add Russian in next-lib

next-lib/src/russian/AdjectiveRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+
+concrete AdjectiveRus of Adjective = CatRus ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
+flags  coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    PositA  a = { s = a.s!Posit; p = False};
+       -- Comparative forms are used with an object of comparison, as
+        -- adjectival phrases ("больше тебя").
+
+    ComparA bolshoj tu =
+          {s = \\af => bolshoj.s ! Compar ! af ++ tu.s ! (mkPronForm Gen Yes NonPoss) ; 
+            p = True
+           } ;
+
+-- $SuperlA$ belongs to determiner syntax in $Noun$.
+
+    ComplA2 vlublen tu =
+    {s = \\af => vlublen.s !Posit! af ++ vlublen.s2 ++ 
+          tu.s ! (mkPronForm vlublen.c No NonPoss) ;
+     p = True
+    } ;
+
+    ReflA2 vlublen = 
+    {s = \\af => vlublen.s !Posit! af ++ vlublen.s2 ++ sam.s ! vlublen.c;
+     p = True
+    } ;
+
+    SentAP vlublen sent= 
+    {s = \\af => vlublen.s ! af ++ [", "] ++ sent.s;
+      p = True
+    } ;
+
+
+    AdAP ada ap = {
+      s = \\af => ada.s ++ ap.s ! af ;
+      p = True
+      } ;
+
+    UseA2 a = {
+      s = \\af => a.s ! Posit ! af ;
+      p = True
+    } ;
+}
+

next-lib/src/russian/AdverbRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete AdverbRus of Adverb = CatRus ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
+flags  coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+    PositAdvAdj a = {s = a.s !Posit! AdvF} ;
+    ComparAdvAdj cadv a np = {
+      s = cadv.s ++ a.s !Posit! AdvF ++ "чем" ++ np.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss
+      } ;
+    ComparAdvAdjS cadv a s = {
+      s = cadv.s ++ a.s !Posit! AdvF ++ "чем" ++ s.s
+      } ;
+
+    PrepNP na stol = ss (na.s ++ stol.s ! PF na.c Yes NonPoss) ;
+
+    AdAdv = cc2 ;
+
+    SubjS = cc2 ;
+
+    AdnCAdv cadv = {s = cadv.s ++ "чем"} ;
+
+}
+

next-lib/src/russian/AllRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:prelude
+
+concrete AllRus of AllRusAbs = 
+  LangRus,
+  ExtraRus
+  ** {flags coding=utf8 ;} ;

next-lib/src/russian/AllRusAbs.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:prelude
+
+abstract AllRusAbs = 
+  Lang,
+  ExtraRusAbs
+  ** {} ;

next-lib/src/russian/CatRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete CatRus of Cat = CommonX ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ; coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lincat
+
+-- Tensed/Untensed
+
+   S  = {s : Str} ;
+   QS = {s :                 QForm => Str} ;
+   RS = {s :                   GenNum => Case => Animacy => Str} ;
+   SSlash = {s : Str; s2: Str ; c: Case} ;
+
+-- Sentence
+   -- clause (variable tense) e.g. "John walks"/"John walked"
+   Cl ={s : Polarity => ClForm => Str} ;
+   ClSlash = {s : Polarity => ClForm => Str; s2: Str; c: Case} ;
+   Imp = { s: Polarity => Gender => Number => Str } ;
+
+-- Question
+
+    QCl = {s :Polarity => ClForm => QForm => Str};  
+    IP = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; p : Person ;
+           g: PronGen ; anim : Animacy ;  pron: Bool} ;     
+    IComp = {s : Str} ;    
+    IDet = Adjective ** {n: Number; g: PronGen; c: Case} ; 
+    IQuant = {s : Number => AdjForm => Str; g: PronGen; c: Case} ;  -- AR 16/6/2008
+
+-- Relative
+
+    RCl = {s :  Polarity => ClForm => GenNum => Case => Animacy => Str} ;
+    RP = {s :                   GenNum => Case => Animacy => Str} ;
+
+-- Verb
+   -- Polarity =>
+   Comp, VP = VerbPhrase ;  
+   VPSlash = VerbPhrase ** {sc : Str ; c : Case} ;
+
+-- Adjective
+    
+    AP = {s : AdjForm => Str; p : IsPostfixAdj} ; 
+
+-- Noun
+
+    CN = {s : Number => Case => Str; g : Gender; anim : Animacy} ;  
+    NP = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; p : Person ;
+           g: PronGen ; anim : Animacy ;  pron: Bool} ;     
+    Pron = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; p : Person ;
+           g: PronGen ;  pron: Bool} ;     
+
+-- Determiners (only determinative pronouns 
+-- (or even indefinite numerals: "много" (many)) in Russian) are inflected 
+-- according to the gender of nouns they determine.
+-- extra parameters (Number and Case) are added for the sake of                            	
+-- the determinative pronoun "bolshinstvo" ("most");
+-- Gender parameter is due to multiple determiners (Numerals in Russian)
+-- like "mnogo"
+-- The determined noun has the case parameter specific for the determiner
+
+    Det = {s : AdjForm => Str; n: Number; g: PronGen; c: Case} ; 
+    Predet, Quant, Art = {s : AdjForm => Str; g: PronGen; c: Case} ; 
+
+-- Numeral
+
+    Num, Numeral, Card = {s : Case => Gender => Str ; n : Number} ;
+    Digits = {s : Str ; n : Number} ; ---- 
+    
+-- Structural
+-- The conjunction has an inherent number, which is used when conjoining
+-- noun phrases: "Иван и Маша поют" vs. "Иван или Маша поет"; in the
+-- case of "или", the result is however plural if any of the disjuncts is.
+
+    Conj = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+    Subj = {s : Str} ;
+    Prep = {s : Str ; c: Case } ;
+
+-- Open lexical classes, e.g. Lexicon
+
+    V, VS, VV, VQ, VA = Verbum ; -- = {s : VerbForm => Str ; asp : Aspect } ;
+    V2, V2A = Verbum ** Complement ; 
+    V2V, V2S, V2Q = Verbum ** Complement ; --- AR 
+    V3 = Verbum ** Complement** {s4 : Str; c2: Case} ; 
+--    VV = {s : VVForm => Str ; isAux : Bool} ;
+
+    Ord =  {s : AdjForm => Str} ;
+    A =  {s : Degree => AdjForm => Str} ;
+    A2 = A ** Complement ;
+
+ -- Substantives moreover have an inherent gender. 
+    N = {s : SubstForm => Str ; g : Gender ; anim : Animacy } ;   
+    N2 = {s : Number => Case => Str; g : Gender; anim : Animacy} ** Complement ;
+    N3 = {s : Number => Case => Str; g : Gender; anim : Animacy} ** Complement ** {s3 : Str; c2: Case} ;
+    PN = {s :  Case => Str ; g : Gender ; anim : Animacy} ;
+
+
+}
+

next-lib/src/russian/ConjunctionRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete ConjunctionRus of Conjunction = 
+  CatRus ** open ResRus, Coordination, Prelude in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ;  coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    ConjS = conjunctDistrSS ;
+
+    ConjAdv = conjunctDistrSS ;
+                                                    
+    ConjNP c xs =
+    conjunctDistrTable PronForm c xs ** {n = conjNumber c.n xs.n ; 
+      p = xs.p ; pron = xs.pron ; anim = xs.anim ; 
+       g = xs.g } ;
+
+
+    ConjAP c xs = conjunctDistrTable AdjForm c xs ** {p = xs.p} ;
+
+-- These fun's are generated from the list cat's.
+
+    BaseS = twoSS ;
+    ConsS = consrSS comma ;
+    BaseAdv = twoSS ;
+    ConsAdv = consrSS comma ;
+
+
+    ConsNP  x xs =
+    consTable PronForm comma xs x ** 
+       {n = conjNumber xs.n x.n ; g = conjPGender x.g xs.g ;
+          anim = conjAnim x.anim xs.anim ;
+          p = conjPerson xs.p x.p; pron = conjPron xs.pron x.pron} ;
+      
+    ConsAP x xs = consTable AdjForm comma xs x ** {p = andB xs.p x.p} ;
+
+
+    BaseAP x y = twoTable AdjForm x y ** {p = andB x.p y.p} ;
+
+    BaseNP x y = twoTable PronForm x y ** {n = conjNumber x.n y.n ; 
+       g = conjPGender x.g y.g ; p = conjPerson x.p y.p ;
+       pron = conjPron x.pron y.pron ; anim = conjAnim x.anim y.anim } ;
+
+
+
+
+  lincat
+    [S] = {s1,s2 : Str} ;
+    [Adv] = {s1,s2 : Str} ;
+ -- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is either always plural
+ -- or plural if any of the components is, depending on the conjunction.
+    [NP] = { s1,s2 : PronForm => Str ; g: PronGen ; 
+             anim : Animacy ; n : Number ; p : Person ;  pron : Bool } ;
+ -- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is a prefix adjective
+ -- if and only if all elements are prefix.
+    [AP] =  {s1,s2 : AdjForm => Str ; p : Bool} ;
+
+
+
+oper
+
+-- We have to define a calculus of numbers of persons. For numbers,
+-- it is like the conjunction with $Pl$ corresponding to $False$.
+--
+-- The following are given in $ParamX$.
+--
+--  conjNumber : Number -> Number -> Number = \m,n -> case <m,n> of {
+--    <Sg,Sg> => Sg ;
+--    _ => Pl 
+--    } ;
+
+-- For persons, we let the latter argument win ("либо ты, либо я пойду"
+-- but "либо я, либо ты пойдешь"). This is not quite clear.
+
+--  conjPerson : Person -> Person -> Person = \_,p -> 
+--    p ;
+
+-- For pron, we let the latter argument win - "Маша или моя мама" (Nominative case)
+-- but - "моей или Машина мама" (Genetive case) both corresponds to 
+-- "Masha's or my mother"), which is actually not exactly correct, since
+-- different cases should be used - "Машина или моя мама".
+
+  conjPron : Bool -> Bool -> Bool = \_,p -> 
+    p ;
+
+-- For gender in a similar manner as for person:
+-- Needed for adjective predicates like:
+-- "Маша или Оля - красивая", "Антон или Олег - красивый",
+-- "Маша или Олег - красивый".
+-- The later is not totally correct, but there is no correct way to say that.
+
+  conjGender : Gender -> Gender -> Gender = \_,m -> m ; 
+ conjPGender : PronGen -> PronGen -> PronGen = \_,m -> m ; 
+
+  conjAnim : Animacy -> Animacy -> Animacy = \_,m -> m ; 
+
+
+}
+

next-lib/src/russian/ExtraLexRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+--# -path=.:abstract:common
+concrete ExtraLexRus of ExtraLexRusAbs = CatRus ** 
+  open ParadigmsRus in {
+flags 
+  coding=utf8 ;
+lin
+---  bridge_N = mkN "мост" ;
+---  candle_N = nSvecha "свеч" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+---  citizen_N = nGrazhdanin "господ" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+  daughter_N = 
+  {s = table {
+      SF Sg Nom => "дочь" ;
+      SF Sg Gen => "дочери" ;
+      SF Sg Dat => "дочери" ;
+      SF Sg Acc => "дочь" ;
+      SF Sg Inst => "дочерью" ;
+      SF Sg (Prepos _) => "дочери" ;
+      SF Pl Nom => "дочери" ;
+      SF Pl Gen => "дочерей" ;
+      SF Pl Dat => "дочерям" ;
+      SF Pl Acc => "дочерей" ;
+      SF Pl Inst => "дочерьми" ;
+      SF Pl (Prepos _) => "дочерях"
+    } ;
+     g = Fem    ; anim = Animate
+  } ;
+
+---  desk_N = nStol "стол" ;
+---  dictionary_N = nSlovar "словар" ;
+---  fellow_N = nTovarish "товарищ" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+---  flag_N = nVremja "зна" ;
+---  heaven_N = nNebo "неб" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+---  museum_N = nMusej "музе" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+--  name_N = mkN "имя" "имени" "имени" "имя" "именем" "имени" "имени" "имена" "имён" "именам" "имена" "именами" "именах" neuter inanimate ;
+---  ocean_N = nMorje "мор" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+ son_N = 
+  {s  =  table
+      { SF Sg Nom =>  syn ;
+        SF Sg Gen => syn+"а" ;
+        SF Sg Dat => syn+"у" ;
+        SF Sg Acc => syn +"а";
+        SF Sg Inst => syn+"ом" ;
+        SF Sg (Prepos _) => syn+"е" ;
+        SF Pl Nom => syn+"ья" ;
+        SF Pl Gen => syn+"ьев" ;
+        SF Pl Dat => syn+"ьям" ;
+        SF Pl Acc => syn +"ьев";
+        SF Pl Inst => syn+"ьями" ;
+        SF Pl (Prepos _) => syn+"ьяах"
+    } ;
+    g = Masc   ; anim = Animate
+  } ;
+---  time_N = nVremja "вре" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+---  vocationalschool_N = nUchilishe "училищ" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+  way_N = 
+  {s  =  table
+      { SF Sg  Nom =>  put+"ь" ;
+        SF Sg Gen => put+"и" ;
+        SF Sg Dat => put+"и" ;
+        SF Sg Acc => put+"ь" ;
+        SF Sg Inst => put+"ём" ;
+        SF Sg (Prepos _) => put+"и" ;
+        SF Pl  Nom => put+"и" ;
+        SF Pl Gen => put+"ей" ;
+        SF Pl Dat => put+"ям" ;
+        SF Pl Acc => put+"и" ;
+        SF Pl Inst => put+"ями" ;
+        SF Pl (Prepos _) => put+"ях"
+       } ;
+    g = Masc ; anim = Inanimate
+  } ;
+
+---  word_N = nSlovo "слов" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+}

