diff --git a/src/zulu/BackwardZul.gf b/src/zulu/BackwardZul.gf
index 02b46eb68..7602a6c6e 100755
--- a/src/zulu/BackwardZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/BackwardZul.gf
@@ -9,18 +9,25 @@ concrete BackwardZul of Backward = CatZul ** open ResZul,Prelude,ParamX in {
 
 -- from Verb 19/4/2008
 
-    ComplV2 v2 np = {
+    ComplV2 v2 np = let
+      oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ;
+      longform = case np.heavy of {
+        True => False ;
+        False => True
+      } ;
+      obj = np.s!NFull
+    in {
       s = table {
         MainCl => \\a,p,t,l => let
           vform = (VFIndic MainCl p t) ;
           tp = tensePref vform v2.r v2.syl ; -- [] / zo- / zuku-
-          oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ; -- [] / m -
-          longform = case np.heavy of {
-            True => False ;
-            False => True
-          } ;
+          -- oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ; -- [] / m -
+          -- longform = case np.heavy of {
+          --   True => False ;
+          --   False => True
+          -- } ;
           r = v2.s!(rform (VFIndic MainCl p t) longform) ; -- bona / boni
-          obj = np.s!NFull -- [] / inkomo
+          -- obj = np.s!NFull -- [] / inkomo
         in case np.proDrop of {
           True => tp ++ oc ++ r ++ obj ;
           False => tp ++ r ++ obj
@@ -29,18 +36,40 @@ concrete BackwardZul of Backward = CatZul ** open ResZul,Prelude,ParamX in {
           vform = (VFIndic RelCl p t) ;
           rc = relConc vform a v2.r ; -- o- / onga-
           tp = tensePref vform v2.r v2.syl ; -- [] / zo- / zuku-
-          oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ; -- [] / m -
-          longform = case np.heavy of {
-            True => False ;
-            False => True
-          } ;
+          -- oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ; -- [] / m -
+          -- longform = case np.heavy of {
+          --   True => False ;
+          --   False => True
+          -- } ;
           r = v2.s!(rform vform longform) ; -- bona / boni
-          obj = np.s!NFull -- [] / inkomo
+          -- obj = np.s!NFull -- [] / inkomo
         in case np.proDrop of {
           True => rc ++ tp ++ oc ++ r ++ obj ;
           False => rc ++ tp ++ r ++ obj
         }
       } ;
+      imp_s = table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Pos => case np.proDrop of {
+            True => oc ++ v2.s!R_e ++ obj ;
+            False => v2.s!R_a ++ obj
+          } ;
+          Neg => case np.proDrop of {
+            True => "unga" ++BIND++ oc ++ v2.s!R_i ++ obj ;
+            False => "unga" ++BIND++ v2.s!R_i ++ obj
+          }
+        } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Pos => case np.proDrop of {
+            True => oc ++ v2.s!R_e ++BIND++"ni" ++ obj ;
+            False => v2.s!R_a ++BIND++"ni" ++ obj
+          } ;
+          Neg => case np.proDrop of {
+            True => "ninga" ++BIND++ oc ++ v2.s!R_i ++ obj ;
+            False => "ninga" ++BIND++ v2.s!R_i ++ obj
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
       iadv, advs, comp = [] ;
       ap_comp = \\_ => [] ;
       hasComp = np.heavy ;
diff --git a/src/zulu/CatExtZul.gf b/src/zulu/CatExtZul.gf
index be268c330..24fb1797e 100755
--- a/src/zulu/CatExtZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/CatExtZul.gf
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 concrete CatExtZul of CatExt = open ResZul,Prelude,ParamX in {
 
   lincat
-    Loc = { s : CType => Agr => Polarity => BasicTense => Str } ;
+    Loc = {
+      s : CType => Agr => Polarity => BasicTense => Str ;
+      imp_s : Number => Polarity => Str 
+    } ;
     LocN = { s : Str } ;
+    LocAdv = { s : Str ; reqLocS : Bool } ;
     QuantStem = { s : Agr => Str } ;
     RelStem = { s : Str } ;
     VAux = { s : Str ; at : AuxType } ;
diff --git a/src/zulu/CatZul.gf b/src/zulu/CatZul.gf
index bcc8d0c2c..1feb79e90 100755
--- a/src/zulu/CatZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/CatZul.gf
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ concrete CatZul of Cat = CommonX - [Temp,Tense,Adv,IAdv] **
 --       s : ResZul.Tense => Anteriority => CPolarity => Order => Str ;
 --       c2 : Str
 --       } ;
-    Imp = { s : Polarity => Str } ;
+    Imp = { s : Number => Polarity => Str } ;
 
 -- Question
 
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ concrete CatZul of Cat = CommonX - [Temp,Tense,Adv,IAdv] **
 
     VP = {
       s : CType => Agr => Polarity => BasicTense => Bool => Str ; -- TODO: mood
+      imp_s : Number => Polarity => Str ;
       -- oc : Str ;
       comp : Str ;
       iadv : Str ;
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ concrete CatZul of Cat = CommonX - [Temp,Tense,Adv,IAdv] **
 --     CAdv = {s : Polarity => Str; p : Str} ;
 
 -- Open lexical classes, e.g. Lexicon
-    V,V2,VA,VS,V3 = {
+    V,V2,VA,VS,V3,VV = {
       s : RForm => Str ;
       r : RInit ;
       syl : Syl ;
diff --git a/src/zulu/ExtraExtZul.gf b/src/zulu/ExtraExtZul.gf
index 26ea4cb48..0a5816c66 100755
--- a/src/zulu/ExtraExtZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/ExtraExtZul.gf
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 concrete ExtraExtZul of ExtraExt =
-  CatZul [NP,VP,CN,V,Temp,S,Cl,Adv,Pron,QCl,QS,A,RS,IAdv,IComp,Pol,Det,Quant,N,PN,Conj],
+  CatZul [NP,VP,CN,V,Temp,S,Cl,Adv,Pron,QCl,QS,A,RS,IAdv,IComp,Pol,Det,Quant,N,PN,Conj,VV],
   CatExtZul
   ** open ResZul,Prelude,ParamX in {
 
@@ -204,14 +204,14 @@ concrete ExtraExtZul of ExtraExt =
       reqLocS = False
     } ;
 
-    LocNPAdv np = {
-      s = np.s!NLoc ;
-      -- asp = Null ;
-      reqLocS = case np.isPron of {
-        False => True ;
-        True => False -- ki-
-      } ;
-    } ;
+    -- LocNPAdv np = {
+    --   s = np.s!NLoc ;
+    --   -- asp = Null ;
+    --   reqLocS = case np.isPron of {
+    --     False => True ;
+    --     True => False -- ki-
+    --   } ;
+    -- } ;
 
     LocAdvNPAdv adv np = {
       s = adv.s ++ (np.s!NLoc) ;
@@ -227,23 +227,11 @@ concrete ExtraExtZul of ExtraExt =
       reqLocS = False
     } ;
 
