--# -path=.:../prelude:../abstract:../common concrete StructuralCgg of Structural = CatCgg ** open ResCgg, ParadigmsCgg, (C = ConstructX), Prelude in { {-variants NOTE: Please add them to the abstract syntax, ask aarne or creat your own abstract Lexicon which inherits from the standard one. See how english does it. i.e. use DictCggAbs.gf for the funs. and DictCgg.gf for the lins. Actually use and extend module for Structural -} lin --Determiner : Type = {s : Str ; s2: Agreement=>Str; ntype : NounState ; num : Number ; pos : Position; doesAgree: Bool }; --a_Det = {s =[] ; s2 = \\_ => []; ntype = Complete; num = Sg; pos = Pre; doesAgree = False; numeralS=\\_=>[]; numeralExists = False}; --: Det ; indefinite singular ---s --aPl_Det = {s =[]; s2= \\_ => []; ntype = Complete; num = Pl; pos = Pre; doesAgree = False; numeralS=\\_=>[]; numeralExists = False}; -- : Det ;indefinite plural ---s --the_Det = {s =[]; s2= \\_ => []; ntype = Complete; num = Sg; pos = Pre; doesAgree = False; numeralS=\\_=>[]; numeralExists = False}; --: Det ; -- definite singular ---s thePl_Det = {s =[]; ntype = Complete; num = Pl; pos = PreDeterminer}; --: Det ;definite plural ---s -- 1 Determiners every_Det = {s ="buri"; s2 = \\_ => []; ntype=Incomplete; num=Sg; pos=Pre; doesAgree = False; numeralS=\\_=>[]; numeralExists = False} ; few_Det = {s="kye"; s2 = \\_ => []; ntype =Complete; num=Pl; pos=Post; doesAgree = False; numeralS=\\_=>[]; numeralExists = False} ; many_Det ={s="ingi"; s2 = \\_ => []; ntype =Complete; num=Pl; pos=Post; doesAgree = False; numeralS=\\_=>[]; numeralExists = False} ; -- 2 Pronouns i_Pron = {s = table{Gen => glueGen (AgMUBAP1 Sg); _=> mkSStand (AgMUBAP1 Sg)}; third = \\_,_=>[]; agr = AgrYes (AgMUBAP1 Sg)};--mkPron "nyowe" "nyowe" (AgMUBAP1 Sg); youSg_Pron = {s = table{Gen => glueGen (AgMUBAP2 Sg); _=>mkSStand (AgMUBAP2 Sg)}; third = \\_,_=>[]; agr = AgrYes(AgMUBAP2 Sg)};--mkPron "iwe" "we" (AgMUBAP2 Sg); he_Pron, she_Pron = {s = table{Gen => glueGen (AgP3 Sg MU_BA); _=>mkSStand (AgP3 Sg MU_BA)}; third = \\_,_=>[]; agr = AgrYes(AgP3 Sg MU_BA)};--mkPron "uwe" "uwe" (AgP3 Sg MU_BA); we_Pron = {s = table{Gen => glueGen (AgMUBAP1 Pl); _=>mkSStand (AgMUBAP1 Pl)}; third = \\_,_=>[]; agr = AgrYes (AgMUBAP1 Pl)}; --mkPron "itwe" "itwe" (AgMUBAP1 Pl); youPl_Pron = {s = table{Gen => glueGen (AgMUBAP2 Pl); _=>mkSStand (AgMUBAP2 Pl)}; third = \\_,_=>[]; agr =AgrYes (AgMUBAP2 Pl)};--mkPron "imwe" "imwe" (AgMUBAP2 Pl); they_Pron = {s = table{Gen => glueGen AgP3 Pl MU_BA; _=>mkSStand (AgP3 Pl MU_BA)}; third = \\_,_=>[]; itP3Required=False};--mkPron "bo" "bo" (AgP3 Pl MU_BA); they_Pron = {s = table{Gen => glueGen (AgP3 Pl MU_BA); _=>mkSStand (AgP3 Pl MU_BA)}; third = \\_,_=>[]; agr =AgrYes (AgP3 Pl MU_BA)};--mkPron "bo" "bo" (AgP3 Pl MU_BA); -- default implementation Using KI_BI. Use mkmkGenPrepNoIVClitic and it_Pron = { s = \\_=>[]; third = \\agr => table{Gen =>glueGen agr; _ => mkSStand agr}; agr = AgrNo }; --mkPron "kyo" "kyo" (AgP3 Sg KI_BI); -- should form an it_Pron_NClass in extra module youPol_Pron = {s = table{Gen => glueGen (AgMUBAP2 Pl); _=>mkSStand (AgMUBAP2 Pl)}; third = \\_,_=>[]; agr =AgrYes (AgMUBAP2 Pl)};--mkPron "imwe" "imwe" (AgMUBAP2 Pl); -- 3 