next-lib/src/russian/ExtraRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+concrete ExtraRus of ExtraRusAbs = CatRus ** {
+flags coding=utf8 ;
+} 

next-lib/src/russian/ExtraRusAbs.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+abstract ExtraRusAbs = {
+
+}

next-lib/src/russian/GrammarRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete GrammarRus of Grammar = 
+  NounRus, 
+  VerbRus, 
+  AdjectiveRus,
+  AdverbRus,
+  NumeralRus,
+  SentenceRus,
+  QuestionRus,
+  RelativeRus,
+  ConjunctionRus,
+  PhraseRus,
+  TextX,
+  StructuralRus,
+  IdiomRus
+   ** { flags  startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ; coding=utf8 ;} ;

next-lib/src/russian/IdiomRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete IdiomRus of Idiom = CatRus ** open Prelude, ResRus, MorphoRus in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ;  coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+    ExistNP = \bar ->
+    {s =\\b,clf => case b of 
+        {Pos =>  verbSuchestvovat.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (pgen2gen bar.g) Sg P3) 
+           ++ bar.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss;
+        Neg => "не" ++ verbSuchestvovat.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (pgen2gen bar.g) Sg P3) 
+           ++ bar.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss
+       }
+} ;
+
+    ExistIP Kto =
+    let {  kto = Kto.s ! (PF Nom No NonPoss) } in 
+       {s =  \\b,clf,_ => case b of 
+        {Pos =>  kto ++ verbSuchestvovat.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (pgen2gen Kto.g) Sg P3) ;
+        Neg => kto ++ "не" ++ verbSuchestvovat.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (pgen2gen Kto.g) Sg P3) 
+       }
+    } ;
+
+    CleftAdv adv sen = {s= \\ b, clf =>  let ne= case b of {Pos =>[]; Neg =>"не"}
+      in 
+      "это" ++ ne ++ adv.s  ++ [", "]++ sen.s }; 
+
+    CleftNP np rs = {s= \\ b, clf =>  
+       let 
+         ne= case b of {Pos =>[]; Neg =>"не"};
+         gn = case np.n of {Pl => APl; _=> ASg (pgen2gen np.g)}
+      in 
+      "это" ++ ne ++ np.s ! (PF Nom No NonPoss)  ++ 
+        rs.s ! gn !Nom!Animate  }; 
+
+    ImpPl1 vp = {s= "давайте" ++ vp.s! (ClIndic Future Simul)! APl ! P1}; 
+
+    ImpersCl vp = {s= \\ b, clf =>  let ne= case b of {Pos =>[]; Neg =>"не"}
+      in 
+      ne ++ vp.s! clf! (ASg Neut) ! P3  }; 
+
+-- No direct correspondance in Russian. Usually expressed by infinitive:
+-- "Если очень захотеть, можно в космос улететь" 
+-- (If one really wants one can fly into the space).
+-- Note that the modal verb "can" is trasferred into adverb 
+-- "можно" (it is possible) in Russian
+-- The closest subject is "ты" (you), which is omitted in the final sentence:
+-- "Если очень захочешь, можешь в космос улететь"
+
+    GenericCl vp = {s= \\ b, clf =>  let ne= case b of {Pos =>[]; Neg =>"не"}
+      in 
+      "ты" ++ ne ++ vp.s! clf! (ASg Masc) ! P2  }; 
+
+    ProgrVP vp = vp ;
+
+}
+

next-lib/src/russian/IrregRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+--
+concrete IrregRus of IrregRusAbs = CatRus ** open ParadigmsRus in {
+--
+flags optimize=values ; coding=utf8 ;
+--
+--  lin
+--  awake_V = irregV "awake" "awoke" "awoken" ;
+--  bear_V = irregV "bear" "bore" "born" ;
+--  beat_V = irregV "beat" "beat" "beat" ;
+--  become_V = irregV "become" "became" "become" ;
+--  begin_V = irregV "begin" "began" "begun" ;
+--  bend_V = irregV "bend" "bent" "bent" ;
+--  beset_V = irregV "beset" "beset" "beset" ;
+--  bet_V = irregDuplV "bet" "bet" "bet" ;
+--  bid_V = irregDuplV "bid" (variants {"bid" ; "bade"}) (variants {"bid" ; "bidden"}) ;
+--  bind_V = irregV "bind" "bound" "bound" ;
+--  bite_V = irregV "bite" "bit" "bitten" ;
+--  bleed_V = irregV "bleed" "bled" "bled" ;
+--  blow_V = irregV "blow" "blew" "blown" ;
+--  break_V = irregV "break" "broke" "broken" ;
+--  breed_V = irregV "breed" "bred" "bred" ;
+--  bring_V = irregV "bring" "brought" "brought" ;
+--  broadcast_V = irregV "broadcast" "broadcast" "broadcast" ;
+--  build_V = irregV "build" "built" "built" ;
+--  burn_V = irregV "burn" (variants {"burned" ; "burnt"}) (variants {"burned" ; "burnt"}) ;
+--  burst_V = irregV "burst" "burst" "burst" ;
+--  buy_V = irregV "buy" "bought" "bought" ;
+--  cast_V = irregV "cast" "cast" "cast" ;
+--  catch_V = irregV "catch" "caught" "caught" ;
+--  choose_V = irregV "choose" "chose" "chosen" ;
+--  cling_V = irregV "cling" "clung" "clung" ;
+--  come_V = irregV "come" "came" "come" ;
+--  cost_V = irregV "cost" "cost" "cost" ;
+--  creep_V = irregV "creep" "crept" "crept" ;
+--  cut_V = irregDuplV "cut" "cut" "cut" ;
+--  deal_V = irregV "deal" "dealt" "dealt" ;
+--  dig_V = irregDuplV "dig" "dug" "dug" ;
+--  dive_V = irregV "dive" (variants {"dived" ; "dove"}) "dived" ;
+--  do_V = mkV "do" "does" "did" "done" "doing" ;
+--  draw_V = irregV "draw" "drew" "drawn" ;
+--  dream_V = irregV "dream" (variants {"dreamed" ; "dreamt"}) (variants {"dreamed" ; "dreamt"}) ;
+--  drive_V = irregV "drive" "drove" "driven" ;
+--  drink_V = irregV "drink" "drank" "drunk" ;
+--  eat_V = irregV "eat" "ate" "eaten" ;
+--  fall_V = irregV "fall" "fell" "fallen" ;
+--  feed_V = irregV "feed" "fed" "fed" ;
+--  feel_V = irregV "feel" "felt" "felt" ;
+--  fight_V = irregV "fight" "fought" "fought" ;
+--  find_V = irregV "find" "found" "found" ;
+--  fit_V = irregDuplV "fit" "fit" "fit" ;
+--  flee_V = irregV "flee" "fled" "fled" ;
+--  fling_V = irregV "fling" "flung" "flung" ;
+--  fly_V = irregV "fly" "flew" "flown" ;
+--  forbid_V = irregDuplV "forbid" "forbade" "forbidden" ;
+--  forget_V = irregDuplV "forget" "forgot" "forgotten" ;
+--  forgive_V = irregV "forgive" "forgave" "forgiven" ;
+--  forsake_V = irregV "forsake" "forsook" "forsaken" ;
+--  freeze_V = irregV "freeze" "froze" "frozen" ;
+--  get_V = irregDuplV "get" "got" "gotten" ;
+--  give_V = irregV "give" "gave" "given" ;
+--  go_V = irregV "go" "went" "gone" ;
+--  grind_V = irregV "grind" "ground" "ground" ;
+--  grow_V = irregV "grow" "grew" "grown" ;
+--  hang_V = irregV "hang" "hung" "hung" ;
+--  have_V = mkV "have" "has" "had" "had" "having" ;
+--  hear_V = irregV "hear" "heard" "heard" ;
+--  hide_V = irregV "hide" "hid" "hidden" ;
+--  hit_V = irregDuplV "hit" "hit" "hit" ;
+--  hold_V = irregV "hold" "held" "held" ;
+--  hurt_V = irregV "hurt" "hurt" "hurt" ;
+--  keep_V = irregV "keep" "kept" "kept" ;
+--  kneel_V = irregV "kneel" "knelt" "knelt" ;
+--  knit_V = irregDuplV "knit" "knit" "knit" ;
+--  know_V = irregV "know" "knew" "know" ;
+--  lay_V = irregV "lay" "laid" "laid" ;
+--  lead_V = irregV "lead" "led" "led" ;
+--  leap_V = irregV "leap" (variants {"leaped" ; "lept"}) (variants {"leaped" ; "lept"}) ;
+--  learn_V = irregV "learn" (variants {"learned" ; "learnt"}) (variants {"learned" ; "learnt"}) ;
+--  leave_V = irregV "leave" "left" "left" ;
+--  lend_V = irregV "lend" "lent" "lent" ;
+--  let_V = irregDuplV "let" "let" "let" ;
+--  lie_V = irregV "lie" "lay" "lain" ;
+--  light_V = irregV "light" (variants {"lighted" ; "lit"}) "lighted" ;
+--  lose_V = irregV "lose" "lost" "lost" ;
+--  make_V = irregV "make" "made" "made" ;
+--  mean_V = irregV "mean" "meant" "meant" ;
+--  meet_V = irregV "meet" "met" "met" ;
+--  misspell_V = irregV "misspell" (variants {"misspelled" ; "misspelt"}) (variants {"misspelled" ; "misspelt"}) ;
+--  mistake_V = irregV "mistake" "mistook" "mistaken" ;
+--  mow_V = irregV "mow" "mowed" (variants {"mowed" ; "mown"}) ;
+--  overcome_V = irregV "overcome" "overcame" "overcome" ;
+--  overdo_V = mkV "overdo" "overdoes" "overdid" "overdone" "overdoing" ;
+--  overtake_V = irregV "overtake" "overtook" "overtaken" ;
+--  overthrow_V = irregV "overthrow" "overthrew" "overthrown" ;
+--  pay_V = irregV "pay" "paid" "paid" ;
+--  plead_V = irregV "plead" "pled" "pled" ;
+--  prove_V = irregV "prove" "proved" (variants {"proved" ; "proven"}) ;
+--  put_V = irregDuplV "put" "put" "put" ;
+--  quit_V = irregDuplV "quit" "quit" "quit" ;
+--  read_V = irregV "read" "read" "read" ;
+--  rid_V = irregDuplV "rid" "rid" "rid" ;
+--  ride_V = irregV "ride" "rode" "ridden" ;
+--  ring_V = irregV "ring" "rang" "rung" ;
+--  rise_V = irregV "rise" "rose" "risen" ;
+--  run_V = irregDuplV "run" "ran" "run" ;
+--  saw_V = irregV "saw" "sawed" (variants {"sawed" ; "sawn"}) ;
+--  say_V = irregV "say" "said" "said" ;
+--  see_V = irregV "see" "saw" "seen" ;
+--  seek_V = irregV "seek" "sought" "sought" ;
+--  sell_V = irregV "sell" "sold" "sold" ;
+--  send_V = irregV "send" "sent" "sent" ;
+--  set_V = irregDuplV "set" "set" "set" ;
+--  sew_V = irregV "sew" "sewed" (variants {"sewed" ; "sewn"}) ;
+--  shake_V = irregV "shake" "shook" "shaken" ;
+--  shave_V = irregV "shave" "shaved" (variants {"shaved" ; "shaven"}) ;
+--  shear_V = irregV "shear" "shore" "shorn" ;
+--  shed_V = irregDuplV "shed" "shed" "shed" ;
+--  shine_V = irregV "shine" "shone" "shone" ;
+--  shoe_V = irregV "shoe" "shoed" (variants {"shoed" ; "shod"}) ;
+--  shoot_V = irregV "shoot" "shot" "shot" ;
+--  show_V = irregV "show" "showed" (variants {"showed" ; "shown"}) ;
+--  shrink_V = irregV "shrink" "shrank" "shrunk" ;
+--  shut_V = irregDuplV "shut" "shut" "shut" ;
+--  sing_V = irregV "sing" "sang" "sung" ;
+--  sink_V = irregV "sink" "sank" "sunk" ;
+--  sit_V = irregDuplV "sit" "sat" "sat" ;
+--  sleep_V = irregV "sleep" "slept" "slept" ;
+--  slay_V = irregV "slay" "slew" "slain" ;
+--  slide_V = irregV "slide" "slid" "slid" ;
+--  sling_V = irregV "sling" "slung" "slung" ;
+--  slit_V = irregDuplV "slit" "slit" "slit" ;
+--  smite_V = irregV "smite" "smote" "smitten" ;
+--  sow_V = irregV "sow" "sowed" (variants {"sowed" ; "sown"}) ;
+--  speak_V = irregV "speak" "spoke" "spoken" ;
+--  speed_V = irregV "speed" "sped" "sped" ;
+--  spend_V = irregV "spend" "spent" "spent" ;
+--  spill_V = irregV "spill" (variants {"spilled" ; "spilt"}) (variants {"spilled" ; "spilt"}) ;
+--  spin_V = irregDuplV "spin" "spun" "spun" ;
+--  spit_V = irregDuplV "spit" (variants {"spit" ; "spat"}) "spit" ;
+--  split_V = irregDuplV "split" "split" "split" ;
+--  spread_V = irregV "spread" "spread" "spread" ;
+--  spring_V = irregV "spring" (variants {"sprang" ; "sprung"}) "sprung" ;
+--  stand_V = irregV "stand" "stood" "stood" ;
+--  steal_V = irregV "steal" "stole" "stolen" ;
+--  stick_V = irregV "stick" "stuck" "stuck" ;
+--  sting_V = irregV "sting" "stung" "stung" ;
+--  stink_V = irregV "stink" "stank" "stunk" ;
+--  stride_V = irregV "stride" "strod" "stridden" ;
+--  strike_V = irregV "strike" "struck" "struck" ;
+--  string_V = irregV "string" "strung" "strung" ;
+--  strive_V = irregV "strive" "strove" "striven" ;
+--  swear_V = irregV "swear" "swore" "sworn" ;
+--  sweep_V = irregV "sweep" "swept" "swept" ;
+--  swell_V = irregV "swell" "swelled" (variants {"swelled" ; "swollen"}) ;
+--  swim_V = irregDuplV "swim" "swam" "swum" ;
+--  swing_V = irregV "swing" "swung" "swung" ;
+--  take_V = irregV "take" "took" "taken" ;
+--  teach_V = irregV "teach" "taught" "taught" ;
+--  tear_V = irregV "tear" "tore" "torn" ;
+--  tell_V = irregV "tell" "told" "told" ;
+--  think_V = irregV "think" "thought" "thought" ;
+--  thrive_V = irregV "thrive" (variants {"thrived" ; "throve"}) "thrived" ;
+--  throw_V = irregV "throw" "threw" "thrown" ;
+--  thrust_V = irregV "thrust" "thrust" "thrust" ;
+--  tread_V = irregV "tread" "trod" "trodden" ;
+--  understand_V = irregV "understand" "understood" "understood" ;
+--  uphold_V = irregV "uphold" "upheld" "upheld" ;
+--  upset_V = irregDuplV "upset" "upset" "upset" ;
+--  wake_V = irregV "wake" "woke" "woken" ;
+--  wear_V = irregV "wear" "wore" "worn" ;
+--  weave_V = irregV "weave" (variants {"weaved" ; "wove"}) (variants {"weaved" ; "woven"}) ;
+--  wed_V = irregDuplV "wed" "wed" "wed" ;
+--  weep_V = irregV "weep" "wept" "wept" ;
+--  wind_V = irregV "wind" "wound" "wound" ;
+--  win_V = irregDuplV "win" "won" "won" ;
+--  withhold_V = irregV "withhold" "withheld" "withheld" ;
+--  withstand_V = irregV "withstand" "withstood" "withstood" ;
+--  wring_V = irregV "wring" "wrung" "wrung" ;
+--  write_V = irregV "write" "wrote" "written" ;
+}