-    -- -- NOTE: this seems to be a specific construction. Not yet found in Poulos+Msimang
-    -- KwaAdvNPAdv adv np =
-    --   let
-    --     c = case np.agr of {
-    --       (First _ | Second _) => C1_2 ; -- people class as default
-    --       Third c _ => c
-    --     } ;
-    --     n = case np.agr of {
-    --       (First Sg | Second Sg | Third _ Sg) => Sg ;
-    --       (First Pl | Second Pl | Third _ Pl) => Pl
-    --     }
-    --   in
-    --   {
-    --     s = adv.s ++ poss_concord!C15!Sg!(initNP np.isPron np.agr) ++BIND++ np.s!Reduced ++ np.mod ++ np.predet_pre ++ np.predet_post ;
-    --     -- asp = adv.asp ;
-    --     reqLocS = False
-    --   } ;
+    -- NOTE: this seems to be a specific construction. Not yet found in Poulos+Msimang
+    KwaAdvNPAdv adv np = {
+      s = adv.s ++ (poss_concord_agr!(Third C17 Sg)!np.i) ++BIND++ (np.s!NReduced) ;
+      reqLocS = False
+    } ;
 
     -- locative ku
     KuNPAdv np = {
@@ -283,6 +271,34 @@ concrete ExtraExtZul of ExtraExt =
       reqLocS = False
     } ;
 
+    NPAdv np = {
+      s = np.s!NFull ;
+      reqLocS = False
+    } ;
+
+    LocAdvAdv l = l ** { reqLocS = False } ;
+
+    LocAdvNP adv np = {
+      s = adv.s ++ (poss_concord_agr!(Third C17 Sg)!np.i) ++BIND++ (np.s!NReduced) ;
+      reqLocS = False
+    } ; -- ngaphezu kwamahora amabili adlule
+
+    LocNAdv locn = locn ** { reqLocS = False } ;
+
+    LocNNgaAdv locn = {
+      s = "nga" ++BIND++ locn.s ;
+      reqLocS = False
+    } ;
+
+    LocNPAdv np = {
+      s = np.s!NLoc ;
+      -- asp = Null ;
+      reqLocS = case np.isPron of {
+        False => True ;
+        True => False -- ki-
+      } ;
+    } ;
+
     RelAdv adv = {
       s = \\a => relConcLookup!a!RC ++BIND++ adv.s
     } ;
@@ -561,6 +577,10 @@ concrete ExtraExtZul of ExtraExt =
     phakade_LocN = { s = "phakade" ; empty = [] } ;
     phezulu_LocN = { s = "phezulu" ; empty = [] } ;
 
+    ngemuva_LocAdv = { s = "ngemuva" ; reqLocS = False } ;
+    emuva_LocAdv = { s = "emuva" ; reqLocS = False } ;
+    ecaleni_LocAdv = { s = "ecaleni" ; reqLocS = False } ;
+
     lapha_Loc = {
       s = table {
         MainCl => \\a,p,t => let
@@ -582,11 +602,31 @@ concrete ExtraExtZul of ExtraExt =
           VFIndic _ Neg PresTense => (kho_cop vform a) ++ cop_base;
           VFIndic _ _ _ => rcp ++ pcp ++ cop_base
         }
+      } ;
+      imp_s = table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Pos => "yiba" ++ "lapha" ;
+          Neg => "ungabi" ++ "lapha"
+        } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Pos => "yibani" ++ "lapha" ;
+          Neg => "ningabi" ++ "lapha"
+        }
       }
     } ;
 
     khona_Loc = {
       s = \\c,a,p,t => kho_cop (VFIndic c p t) a ;
+      imp_s = table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Pos => "yiba" ++ "khona" ;
+          Neg => "ungabi" ++ "khona" -- this is a guess
+        } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Pos => "yibani" ++ "khona" ;
+          Neg => "ningabi" ++ "khona"
+        }
+      }
     } ;
 
     kakhulu_Adv = { s = "kakhulu" ; reqLocS = False } ;
@@ -608,6 +648,9 @@ concrete ExtraExtZul of ExtraExt =
       fix = True
     } ;
 
+    want_VV = regVerb "fun" ;
+    prepare_to_VV = regVerb "lungiselel" ;
+
     -- Deverb15 v =
     -- let
     --   agr = Third C15 Sg ;
diff --git a/src/zulu/NounExtZul.gf b/src/zulu/NounExtZul.gf
index d66cb9f8c..4cd0de43b 100644
--- a/src/zulu/NounExtZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/NounExtZul.gf
@@ -136,35 +136,74 @@ concrete NounExtZul of NounExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
       heavy = True
     } ;
 
-    Deverb15 v =
-    let
-      agr = Third C15 Sg ;
-    in
-    {
-      s = \\_ => table {
-        NFull => case v.r of {
-          RC => "uku"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
-          (RA|RE) => "ukw"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
-          _ => "uk"++BIND++(v.s!R_a)
+    -- Deverb15 v =
+    -- let
+    --   agr = Third C15 Sg ;
+    -- in
+    -- {
+    --   s = \\_ => table {
+    --     NFull => case v.r of {
+    --       RC => "uku"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
+    --       (RA|RE) => "ukw"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
+    --       _ => "uk"++BIND++(v.s!R_a)
+    --     } ;
+    --     NReduced => case v.r of {
+    --       RC => "ku"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
+    --       (RA|RE) => "kw"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
+    --       _ => "k"++BIND++(v.s!R_a)
+    --     } ;
+    --     NPoss => case v.r of {
+    --       RC => "ku"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
+    --       (RA|RE) => "kw"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
+    --       _ => "k"++BIND++(v.s!R_a)
+    --     } ;
+    --     NLoc => case v.r of {
+    --       RC => "eku"++BIND++(v.s!R_e)++BIND++"ni" ;
+    --       (RA|RE) => "ekw"++BIND++(v.s!R_e)++BIND++"ni" ;
+    --       _ => "ek"++BIND++(v.s!R_e)++BIND++"ni"
+    --     }
+    --   } ;
+    --   c = C15 ;
+    --   empty = []
+    -- } ;
+
+    -- not built to work for copulative VPs for now (specifically for agreement)
+    Deverb15 pol vp =
+      let
+        agr = Third C15 Sg ;
+        v = vp.s!MainCl!(Third C15 Sg)!pol.p!PresTense!False
+      in
+      {
+        s = table {
+          NFull => case <pol.p,vp.r> of {
+            <Neg,_ > => "uku"++BIND++"nga"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,RC> => "uku"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,(RA|RE)> => "ukw"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,_> => "uk"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s
+          } ;
+          NReduced => case <pol.p,vp.r> of {
+            <Neg,_ > => "ku"++BIND++"nga"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,RC> => "ku"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,(RA|RE)> => "kw"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,_> => "k"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s
+          } ;
+          NPoss => case <pol.p,vp.r> of {
+            <Neg,_ > => "ku"++BIND++"nga"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,RC> => "ku"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,(RA|RE)> => "kw"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,_> => "k"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s
+          } ;
+          NLoc => case <pol.p,vp.r> of {
+            <Neg,_ > => "ku"++BIND++poss_pron_stem!(Third C15 Sg) ++ "uku"++BIND++"nga"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s ;
+            <_,_> => "ku"++BIND++poss_pron_stem!(Third C15 Sg) ++ "uku"++BIND++v ++ vp.comp ++ vp.advs ++ vp.iadv ++ pol.s
+          }
         } ;
-        NReduced => case v.r of {
-          RC => "ku"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
-          (RA|RE) => "kw"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
-          _ => "k"++BIND++(v.s!R_a)
-        } ;
-        NPoss => case v.r of {
-          RC => "ku"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
-          (RA|RE) => "kw"++BIND++(v.s!R_a) ;
-          _ => "k"++BIND++(v.s!R_a)
-        } ;
-        NLoc => case v.r of {
-          RC => "eku"++BIND++(v.s!R_e)++BIND++"ni" ;
-          (RA|RE) => "ekw"++BIND++(v.s!R_e)++BIND++"ni" ;
-          _ => "ek"++BIND++(v.s!R_e)++BIND++"ni"
-        }
-      } ;
-      c = C15 ;
-      empty = []
+        agr = agr ;
+        i = RU ;
+        proDrop = False ;
+        isPron = False ;
+        heavy = True ;
+        empty = []
     } ;
 
