forked from GitHub/gf-rgl
159 lines
5.7 KiB
Plaintext
159 lines
5.7 KiB
Plaintext
--1 Abstract Syntax Categories for Multilingual Resource Grammar
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--
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-- Aarne Ranta 2002 -- 2004
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--
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-- Although concrete syntax differs a lot between different languages,
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-- many structures can be treated as common, on the level
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-- of abstraction that GF provides.
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-- What we will present in the following is a linguistically oriented abstract
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-- syntax that has been successfully defined for the following languages:
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--
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--* $Eng$lish
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--* $Fin$nish
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--* $Fre$nch
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--* $Ger$man
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--* $Ita$lian
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--* $Rus$sian
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--* $Swe$dish
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--
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-- The three-letter prefixes are used in file names all over the resource
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-- grammar library; we refer to them commonly as $X$ below.
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--!
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-- The grammar has been applied to define language
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-- fragments on technical or near-to-technical domains: database queries,
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-- video recorder dialogue systems, software specifications, and a
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-- health-related phrase book. Each new application helped to identify some
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-- missing structures in the resource and suggested some additions, but the
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-- number of required additions was usually small.
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--
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-- To use the resource in applications, you need the following
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-- $cat$ and $fun$ rules in $oper$ form, completed by taking the
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-- $lincat$ and $lin$ judgements of a particular language. This is done
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-- by using, instead of this module, the $reuse$ module which has the name
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-- $ResourceX$. It is located in the subdirectory
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-- $lib/resource/lang$ where $lang$ is the full name of the language.
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abstract Categories = PredefAbs ** {
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--!
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--2 Categories
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--
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-- The categories of this resource grammar are mostly 'standard' categories
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-- of linguistics. Their is no claim that they correspond to semantic categories
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-- definable in type theory: to define such correspondences is the business
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-- of applications grammars. In general, the correspondence between linguistic
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-- and semantic categories is many-to-many.
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--
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-- Categories that may look special are $A2$, $N2$, and $V2$. They are all
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-- instances of endowing another category with a complement, which can be either
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-- a direct object (whose case may vary) or a prepositional phrase. Prepositional
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-- phrases that are not complements belong to the category
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-- $Adv$ of adverbs.
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--
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-- In each group below, some categories are *lexical* in the sense of only
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-- containing atomic elements. These elements are not necessarily expressed by
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-- one word in all languages; the essential thing is that they have no
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-- constituents. Thus they have no productions in this part of the
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-- resource grammar. The $ParadigmsX$ grammars provide ways of defining
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-- lexical elements.
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--
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-- Lexical categories are listed before other categories
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-- in each group and divided by an empty line.
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--!
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--3 Nouns and noun phrases
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--
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cat
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N ; -- simple common noun, e.g. "car"
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CN ; -- common noun phrase, e.g. "red car", "car that John owns"
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N2 ; -- function word, e.g. "mother (of)"
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N3 ; -- two-place function, e.g. "flight (from) (to)"
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PN ; -- proper name, e.g. "John", "New York"
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NP ; -- noun phrase, e.g. "John", "all cars", "you"
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Det ; -- determiner, e.g. "every", "all"
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Num ; -- numeral, e.g. "three", "879"
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--!
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--3 Adjectives and adjectival phrases
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--
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A ; -- one-place adjective, e.g. "even"
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A2 ; -- two-place adjective, e.g. "divisible (by)"
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ADeg ; -- degree adjective, e.g. "big/bigger/biggest"
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AP ; -- adjective phrase, e.g. "divisible by two", "bigger than John"
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-- The difference between $A$ and $ADeg$ is that the former has no
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-- comparison forms.
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--!
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--3 Verbs and verb phrases
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--
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V ; -- one-place verb, e.g. "walk"
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V2 ; -- two-place verb, e.g. "love", "wait (for)", "switch on"
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V3 ; -- three-place verb, e.g. "give", "prefer (stg) (to stg)"
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VS ; -- sentence-compl. verb, e.g. "say", "prove"
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VV ; -- verb-compl. verb, e.g. "can", "want"
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VG ; -- verbal group, e.g. "switch the light on"
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VP ; -- verb phrase, e.g. "switch the light on", "don't run"
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--!
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--3 Adverbs and prepositions/cases
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--
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Adv ; -- adverbial e.g. "now", "in the house"
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AdA ; -- ad-adjective e.g. "very"
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AdS ; -- sentence adverbial e.g. "therefore", "otherwise"
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PP ; -- prepositional phrase e.g. "in London"
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Prep ; -- pre/postposition, case e.g. "after", Adessive
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--!
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--3 Sentences and relative clauses
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--
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-- This group has no lexical categories.
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S ; -- sentence (fixed tense) e.g. "John walks", "John walked"
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Cl ; -- clause (variable tense) e.g. "John walks"/"John walked"
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Slash ; -- sentence without NP, e.g. "John waits for (...)"
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RP ; -- relative pronoun, e.g. "which", "the mother of whom"
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RC ; -- relative clause, e.g. "who walks", "that I wait for"
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--!
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--3 Questions and imperatives
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--
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-- This group has no lexical categories.
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IP ; -- interrogative pronoun, e.g. "who", "whose mother", "which yellow car"
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IAdv ; -- interrogative adverb., e.g. "when", "why"
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Qu ; -- question, e.g. "who walks"
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Imp ; -- imperative, e.g. "walk!"
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--!
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--3 Coordination and subordination
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--
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Conj ; -- conjunction, e.g. "and"
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ConjD ; -- distributed conj. e.g. "both - and"
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Subj ; -- subjunction, e.g. "if", "when"
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ListS ; -- list of sentences
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ListAP ; -- list of adjectival phrases
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ListNP ; -- list of noun phrases
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--!
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--3 Complete utterances
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--
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-- This group has no lexical categories.
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Phr ; -- full phrase, e.g. "John walks.","Who walks?", "Wait for me!"
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Text ; -- sequence of phrases e.g. "One is odd. Therefore, two is even."
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---- next
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V3A ; -- paint the house red
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V3V ; -- ask John to come
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}
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