next-lib/src/russian/LangRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:prelude
+
+concrete LangRus of Lang = 
+  GrammarRus,
+  LexiconRus
+  ** {
+
+flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ; coding=utf8 ;
+
+} ;

next-lib/src/russian/LexiconRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+--# -path=.:abstract:common
+concrete LexiconRus of Lexicon = CatRus ** 
+  open ParadigmsRus, Prelude, StructuralRus, MorphoRus in {
+flags 
+  optimize=values ;
+  coding=utf8 ;
+lin
+  add_V3 = mkV3 (regV imperfective first "складыва" "ю" "складывал" "складывай" "складывать" ) "" "в" accusative accusative;
+  airplane_N = mkN "самолёт" ;
+  already_Adv = mkAdv "уже" ;
+  animal_N = mkN "животное" animate;
+  answer_V2S = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "отвеча" "ю" "отвечал" "отвечай" "отвечать" );
+  apartment_N = mkN "квартира" ;
+  apple_N = mkN "яблоко" ;
+  art_N = mkN "искусство" ;
+  ashes_N = mkN "пепел" ;
+  ask_V2Q = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "спрашива" "ю" "спрашивал" "спрашивай" "спрашивать") ;
+  baby_N = mkN "малыш" animate;
+  back_N = mkN "спина" ;
+  bad_A = mkA "плохой" "хуже";
+  bank_N = mkN "банк" ;
+  bark_N = mkN "кора";
+  beautiful_A = mkA "красивый";
+  become_VA = regV perfective second "станов" "лю" "стал" "стань" "стать" ;
+  beer_N = mkN "пиво" ;
+  beg_V2V = dirV2 (mkV imperfective "прошу" "просишь" "просит" "просим" "просите" "просят" "просил" "проси" "просить" );
+  belly_N = mkN "живот" ;
+  big_A = mkA "большой" "больше" ;
+  bike_N = mkN "велосипед" ;
+  bird_N = mkN "птица" animate;
+  bite_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "куса" "ю" "кусал" "кусай" "кусать");
+  black_A = mkA "чёрный";
+  blood_N = mkN "кровь" ;
+  blow_V = regV imperfective first "ду" "ю" "дул" "дуй" "дуть" ;
+  blue_A = mkA "голубой" ;
+  boat_N = mkN "лодка" ;
+  bone_N = mkN "кость" ;
+  book_N = mkN "книга" ;
+  boot_N = mkN "сапог" ;
+  boss_N = mkN "начальник" animate;
+  boy_N = mkN "мальчик" animate;
+  bread_N = mkN "хлеб" ;
+  break_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "прерыва" "ю" "прерывал" "прерывай" "прерывать" );
+  breast_N = mkN "грудь" ;
+  breathe_V = regV imperfective second "дыш" "у" "дышал" "дыши" "дышать" ;
+  broad_A = mkA "широкий" "шире";
+  brother_N2 = mkN2 (mkN "брат" animate) ; -- FIXME: special case
+  brown_A = mkA "коричневый";
+  burn_V = regV imperfective second "гор" "ю" "горел" "гори" "гореть" ;
+  butter_N = mkN "масло";
+  buy_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "покупа" "ю" "покупал" "покупай" "покупать" );
+  camera_N = mkN "фотоаппарат" ;
+  cap_N = mkN "чашка" ; -- vowel change
+  car_N = mkN "машина" ;
+  carpet_N = mkN "ковёр"; -- vowel change
+  cat_N = mkN "кошка" animate ; -- vowel change
+  ceiling_N = mkN "потолок" ; -- vowel change
+  chair_N = mkN "стул" ; -- irregular
+  cheese_N = mkN "сыр" ;
+  child_N = mkN "ребёнок" "ребёнка" "ребёнку" "ребёнка" "ребёнком" "ребёнке" "ребёнке" "дети" "детей" "детям" "детей" "детьми" "детях"  masculine animate ;
+  church_N = mkN "церковь" "церкви" "церкви" "церковь" "церковью" "церкви" "церкви" "церкви" "церквей" "церквям" "церкви" "церквями" "церквях"  masculine inanimate ;
+  city_N = mkN "город" ;
+  clean_A = mkA "чистый" "чище"; 
+  clever_A = mkA "умный";
+  close_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective first "закрыва" "ю" "закрывал" "закрывай" "закрывать" );
+  cloud_N = mkN "облако" ; -- irregular
+  coat_N = mkIndeclinableNoun "пальто" masculine inanimate ;
+  cold_A = mkA "холодный";
+  come_V = regV imperfective first "прихо" "жу" "приходил" "приходи" "приходить" ;
+  computer_N = mkN "компьютер" ;
+  correct_A = mkA "правильный" ; 
+  count_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "счита" "ю" "считал" "считай" "считать" ) ;
+  country_N = mkN "страна" ;
+  cousin_N = mkN "кузен" ; -- FIXME: is this really correct? can't find it in the dictionary
+  cow_N = mkN "корова" animate ;
+  cut_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "реж" "у" "резал" "режь" "резать" ) ;
+  day_N = mkN "день" "дня" "дню" "день" "днём" "дне" "дне" "дни" "дней" "дням" "дни" "днями" "днях" masculine inanimate ;
+  die_V = regV imperfective first "умира" "ю" "умирал" "умирай" "умирать" ;
+  dig_V = regV imperfective first "копа" "ю" "копал" "копай" "копать" ;
+  dirty_A = mkA "грязный" ;
+  distance_N3 = mkN3 (mkN "расстояние") from_Prep to_Prep ;
+  do_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "дела" "ю" "делал" "делай" "делать" );
+  doctor_N = mkN "доктор" animate ;
+  dog_N = mkN "собака" animate;
+  door_N = mkN "дверь" ;
+  drink_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective firstE "пь" "ю" "пил" "пей" "пить" );
+  dry_A = mkA "сухой" "суше";
+  dull_A = mkA "скучный" ;
+  dust_N = mkN "пыль" ;
+  ear_N = mkN "ухо" ;
+  earth_N = mkN "земля" ;
+  easy_A2V = mkA2 (mkA "лёгкий" "легче") "для" genitive ;
+  eat_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "куша" "ю" "кушал" "кушай" "кушать" );
+  egg_N = mkN "яйцо" ;
+  empty_A = mkA "пустой" ;
+  enemy_N = mkN "враг" animate ;
+  eye_N = mkN "глаз" ; -- FIXME: Pl -a
+  factory_N = mkN "фабрика" ;
+  fall_V = regV imperfective first "пада" "ю" "падал" "падай" "падать" ;
+  far_Adv = mkAdv "далеко";
+  fat_N = mkN "жир" ;
+  father_N2 = mkN2 (mkN "отец" "отца" "отцу" "отца" "отцом" "отце" "отце" "отцы" "отцов" "отцам" "отцов" "отцами" "отцах" masculine animate);
+  fear_V2 =dirV2 (regV imperfective first "бо" "ю" "боял" "бой" "боять" );
+  fear_VS = regV imperfective second "бо" "ю" "боял" "бой" "боять" ;
+  feather_N = mkN "перо" "пера" "перу" "пера" "пером" "пере" "пере" "перья" "перьев" "перьям" "перьев" "перьями" "перьях" neuter inanimate ;
+  fight_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective firstE "дер" "у" "драл" "дери" "драть" ) ;
+  find_V2 = dirV2 (mkV imperfective "нахожу" "находишь" "находит" "находим" "находите" "находят" "находил" "находи" "находить" );
+  fingernail_N = mkN "ноготь" "ногтя" "ногтю" "ногтя" "ногтем" "ногте" "ногте" "ногти" "ногтей" "ногтям" "ногтей" "ногтями" "ногтях"  masculine inanimate ;
+  fire_N = mkN "огонь" "огня" "огню" "огня" "огнём" "огне" "огне" "огни" "огней" "огням" "огней" "огнями" "огнях" masculine inanimate ;
+  fish_N = mkN "рыба" animate;
+  float_V = regV imperfective firstE "плыв" "у" "плыл" "плыви" "плыть" ;
+  floor_N = mkN "пол" ;
+  flow_V = regV imperfective firstE "тек" "у" "тёк" "теки" "течь" ;
+  flower_N = mkN "цветок";
+  fly_V = regV imperfective second "лета" "ю" "летал" "летай" "летать" ;
+  fog_N = mkN "туман" ;
+  foot_N = mkN "ступня" ;
+  forest_N = mkN "лес" ; -- prepos -u
+  forget_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective first "забыва" "ю" "забывал" "забывай" "забывать" );
+  freeze_V = regV imperfective first "замерза" "ю" "замерзал" "замерзай" "замерзать" ;
+  fridge_N = mkN "холодильник" ;
+  friend_N = mkN "друг" "друга" "другу" "друга" "другом" "друге" "друге" "друзья" "друзей" "друзьям" "друзей" "дузьями" "друзьях" masculine animate ;
+  fruit_N = mkN "фрукт" ;
+  full_A = mkA "полный";
+  fun_AV = mkA "весёлый";
+  garden_N = mkN "сад" ;
+  girl_N = mkN "девочка" animate; -- vowel change
+  give_V3 = tvDirDir (regV imperfective firstE "да" "ю" "давал" "давай" "давать" ) ;
+  glove_N = mkN "перчатка" ; -- vowel change
+  go_V= regV imperfective second "хо" "жу" "ходил" "ходи" "ходить" ;
+  gold_N = mkN "золото" ;
+  good_A = mkA "хороший" "лучше" ; 
+  grammar_N = mkN "грамматикa";
+  grass_N = mkN "трава";
+  green_A = mkA "зелёный" ;
+  guts_N = mkN "внутренность" ;
+  hair_N = mkN "волос" ; -- FIXME: always plural?
+  hand_N = mkN "рука" ;
+  harbour_N = mkN "порт" ; -- prepos -u
+  hat_N = mkN "шляпа" ;
+  hate_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective second "ненави" "жу" "ненавидел" "ненавидь" "ненавидеть" );
+  have_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective first "име" "ю" "имел" "имей" "иметь" );
+  head_N = mkN "голова" ;
+  hear_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective first "слуша" "ю" "слушал" "слушай" "слушать" );
+  heart_N = mkN "сердце" "сердца" "сердцу" "сердца" "сердцем" "сердце" "сердце" "сердца" "сердец" "сердцам" "сердец" "сердцами" "сердцах"  neuter inanimate ;
+  heavy_A = mkA "тяжёлый" ;
+  hill_N = mkN "холм" ;
+  hit_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "ударя" "ю" "ударял" "ударяй" "ударять" );
+  hold_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective second "держ" "у" "держал" "держи" "держать" );
+  hope_VS= regV imperfective first "наде" "ю" "надеял" "надей" "надеять" ;
+  horn_N = mkN "рог" ;
+  horse_N = mkN "лошадь" animate; -- irregular
+  hot_A = mkA "горячий" ;
+  house_N = mkN "дом" ;
+  hunt_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective second "охоч" "у" "охотил" "охоть" "охотить" ) ;
+  husband_N = mkN "муж" "мужа" "мужу" "мужа" "мужем" "муже" "муже" "мужья" "мужей" "мужьям" "мужей" "мужьями" "мужьях" masculine animate ;
+  ice_N = mkN "лёд" "льда" "льду" "льда" "льдом" "льде" "льде" "льды" "льдов" "льдам" "льдов" "льдами" "льдах" masculine inanimate ;
+  important_A = mkA "важный" ;
+  industry_N = mkN "промышленность" ; 
+  iron_N = mkN "железо" ;
+  john_PN = mkPN "Иван" Masc Animate ;
+  jump_V = regV imperfective first "прыга" "ю" "прыгал" "прыгай" "прыгать" ;
+  kill_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "убива" "ю" "убивал" "убивай" "убивать" ) ;
+  king_N = mkN "король" "короля" "королю" "короля" "королем" "короле" "короле" "короли" "королей" "королям" "королей" "королями" "королях"  masculine animate ;
+  knee_N = mkN "колено" "колена" "колену" "колена" "коленом" "колене" "колене" "колени" "колен" "коленам" "колен" "коленями" "коленях"  neuter inanimate ;
+  know_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective first "зна" "ю" "знал" "знай" "знать" );
+  lake_N = mkN "озеро" ; -- gen pl "озёр"
+  lamp_N = mkN "лампа" ;
+  language_N = mkN "язык" ;
+  laugh_V = regV imperfective firstE "сме" "ю" "смеял" "смей" "смеять" ;
+  leaf_N = mkN "лист" ; -- irregular pl
+  learn_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective second "уч" "у" "учил" "учи" "учить" );
+  leather_N = mkN "кожа" ;
+  leave_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective second "ухож" "у" "уходил" "уходи" "уходить" );
+  left_Ord = (uy_j_EndDecl "лев" ) ** {lock_A = <>}; 
+  leg_N = mkN "нога" ;