Prepositions above_Prep = mkPrep "ahinguru ya" [] False; behind_Prep = mkPrep "enyuma ya" [] False; between_Prep =mkPrep "hagati ya" [] False; to_Prep = mkPrep "aha" [] False; -- several words depending on use omuri?? in_Prep = mkPrep "omu" "omuri" False; --aha-ri Kamukuzi??? works for places on_Prep = mkPrep "aha" "ahari" False; in8front_Prep = mkPrep "enyuma ya" [] False; --: Prep ; -- in front of by8agent_Prep = mkPrep "by8agent_Prep" [] False ; -- when you meet by, use the passive of the verb by8means_Prep = mkPrep "by8means_Prep" [] False; during_Prep = mkPrep "omu" "omuri" False; except_Prep = mkPrep "kwihaho" [] False; for_Prep = mkPrep "for_Prep: would need paraphrasing" [] False; {- the word before is realised as a phrase in RR. We use the negative version of the verb used in the main clause. it is always paraphrased. Let us put a hint for post processing -} before_Prep = mkPrep "PostProcess_before_proximal" "PostProcess_before_distal" False; --na --please this string varies with vowels use combine_morphemes or --combine_words when using it. with_Prep = mkPrep "na" [] False; from_Prep =mkPrep "kurunga" "" False; under_Prep = mkPrep "hansi ya" "" False; after_Prep = mkPrep "omu maisho" "" False; --: Prep ; part_Prep = mkPrep "part_Prep=of:Disambiguate" [] False; -- suspect "part of" possess_Prep = mkPrep [] [] True; -- of is a huge table we should not be carrying arround through_Prep = mkPrep "raba omu" [] False; without_Prep = mkPrep "tiine" [] False; -- 4 Conjunctions {- --there are several and i.e. -- na (two nouns, 2 Noun Phrases, 2 Pronouns, 2 relative subject clauses, ) --kandi (clauses having a commonality of subjects, object or tense) --the best structure is a table --mkConjunction "na" "kandi" and_Conj ; -} and_Conj = { s = table { AConj Other => "kandi"; _ => "na" -- used to link nouns, pronouns, relative subject clauses, relative object clauses and adjectival nouns or infinitives (okuzana na okwikruka }; s2 =[]; n = Pl }; {- TODO: Look at the grammar books by Mpairwe & Kahangi Pg 155 and investigate or to find out its arguments but for now I will assume nari works on all types of ConjArg (Conjunction Arguments) nari is the general or These are candidates for Extra module if they are not specific to the type of argument. nînga for Runynakore and nainga for rukiga -} or_Conj = { s = \\ _ => "nari"; s2 =[]; n = Sg }; if_then_Conj = mkConj "kuri" [] Sg; -- Distributed Conjunction both7and_DConj = mkConj "mbi" "na"; either7or_DConj = mkConj "mwe ahari" "nari" Sg; have_V2 ={s= "in"; pres="e"; perf ="e"; isPresBlank = False; isPerfBlank = False; p = []; isRefl = False; morphs = mkVerbMorphs; comp = []; isCompN2 = False; isRegular=False}; --: V2 ; {- All Predeterminers are given here. Initial analysis shows that a) They appear after the noun phrase but some may be multi-word expressions for a single word in eblish. b) They appear to agree with the noun class particle. But nothing in the literature states about their morphological structure. The stems can be guessed by removing the two letter suffix at the begining of the word. However, there are exceptions such as "not" which is not inflected according to noun class c) A table of concords