     LocNP np = {
@@ -191,28 +230,76 @@ concrete NounExtZul of NounExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
       } ;
     } ;
 
-    LocNLoc locn = {
+    -- LocNLoc locn = {
+    --   s = table {
+    --     MainCl => \\a,p,t => let
+    --       vform = VFIndic MainCl p t ;
+    --       pcp = ap_cop_pref vform a RelType ; -- u- / uzoba / akazukuba
+    --       cop_base = locn.s
+    --     in
+    --       case vform of {
+    --         VFIndic _ Neg PresTense => (kho_cop vform a) ++ cop_base;
+    --         VFIndic _ _ _ => pcp ++ cop_base
+    --       } ;
+    --     RelCl => \\a,p,t => let
+    --       vform = VFIndic RelCl p t ;
+    --       rcp = (relConcCop vform a RC) ; -- o- / onge-
+    --       pcp = ap_cop_pref vform a RelType ; -- u- / uzoba / akazukuba
+    --       cop_base = locn.s
+    --     in
+    --       case vform of {
+    --         VFIndic _ Neg PresTense => (kho_cop vform a) ++ cop_base;
+    --         VFIndic _ _ _ => rcp ++ pcp ++ cop_base
+    --       }
+    --   } ;
+    -- } ;
+
+    -- LocNPossNP locn np = {
+    --   s = locn.s ++ poss_concord_agr!(Third C17 Sg)!(np.i) ++BIND++ np.s!NPoss;
+    -- } ;
+
+    LocAdvLoc locadv = {
       s = table {
         MainCl => \\a,p,t => let
           vform = VFIndic MainCl p t ;
           pcp = ap_cop_pref vform a RelType ; -- u- / uzoba / akazukuba
-          cop_base = locn.s
+          s = case locadv.reqLocS of {
+            True => "s"++BIND ;
+            False => []
+          } ;
+          cop_base = locadv.s
         in
           case vform of {
             VFIndic _ Neg PresTense => (kho_cop vform a) ++ cop_base;
-            VFIndic _ _ _ => pcp ++ cop_base
+            VFIndic _ _ _ => pcp ++ s ++ cop_base
           } ;
         RelCl => \\a,p,t => let
           vform = VFIndic RelCl p t ;
           rcp = (relConcCop vform a RC) ; -- o- / onge-
           pcp = ap_cop_pref vform a RelType ; -- u- / uzoba / akazukuba
-          cop_base = locn.s
+          s = case locadv.reqLocS of {
+            True => "s"++BIND ;
+            False => []
+          } ;
+          cop_base = locadv.s
         in
           case vform of {
             VFIndic _ Neg PresTense => (kho_cop vform a) ++ cop_base;
-            VFIndic _ _ _ => rcp ++ pcp ++ cop_base
+            VFIndic _ _ _ => rcp ++ pcp ++ s ++ cop_base
           }
       } ;
+      imp_s = table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Pos => "yiba" ++ "s"++BIND++ locadv.s ;
+          Neg => "ungabi" ++ "s"++BIND++ locadv.s
+        } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Pos => "yibani" ++ "s"++BIND++ locadv.s ;
+          Neg => "ningabi" ++ "s"++BIND++ locadv.s
+        }
+      }
     } ;
 
+
+
 }
diff --git a/src/zulu/NounZul.gf b/src/zulu/NounZul.gf
index 3ca43d9ea..29a679d19 100755
--- a/src/zulu/NounZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/NounZul.gf
@@ -101,7 +101,10 @@ concrete NounZul of Noun = CatZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, ParamX in {
     -- TODO: check refactor (no change?)
     PossNP cn np = {
       empty = cn.empty ;
-      s = \\num,nform => cn.s!num!nform ++ poss_concord!cn.c!num!np.i ++BIND++ np.s!NPoss;
+      s = \\num,nform => case np.agr of {
+        Third C1a_2a Sg => cn.s!num!nform ++ poss_concord_c1a!cn.c!num ++BIND++ np.s!NPoss ;
+        (First _ | Second _ | Third _ _) => cn.s!num!nform ++ poss_concord!cn.c!num!np.i ++BIND++ np.s!NPoss
+      }  ;
       -- mod = \\num => cn.mod!num ++ poss_concord!cn.c!num!np.i ++BIND++ (poss_NP np) ;
       c = cn.c ;
       emph = cn.emph
diff --git a/src/zulu/PChunkZul.gf b/src/zulu/PChunkZul.gf
index 70df69550..578f844fe 100644
--- a/src/zulu/PChunkZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/PChunkZul.gf
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ concrete PChunkZul of PChunk = CatZul, CatExtZul, SymbolZul [Symb] **
   lincat
     Chunks = {s : Str} ;
     Chunk = {s : Str};
-    Chunk_Phr, Chunk_AP, Chunk_Adv, Chunk_Imp, Chunk_S, Chunk_RS, Chunk_QS, Chunk_CN, Chunk_NP, Chunk_N, Chunk_Symb = {s: Str} ;
+    Chunk_Phr, Chunk_AP, Chunk_Adv, Chunk_Imp, Chunk_S, Chunk_RS, Chunk_QS, Chunk_VP, Chunk_CN, Chunk_NP, Chunk_N, Chunk_Symb = {s: Str} ;
 
     VC = V ;
 
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ concrete PChunkZul of PChunk = CatZul, CatExtZul, SymbolZul [Symb] **
     S_Chunker c = c ;
     RS_Chunker c = c ;
     QS_Chunker c = c ;
+    VP_Chunker c = c ;
     CN_Chunker c = c ;
     NP_Chunker c = c ;
     N_Chunker c = c ;
@@ -30,10 +31,17 @@ concrete PChunkZul of PChunk = CatZul, CatExtZul, SymbolZul [Symb] **
 