+  lie_V = regV imperfective firstE "лг" "у" "лгал" "лги" "лгать" ;
+  like_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective second "нрав" "лю" "нравил" "нравь" "нравить" );
+  listen_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective first "слуша" "ю" "слушал" "слушай" "слушать" );
+  live_V= regV imperfective firstE "жив" "у" "жил" "живи" "жить" ;
+  liver_N = mkN "печень" ;
+  long_A = mkA "длинный" ;
+  lose_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "теря" "ю" "терял" "теряй" "терять" );
+  louse_N = mkN "вошь" "вши" "вши" "вошь" "вошью" "вше" "вше" "вши" "вшей" "вшам" "вшей" "вшами" "вшах" feminine animate ;
+  love_N = mkN "любовь" ; -- vowel change
+  love_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective second "люб" "лю" "любил" "люби" "любить" );
+  man_N = mkN "человек" ; -- null gen pl
+  married_A2 = mkA2 (mkA "замужем") "за" instructive ;
+  meat_N = mkN "мясо" ;
+  milk_N = mkN "молоко" ;
+  moon_N = mkN "луна" ;
+  mother_N2 = mkN2 (mkN "мать" "матери" "матери" "мать" "матерью" "матери" "матери" "матери" "матерей" "матерям" "матерей" "матерями" "матерях" feminine animate) ;
+  mountain_N = mkN "гора" ;
+  mouth_N = mkN "рот" "рта" "рту" "рот" "ртом" "рте" "рте" "рты" "ртов" "ртам" "рты" "ртами" "ртах" masculine inanimate ;
+  music_N = mkN "музыка" ;
+  name_N = mkN "имя" ;
+  narrow_A = mkA "узкий" "уже" ;
+  near_A = mkA "близкий" "ближе";
+  neck_N = mkN "шея" ;
+  new_A = mkA "новый" ;
+  newspaper_N = mkN "газета" ;
+  night_N = mkN "ночь" ;
+  nose_N = mkN "нос" ;
+  now_Adv = mkAdv "сейчас" ;
+  number_N = mkN "число" ; -- gen pl "чисел"
+  oil_N = mkN "нефть" ;
+  old_A = mkA "старый" "старше" ;
+  open_V2= dirV2 (regV imperfective first "открыва" "ю" "открывал" "открывай" "открывать" );
+---  organise_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective foreign "организу" "ю" "организовал" "организуй" "организовать" ); -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+  paint_V2A = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "рису" "ю" "рисовал" "рисуй" "рисовать" ) ;
+---  palace_N = nDvorec "двор" ; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+  paper_N = mkN "бумага" ;
+  paris_PN = mkPN "Париж" Masc Inanimate ;
+  peace_N = mkN "мир" ;
+  pen_N = mkN "ручка" ;
+  person_N = mkN "лицo" animate ; -- irregular
+  planet_N = mkN "планета" ;
+  plastic_N = mkN "пластмасса" ;
+  play_V = regV imperfective first "игра" "ю" "играл" "играй" "играть" ;
+  play_V2 = mkV2 (regV imperfective first "игра" "ю" "играл" "играй" "играть" ) "c" instructive;
+  policeman_N = mkN "милиционер" animate ;
+  priest_N = mkN "священник" animate;
+  probable_AS = mkA "возможный" ;
+  pull_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "тян" "у" "тянул" "тяни" "тянуть" ) ;
+  push_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "толка" "ю" "толкал" "толкай" "толкать" );
+  put_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective firstE "клад" "у" "клал" "клади" "класть" );
+  queen_N = mkN "королева" animate ;
+  question_N = mkN "вопрос" ;
+  radio_N = mkIndeclinableNoun "радио" neuter inanimate;
+  rain_N = mkN "дождь" ;
+  rain_V0 = idetDozhd verbIdti; -- No such verb in Russian!
+  read_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "чита" "ю" "читал" "читай" "читать" );
+-- ready_A = ;
+  reason_N = mkN "причина";
+  red_A = mkA "красный" ;
+  religion_N = mkN "религия" ;
+  restaurant_N = mkN "ресторан" ;
+  right_Ord = (uy_j_EndDecl "прав") ** {lock_A = <>} ;
+  river_N = mkN "рекa" ;
+  road_N = mkN "дорогa" ;
+  rock_N = mkN "камень" ;
+  roof_N = mkN "крыша" ;
+  root_N = mkN "корень" ;
+  rope_N = mkN "верёвка" ;
+  rotten_A = mkA "гнилой";
+  round_A = mkA "круглый";
+  rub_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective firstE "тр" "у" "тёр" "три" "тереть" );
+  rubber_N = mkN "резина" ;
+  rule_N = mkN "правило" ;
+  run_V = regV imperfective first "бега" "ю" "бегал" "бегай" "бегать" ;
+  salt_N = mkN "соль" ;
+  sand_N = mkN "песок" "песка" "песку" "песок" "песком" "песке" "песке" "пески" "песков" "пескам" "песков" "песками" "песках"  masculine inanimate ;
+  say_VS = regV imperfective second "говор" "ю" "говорил" "говори" "говорить" ;
+  school_N = mkN "школа" ;
+  science_N = mkN "наука" ;
+  scratch_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "чеш" "у" "чесал" "чеши" "чесать" ) ; 
+  sea_N = mkN "море" ;
+  see_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective second "ви" "жу" "видел" "видь" "видеть" );
+  seed_N = mkN "семя";
+  seek_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "ищ" "у" "искал" "ищи" "искать" );
+  sell_V3 = tvDirDir (regV imperfective firstE "прода" "ю" "продавал" "продавай" "продавать" );
+  send_V3 = tvDirDir (regV imperfective first "посыла" "ю" "посылал" "посылай" "посылать" );
+  sew_V = regV imperfective firstE "шь" "ю" "шил" "шей" "шить" ;
+  sharp_A = mkA "острый";
+  sheep_N = mkN "овца" animate ;
+  ship_N = mkN "корабль" ;
+  shirt_N = mkN "рубашка" ;
+  shoe_N = mkN "туфля" "туфли" "туфле" "туфлю" "туфлей" "туфле" "туфле" "туфли" "туфель" "туфлям" "туфли" "туфлями" "туфлях"  masculine inanimate ;
+  shop_N = mkN "магазин" ;
+  short_A = mkA "короткий" "короче" ;
+  silver_N = mkN "серебро" ;
+  sing_V = regV imperfective firstE "по" "ю" "пел" "пой" "петь" ;
+  sister_N = mkN "сестра" animate ;
+  sit_V = mkV imperfective "сижу" "сидишь" "сидит" "сидим" "сидите" "сидят" "сидел" "сиди" "сидеть" ;
+  skin_N = mkN "кожа" ;
+  sky_N = mkN "небо" "неба" "небу" "небо" "небом" "небе" "небе" "небеса" "небес" "небесам" "небес" "небесами" "небесах" neuter inanimate ;
+  sleep_V = regV imperfective second "сп" "лю" "спал" "спи" "спать" ;
+  small_A = mkA "маленький" "меньше" ;
+  smell_V = regV imperfective first "пахн" "у" "пахнул" "пахни" "пахнуть" ;
+  smoke_N = mkN "дым" ;
+  smooth_A = mkA "гладкий" "глаже";
+  snake_N = mkN "змея" animate ;
+  snow_N = mkN "снег" ;
+  sock_N = mkN "носок" ;
+  song_N = mkN "песня" ;
+  speak_V2 = mkV2 (regV imperfective secondA "говор" "ю" "говорил" "говори" "говорить")
+               "на" prepositional ;
+  spit_V = regV imperfective firstE "плю" "ю" "плевал" "плюй" "плевать" ;
+  split_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "разбива" "ю" "разбивал" "разбей" "разбивать" ) ;
+  squeeze_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "сжима" "ю" "сжимал" "сжимай" "сжимать" ) ;
+  stab_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "кол" "ю" "колол" "коли" "колоть" ) ;
+  stand_V = regV imperfective second "сто" "ю" "стоял" "стой" "стоять" ;
+  star_N = mkN "звезда" ;
+  steel_N = mkN "сталь" ;
+  stick_N = mkN "палка" ;
+  stone_N = mkN "камень" ;
+  stop_V = regV imperfective first "останавлива" "ю" "останавливал" "останавливай" "останавливать";
+  stove_N = mkN "печь" ;
+  straight_A = mkA "прямой" ;
+  student_N = mkN "студент" animate ;
+  stupid_A = mkA "тупой" "тупее" ;
+  suck_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective firstE "сос" "у" "сосал" "соси" "сосать") ;
+  sun_N = mkN "солнце" "солнца" "солнцу" "солнце" "солнцем" "солнце" "солнце" "солнца" "солнц" "солнцам" "солнца" "солнцами" "солнцах"  neuter inanimate ;
+  swell_V = regV imperfective first "опуха" "ю" "опухал" "опухай" "опухать" ;
+  swim_V = regV imperfective first "плава" "ю" "плавал" "плавай" "плавать" ;
+  switch8off_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "выключа" "ю" "выключал" "выключай" "выключать") ;
+  switch8on_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "включа" "ю" "включал" "включай" "включать") ;
+  table_N = mkN "стол" ;
+  tail_N = mkN "хвост" ;
+  talk_V3 = mkV3 (regV imperfective second "говор" "ю" "говорил" "говори" "говорить" ) "с" "о" instructive prepositional;
+  teach_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective second "уч" "у" "учил" "учи" "учить" );
+  teacher_N = mkN "учитель" animate ;
+  television_N = mkN "телевидение" ; -- FIXME: televizor?
+  thick_A = mkA "толстый" "толще" ;
+  thin_A = mkA "тонкий" "тоньше" ;
+  think_V = regV imperfective first "дума" "ю" "думал" "думай" "думать" ;
+  throw_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "броса" "ю" "бросал" "бросай" "бросать" ) ;
+  tie_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "вяж" "у" "вязал" "вяжи" "вязать") ;
+--  today_Adv = ;
+  tongue_N = mkN "язык" ;
+  tooth_N = mkN "зуб" ;
+  train_N = mkN "поезд" ;
+  travel_V = regV imperfective first "путешеству" "ю" "путешествовал" "путешествуй" "путешествовать" ;
+  tree_N = mkN "дерево" ; -- irregular
+  turn_V = regV imperfective first "поворачива" "ю" "поворачивал" "поворачивай" "поворачивать" ;
+  ugly_A = mkA "некрасивый" ;
+--  uncertain_A = ;
+  understand_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "понима" "ю" "понимал" "понимай" "понимать" );
+  university_N = mkN "университет" ;
+  village_N = mkN "деревня" ;
+  vomit_V = regV imperfective firstE "рв" "у" "рвал" "рви" "рвать" ;
+  wait_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective firstE "жд" "у" "ждал" "жди" "ждать" );
+  walk_V = regV imperfective first "гуля" "ю" "гулял" "гуляй" "гулять" ;
+---  want_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective mixed "хо" "чу" "хотел" "хоти" "хотеть" );
+  war_N = mkN "война" ;
+  warm_A = mkA "тёплый" ;
+  wash_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "мо" "ю" "мыл" "мой" "мыть" ) ;
+  watch_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective second "смотр" "ю" "смотрел" "смотри" "смотреть" );
+  water_N = mkN "вода" ;
+  wet_A = mkA "мокрый" ;
+  white_A = mkA "белый" ;
+  wide_A = mkA "широкий" "шире";
+  wife_N = mkN "жена" animate ;
+  win_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "выигрыва" "ю" "выигрывал" "выигрывай" "выигрывать" );
+  wind_N = mkN "ветер" "ветра" "ветру" "ветер" "ветром" "ветра" "ветра" "ветров" "ветра" "ветрам" "ветров" "ветрами" "ветрах" masculine inanimate ;
+  window_N = mkN "окно" ; -- "окон" 
+  wine_N = mkN "вино" ; 
+  wing_N = mkN "крыло" ; -- pl крылья крыльев etc
+  wipe_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "вытира" "ю" "вытирал" "вытирай" "вытирать" );
+  woman_N = mkN "женщина" ;
+  wonder_VQ = regV imperfective first "интересу" "ю" "интересовал" "интересуй" "интересовать"; 
+  wood_N = mkN "дерево" ;
+  worm_N = mkN "черв" ;
+  write_V2 = dirV2 (regV imperfective first "пиш" "у" "писал" "пиши" "писать" );
+  year_N = mkN "годь" ;
+  yellow_A = mkA "жёлтый" ;
+  young_A = mkA "молодой" "моложе";
+}

