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forgotten ParadigmsNor
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aarne
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lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsNor.html
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lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsNor.html
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Norwegian Lexical Paradigms</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Compound nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Relational common noun phrases</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adjectives</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Two-place adjectives</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Prepositions</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Verbs with a particle.</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Deponent verbs.</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Other complement patterns</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc18">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
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</UL>
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</UL>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Author:
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Last update: Thu Jan 26 15:05:58 2006
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</P>
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<P>
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Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</P>
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<P>
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==
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</P>
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<P>
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# -path=.:../scandinavian:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc1"></A>
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<H1>Norwegian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
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<P>
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Aarne Ranta 2003
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</P>
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<P>
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This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
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expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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</P>
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<P>
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
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</P>
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<P>
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The main difference with <CODE>MorphoNor.gf</CODE> is that the types
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referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
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than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
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</P>
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<P>
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The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
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first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
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regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
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escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
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However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
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separate module <CODE>IrregularEng</CODE>, which covers all irregularly inflected
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words.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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resource ParadigmsNor =
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open
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(Predef=Predef),
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Prelude,
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CommonScand,
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ResNor,
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MorphoNor,
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CatNor in {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc2"></A>
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<H2>Parameters</H2>
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<P>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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oper
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Gender : Type ;
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminine : Gender ;
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neutrum : Gender ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Number : Type ;
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over case names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Case : Type ;
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nominative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Prepositions used in many-argument functions are just strings.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Preposition : Type = Str ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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<H2>Nouns</H2>
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<P>
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Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the
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last letter of the second form (if <I>n</I>, then <CODE>utrum</CODE>, otherwise <CODE>neutrum</CODE>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (dreng,drengen,drenger,drengene : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular function takes the singular indefinite form and the gender,
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and computes the other forms by a heuristic.
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If in doubt, use the <CODE>cc</CODE> command to test!
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regN : Str -> Gender -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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This function takes the singular indefinite and definite forms; the
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gender is computed from the definite form.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mk2N : (bil,bilen : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc4"></A>
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<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
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<P>
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All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
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such as <I>fotboll</I>.
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc5"></A>
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<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
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<P>
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Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN2 : N -> Preposition -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The most common preposition is <I>av</I>, and the following is a
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shortcut for regular, <CODE>nonhuman</CODE> relational nouns with <I>av</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regN2 : Str -> Gender -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Use the function <CODE>mkPreposition</CODE> or see the section on prepositions below to
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form other prepositions.
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</P>
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<P>
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Three-place relational nouns (<I>the connection from x to y</I>) need two prepositions.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN3 : N -> Preposition -> Preposition -> N3 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc6"></A>
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<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
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relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
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<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
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and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc7"></A>
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<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- John, John's
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. <I>Bank</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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nounPN : N -> PN ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular
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genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkNP : Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> NP ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc8"></A>
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<H2>Adjectives</H2>
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<P>
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Non-comparison one-place adjectives need three forms:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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For regular adjectives, the other forms are derived.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regA : Str -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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In most cases, two forms are enough.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mk2A : (stor,stort : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc9"></A>
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<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA2 : A -> Preposition -> A2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Comparison adjectives may need as many as five forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkADeg : (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular pattern works for many adjectives, e.g. those ending
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with <I>ig</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regADeg : Str -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Just the comparison forms can be irregular.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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irregADeg : (tung,tyngre,tyngst : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Sometimes just the positive forms are irregular.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mk3ADeg : (galen,galet,galna : Str) -> A ;
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mk2ADeg : (bred,bredt : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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If comparison is formed by <I>mer, //mest</I>, as in general for//
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long adjective, the following pattern is used:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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compoundADeg : A -> A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<H2>Adverbs</H2>
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<P>
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Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
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after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. <I>always</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
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mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc11"></A>
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<H2>Prepositions</H2>
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<P>
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A preposition is just a string.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPreposition : Str -> Preposition ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc12"></A>
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<H2>Verbs</H2>
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<P>
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The worst case needs six forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The 'regular verb' function is the first conjugation.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regV : (snakke : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The almost regular verb function needs the infinitive and the preteritum.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mk2V : (leve,levde : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module <CODE>IrregNor</CODE>.
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In practice, it is enough to give three forms, as in school books.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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irregV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc13"></A>
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<H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3>
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<P>
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The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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partV : V -> Str -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc14"></A>
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<H3>Deponent verbs.</H3>
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<P>
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Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>hoppas</I>, some as
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reflexive e.g. <I>ångra sig</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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depV : V -> V ;
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reflV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc15"></A>
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<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
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(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV2 : V -> Preposition -> V2 ;
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dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc16"></A>
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<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
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the first one or both can be absent.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV3 : V -> Str -> Str -> V3 ; -- speak, with, about
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dirV3 : V -> Str -> V3 ; -- give,_,to
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dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc17"></A>
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<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
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<P>
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Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
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questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
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mkVS : V -> VS ;
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mkV2S : V -> Str -> V2S ;
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mkVV : V -> VV ;
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mkV2V : V -> Str -> Str -> V2V ;
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mkVA : V -> VA ;
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mkV2A : V -> Str -> V2A ;
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mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
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mkV2Q : V -> Str -> V2Q ;
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mkAS : A -> AS ;
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mkA2S : A -> Str -> A2S ;
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mkAV : A -> AV ;
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mkA2V : A -> Str -> A2V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
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just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
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as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
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<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
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AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc18"></A>
|
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<H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2>
|
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<P>
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||||
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
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hidden from the document.
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</P>
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<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.0 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
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<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -thtml -\-toc norwegian/ParadigmsNor.txt -->
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||||
</BODY></HTML>
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||||
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