     Phr_Chunk p = {s = p.s } ;
     Adv_Chunk a = { s = a.s } ;
-    Imp_Chunk i = { s = variants { i.s!Pos ; i.s!Neg} } ;
+    Imp_Sg_Chunk i = { s = variants { i.s!Sg!Pos ; i.s!Sg!Neg} } ;
+    Imp_Pl_Chunk i = { s = variants { i.s!Pl!Pos ; i.s!Pl!Neg} } ;
     S_Chunk s = { s = s.s } ;
-    RS_Chunk rs = { s = rs.s!agr_vars } ;
+    RS_Chunk pron rs = { s = pron.s!NFull ++ rs.s!pron.agr } ;
     QS_Chunk s = { s = s.qword_pre ++ s.s ++ s.qword_post } ;
+    VP_RelYo_Chunk temp pol pron vp = {
+      s = temp.s ++ pol.s ++ pron.s!NFull ++ vp.s!RelCl!pron.agr!pol.p!temp.t!True
+    } ;
+    VP_Rel_Chunk temp pol pron vp = {
+      s = temp.s ++ pol.s ++ pron.s!NFull ++ vp.s!RelCl!pron.agr!pol.p!temp.t!False
+    } ;
     CN_Sg_Chunk cn = {
       s = cn.s!Sg!NFull
     } ;
@@ -43,18 +51,23 @@ concrete PChunkZul of PChunk = CatZul, CatExtZul, SymbolZul [Symb] **
     NP_Nom_Chunk np = {
       s = variants {
           np.s!NFull ;
-          np.s!NReduced ;
-          np.s!NLoc
+          np.s!NReduced
       }
     } ;
-    NP_Gen_Chunk np = {
-      s = poss_concord_agr!agr_vars!np.i ++BIND++ np.s!NPoss
+    NP_Loc_Chunk np = {
+      s = np.s!NLoc
     } ;
-    Predet_Chunk predet = {
-      s = predet.s!agr_vars
+    NP_Gen_Chunk pron np = {
+      s = pron.s!NFull ++ poss_concord_agr!pron.agr!np.i ++BIND++ np.s!NPoss
     } ;
-    Postdet_Chunk postdet = {
-      s = postdet.s!agr_vars
+    -- NP_Gen_Chunk np = {
+    --   s = poss_concord_agr!agr_vars!np.i ++BIND++ np.s!NPoss
+    -- } ;
+    Predet_Chunk pron predet = {
+      s = pron.s!NFull ++ predet.s!pron.agr
+    } ;
+    Postdet_Chunk pron postdet = {
+      s = pron.s!NFull ++ postdet.s!pron.agr
     } ;
 
   -- for unknown words that are not names
@@ -101,4 +114,6 @@ concrete PChunkZul of PChunk = CatZul, CatExtZul, SymbolZul [Symb] **
         Second Pl
       } ;
 
+      bool_vars : Bool = variants { True | False } ;
+
 }
diff --git a/src/zulu/PhraseExtZul.gf b/src/zulu/PhraseExtZul.gf
index 9f7998dc1..ed35b7a58 100644
--- a/src/zulu/PhraseExtZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/PhraseExtZul.gf
@@ -12,6 +12,28 @@ concrete PhraseExtZul of PhraseExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, P
         phr.s ++ "ku" ++ BIND ++ vform ++ np.s!NFull ++ t.s
     } ;
 
+    DirectSpeechNP np1 t v np2 = {
+      s = let
+        vform = case t.t of {
+          PastTense => v.s!R_e ;
+          PresTense => v.s!R_a ;
+          _ => v.s!R_a ++ "*"
+        } ;
+      in
+        np1.s!NFull ++ "ku" ++ BIND ++ vform ++ np2.s!NFull ++ t.s
+    } ;
+
+    DirectSpeechAdv adv t v np = {
+      s = let
+        vform = case t.t of {
+          PastTense => v.s!R_e ;
+          PresTense => v.s!R_a ;
+          _ => v.s!R_a ++ "*"
+        } ;
+      in
+        adv.s ++ "ku" ++ BIND ++ vform ++ np.s!NFull ++ t.s
+    } ;
+
     ExtPhrConj p1 p2 = {
       s = p1.s ++ p2.s
     } ;
diff --git a/src/zulu/PhraseZul.gf b/src/zulu/PhraseZul.gf
index 51f2d96f0..8896daa5f 100755
--- a/src/zulu/PhraseZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/PhraseZul.gf
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-concrete PhraseZul of Phrase = CatZul ** open Prelude, ResZul in {
+concrete PhraseZul of Phrase = CatZul ** open Prelude, ParamX, ResZul in {
 
   lin
     PhrUtt pconj utt voc = {s = pconj.s ++ utt.s ++ voc.s} ;
   --
     UttS sent = { s = sent.s } ;
     UttQS sent = { s = sent.qword_pre ++ sent.s ++ sent.qword_post } ;
-    UttImpSg pol imp = { s = pol.s ++ imp.s!pol.p } ;
-  --   UttImpPl pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p ! ImpF Pl False} ;
+    UttImpSg pol imp = { s = pol.s ++ imp.s!Sg!pol.p } ;
+    UttImpPl pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s!Pl!pol.p } ;
   --   UttImpPol pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p ! ImpF Sg True} ;
 
   --   UttIP ip = {s = ip.s ! npNom} ; --- Acc also
diff --git a/src/zulu/ResZul.gf b/src/zulu/ResZul.gf
index e2ab9e443..85c0529b0 100755
--- a/src/zulu/ResZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/ResZul.gf
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ resource ResZul = open Prelude,Predef,ParamX in {
     VPType = CopIdent | CopAssoc | CopDescr | CopEq | VNPCompl | NoComp | VSCompl | AdvComp | CopLoc ; -- VACompl |
     AuxType = PartAux ; -- TODO: add SubjAux, InfAux, ConsecAux etc (p327)
     AType = AdjType | RelType ;
+    LocAdvType = KwaAdv | NaAdv ;
 
     AForm = AF1 | AF2 | AF3 ; -- two forms for implementing sound changes Poulos+Msimang p143, one for monosyllabic
     SCForm = SC | SCVow | SCNeg | SCNegVow | SCPS | SCPart | SCVowP | SCBe | SCRP ;
@@ -265,10 +266,11 @@ resource ResZul = open Prelude,Predef,ParamX in {
         R_ile => case root of {
           _+"el" => root ++BIND++ "e" ;
           _+"al" => (tk 2 root) + "el" ++BIND++ "e" ;
+          _+"an" => (tk 2 root) + "en" ++BIND++ "e" ;
           _ => root ++BIND++ "ile"
         } ;
         R_e => case root of {
-          _+"al" => (tk 2 root) + "el" ++BIND++ "e" ;
+          _+"an" => (tk 2 root) + "en" ++BIND++ "e" ;
           _ => root ++BIND++ "e"
         } ;
         R_i => root ++BIND++ "i" ;
@@ -1656,48 +1658,48 @@ resource ResZul = open Prelude,Predef,ParamX in {
         }
       } ;
 