next-lib/src/russian/NounRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete NounRus of Noun = CatRus ** open ResRus, Prelude, MorphoRus in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ; coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+    DetCN kazhduj okhotnik = {
+      s = \\c => case kazhduj.c of {
+       Nom => 
+        kazhduj.s ! AF (extCase c) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g kazhduj.n) ++ 
+         okhotnik.s ! kazhduj.n ! (extCase c) ; 
+       _ => 
+        kazhduj.s ! AF (extCase c) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g kazhduj.n) ++ 
+         okhotnik.s ! kazhduj.n ! kazhduj.c };
+      n = kazhduj.n ; 
+      p = P3 ;
+      pron = False;
+      g = case kazhduj.g of { PNoGen => (PGen okhotnik.g); _ => kazhduj.g };
+      anim = okhotnik.anim 
+    } ;
+
+    UsePN masha = {
+      s = \\c => masha.s ! (extCase c) ; 
+      p = P3; g = PGen masha.g ; anim = masha.anim ; 
+      n = Sg; nComp = Sg; pron = False} ;
+
+    UsePron p = p ** {anim = Inanimate};
+
+    PredetNP pred np = {
+      s = \\pf => pred.s! (AF (extCase pf) np.anim (gNum (pgen2gen np.g) np.n))++ np.s ! pf ;
+      n = np.n;
+      p = np.p;
+      g = np.g;
+      anim = np.anim;
+      pron = np.pron
+      } ;
+
+    PPartNP np v2 = {
+      s = \\pf => np.s ! pf ++ v2.s ! VFORM Act VINF ; 
+      -- no participles in the Verbum type as they behave as adjectives
+      n = np.n;
+      p = np.p;
+      g = np.g;
+      anim = np.anim;
+      pron = np.pron
+      } ;
+
+    AdvNP np adv = {
+      s = \\pf => np.s ! pf ++ adv.s ;
+      n = np.n;
+      p = np.p;
+      g = np.g;
+      anim = np.anim;
+      pron = np.pron
+      } ;
+
+-- 1.4 additions AR 17/6/2008
+
+    DetNP kazhduj = 
+     let
+       g = Neut ; ----
+       anim = Inanimate ;
+     in {
+      s = \\c => kazhduj.s ! AF (extCase c) anim (gNum g kazhduj.n) ;
+      n = kazhduj.n ; 
+      p = P3 ;
+      pron = False;
+      g = case kazhduj.g of { PNoGen => (PGen g); _ => kazhduj.g };
+      anim = anim 
+    } ;
+
+    DetQuantOrd quant num ord = {
+      s =  \\af => quant.s !af ++ num.s! (caseAF af) ! (genAF af)  ++ ord.s!af ; 
+      n = num.n ;
+      g = quant.g;
+      c = quant.c
+      } ;
+
+    DetQuant quant num = {
+      s =  \\af => quant.s !af ++ num.s! (caseAF af) ! (genAF af) ;
+      n = num.n ;
+      g = quant.g;
+      c = quant.c
+      } ;
+
+    DetArtOrd quant num ord = {
+      s =  \\af => quant.s !af ++ num.s! (caseAF af) ! (genAF af)  ++ ord.s!af ; 
+      n = num.n ;
+      g = quant.g;
+      c = quant.c
+      } ;
+
+    DetArtCard quant num = {
+      s =  \\af => quant.s !af ++ num.s! (caseAF af) ! (genAF af) ;
+      n = num.n ;
+      g = quant.g;
+      c = quant.c
+      } ;
+
+--    MassDet = {s = \\_=>[] ; c=Nom; g = PNoGen; n = Sg} ;
+
+    MassNP okhotnik = {
+      s = \\c => okhotnik.s ! Sg ! (extCase c) ; 
+      n = Sg ; 
+      p = P3 ;
+      pron = False;
+      g = PGen okhotnik.g ;
+      anim = okhotnik.anim 
+    } ;
+
+    DetArtSg kazhduj okhotnik = {
+      s = \\c =>  -- art case always Nom (AR 17/6/2008) 
+          kazhduj.s ! AF (extCase c) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g Sg) ++ 
+          okhotnik.s ! Sg ! (extCase c) ; 
+      n = Sg ; 
+      p = P3 ;
+      pron = False;
+      g = case kazhduj.g of { PNoGen => (PGen okhotnik.g); _ => kazhduj.g };
+      anim = okhotnik.anim 
+    } ;
+
+    DetArtPl kazhduj okhotnik = {
+      s = \\c =>  -- art case always Nom (AR 17/6/2008) 
+          kazhduj.s ! AF (extCase c) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g Pl) ++ 
+          okhotnik.s ! Pl ! (extCase c) ; 
+      n = Pl ; 
+      p = P3 ;
+      pron = False;
+      g = case kazhduj.g of { PNoGen => (PGen okhotnik.g); _ => kazhduj.g };
+      anim = okhotnik.anim 
+    } ;
+
+    PossPron p = {s = \\af => p.s ! mkPronForm (caseAF af) No (Poss (gNum (genAF af) (numAF af) )); c=Nom; g = PNoGen} ;
+
+   NumCard c = c ;
+   NumSg = {s = \\_,_ => [] ; n = Sg} ;
+   NumPl = {s = \\_,_ => [] ; n = Pl} ;
+
+   OrdNumeral numeral = variants {} ; ---- TODO; needed to compile Constructors
+   OrdDigits numeral = variants {} ; ---- TODO; needed to compile Constructors
+----   OrdDigits TODO
+ --  {s = \\ af => (uy_j_EndDecl (numeral.s ! caseAF af ! genAF af)).s!af} ;
+
+    NumNumeral n = n ;
+    NumDigits n = {s = \\_,_ => n.s ; n = n.n} ;
+
+    AdNum adn num = {s = \\c,n => adn.s ++ num.s!c!n ; n = num.n} ;
+
+    OrdSuperl a = {s = a.s!Posit};
+
+    DefArt = {s = \\_=>[] ; c=Nom; g = PNoGen };
+    IndefArt = { s = \\_=>[] ; c=Nom; g = PNoGen };
+
+  UseN  sb =
+    {s = \\n,c => sb.s ! SF n c ; 
+     g = sb.g ; 
+     anim = sb.anim
+    } ;
+
+-- It is possible to use a function word as a common noun; the semantics is
+-- often existential or indexical.
+  UseN2 x = x ;
+
+-- The application of a function gives, in the first place, a common noun:
+-- "ключ от дома". From this, other rules of the resource grammar 
+-- give noun phrases, such as "ключи от дома", "ключи от дома
+-- и от машины", and "ключ от дома и машины" (the
+-- latter two corresponding to distributive and collective functions,
+-- respectively). Semantics will eventually tell when each
+-- of the readings is meaningful.
+
+  ComplN2 mama ivan =
+     {s = \\n, cas =>  case ivan.pron of 
+       { True => ivan.s ! (mkPronForm cas No (Poss (gNum mama.g n))) ++ mama.s ! n ! cas;
+         False => mama.s ! n ! cas ++ mama.s2 ++ 
+         ivan.s ! (mkPronForm mama.c Yes (Poss (gNum mama.g n)))
+       };
+       g = mama.g ;
+       anim = mama.anim
+      } ;
+
+-- Two-place functions add one argument place.
+-- There application starts by filling the first place.
+
+  ComplN3 poezd paris =
+    {s  = \\n,c => poezd.s ! n ! c ++ poezd.s2 ++ paris.s ! (PF poezd.c Yes NonPoss) ;
+     g  = poezd.g ; anim = poezd.anim;
+     s2 = poezd.s3; c = poezd.c2 
+    } ;
+
+
+-- The two main functions of adjective are in predication ("Иван - молод")
+-- and in modification ("молодой человек"). Predication will be defined
+-- later, in the chapter on verbs.
+
+  AdjCN khoroshij novayaMashina =
+    {s = \\n, c => 
+         khoroshij.s ! AF c novayaMashina.anim (gNum novayaMashina.g n) ++ 
+         novayaMashina.s ! n ! c ;
+         g = novayaMashina.g ; 
+         anim = novayaMashina.anim
+     } ;                          
+
+-- This is a source of the "man with a telescope" ambiguity, and may produce
+-- strange things, like "машины всегда".
+-- Semantics will have to make finer distinctions among adverbials.
+
+  AdvCN chelovek uTelevizora =
+    {s = \\n,c => chelovek.s ! n ! c ++ uTelevizora.s ;
+     g = chelovek.g ;
+     anim = chelovek.anim 
+    } ;
+
+-- Constructions like "the idea that two is even" are formed at the
+-- first place as common nouns, so that one can also have "a suggestion that...".
+
+  SentCN idea x =
+    {s = \\n,c => idea.s ! n ! c ++ x.s ; 
+     g = idea.g; anim = idea.anim
+    } ;
+
+  RelCN idea x =
+    {s = \\n,c => idea.s ! n ! c ++ x.s !(gNum idea.g n)!c!idea.anim ; 
+     g = idea.g; anim = idea.anim
+    } ;
+
+  ApposCN cn s =
+    {s = \\n,c => cn.s ! n ! c ++ s.s! PF c No NonPoss ; 
+     g = cn.g ;
+     anim = cn.anim
+    } ;
+
+  
+}
+

