForm = InfImp | Indic Person | Pastt Number | PPart | PresPart ;
 
 oper
   VerbP3 : Type = {s : VForm => Str} ;

resource/english/VerbsEng.gf

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ resource VerbsEng = open ResourceEng, MorphoEng in {
     mkVerbIrreg x y z ** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ;
 
   oper awake_V : V = vIrreg "awake" "awoke" "awoken" ;
+  ---- be
   oper bear_V : V = vIrreg "bear" "bore" "born" ;
   oper beat_V : V = vIrreg "beat" "beat" "beat" ;
   oper become_V : V = vIrreg "become" "became" "become" ;
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ resource VerbsEng = open ResourceEng, MorphoEng in {
   oper grind_V : V = vIrreg "grind" "ground" "ground" ;
   oper grow_V : V = vIrreg "grow" "grew" "grown" ;
   oper hang_V : V = vIrreg "hang" "hung" "hung" ;
+  ---- have
   oper hear_V : V = vIrreg "hear" "heard" "heard" ;
   oper hide_V : V = vIrreg "hide" "hid" "hidden" ;
   oper hit_V : V = vIrreg "hit" "hit" "hit" ;