-    poss_concord_c1a : ClassGender => Number => RInit => Str =
+    poss_concord_c1a : ClassGender => Number => Str =
       table {
         C1_2 => table {
-          Sg => table {(RA|RC) => "ka" ; (RE|RI) => "ke" ; (RO|RU) => "ko" } ;
-          Pl => table {(RA|RC) => "baka" ; (RE|RI) => "bake" ; (RO|RU) => "bako" }
+          Sg => "ka" ;
+          Pl => "baka"
         } ;
         C1a_2a => table {
-          Sg => table {(RA|RC) => "ka" ; (RE|RI) => "ke" ; (RO|RU) => "ko" } ;
-          Pl => table {(RA|RC) => "baka" ; (RE|RI) => "bake" ; (RO|RU) => "bako" }
+          Sg => "ka" ;
+          Pl => "baka"
         } ;
         C3_4 => table {
-          Sg => table {(RA|RC) => "ka" ; (RE|RI) => "ke" ; (RO|RU) => "ko" } ;
-          Pl => table {(RA|RC) => "ka" ; (RE|RI) => "ke" ; (RO|RU) => "ko" }
+          Sg => "ka" ;
+          Pl => "ka"
         } ;
         C5_6 => table {
-          Sg => table {(RA|RC) => "lika" ; (RE|RI) => "like" ; (RO|RU) => "liko" } ;
-          Pl => table {(RA|RC) => "ka" ; (RE|RI) => "ke" ; (RO|RU) => "ko" }
+          Sg => "lika" ;
+          Pl => "ka"
         } ;
         C7_8 => table {
-          Sg => table {(RA|RC) => "sika" ; (RE|RI) => "sike" ; (RO|RU) => "siko" } ;
-          Pl => table {(RA|RC) => "zika" ; (RE|RI) => "zike" ; (RO|RU) => "ziko" }
+          Sg => "sika" ;
+          Pl => "zika"
         } ;
         C9_10 => table {
-          Sg => table {(RA|RC) => "ka" ; (RE|RI) => "ke" ; (RO|RU) => "ko" } ;
-          Pl => table {(RA|RC) => "zika" ; (RE|RI) => "zike" ; (RO|RU) => "ziko" }
+          Sg => "ka" ;
+          Pl => "zika"
         } ;
         C11_10 => table {
-          Sg => table {(RA|RC) => "luka" ; (RE|RI) => "luke" ; (RO|RU) => "luko" } ;
-          Pl => table {(RA|RC) => "zika" ; (RE|RI) => "zike" ; (RO|RU) => "ziko" }
+          Sg => "luka" ;
+          Pl => "zika"
         } ;
         C9_6 => table {
-          Sg => table {(RA|RC) => "ka" ; (RE|RI) => "ke" ; (RO|RU) => "ko" } ;
-          Pl => table {(RA|RC) => "ka" ; (RE|RI) => "ke" ; (RO|RU) => "ko" }
+          Sg => "ka" ;
+          Pl => "ka"
         } ;
         C14 => table {
-          _ => table {(RA|RC) => "buka" ; (RE|RI) => "buke" ; (RO|RU) => "buko" }
+          _ => "buka"
         } ;
         C15 => table {
-          _ => table {(RA|RC) => "kuka" ; (RE|RI) => "kuke" ; (RO|RU) => "kuko" }
+          _ => "kuka"
         } ;
         C17 => table {
-          _ => table {(RA|RC) => "kuka" ; (RE|RI) => "kuke" ; (RO|RU) => "kuko" }
+          _ => "kuka"
         }
       } ;
 
diff --git a/src/zulu/SentenceZul.gf b/src/zulu/SentenceZul.gf
index 385b4ebf7..69fd4b4ed 100755
--- a/src/zulu/SentenceZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/SentenceZul.gf
@@ -26,37 +26,52 @@ concrete SentenceZul of Sentence = CatZul ** open Prelude,ResZul,ParamX in {
 
 --     PredSCVP sc vp = mkClause sc.s (agrP3 Sg) vp ;
 
-    ImpVP vp = let
-      np = {
-        empty = [] ;
-        s = table {NFull|NReduced|NPoss|NLoc => []} ;
-        -- loc = [] ;
-        -- desc = [] ;
-        -- det = [] ;
-        agr = Second Sg ;
-        i = nominit!(Second Sg) ;
-        proDrop = True ;
-        isPron = True ;
-        heavy = False
-        -- reqLocS = True ;
-        -- qdef = Article Spec
-      } ;
-      impTense = PresTense
-    in case vp.vptype of {
-      VNPCompl => {
-        s = table {
-          Pos => vp.s!MainCl!np.agr!Pos!impTense!False ++ vp.comp ++ vp.iadv ++ vp.advs ;
-          Neg => "unga" ++ vp.s!MainCl!np.agr!Neg!impTense!False ++ vp.comp ++ vp.iadv ++ vp.advs
-        }
-      } ;
+    -- ImpVP vp = let
+    --   np = {
+    --     empty = [] ;
+    --     s = table {NFull|NReduced|NPoss|NLoc => []} ;
+    --     -- loc = [] ;
+    --     -- desc = [] ;
+    --     -- det = [] ;
+    --     agr = Second Sg ;
+    --     i = nominit!(Second Sg) ;
+    --     proDrop = True ;
+    --     isPron = True ;
+    --     heavy = False
+    --     -- reqLocS = True ;
+    --     -- qdef = Article Spec
+    --   } ;
+    --   impTense = PresTense
+    -- in case vp.vptype of {
+    --   NoComp => let
+    --     yi = case vp.syl of {
+    --       SylMono => "yi"++BIND ;
+    --       _ => []
+    --     }
+    --   in {
+    --     s = table {
+    --       Pos => yi ++ vp.s!MainCl!np.agr!Pos!impTense!False ++ vp.comp ++ vp.iadv ++ vp.advs ;
+    --       Neg => "unga" ++ vp.s!MainCl!np.agr!Neg!impTense!False ++ vp.comp ++ vp.iadv ++ vp.advs
+    --     }
+    --   } ;
+    --   VNPCompl => {
+    --     s = table {
+    --       Pos => vp.s!MainCl!np.agr!Pos!impTense!False ++ vp.comp ++ vp.iadv ++ vp.advs ;
+    --       Neg => "unga" ++ vp.s!MainCl!np.agr!Neg!impTense!False ++ vp.comp ++ vp.iadv ++ vp.advs
+    --     }
+    --   } ;
+    --
+    --   CopIdent => {s = \\pol => (comp_pred np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
+    --   CopAssoc => {s = \\pol => (comp_pred np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
+    --   CopDescr => {s = \\pol => (comp_pred np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
+    --   CopEq => {s = \\pol => (cl_with_eq_cop_predicate np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
+    --   -- VACompl => {s = \\pol => (cl_with_ap_comp_predicate np vp).s!pol!impTense!Princ } ;
+    --   AdvComp => {s = \\pol => (cl_with_adv_comp_predicate np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
+    --   _ => {s = \\pol => (imp_verb_predicate np vp).s!pol!impTense }
+    -- } ;
 