next-lib/src/russian/NumeralRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete NumeralRus of Numeral = CatRus ** open ResRus in {
+
+flags  coding=utf8 ;
+
+-- Toiska, 13/8/2000, AR with Arto Mustajoki.
+
+lincat Digit = {s : DForm => Gender => Str ; size : Size} ;
+lincat Sub10 = {s : Place => DForm => Gender => Str ; size : Size} ;
+lincat Sub100 = {s : Place => Gender => Str ; size : Size} ;
+lincat Sub1000 = {s : Place => Gender => Str ; size : Size} ;
+lincat Sub1000000 = {s : Gender => Str} ;
+
+lin num x = {s = table{ _ => x.s } ; n = Pl}; ---- n TODO ; Size? AR 18/12/2007
+
+lin n2  =
+  {s = table {{unit} => table {{Fem} => "две" ; _ => "два"} ; 
+            {teen} => gg "двенадцать" ; 
+            {ten}  => gg "двадцать" ;
+            {hund} => gg "двести"} ; 
+   size = sgg} ;
+lin n3  =
+  {s = table {{unit} => gg "три" ; 
+            {teen} => gg "тринадцать" ; 
+            {ten}  => gg "тридцать" ;
+            {hund} => gg "триста"} ; 
+  size = sgg} ;
+lin n4  =
+  {s = table {{unit} => gg "четыре" ; 
+            {teen} => gg "четырнадцать" ; 
+            {ten}  => gg "сорок" ;
+            {hund} => gg "четыреста"} ; 
+  size = sgg} ;
+lin n5  =
+  {s = table {{unit} => gg "пять" ; 
+            {teen} => gg "пятнадцать" ; 
+            {ten}  => gg "пятьдесят" ;
+            {hund} => gg "пятьсот"} ; 
+  size = plg} ;
+lin n6  =
+  {s = table {{unit} => gg "шесть" ; 
+            {teen} => gg "шестнадцать" ; 
+            {ten}  => gg "шестьдесят" ;
+            {hund} => gg "шестьсот"} ; 
+  size = plg} ;
+lin n7  =
+  {s = table {{unit} => gg "семь" ; 
+            {teen} => gg "семнадцать" ; 
+            {ten}  => gg "семьдесят" ;
+            {hund} => gg "семьсот"} ; 
+  size = plg} ;
+lin n8  =
+  {s = table {{unit} => gg "восемь" ; 
+            {teen} => gg "восемнадцать" ; 
+            {ten}  => gg "восемьдесят" ;
+            {hund} => gg "восемьсот"} ; 
+  size = plg} ;
+lin n9  =
+  {s = table {{unit} => gg "девять" ; 
+            {teen} => gg "девятнадцать" ; 
+            {ten}  => gg "девяносто" ;
+            {hund} => gg "девятьсот"} ; 
+  size = plg} ;
+
+
+lin pot01  =
+  {s = table {{attr} => table {{hund} => gg "сто" ; _ => gg []} ; 
+            _ => table {{hund} => gg "сто" ; 
+                     _ => table {{Masc} => "один" ; {Fem} => "одна" ; _ => "одно"}}} ;
+   size = nom} ;
+lin pot0 d =
+  {s = table {_ => d.s} ; size = d.size} ;
+lin pot110  =
+  {s = table {_ => gg "десяти"} ; size = plg} ;
+--   {s = table {_ => gg "десять"} ; size = plg} ;
+lin pot111  =
+  {s = table {_ => gg "одиннадцать"} ; size = plg} ; --- 11
+lin pot1to19 d =
+  {s = table {_ => d.s ! teen} ; size = plg} ;
+lin pot0as1 n =
+  {s = table {p => n.s ! p ! unit} ; size = n.size} ;
+lin pot1 d =
+  {s = table {_ => d.s ! ten} ; size = plg} ; ---
+lin pot1plus d e =
+  {s = table {_ => 
+            table {g => d.s ! ten ! g ++ e.s ! indep ! unit ! g}} ; size = e.size} ;
+lin pot1as2 n =
+  {s = n.s ; size = n.size} ;
+lin pot2 d =
+  {s = table {p => d.s ! p ! hund} ; size = plg} ;
+lin pot2plus d e =
+  {s = table {p => table {g => d.s ! p ! hund ! g ++ e.s ! indep ! g}} ; size = e.size} ;
+lin pot2as3 n =
+  {s = n.s ! indep} ;
+lin pot3 n =
+  {s = gg (n.s ! attr ! Fem ++ mille ! n.size)} ;
+lin pot3plus n m =
+  {s = table {g => n.s ! attr ! Fem ++ mille ! n.size ++ m.s ! indep ! g}} ;
+
+--- TODO
+--- raz/odin
+
+-- numerals as sequences of digits
+
+  lincat 
+    Dig = TDigit ;
+
+  lin
+    IDig d = {s = d.s ; n = d.n} ;
+
+    IIDig d i = {
+      s = d.s ++ i.s ;
+      n = Pl
+    } ;
+
+    D_0 = mkDig "0" ;
+    D_1 = mk3Dig "1" "1" Sg ; ----
+    D_2 = mkDig "2" ;
+    D_3 = mkDig "3" ;
+    D_4 = mkDig "4" ;
+    D_5 = mkDig "5" ;
+    D_6 = mkDig "6" ;
+    D_7 = mkDig "7" ;
+    D_8 = mkDig "8" ;
+    D_9 = mkDig "9" ;
+
+  oper
+    mk2Dig : Str -> Str -> TDigit = \c,o -> mk3Dig c o Pl ;
+    mkDig : Str -> TDigit = \c -> mk2Dig c (c + "o") ;
+
+    mk3Dig : Str -> Str -> Number -> TDigit = \c,o,n -> {
+      s = c ; ---- gender
+      n = n
+      } ;
+
+    TDigit = {
+      n : Number ;
+      s : Str
+    } ;
+
+}
+