must be built to accomodate every instance and this can only be done using an analysis of some of the words in the dictionary(Mapirwe and Kahagi). I am incluned to say use of the table of self-standing pronouns is sufficient. d) An investigation of the tone systems would also be worthwhile. Example sentences: 1. All these chickens 2. once a day 3. only the man -} all_Predet = {s = "òna"; s2 = []; isMWE = False; isInflected =True}; only_Predet = {s = "nka"; s2 = []; isMWE = False; isInflected =True}; {- -- how do we deal with superlatives. There seems to be no distinction between countable -- and uncountable when it comes to superlatioves -} most_Predet = {s = "rikukíra"; s2 = "îngi"; isMWE = True; isInflected =True}; not_Predet = {s = "ti"; s2 = []; isMWE = False; isInflected =False}; {-Section for Adverbs-} always_AdV = {s = "obutóòsha"; agr = AgrNo}; everywhere_Adv = {s = "hóòna"; agr = AgrNo}; -- adverb of place. here_Adv = {s = "hanu"; agr = AgrNo}; here7from_Adv = mkAdv "here7from_Adv:findout" AgrNo; quite_Adv = mkAdA "quite_Adv:findout" Post; there7from_Adv = mkAdv "there7from_Adv:findout" AgrNo; there7to_Adv = mkAdv "there7to_Adv:findout" AgrNo; here7to_Adv = mkAdv "here7to_Adv:findout" AgrNo; there_Adv = mkAdv "hari" AgrNo; {-End of Adverbs Adverbs-} {-Begining of Quantifiers-} --For DetQuant function to work, we need sample quatitifiers in Runynakore. Proximal, Medial, Distant --We need a table to provide all of these. that_Quant = {s={s = \\_=>[]; third =\\_,_=>[]; agr = AgrNo}; s2 = mkThat; doesAgree = True; isPron = False}; --: Quant ; this_Quant = {s={s = \\_=>[]; third =\\_,_=>[]; agr = AgrNo}; s2 = mkThis; doesAgree = True; isPron = False}; --: Quant ; no_Quant = {s ={s=\\_=>"tihariho";third =\\_,_=>[]; agr=AgrNo}; s2 =\\_=> "tihariho"; doesAgree = False; isPron = False};--: Quant ; {-End of Quantifiers-} {-Begining of verb-phrase-complement verb VV-} -- A verb whose complement is a verb phrase --can8know_VV : VV ; -- can (capacity) {-End of verb-phrase-complement verb -} {-Beggining of Interrogative Pronoun-} whatPl_IP = { s= "ki"; n = IPl; isVerbSuffix = True; requiresIPPrefix = False; aux=[]; endOfSentence = True} ; -- what (plural) whatSg_IP = { s= "ki"; n = ISg; isVerbSuffix = True; requiresIPPrefix = False; aux=[]; endOfSentence = True}; --: IP ; -- what (singular) whoPl_IP = { s= "ha"; n = IPl; isVerbSuffix = True; requiresIPPrefix = False; aux="ni"; endOfSentence = True} ;--: IP ; -- who (plural) whoSg_IP = { s= "ha"; n = ISg; isVerbSuffix = True; requiresIPPrefix = False; aux="ni"; endOfSentence = True}; --: IP ; -- who (singular) --You may need to use booleans to indicate that you need these tables rather than carrying them. --interogative adverbs how_IAdv = {s ="ta"; requiresSubjPrefix = True; endOfSentence =True}; --: IAdv ; how8much_IAdv = {s ="kwigana"; requiresSubjPrefix = True; endOfSentence =True};--: IAdv ; when_IAdv = {s ="ryari"; requiresSubjPrefix = False; endOfSentence =True}; --: IAdv ; where_IAdv = {s ="nkahe"; requiresSubjPrefix = False; endOfSentence =True}; --: IAdv ; why_IAdv = {s ="ahabweki"; requiresSubjPrefix = False; endOfSentence =False};--: IAdv ; how8many_IDet ={s ="ngahe"; n =Pl; requiresSubjPrefix = False; endOfSentence = True};--: IDet ; which_IQuant ={s =\\_ =>"ha"; requiresSubjPrefix = False};--: IQuant ; almost_AdN = {s="hihi"}; --: AdN ; -- what about nika at_least_AdN ={s= " hakiri"}; --: AdN ; --need advice from linguist. What about akakye? {- The following require some reflection from a linguist. -} someSg_Det = { s =[]; s2 =\\agr => mkSubjCliticTableSg ! agr ++ BIND++ "mwe"; ntype = Complete; num = Sg; pos = Post; doesAgree = True; numeralS=\\_=>[]; numeralExists = False }; somePl_Det = { s =[]; s2 =\\agr => "mwe";-- mkSubjCliticTablePl ! agr ++ "mwe"; ntype = Complete; num = Pl; pos = Post; doesAgree = True; numeralS=\\_=>[]; numeralExists = False };--: Det ; much_Det = { s =[]; s2 =\\agr => "ingi";-- mkSubjCliticTablePl ! agr ++ "mwe"; ntype = Complete; num = Pl; pos = Post; doesAgree = True; numeralS=\\_=>[]; numeralExists = False };--: Det ; want_VV = {s = "yend"; pres="da"; perf = "zire"; isPresBlank = False; isPerfBlank = False; isRegular = True; p = []; isRefl = False; morphs=mkVerbMorphs; isRegular=True; inf=[]; whenUsed = VVBoth}; can8know_VV = {s = "baas"; pres="a"; perf = "ize"; isPresBlank = False; isPerfBlank = False; isRegular = True; p = []; isRefl = False; morphs=mkVerbMorphs; isRegular=True; inf=[]; whenUsed = VVBoth};--: VV ; -- can (capacity) can_VV = {s = "baas"; pres="a"; perf = "ize"; isPresBlank = False; isPerfBlank = False; isRegular = True; p = []; isRefl = False; morphs=mkVerbMorphs; isRegular=True; inf=[]; whenUsed = VVBoth};--: VV ; -- can (possibility) -- must_VV used especially in the perfective mood: see dictionary entry shemerera on Pg 501 of Mpairwe -- must has no passive form must_VV = {s = "shemere"; pres="ra"; perf = "ire"; isPresBlank = False; isPerfBlank = False; isRegular = False; p = []; isRefl = False; morphs=mkVerbMorphs; isRegular=False; inf=[]; whenUsed = VVPerf}; --VV everybody_NP = {s = \\_=>"buri muntu" ; agr=AgP3 Sg MU_BA}; everything_NP = {s = \\_=>"buri kintu" ; agr=AgP3 Sg KI_BI}; somebody_NP = {s = \\_=>"somebody:omuntu omwe" ; agr=AgP3 Sg MU_BA}; --: NP ; something_NP = {s = \\_=>"Something:ekintu kimwe" ; agr=AgP3 Sg KI_BI} ; -- NP ; nobody_NP = {s = \\_=>"tihiine muntu" ; agr=AgP3 Sg MU_BA}; nothing_NP = {s = \\_=>"tihiine kintu" ; agr=AgP3 Sg KI_BI}; -- Subjunctives that_Subj = ss "ngu" ; when_Subj = ss "obu"; because_Subj = ss "ahabwokuba"; although_Subj = ss "nobu"; if_Subj = ss "kuri"; --Adjective modifying Adverbs almost_AdA = {s="haihi"; position=Pre}; --: AdA ; --quite_Adv ss "kimwe"; --: AdA ; used in the pr somewhere_Adv = mkAdv "hamwe ahantu" (AgrYes (AgP3 Sg HA)); -- : Adv ; so_AdA = {s="munônga"; position=Post};--: AdA ; too_AdA = {s="munônga"; position=Post}; --: AdA ; very_AdA = {s="munônga"; position=Post}; --: AdA ; please_Voc = ss ", nyabura we"; --: Voc ; but_PConj = ss "báìtu"; --: PConj ; -- variants béìtu otherwise_PConj = ss "okûndi"; --: PConj ; therefore_PConj = ss "n'ahabwe'êkyo"; --: PConj ; -- Comparative Adverb as_CAdv = mkCAdv "nka" ; less_CAdv = mkCAdv "kye ahari"; more_CAdv = mkCAdv "ingi ahari"; -- Adverbs modifying numerals at_most_AdN = mkAdN "ekihango"; -- Utterances no_Utt = ss "apaana"; yes_Utt = ss "yego"; lin language_title_Utt = ss "Rukiga" ; {- and_Conj : Conj ; both7and_DConj : Conj ; -- both...and both7and_DConj : DConj ; but_PConj : PConj ; either7or_DConj : Conj ; -- either...or either7or_DConj : DConj ; or_Conj : Conj ; otherwise_PConj : PConj ; therefore_PConj : PConj ; if_then_Conj : Conj ; -} {- --1 Structural: Structural Words -- -- Here we have some words belonging to closed classes and appearing -- in all languages we have considered. -- Sometimes more distinctions are needed, e.g. $we_Pron$ in Spanish -- should be replaced by masculine and feminine variants, found in -- [``ExtendSpa`` ../spanish/ExtendSpa.gf]. abstract Structural = Cat ** { fun -- This is an alphabetical list of structural words above_Prep : Prep ; after_Prep : Prep ; all_Predet : Predet ; almost_AdA : AdA ; almost_AdN : AdN ; although_Subj : Subj ; always_AdV : AdV ; and_Conj : Conj ; because_Subj : Subj ; before_Prep : Prep ; behind_Prep : Prep ; between_Prep : Prep ; both7and_DConj : Conj ; -- both...and ---b both7and_DConj : DConj ; but_PConj : PConj ; by8agent_Prep : Prep ; -- by (agent) by8means_Prep : Prep ; -- by (means of) can8know_VV : VV ; -- can (capacity) can_VV : VV ; -- can (possibility) during_Prep : Prep ; either7or_DConj : Conj ; -- either...or ---b either7or_DConj : DConj ; every_Det : Det ; everybody_NP : NP ; -- everybody everything_NP : NP ; everywhere_Adv : Adv ; --ha-ona =hoona --- first_Ord : Ord ; DEPRECATED few_Det : Det ; for_Prep : Prep ; from_Prep : Prep ; he_Pron : Pron ; here_Adv : Adv ; --hanu here7to_Adv : Adv ; -- to here here7from_Adv : Adv ; -- from here how_IAdv : IAdv ; how8many_IDet : IDet ; how8much_IAdv : IAdv ; i_Pron : Pron ; if_Subj : Subj ; in8front_Prep : Prep ; -- in front of in_Prep : Prep ; it_Pron : Pron ; less_CAdv : CAdv ; many_Det : Det ; more_CAdv : CAdv ; most_Predet : Predet ; much_Det : Det ; must_VV : VV ; ---b no_Phr : Phr ; no_Utt : Utt ; on_Prep : Prep ; --- one_Quant : QuantSg ; DEPRECATED only_Predet : Predet ; or_Conj : Conj ; otherwise_PConj : PConj ; part_Prep : Prep ; please_Voc : Voc ; possess_Prep : Prep ; -- of (possessive) quite_Adv : AdA ; she_Pron : Pron ; so_AdA : AdA ; someSg_Det : Det ; somePl_Det : Det ; somebody_NP : NP ; something_NP : NP ; somewhere_Adv : Adv ; that_Quant : Quant ; that_Subj : Subj ; there_Adv : Adv ; --hari there7to_Adv : Adv ; -- to there there7from_Adv : Adv ; -- from there therefore_PConj : PConj ; they_Pron : Pron ; this_Quant : Quant ; through_Prep : Prep ; to_Prep : Prep ; too_AdA : AdA ; under_Prep : Prep ; very_AdA : AdA ; want_VV : VV ; we_Pron : Pron ; whatPl_IP : IP ; -- what (plural) whatSg_IP : IP ; -- what (singular) when_IAdv : IAdv ; when_Subj : Subj ; where_IAdv : IAdv ; which_IQuant : IQuant ; whoPl_IP : IP ; -- who (plural) whoSg_IP : IP ; -- who (singular) why_IAdv : IAdv ; with_Prep : Prep ; without_Prep : Prep ; ---b yes_Phr : Phr ; yes_Utt : Utt ; youSg_Pron : Pron ; -- you (singular) youPl_Pron : Pron ; -- you (plural) youPol_Pron : Pron ; -- you (polite) no_Quant : Quant ; not_Predet : Predet ; if_then_Conj : Conj ; at_least_AdN : AdN ; at_most_AdN : AdN ; nobody_NP : NP ; nothing_NP : NP ; except_Prep : Prep ; as_CAdv : CAdv ; have_V2 : V2 ; fun language_title_Utt : Utt ; -} }