-      CopIdent => {s = \\pol => (comp_pred np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
-      CopAssoc => {s = \\pol => (comp_pred np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
-      CopDescr => {s = \\pol => (comp_pred np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
-      CopEq => {s = \\pol => (cl_with_eq_cop_predicate np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
-      -- VACompl => {s = \\pol => (cl_with_ap_comp_predicate np vp).s!pol!impTense!Princ } ;
-      AdvComp => {s = \\pol => (cl_with_adv_comp_predicate np vp).s!pol!impTense } ;
-      _ => {s = \\pol => (imp_verb_predicate np vp).s!pol!impTense }
+    ImpVP vp = {
+      s = \\n,p => vp.imp_s!n!p ++ vp.comp ++ vp.iadv ++ vp.advs
     } ;
 
 --     SlashVP np vp =
@@ -189,8 +204,6 @@ concrete SentenceZul of Sentence = CatZul ** open Prelude,ResZul,ParamX in {
 
           <_,_,PresTense,RC> => False ;
           <_,_,PresTense,_> => True ;
-          -- <_,Pos,PerfTense,RC> => False ;
-          -- <_,Pos,PerfTense,_> => True ;
           <_,_,PastTense,RC> => False ;
           <_,_,PastTense,_> => True ;
           <_,_,RemPastTense,RC> => False ;
diff --git a/src/zulu/StructuralZul.gf b/src/zulu/StructuralZul.gf
index 9d7674197..456767037 100755
--- a/src/zulu/StructuralZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/StructuralZul.gf
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ concrete StructuralZul of Structural = CatZul **
 
   -- VV
   --   can8know_VV
-  --   can_VV
+    can_VV = lin VV (mkV "yakwaz" "yakwazi") ;
   --   must_VV
 
 }
diff --git a/src/zulu/VerbExtZul.gf b/src/zulu/VerbExtZul.gf
index 884a3e8f9..322f4efb4 100644
--- a/src/zulu/VerbExtZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/VerbExtZul.gf
@@ -37,6 +37,22 @@ concrete VerbExtZul of VerbExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
             rcp ++ pcp ++ cop_base
         }
       } ;
+      imp_s = let
+        imp_vform = VFIndic MainCl Pos PresTense
+      in table {
+        Sg => let
+          agr = (Second Sg)
+        in table {
+          Pos => "yiba" ++ ap.s!AF1 ;
+          Neg => "ungabi" ++ ap.s!AF1
+        } ;
+        Pl => let
+          agr = (Second Pl)
+        in table {
+          Pos => "yibani" ++ ap.s!AF1 ;
+          Neg => "ningabi" ++ ap.s!AF1
+        }
+      } ;
       comp, iadv, advs = [] ;
       hasComp = True ;
       r = RC ; -- should not be used
@@ -62,6 +78,16 @@ concrete VerbExtZul of VerbExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
         in
           rcp ++ pcp ++ cp ++ cop_base
       } ;
+      imp_s = table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Pos => "yiba" ++ (id_cop_pref np.agr) ++ np.s!NFull ;
+          Neg => "ungabi" ++ (id_cop_pref np.agr) ++ np.s!NFull
+        } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Pos => "yibani" ++ (id_cop_pref np.agr) ++ np.s!NFull ;
+          Neg => "ningabi" ++ (id_cop_pref np.agr) ++ np.s!NFull
+        }
+      } ;
       comp, iadv, advs = [] ;
       hasComp = np.heavy ;
       r = RC ; -- should not be used
@@ -87,6 +113,18 @@ concrete VerbExtZul of VerbExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
         in
           rcp ++ pcp ++ cp ++ cop_base
       } ;
+      imp_s = let
+        cop = (assoc_cop_pref Pos np.agr) ++ np.s!NReduced
+      in table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Pos => "yiba" ++ cop ;
+          Neg => "ungabi" ++ cop
+        } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Pos => "yibani" ++ cop ;
+          Neg => "ningabi" ++ cop
+        }
+      } ;
       comp, iadv, advs = [] ;
       hasComp = np.heavy ;
       r = RC ; -- should not be used
@@ -94,16 +132,22 @@ concrete VerbExtZul of VerbExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
       vptype = CopAssoc
     } ;
 
-    ComplV2Nonspec v2 np = {
+    ComplV2Nonspec v2 np = let
+      oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ;
+      longform = case np.heavy of {
+        True => False ;
+        False => True
+      }
+    in {
       s = table {
         MainCl => \\a,p,t,l => let
           vform = VFIndic MainCl p t ;
           tp = tensePref vform v2.r v2.syl ;
-          oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ;
-          longform = case np.heavy of {
-            True => False ;
-            False => True
-          } ;
+          -- oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ;
+          -- longform = case np.heavy of {
+          --   True => False ;
+          --   False => True
+          -- } ;
           r = v2.s!(rform (VFIndic MainCl p t) longform) ;
           obj = case p of {
             Pos => np.s!NFull ;
@@ -117,11 +161,11 @@ concrete VerbExtZul of VerbExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
           vform = (VFIndic RelCl p t) ;
           rc = relConc vform a v2.r ;
           tp = tensePref vform v2.r v2.syl ;
-          oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ;
-          longform = case np.heavy of {
-            True => False ;
-            False => True
-          } ;
+          -- oc = objConc np.agr v2.r v2.syl ;
+          -- longform = case np.heavy of {
+          --   True => False ;
+          --   False => True
+          -- } ;
           r = v2.s!(rform vform longform) ;
           obj = case p of {
             Pos => np.s!NFull ;
@@ -132,6 +176,31 @@ concrete VerbExtZul of VerbExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
           False => rc ++ tp ++ r ++ obj
         }
       } ;
+      imp_s = let
+        obj_full = np.s!NFull ;
+        obj_red = np.s!NReduced
+      in table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Pos => case np.proDrop of {
+            True => oc ++ v2.s!R_e ++ obj_full ;
+            False => v2.s!R_a ++ obj_full
+          } ;
+          Neg => case np.proDrop of {
+            True => "unga" ++BIND++ oc ++ v2.s!R_i ++ obj_red ;
+            False => "unga" ++BIND++ v2.s!R_i ++ obj_red
+          }
+        } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Pos => case np.proDrop of {
+            True => oc ++ v2.s!R_e ++BIND++"ni" ++ obj_full ;
+            False => v2.s!R_a ++BIND++"ni" ++ obj_full
+          } ;
+          Neg => case np.proDrop of {
+            True => "ninga" ++BIND++ oc ++ v2.s!R_i ++ obj_red ;
+            False => "ninga" ++BIND++ v2.s!R_i ++ obj_red
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
       iadv, advs, comp = [] ;
       ap_comp = \\_ => [] ;
       hasComp = np.heavy ;
@@ -142,6 +211,7 @@ concrete VerbExtZul of VerbExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
 