next-lib/src/russian/ParadigmsRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude:../common
+
+--1 Russian Lexical Paradigms
+--
+-- Janna Khegai 2003--2006
+--
+-- This is an API for the user of the resource grammar 
+-- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
+-- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
+-- 
+-- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
+-- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$. 
+--
+-- The main difference with $MorphoRus.gf$ is that the types
+-- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
+-- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
+-- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
+--
+-- The structure of functions for each word class $C$ is the following:
+-- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
+-- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function $mkC$, which serves as an
+-- escape to construct the most irregular words of type $C$.
+-- 
+-- The following modules are presupposed:
+
+resource ParadigmsRus = open 
+  Prelude, 
+  MorphoRus,
+  CatRus,
+  NounRus
+  in {
+
+flags  coding=utf8 ;
+
+--2 Parameters 
+--
+-- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
+
+oper
+  Gender : Type ;
+  masculine : Gender ;
+  feminine  : Gender ;
+  neuter    : Gender ;
+
+-- To abstract over case names, we define the following.
+  Case : Type ;
+
+  nominative    : Case ;
+  genitive      : Case ;
+  dative        : Case ;
+  accusative    : Case ; 
+  instructive   : Case ;
+  prepositional : Case ;
+
+-- In some (written in English) textbooks accusative case 
+-- is put on the second place. However, we follow the case order 
+-- standard for Russian textbooks.
+
+-- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
+  Number : Type ;
+
+  singular : Number ;
+  plural   : Number ;
+
+--2 Nouns
+
+  Animacy: Type ; 
+  
+  animate: Animacy;
+  inanimate: Animacy; 
+
+-- Indeclinabe nouns: "кофе", "пальто", "ВУЗ".
+ 
+  mkIndeclinableNoun: Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ; 
+
+  mkN : overload {
+
+-- The regular function captures the variants for some common noun endings.
+
+    mkN : (karta : Str) -> N ;
+    mkN : (tigr : Str) -> Animacy -> N ;
+
+-- Worst case - give six singular forms:
+-- Nominative, Genetive, Dative, Accusative, Instructive and Prepositional;
+-- and the prepositional form after в and на, and
+-- the corresponding six plural forms and the gender and animacy.
+
+    mkN : (nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg, prepos2Sg, nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl : Str) -> Gender -> Animacy -> N
+  } ;
+
+  mkN2 : overload {
+
+-- Genitive with no preposition.
+
+    mkN2 : N -> N2 ;
+    mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
+  } ;
+
+
+  mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
+
+-- Proper names.
+
+  mkPN  : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> PN ;          -- "Иван", "Маша"
+  nounPN : N -> PN ;
+  
+
+--2 Adjectives
+
+-- Non-comparison (only positive degree) one-place adjectives need 28 (4 by 7)
+-- forms in the worst case:
+
+
+--  (Masculine  | Feminine | Neutral | Plural) *
+
+--  (Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative Inanimate | Accusative Animate |
+--  Instructive | Prepositional)
+
+
+-- Notice that 4 short forms, which exist for some adjectives are not included 
+-- in the current description, otherwise there would be 32 forms for 
+-- positive degree.
+
+   mkA : overload {
+
+-- Regular and invariant adjectives with regular comparative.
+
+     mkA : (positive : Str) -> A ;
+
+-- Adjectives with irregular comparative.
+
+     mkA : (positive, comparative : Str) -> A ;
+  } ;
+
+-- Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments.
+
+   mkA2 : A -> Str -> Case -> A2 ;  -- "делим на"
+
+-- Comparison adjectives need a positive adjective 
+-- (28 forms without short forms). 
+-- Taking only one comparative form (non-syntactic) and 
+-- only one superlative form (syntactic) we can produce the
+-- comparison adjective with only one extra argument -
+-- non-syntactic comparative form.
+-- Syntactic forms are based on the positive forms.
+
+
+--   mkADeg : A -> Str -> ADeg ;
+
+-- On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
+-- just to use a one-place adjective. 
+--   ap : A  -> IsPostfixAdj -> AP ;
+
+--2 Adverbs
+
+-- Adverbs are not inflected.
+
+  mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
+
+--2 Verbs
+--
+-- In our lexicon description ("Verbum") there are 62 forms: 
+-- 2 (Voice) by { 1 (infinitive) + [2(number) by 3 (person)](imperative) + 
+-- [ [2(Number) by 3(Person)](present) + [2(Number) by 3(Person)](future) + 
+-- 4(GenNum)(past) ](indicative)+ 4 (GenNum) (subjunctive) } 
+-- Participles (Present and Past) and Gerund forms are not included, 
+-- since they fuction more like Adjectives and Adverbs correspondingly
+-- rather than verbs. Aspect is regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb.
+-- Notice, that some forms are never used for some verbs. 
+
+Voice: Type; 
+Aspect: Type; 
+Bool: Type;
+Conjugation: Type ;
+
+first:   Conjugation; -- "гуля-Ешь, гуля-Ем"
+firstE:  Conjugation; -- Verbs with vowel "ё": "даёшь" (give), "пьёшь" (drink)  
+second:  Conjugation; -- "вид-Ишь, вид-Им"
+mixed:   Conjugation; -- "хоч-Ешь - хот-Им"
+dolzhen: Conjugation; -- irregular
+foreign: Conjugation; -- foreign words which are used in Russian, +++ MG_UR: added +++
+
+
+true:  Bool;
+false: Bool;
+ 
+active: Voice ;
+passive: Voice ;
+imperfective: Aspect;
+perfective: Aspect ;  
+
+
+-- The worst case need 6 forms of the present tense in indicative mood
+-- ("я бегу", "ты бежишь", "он бежит", "мы бежим", "вы бежите", "они бегут"),
+-- a past form (singular, masculine: "я бежал"), an imperative form 
+-- (singular, second person: "беги"), an infinitive ("бежать").
+-- Inherent aspect should also be specified.
+
+--   mkVerbum : Aspect -> (presentSgP1,presentSgP2,presentSgP3,
+   mkV : Aspect -> (presentSgP1,presentSgP2,presentSgP3,
+                         presentPlP1,presentPlP2,presentPlP3,
+                         pastSgMasculine,imperative,infinitive: Str) -> V ;
+
+-- Common conjugation patterns are two conjugations: 
+--  first - verbs ending with "-ать/-ять" and second - "-ить/-еть".
+-- Instead of 6 present forms of the worst case, we only need
+-- a present stem and one ending (singular, first person):
+-- "я люб-лю", "я жд-у", etc. To determine where the border
+-- between stem and ending lies it is sufficient to compare 
+-- first person from with second person form:
+-- "я люб-лю", "ты люб-ишь". Stems shoud be the same.
+-- So the definition for verb "любить"  looks like:
+-- regV Imperfective Second "люб" "лю" "любил" "люби" "любить";
+
+   regV :Aspect -> Conjugation -> (stemPresentSgP1,endingPresentSgP1,
+                         pastSgP1,imperative,infinitive : Str) -> V ; 
+
+
+-- Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice that
+-- a particle can be included in a $V$.
+
+   mkV2     : V   -> Str -> Case -> V2 ;   -- "войти в дом"; "в", accusative
+   mkV3  : V -> Str -> Str -> Case -> Case -> V3 ; -- "сложить письмо в конверт"
+   dirV2    : V -> V2 ;                    -- "видеть", "любить"
+   tvDirDir : V -> V3 ; 
+                            
+-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
+-- hidden from the document.
+--.
+  Gender = MorphoRus.Gender ;
+  Case = MorphoRus.Case ;
+  Number = MorphoRus.Number ;
+  Animacy = MorphoRus.Animacy;
+  Aspect = MorphoRus.Aspect;
+  Voice = MorphoRus.Voice ;
+  --Tense = Tense ;
+   Bool = Prelude.Bool ;
+  Conjugation = MorphoRus.Conjugation;
+first = First ;
+firstE = FirstE ;
+second = Second ;
+secondA = SecondA ;
+mixed = Mixed ;
+dolzhen = Dolzhen; 
+foreign = Foreign; -- +++ MG_UR: added +++
+
+  true = True;
+  false = False ;
+  masculine = Masc ;
+  feminine  = Fem ;
+  neuter = Neut ;
+  nominative = Nom ;
+  accusative = Acc ;
+  dative = Dat ;
+  genitive = Gen ;
+  instructive = Inst ;
+  prepositional = Prepos PrepOther ; -- FIXME: not correct for v and na
+  singular = Sg ;
+  plural = Pl ;
+  animate = Animate ;
+  inanimate = Inanimate ;
+  active = Act ;
+  passive = Pass ; 
+  imperfective = Imperfective ;
+  perfective = Perfective ;
+ -- present = Present ;
+  --past = Past ;
+  --  Degree     = Pos | Comp | Super ;
+ -- Person     = P1 | P2 | P3 ;
+ -- AfterPrep  = Yes | No ; 
+ -- Possessive = NonPoss | Poss GenNum ;
+
+-- Noun definitions
+
+ mkN = overload {
+    mkN : (karta : Str) -> N = mk1N ;
+    mkN : (tigr : Str) -> Animacy -> N = \nom, anim -> case anim of { Animate   => nAnimate (mk1N nom) ;
+								      Inanimate => mk1N nom } ;
+    mkN : (nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg, prepos2Sg,
+          nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl : Str) -> Gender -> Animacy -> N = mkWorstN
+  } ;
+
+  mkIndeclinableNoun = \s,g, anim ->
+   {
+     s = table { SF _ _ => s } ;
+     g = g ;
+     anim = anim 
+   } ** {lock_N = <>};
+
+  oper mkWorstN  : (nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg, prepos2Sg,
+          nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl : Str) -> Gender -> Animacy -> N
+    =  \nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg, prepos2Sg,
+          nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl, g, anim ->
+   {
+     s = table { 
+           SF Sg Nom => nomSg ;
+           SF Sg Gen => genSg ;
+           SF Sg Dat => datSg ;
+           SF Sg Acc => accSg ;
+           SF Sg Inst => instSg ;
+           SF Sg (Prepos PrepOther) => preposSg ;
+           SF Sg (Prepos PrepVNa) => prepos2Sg ;
+           SF Pl Nom => nomPl ;
+           SF Pl Gen => genPl ;
+           SF Pl Dat => datPl ;
+           SF Pl Acc => accPl ;
+           SF Pl Inst => instPl ;
+           SF Pl (Prepos _) => preposPl
+     } ;                           
+     g = g ;
+     anim = anim
+   } ** {lock_N = <>} ;
+
+  oper mk1N : Str -> N = \x ->
+        case x of {
+	  stem+"онок" => nDecl10Hard stem ;
+	  stem+"ёнок" => nDecl10Soft stem ;
+--        stem+"aнин" => nDecl11 stem ;
+          stem@(_+"и")+"й"   => nDecl7Masc stem;
+          stem@(_+"и")+"я"   => nDecl7Fem stem;
+	  stem@(_+"и")+"е"   => nDecl7Neut stem;
+	  stem+"ее"   => nAdj { s = (mk1A (stem+"ий")).s!Posit } Neut;
+	  stem+"ое"   => nAdj { s = (mk1A (stem+(iAfter stem)+"й")).s!Posit } Neut;
+          stem+"мя"   => nDecl9 stem ;
+          stem@(_+("а"|"е"|"ё"|"о"|"у"|"ы"|"э"|"ю"|"я"))+"й" => nDecl6Masc stem ;
+          stem@(_+("а"|"е"|"ё"|"о"|"у"|"ы"|"э"|"ю"|"я"))+"е" => nDecl6Neut stem ;
+          stem@(_+("а"|"е"|"ё"|"о"|"у"|"ы"|"э"|"ю"|"я"))+"я" => nDecl6Fem stem ;
+          stem@(_+("ч"|"щ"|"ш"|"ж"|"п"|"эн"|"м"|"ф"))+"ь" => nDecl8 stem ;
+          stem@(_+("д"|"т"|"ст"|"с"|"в"|"б"))+"ь"         => nDecl8 stem ;
+	  stem@(_+"ш"|"ж"|"ч"|"щ"|"ц")+"е" => nRegHardNeut stem;
+          stem+"е"                         => nRegSoftNeut stem ;
+          stem+"я"                         => nRegSoftFem stem ;
+          stem+"ь"                         => nRegSoftMasc stem ;
+          stem+"о"                         => nRegHardNeut stem ; 
+          stem+"а"                         => nRegHardFem stem ; 
+          stem                             => nRegHardMasc stem
+         } ** {lock_N = <>} ;
+
+
+
+-- An individual-valued function is a common noun together with the
+-- preposition prefixed to its argument ("клZ+ о' дома").
+-- The situation is analogous to two-place adjectives and transitive verbs.
+--
+-- We allow the genitive construction to be used as a variant of
+-- all function applications. It would definitely be too restrictive only
+-- to allow it when the required case is genitive. We don't know if there
+-- are counterexamples to the liberal choice we've made.
+
+  oper mkN2 = overload {
+    mkN2 : N -> N2 = \n -> mkFun n nullPrep ;
+    mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 = mkFun;
+  } ;
+
+  mkFun : N -> Prep -> N2 = \f,p -> (UseN f) ** {s2 = p.s ; c = p.c}** {lock_N2 = <>}  ;
+
+  nullPrep : Prep = {s = []; c= Gen; lock_Prep=<>} ;  
+
+  mkN3 f p r = (UseN f) ** {s2 = p.s ; c=p.c; s3=r.s ; c2=r.c; lock_N3 = <>} ; 
+
+
+  mkPN = \ivan, g, anim -> 
+    case g of { 
+       Masc => mkProperNameMasc ivan anim ; 
+       _ => mkProperNameFem ivan anim
+    } ** {lock_PN =<>};
+  nounPN n = {s=\\c => n.s! SF Sg c; anim=n.anim; g=n.g; lock_PN=<>};
+    
+-- On the top level, it is maybe $CN$ that is used rather than $N$, and
+-- $NP$ rather than $PN$.
+
+  makeCN  : N -> CN ;
+  makeNP  : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> NP ;
+
+
+  makeCN = UseN;
+
+  makeNP = \x,y,z -> UsePN (mkPN x y z) ;
+
+   mkA = overload {
+     mkA : (positive : Str) -> A = mk1A ;
+     mkA : (positive, comparative : Str) -> A = mk2A;
+  } ;
+
+  mk1A : Str -> A = \positive -> 
+    let stem = Predef.tk 2 positive in mk2A positive (stem+"ее") ;
+
+  mk2A : Str -> Str -> A = \positive, comparative -> 
+    case positive of {
+      stem+"ый"                       => mkAdjDeg (aRegHardStemStress stem) comparative ;
+      stem+"ой"                       => mkAdjDeg (aRegHardEndStress stem) comparative ;
+      stem@(_+("г"|"к"|"х"))+"ий"     => mkAdjDeg (aRegHardStemStress stem) comparative;
+      stem@(_+("ш"|"ж"|"ч"|"щ"))+"ий" => mkAdjDeg (aRegHardStemStress stem) comparative;
+      stem+"ий"                       => mkAdjDeg (aRegSoft stem) comparative ;
+      stem                            => mkAdjDeg (adjInvar stem) comparative
+    } ;
+
+  -- khaki, mini, hindi, netto
+  adjInvar : Str -> Adjective = \stem -> { s = \\_ => stem } ;
+
+  oper mkAdjDeg: Adjective -> Str -> A = \adj, s ->
+   {  s = table
+           {
+              Posit => adj.s ;
+              Compar => \\af => s ;
+              Superl => \\af =>  samuj.s !af ++ adj.s ! af
+           }
+  } ** {lock_A = <>};
+
+
+  mkA2 a p c=  a ** {s2 = p ; c = c; lock_A2 = <>};
+--  mkADeg a s = mkAdjDeg a s ** {lock_ADeg = <>}; -- defined in morpho.RusU
+
+--  ap a p = mkAdjPhrase a p ** {lock_AP = <>};  -- defined in syntax module
+
+  mkAdv x = ss x ** {lock_Adv = <>} ;
+
+-- Verb definitions 
+
+--   mkVerbum = \asp, sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3, 
+   mkV = \asp, sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3, 
+     sgMascPast, imperSgP2, inf -> case asp of { 
+       Perfective  =>  
+         mkVerbPerfective inf imperSgP2 
+         (presentConj sgP1 sgP2 sgP3 plP1 plP2 plP3) (pastConj sgMascPast)
+         ** {    lock_V=<> };
+       Imperfective  =>  
+         mkVerbImperfective inf imperSgP2 
+         (presentConj sgP1 sgP2 sgP3 plP1 plP2 plP3) (pastConj sgMascPast)
+         ** {    lock_V=<> }
+        }; 
+
+   oper presentConj: (_,_,_,_,_,_: Str) -> PresentVerb = 
+     \sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3 ->
+     table {
+       PRF (ASg _) P1 => sgP1 ;
+       PRF (ASg _) P2 => sgP2 ;
+       PRF (ASg _) P3 => sgP3 ;
+       PRF APl P1 => plP1 ;
+       PRF APl P2 => plP2 ;
+       PRF APl P3 => plP3   
+     };
+
+    regV a b c d e f g = verbDecl a b c d e f g ** {lock_V = <>} ;
+   -- defined in morpho.RusU.gf
+{-
+   mkV a b = extVerb a b ** {lock_V = <>};                         -- defined in types.RusU.gf
+
+   mkPresentV = \aller, vox -> 
+    { s = table { 
+       VFin gn p => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIND (VPresent (numGNum gn) p)) ;
+       VImper n p => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIMP n p) ;
+       VInf => aller.s ! VFORM vox VINF ;
+       VSubj gn => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VSUB gn)
+       }; t = Present ; a = aller.asp ; w = vox ; lock_V = <>} ;
+-}
+   mkV2 v p cas = v ** {s2 = p ; c = cas; lock_V2 = <>}; 
+   dirV2 v = mkV2 v [] Acc;
+
+
+   tvDirDir v = mkV3 v "" "" Acc Dat; 
+
+-- *Ditransitive verbs* are verbs with three argument places.
+-- We treat so far only the rule in which the ditransitive
+-- verb takes both complements to form a verb phrase.
+
+   mkV3 v s1 s2 c1 c2 = v ** {s2 = s1; c = c1; s4 = s2; c2=c2; lock_V3 = <>};  
+
+} ;
+

