diff --git a/src/arabic/AdjectiveAra.gf b/src/arabic/AdjectiveAra.gf
index 93c64a428..b955246a2 100644
--- a/src/arabic/AdjectiveAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/AdjectiveAra.gf
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ concrete AdjectiveAra of Adjective = CatAra ** open ResAra, Prelude in {
 -- $SuperlA$ belongs to determiner syntax in $Noun$.
 --
   ComplA2 a np = {
-    s = \\sp,g,n,st,c => a.s ! APosit g n st c ++ a.c2.s ++ np.s ! a.c2.c ;
+    s = \\sp,g,n,st,c => a.s ! APosit g n st c ++ a.c2.s ++ bindIf a.c2.binds ++ np.s ! a.c2.c ;
     } ;
 --
 --    ReflA2 a = {
diff --git a/src/arabic/AdverbAra.gf b/src/arabic/AdverbAra.gf
index c02aa5939..473175771 100644
--- a/src/arabic/AdverbAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/AdverbAra.gf
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ concrete AdverbAra of Adverb = CatAra ** open ResAra, Prelude in {
     --   s = cadv.s ++ a.s ! AAdv ++ "مِنْ" ++ s.s
     --   } ;
 
-    PrepNP prep np = {s = prep.s ++ np.s ! prep.c} ;
+    PrepNP prep np = {s = prep.s ++ bindIf prep.binds ++ np.s ! prep.c} ;
 
     AdAdv ad av = cc2 av ad ;
 
diff --git a/src/arabic/NounAra.gf b/src/arabic/NounAra.gf
index 174a1d817..c1d99ad51 100644
--- a/src/arabic/NounAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/NounAra.gf
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ lin
 
   DetNP det = emptyNP ** {s = det.s ! NoHum ! Masc} ; ----
 
-  PredetNP pred np = np ** {
-    s = \\c => case pred.isDecl of {
-      True => pred.s!c ++ np.s ! Gen ; -- akvaru l-awlAdi
-      False => pred.s!c ++ np.s ! c
+  PredetNP det np = np ** {
+    s = \\c => case det.isDecl of {
+      True  => det.s ! c ++ bindIf np.a.isPron ++ np.s ! Gen ; -- akvaru l-awlAdi
+      False => det.s ! c ++ np.s ! c
       } ;
     a = np.a ** {isPron=False}
     } ;
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ lin
   Use2N3 n3 = n3 ;
   Use3N3 n3 = n3 ** {c2 = n3.c3} ;
 
-  ComplN2 n2 np = UseN n2 ** {np = \\c => n2.c2.s ++ np.s ! n2.c2.c} ;
+  ComplN2 n2 np = UseN n2 ** {np = \\c => n2.c2.s ++ bindIf n2.c2.binds ++ np.s ! n2.c2.c} ;
 
   ComplN3 n3 np = ComplN2 n3 np ** {c2 = n3.c3} ;
 
diff --git a/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf b/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
index b00c18448..6859260c2 100644
--- a/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
@@ -303,8 +303,8 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
 -- Prepositions are used in many-argument functions for rection.
 
   Preposition = ResAra.Preposition ;
-  noPrep = {s=[]; c=nom} ;
-  casePrep c = {s=[]; c=c} ;
+  noPrep = {s=[]; c=nom; binds=False} ;
+  casePrep c = {s=[]; c=c; binds=False} ;
 
   Gender = ResAra.Gender ;
   masc = ResAra.Masc ;
diff --git a/src/arabic/QuestionAra.gf b/src/arabic/QuestionAra.gf
index e6bcf6a64..6e1212156 100644
--- a/src/arabic/QuestionAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/QuestionAra.gf
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ concrete QuestionAra of Question = CatAra ** open ResAra, ParamX, Prelude, VerbA
       s = \\t,p,qf => 
         let cl : ResAra.Cl = complClSlash cls ; -- dummy conversion to Cl
             o = toOrder qf
-          in cls.c2.s ++ ip.s ! False ! Masc ! Def ! Nom ++ cl.s ! t ! p ! o
+          in cls.c2.s ++ bindIf cls.c2.binds 
+          ++ ip.s ! False ! Masc ! Def ! Nom 
+          ++ cl.s ! t ! p ! o
       } ;
 