     CopLoc loc = {
       s = \\c,a,p,t,l => loc.s!c!a!p!t ;
+      imp_s = loc.imp_s ;
       comp,advs,iadv = [] ;
       hasComp = True ;
       r = RC ;
@@ -190,6 +260,22 @@ concrete VerbExtZul of VerbExt = CatZul,CatExtZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, Param
           in
             rcp ++ pcp ++ cop_base
       } ;
+      imp_s = let
+        imp_vform = VFIndic MainCl Pos PresTense
+      in table {
+        Sg => let
+          agr = (Second Sg)
+        in table {
+          Pos => "yiba" ++ qs.s!agr ;
+          Neg => "ungabi" ++ qs.s!agr
+        } ;
+        Pl => let
+          agr = (Second Pl)
+        in table {
+          Pos => "yibani" ++ qs.s!agr ;
+          Neg => "ningabi" ++ qs.s!agr
+        }
+      } ;
       comp, iadv, advs = [] ;
       hasComp = True ;
       r = RC ; -- should not be used
diff --git a/src/zulu/VerbZul.gf b/src/zulu/VerbZul.gf
index baaf28dc2..284723eee 100755
--- a/src/zulu/VerbZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/VerbZul.gf
@@ -22,6 +22,22 @@ concrete VerbZul of Verb = CatZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, ParamX in {
           } ;
         in rc ++ tp ++ r ++ suf
       } ;
+      imp_s = table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Pos => case v.syl of {
+            SylMono => "yi"++BIND++v.s!R_a ;
+            SylMult => v.s!R_a
+          } ;
+          Neg => "unga" ++BIND++ v.s!R_i
+        } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Pos => case v.syl of {
+            SylMono => "yi"++BIND++v.s!R_a ++BIND++"ni" ;
+            SylMult => v.s!R_a ++BIND++"ni"
+          } ;
+          Neg => "ninga" ++BIND++ v.s!R_i 
+        }
+      } ;
       iadv, advs, comp = [] ;
       -- ap_comp = \\_ => [] ;
       hasComp = False ;
@@ -30,7 +46,48 @@ concrete VerbZul of Verb = CatZul ** open ResZul, Prelude, ParamX in {
       vptype = NoComp
     } ;
 
---     ComplVV v vp = insertObj (\\a => infVP v.typ vp False Simul CPos a) (predVV v) ;  ---- insertExtra?
+    ComplVV v vp = {
+      s = table {
+        MainCl => \\a,p,t,l => let
+          vform = VFIndic MainCl p t ;
+          tp = tensePref vform v.r v.syl ; -- [] / zo- / zuku-
+          r = v.s!(rform (VFIndic MainCl p t) l) -- hamba
+          -- rest of verb prefix built later (eg no "ya" with certain question words)
+        in tp ++ r ++ "uku" ++ BIND ++ vp.s!MainCl!(First Sg)!Pos!PresTense!False ;
+        RelCl => \\a,p,t,l => let
+          vform = VFIndic RelCl p t ;
+          rc = relConc vform a v.r ; -- o-
+          tp = tensePref vform v.r v.syl ; -- [] / zo- / zuku-
+          r = v.s!(rform vform l) ; -- hamba
+          suf = case l of {
+            True => relSuf vform ;
+            False => []
+          } ;
+        in rc ++ tp ++ r ++ "uku" ++ BIND ++ vp.s!MainCl!(First Sg)!Pos!PresTense!False
+      } ;
+      imp_s = table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Pos => case v.syl of {
+            SylMono => "yi"++BIND++v.s!R_a ++ "uku" ++ BIND ++ vp.s!MainCl!(First Sg)!Pos!PresTense!False ;
+            SylMult => v.s!R_a
+          } ;
+          Neg => "unga" ++BIND++ v.s!R_i ++ "uku" ++ BIND ++ vp.s!MainCl!(First Sg)!Pos!PresTense!False
+        } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Pos => case v.syl of {
+            SylMono => "yi"++BIND++v.s!R_a ++BIND++"ni" ++ "uku" ++ BIND ++ vp.s!MainCl!(First Sg)!Pos!PresTense!False ;
+            SylMult => v.s!R_a ++BIND++"ni" ++ "uku" ++ BIND ++ vp.s!MainCl!(First Sg)!Pos!PresTense!False
+          } ;
+          Neg => "ninga" ++BIND++ v.s!R_i ++ "uku" ++ BIND ++ vp.s!MainCl!(First Sg)!Pos!PresTense!False
+        }
+      } ;
+      iadv, advs, comp = [] ;
+      -- ap_comp = \\_ => [] ;
+      hasComp = True ;
+      r = v.r ;
+      syl = v.syl ;
+      vptype = VNPCompl
+    } ;
 
     -- ComplVS vs s = vs ** {
     --   -- s = vs.s ;
diff --git a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/CatExt.gf b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/CatExt.gf
index fa73b8a2c..2600462cd 100755
--- a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/CatExt.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/CatExt.gf
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ abstract CatExt = {
   cat
     Loc ;
     LocN ;
+    LocAdv ;
     QuantStem ;
     RelStem ;
     VAux ;
diff --git a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/ExtraExt.gf b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/ExtraExt.gf
index 4da82a196..43e406a5d 100755
--- a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/ExtraExt.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/ExtraExt.gf
@@ -30,19 +30,29 @@ abstract ExtraExt =
     -- PossPronZul : CN -> Pron -> CN ; -- of you (yours)
     -- RelV : CN -> V -> Temp -> Pol -> CN ; -- lights that flash
 
-    PossLocNP : LocN -> NP -> CN ;
+    -- PossLocNP : LocN -> NP -> CN ;
     PossNPLoc : CN -> NP -> CN ; -- zasepulazini
 
     InstrNPAdv : NP -> Adv ; -- ngokuhlinzwa
     InstrAdvNPAdv : Adv -> NP -> Adv ; -- cishe ngehora
-    LocNPAdv : NP -> Adv ;   -- emahoreni
-    LocAdvNPAdv : Adv -> NP -> Adv ;   -- cishe emahoreni
+
+    LocAdvNPAdv : Adv -> NP -> Adv ;   -- cishe emahoreni amabili
     KwaNPAdv : NP -> Adv ; -- kwa-Laurette
-    -- KwaAdvNPAdv : Adv -> NP -> Adv ; -- ngaphezu kwamahora amabili adlule
+    -- KwaAdvNPAdv : LocAdv -> NP -> Adv ; -- ngaphezu kwamahora amabili adlule
     KuNPAdv : NP -> Adv ; -- kwixesha [elingangeyure enye egqithileyo]
     KuAdvNPAdv : Adv -> NP -> Adv ; -- ngaphezu kwamahora amabili adlule
     NaNPAdv : NP -> Adv ;
 
+    -- LocNAdv : LocN -> Adv ; -- phansi kwetafula
+
+    LocAdvAdv : LocAdv -> Adv ;
+    LocAdvNP : LocAdv -> NP -> LocAdv ; -- ngaphezu kwamahora amabili adlule
+    LocNAdv : LocN -> LocAdv ;
+    LocNNgaAdv : LocN -> LocAdv ;
+    LocNPAdv : NP -> LocAdv ;   -- emahoreni
+
+    NPAdv : NP -> Adv ; -- sonke lesi sikhathi
+
     -- InstrAdvNP   : NP -> NP -> NP ; -- questions about your pregnancy
 
     -- RelAdv : Adv -> RS ;
@@ -125,6 +135,10 @@ abstract ExtraExt =
     phakade_LocN : LocN ;
     phezulu_LocN : LocN ;
 
+    ngemuva_LocAdv : LocAdv ;
+    emuva_LocAdv : LocAdv ;
+    ecaleni_LocAdv : LocAdv ;
+
     lapha_Loc : Loc ;
     khona_Loc : Loc ;
 
@@ -134,6 +148,9 @@ abstract ExtraExt =
 
     with_Conj : Conj ;
 
+    want_VV : VV ;
+    prepare_to_VV : VV ;
+
     -- Deverb15 : V -> N ;
 
     -- AdvQS     : IAdv -> S  -> QS ;            -- maybe it is a pain that burns 2020-01-15: consider that this should rather be dealt with using QuestIAdv)
diff --git a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/NounExt.gf b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/NounExt.gf
index becb7c8a9..2ec8e7cad 100644
--- a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/NounExt.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/NounExt.gf
@@ -38,10 +38,15 @@ abstract NounExt = Cat,CatExt ** {
 
     UsePNPl : PN -> NP ;
 
-    Deverb15 : V -> N ;
+    Deverb15 : Pol -> VP -> NP ;
+    -- DeverbV215 : Pol -> V2 -> NP -> NP ;
 
-    LocNP : NP -> Loc ;
+    -- LocNP : NP -> Loc ;
 
-    LocNLoc : LocN -> Loc ;
+    -- LocNLoc : LocN -> Loc ;
+
+    -- LocNPossNP : LocN -> NP -> LocN ;
+
+    LocAdvLoc : LocAdv -> Loc ;
 
 }
diff --git a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/PChunk.gf b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/PChunk.gf
index 0322e99df..877b0cae4 100644
--- a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/PChunk.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/PChunk.gf
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ cat
   Chunk_S ;
   Chunk_RS ;
   Chunk_QS ;
+  Chunk_VP ;
   Chunk_CN ;
   Chunk_NP ;
   Chunk_N ;
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ fun
   S_Chunker : Chunk_S -> Chunk ;
   RS_Chunker : Chunk_RS -> Chunk ;
   QS_Chunker : Chunk_QS -> Chunk ;
+  VP_Chunker : Chunk_VP -> Chunk ;
   CN_Chunker : Chunk_CN -> Chunk ;
   NP_Chunker : Chunk_NP -> Chunk ;
   N_Chunker : Chunk_N -> Chunk ;
@@ -38,18 +40,22 @@ fun
   Symb_Chunker : Chunk_Symb -> Chunk ;
 
   Phr_Chunk : Phr -> Chunk_Phr ;
-  -- AP_Chunk  : AP  -> Chunk_AP ;
+  AP_Chunk  : AP  -> Chunk_AP ;
   Adv_Chunk : Adv -> Chunk_Adv ;
   Imp_Chunk : Imp -> Chunk_Imp ;
   S_Chunk      : S   -> Chunk_S ;
-  RS_Chunk     : RS -> Chunk_RS ;
+  RS_Chunk     : Pron -> RS -> Chunk_RS ;
   QS_Chunk     : QS  -> Chunk_QS ;
+  VP_RelYo_Chunk : Temp -> Pol -> Pron -> VP -> Chunk_VP ;
+  VP_Rel_Chunk : Temp -> Pol -> Pron -> VP -> Chunk_VP ;
   CN_Pl_Chunk  : CN -> Chunk_CN ;
   CN_Sg_Chunk  : CN -> Chunk_CN ;
   NP_Nom_Chunk : NP -> Chunk_NP ;
-  NP_Gen_Chunk : NP -> Chunk_NP ;
-  Predet_Chunk : Predet -> Chunk_Predet ;
-  Postdet_Chunk : Postdet -> Chunk_Postdet ;
+  NP_Loc_Chunk : NP -> Chunk_NP ;
+  NP_Gen_Chunk : Pron -> NP -> Chunk_NP ;
+  -- NP_Gen_Chunk : NP -> Chunk_NP ;
+  Predet_Chunk : Pron -> Predet -> Chunk_Predet ;
+  Postdet_Chunk : Pron -> Postdet -> Chunk_Postdet ;
   -- N_Sg_Chunk : N -> Chunk_N ;
   -- N_Pl_Chunk : N -> Chunk_N ;
 
diff --git a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/PhraseExt.gf b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/PhraseExt.gf
index d662cb967..e759a32d2 100644
--- a/src/zulu/abstract_ext/PhraseExt.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/abstract_ext/PhraseExt.gf
@@ -4,5 +4,7 @@ abstract PhraseExt = Cat,CatExt ** {
 
     -- direct speech
     DirectSpeech: Phr -> Temp -> V -> NP -> Phr ;
+    DirectSpeechNP : NP -> Temp -> V -> NP -> Phr ;
+    DirectSpeechAdv : Adv -> Temp -> V -> NP -> Phr ;
     ExtPhrConj : Phr -> Phr -> Phr ;
 }
diff --git a/src/zulu/grammar_ext/NguniGrammar.gf b/src/zulu/grammar_ext/NguniGrammar.gf
index 82dc00792..ac40380cb 100755
--- a/src/zulu/grammar_ext/NguniGrammar.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/grammar_ext/NguniGrammar.gf
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 abstract NguniGrammar =
   Noun [DetCN, UsePron, DetQuant, NumSg, NumPl, UseN, AdjCN, RelCN, PossNP,UsePN, RelNP, PredetNP,AdvNP], -- MassNP,AdvCN, AdvNP,
-  Verb [UseV, ComplVS, ComplVA, SlashV2a, UseComp, AdvVP, CompAP, CompNP, CompAdv, ComplSlash],
+  Verb [UseV, ComplVS, ComplVA, SlashV2a, UseComp, AdvVP, CompAP, CompNP, CompAdv, ComplSlash, ComplVV],
   Adjective [PositA, AdAP],
   Adverb [PositAdvAdj, SubjS],
   -- Numeral,
diff --git a/src/zulu/grammar_ext/NguniGrammarZul.gf b/src/zulu/grammar_ext/NguniGrammarZul.gf
index 6ce18bac1..e06fd6044 100755
--- a/src/zulu/grammar_ext/NguniGrammarZul.gf
+++ b/src/zulu/grammar_ext/NguniGrammarZul.gf
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 concrete NguniGrammarZul of NguniGrammar =
   NounZul [DetCN, UsePron, DetQuant, NumSg, NumPl, UseN, AdjCN, RelCN, PossNP,UsePN, RelNP, PredetNP,AdvNP], -- MassNP, AdvCN,AdvNP,
-  VerbZul [UseV, ComplVS, ComplVA, SlashV2a, UseComp, AdvVP, CompAP, CompNP, CompAdv, ComplSlash],
+  VerbZul [UseV, ComplVS, ComplVA, SlashV2a, UseComp, AdvVP, CompAP, CompNP, CompAdv, ComplSlash, ComplVV],
   AdjectiveZul [PositA, AdAP],
   AdverbZul [PositAdvAdj, SubjS],
   -- Numeral,