   --IL guessed
diff --git a/src/arabic/ResAra.gf b/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
index 62d118fd4..879d51523 100644
--- a/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
@@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ resource ResAra = PatternsAra ** open  Prelude, Predef, OrthoAra, ParamX  in {
     NTable = Number => State => Case => Str;
     emptyNTable : NTable = \\n,s,c => [] ;
 
-    Preposition : Type = {s : Str ; c : Case} ;
+    Preposition : Type = {s : Str ; c : Case ; binds : Bool} ;
+
     Noun : Type = {
       s,s2 : NTable ;
       g : Gender ;
@@ -122,17 +123,22 @@ resource ResAra = PatternsAra ** open  Prelude, Predef, OrthoAra, ParamX  in {
     Noun3 : Type = Noun2 ** {c3 : Preposition} ;
 
     mkPreposition = overload {
-      mkPreposition : Str -> Case -> Preposition = \s,c -> {s=s;c=c} ;
-      mkPreposition : Str -> Preposition = \s -> {s=s;c=Gen} ;
-    } ;
+      mkPreposition : Str -> Case -> Preposition = \s,c -> {s=s; c=c; binds=False} ;
+      mkPreposition : Str -> Preposition = \s -> {s=s; c=Gen; binds=False} ;
+      } ;
+
+    mkPrefix = overload {
+      mkPrefix : Str -> Preposition = \s -> {s=s; c=Gen; binds=True} ;
+      mkPrefix : Str -> Case -> Preposition = \s,c -> {s=s; c=c; binds=True}
+      } ;
 
     noPrep : Preposition = mkPreposition [] Nom ;
-    liPrep : Preposition = mkPreposition (
+    liPrep : Preposition = mkPrefix (
       pre { #pronSuffAndOther => "لِ" ;
             #pronSuff         => "لَ" ;
             _                 => "لِ" 
-          }  ++ BIND) Dat ;
-    biPrep : Preposition = mkPreposition ("بِ"++BIND) ;
+          }) Dat ;
+    biPrep : Preposition = mkPrefix "بِ" ;
 
     pronSuff : pattern Str = #("كَ"|"كِ"|"كُمَا"|"كُمْ"|"كُنَّ"|"هُ"|"ها"|"هُمَا"|"هُمْ"|"هُنَّ") ;
     pronSuffAndOther : pattern Str = #( "كَم" ) ; -- TODO list words that begin like pron.suff. but aren't
@@ -1537,7 +1543,7 @@ patHollowImp : (_,_ :Str) -> Gender => Number => Str =\xaf,xAf ->
 
             -- very unsure about this /IL
             sc : Preposition = case o of { 
-                  Subord => {s=[]; c=Acc} ;
+                  Subord => {s=[]; c=Acc; binds=False} ;
                   _ => case np.a.isPron of {
                          True => noPrep ; -- to prevent weird stuff with VVs, might be overly specific
                          _    => vp.sc } 
@@ -1643,10 +1649,12 @@ patHollowImp : (_,_ :Str) -> Gender => Number => Str =\xaf,xAf ->
              a = np.a} 
       } ;
 
+    bindIf : Bool -> Str = \b -> if_then_Str b BIND [] ;
+
     bindIfPron : NP -> {c2:Preposition; isPred:Bool} -> Str = \np,vp ->
-      let bind = case <vp.isPred,np.a.isPron> of {
-                 <False,True> => BIND ;
-                 _            => [] } 
+      let bind = case vp.isPred of {
+                   False => bindIf (orB np.a.isPron vp.c2.binds) ;
+                   True  => [] }
        in vp.c2.s ++ bind ++ np.s ! vp.c2.c ;
 
     insertPred : Comp -> VP -> VP = \p,vp -> vp **