next-lib/src/russian/PhraseRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete PhraseRus of Phrase = CatRus ** open Prelude, ResRus in {
+
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
+  lin
+    PhrUtt pconj utt voc = {s = pconj.s ++ utt.s ++ voc.s} ;
+
+    UttS s = s ;
+    UttQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QDir} ;
+    UttImpSg pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p ! Masc! Sg} ;
+    UttImpPl pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p ! Masc!Pl} ;
+    UttImpPol pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p ! Masc! Sg} ; ---- ?? AR
+
+    UttIP ip = {s = ip.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss} ; --- Acc also
+    UttIAdv iadv = iadv ;
+    UttNP np = {s = np.s ! PF Acc No NonPoss} ;
+    UttVP vp = {s = vp.s ! ClInfinit ! ASg Masc! P3} ;
+    UttAdv adv = adv ;
+
+    NoPConj = {s = []} ;
+    PConjConj conj = ss conj.s2 ;
+
+    NoVoc = {s = []} ;
+    VocNP np = {s = "," ++ np.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss} ;
+
+}

next-lib/src/russian/QuestionRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete QuestionRus of Question = CatRus ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ; coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    QuestCl cl = {s = \\b,cf,_ => cl.s ! b ! cf  } ; 
+
+    QuestVP kto spit =
+    {s = \\b,clf,qf  => (predVerbPhrase kto spit).s!b!clf  } ;
+
+    QuestSlash Kto yaGovoruO =
+    let {  kom = Kto.s ! (mkPronForm yaGovoruO.c No NonPoss) ; o = yaGovoruO.s2 } in 
+    {s =  \\b,clf,_ => o ++ kom ++ yaGovoruO.s ! b ! clf  
+    } ;
+
+    QuestIAdv kak tuPozhivaesh =
+    {s = \\b,clf,q => kak.s ++ tuPozhivaesh.s!b!clf } ; 
+ 
+    QuestIComp kak tuPozhivaesh =
+    {s = \\b,clf,q => let ne = case b of {Neg => ""; Pos => []}
+     in 
+     kak.s ++ ne ++tuPozhivaesh.s! PF Nom No NonPoss } ; 
+
+
+    PrepIP p ip = {s = p.s ++ ip.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss} ;
+
+    AdvIP ip adv = {
+      s = \\c => ip.s ! c ++ adv.s ;
+       n = ip.n; p=ip.p; g=ip.g; anim=ip.anim; pron=ip.pron 
+      } ;
+
+    IdetCN kakoj okhotnik =
+    {s = \\pf => case kakoj.c of {
+       Nom => 
+        kakoj.s ! AF (extCase pf) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g kakoj.n) ++ 
+         okhotnik.s ! kakoj.n ! (extCase pf) ; 
+       _ => 
+        kakoj.s ! AF (extCase pf) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g kakoj.n) ++ 
+        okhotnik.s ! kakoj.n ! kakoj.c };
+     n = kakoj.n ; 
+     p = P3 ;
+     pron = False;
+     g = kakoj.g ;
+     anim = okhotnik.anim 
+    } ;
+
+-- 1.4 additions 17/6/2008 by AR
+
+    IdetIP kakoj = let anim = Inanimate in
+    {s = \\pf => kakoj.s ! AF (extCase pf) anim (pgNum kakoj.g kakoj.n) ;
+     n = kakoj.n ; 
+     p = P3 ;
+     pron = False;
+     g = kakoj.g ; 
+     anim = anim 
+    } ;
+ 
+    IdetQuant kakoj pyat = -- okhotnik =
+    {s = \\af => 
+           kakoj.s ! pyat.n ! af ++
+           pyat.s ! caseAF af ! genAF af ;
+     n = pyat.n ;
+     g = kakoj.g ;
+     c = kakoj.c 
+    } ;
+
+    CompIAdv a = a ;
+    CompIP ip = {s = ip.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss} ;
+}

next-lib/src/russian/RelativeRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete RelativeRus of Relative = CatRus ** open ResRus, MorphoRus in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ; coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    RelCl A =   {s = \\b,clf,gn,c, anim => 
+     takoj.s ! AF c anim gn ++ "что" ++ A.s !b!clf};
+
+    RelVP kotoruj gulyaet =
+    { s = \\b,clf,gn, c, anim =>  let { nu = numGNum gn } in
+      kotoruj.s ! gn ! c ! anim ++ gulyaet.s2 ++ gulyaet.s ! clf ! gn !P3 ++ 
+       gulyaet.s3 ! genGNum gn ! nu
+    } ;
+
+
+-- Preposition stranding: "that we are looking at". Pied-piping is
+-- deferred to $ExtRus.gf$ ("at which we are looking").
+
+    RelSlash kotoruj yaVizhu =
+    {s = \\b,clf,gn, _ , anim => yaVizhu.s2 ++ 
+         kotoruj.s ! gn ! yaVizhu.c ! anim 
+         ++ yaVizhu.s!b!clf 
+    } ;
+
+    FunRP p mama kotoruj =
+    {s = \\gn,c, anim => let {nu = numGNum gn} in
+           mama.s ! PF c No NonPoss ++  
+           p.s ++ kotoruj.s !  gn ! p.c ! anim
+    } ;
+
+    IdRP ={ s  = \\gn, c, anim => 
+     kotorujDet.s ! (AF c anim gn )} ;
+}
+

next-lib/src/russian/ResRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+--1 Russian auxiliary operations.
+
+-- This module contains operations that are needed to make the
+-- resource syntax work. To define everything that is needed to
+-- implement $Test$, it moreover contains regular lexical
+-- patterns needed for $Lex$.
+
+resource ResRus = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
+
+flags  coding=utf8 ; optimize=all ;
+
+--2 Enumerated parameter types 
+--
+-- These types are the ones found in school grammars.
+-- Their parameter values are atomic.
+
+-- Some parameters, such as $Number$, are inherited from $ParamX$.
+param
+  Gender     = Masc | Fem | Neut ;
+  Case       = Nom | Gen | Dat | Acc | Inst | Prepos PrepKind ;
+  PrepKind   = PrepOther | PrepVNa;
+  Animacy    = Animate | Inanimate ;
+  Voice        = Act | Pass ;
+  Aspect     = Imperfective | Perfective ;
+  RusTense      = Present | PastRus | Future ;
+--  Degree     = Pos | Comp | Super ;
+  AfterPrep  = Yes | No ; 
+  Possessive = NonPoss | Poss GenNum ;
+--  Anteriority = Simul | Anter ; 
+  ClForm =  ClIndic RusTense Anteriority | ClCondit  | ClInfinit | ClImper;      
+  -- "naked infinitive" clauses
+
+-- A number of Russian nouns have common gender. They can
+-- denote both males and females: "умница" (a clever person), "инженер" (an engineer).
+-- We overlook this phenomenon for now.
+
+-- The AfterPrep parameter is introduced in order to describe
+-- the variations of the third person personal pronoun forms
+-- depending on whether they come after a preposition or not. 
+
+-- Declination forms depend on Case, Animacy , Gender: 
+-- "большие дома" - "больших домов" (big houses - big houses'), 
+-- Animacy plays role only in the Accusative case (Masc Sg and Plural forms):
+-- Accusative Animate = Genetive, Accusaive Inanimate = Nominative
+-- "я люблю большие дома-"я люблю больших мужчин"
+-- (I love big houses - I love big men);
+-- and on Number: "большой дом - "большие дома"
+-- (a big house - big houses).
+-- The plural never makes a gender distinction.
+
+  GenNum = ASg Gender | APl ;
+
+  -- Coercions between the compound gen-num type and gender and number:
+oper
+  gNum : Gender -> Number -> GenNum = \g,n -> 
+    case n of 
+   {   Sg => case g of 
+                 { Fem => ASg Fem ;
+                   Masc => ASg Masc ;
+                   Neut => ASg Neut  } ;
+       Pl => APl
+   } ;
+
+
+-- The Possessive parameter is introduced in order to describe
+-- the possessives of personal pronouns, which are used in the 
+-- Genetive constructions like "моя мама" (my mother) instead of 
+-- "мама моя" (the mother of mine). 
+
+--2 For $Noun$
+-- Nouns decline according to number and case.
+-- For the sake of shorter description these parameters are 
+-- combined in the type SubstForm.
+param
+  SubstForm = SF Number Case ;
+
+
+-- Real parameter types (i.e. ones on which words and phrases depend) 
+-- are mostly hierarchical. The alternative would be cross-products of
+-- simple parameters, but this would usually overgenerate.
+
+-- However, we use the cross-products in complex cases 
+-- (for example, aspect and tense parameter in the verb description)
+-- where the relationship between the parameters are non-trivial
+-- even though we aware that some combinations do not exist
+-- (for example, present perfective does not exist, but removing 
+-- this combination would lead to having different descriptions 
+-- for perfective and imperfective verbs, which we do not want for the 
+-- sake of uniformity).
+
+param  PronForm = PF Case AfterPrep Possessive;
+
+oper Pronoun = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; p : Person ;
+           g: PronGen ;  pron: Bool} ;     
+
+-- Gender is not morphologically determined for first
+--  and second person pronouns.
+
+param  PronGen = PGen Gender | PNoGen ;
+
+-- The following coercion is useful:
+
+oper
+  pgen2gen : PronGen -> Gender = \p -> case p of {
+    PGen g => g ;
+    PNoGen => Masc ---- variants {Masc ; Fem} --- the best we can do for ya, tu
+    } ;
+
+
+oper
+  extCase: PronForm -> Case = \pf -> case pf of { PF c _ _ => c } ;
+
+  mkPronForm: Case -> AfterPrep -> Possessive -> PronForm = 
+    \c,n,p -> PF c n p ;
+
+  CommNounPhrase: Type = {s : Number => Case => Str; g : Gender; anim : Animacy} ;  
+  
+  NounPhrase : Type = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; 
+   p : Person ; g: PronGen ; anim : Animacy ;  pron: Bool} ;
+
+  mkNP : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,chelovek -> 
+    {s = \\cas => chelovek.s ! n ! (extCase cas) ;
+     n = n ; g = PGen chelovek.g ; p = P3 ; pron =False ;
+     anim = chelovek.anim 
+    } ;
+
+  det2NounPhrase : Adjective -> NounPhrase = \eto -> 
+    {s = \\pf => eto.s ! (AF (extCase pf) Inanimate (ASg Neut)); n = Sg ; g = PGen Neut ; pron = False ; p = P3 ; anim = Inanimate } ;
+
+
+ 
+ pron2NounPhraseNum : Pronoun -> Animacy -> Number -> NounPhrase = \ona, anim, num -> 
+    {s = ona.s ; n = num ; g =  ona.g ; 
+     pron = ona.pron; p = ona.p ; anim = anim } ;
+
+
+-- Agreement of $NP$ is a record. We'll add $Gender$ later.
+--  oper  Agr = {n : Number ; p : Person} ;
+
+
+----2 For $Verb$
+
+-- Mood is the main verb classification parameter.
+-- The verb mood can be infinitive, subjunctive, imperative, and indicative.
+
+-- Note: subjunctive mood is analytical, i.e. formed from the past form of the
+-- indicative mood plus the particle "ли". That is why they have the same GenNum 
+-- parameter. We choose to keep the "redundant" form in order to indicate 
+-- the presence of the subjunctive mood in Russian verbs. 
+
+-- Aspect and Voice parameters are present in every mood, so Voice is put
+-- before the mood parameter in verb form description the hierachy.
+-- Moreover Aspect is regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb entry.
+-- The primary reason for that is that one imperfective form can have several
+-- perfective forms: "ломать" - "сломать" - "поломать" (to break).
+-- Besides, the perfective form could be formed from imperfective 
+-- by prefixation, but also by taking a completely different stem:
+-- "говорить"-"сказать" (to say). In the later case it is even natural to 
+-- regard them as different verb entries.
+-- Another reason is that looking at the Aspect as an inherent verb parameter
+-- seem to be customary in other similar projects:
+-- http://starling.rinet.ru/morph.htm
+
+-- Note: Of course, the whole inflection table has many redundancies
+-- in a sense that many verbs do not have all grammatically possible
+-- forms. For example, passive does not exist for the verb 
+-- "любить" (to love), but exists for the verb "ломаться" (to break).
+-- In present tense verbs do not conjugate according to Genus,
+-- so parameter GenNum instead Number is used for the sake of 
+-- using for example as adjective in predication.
+
+-- Depending on the tense verbs conjugate according to combinations
+-- of gender, person and number of the verb objects. 
+-- Participles (Present and PastRus) and Gerund forms are not included in the
+-- current description. This is the verb type used in the lexicon:
+
+oper Verbum : Type = { s: VerbForm => Str ; asp : Aspect };
+
+param
+
+  VerbForm = VFORM Voice VerbConj ;
+  VerbConj =  VIND GenNum VTense | VIMP Number Person | VINF | VSUB GenNum ;
+  VTense   = VPresent Person | VPast | VFuture Person ;
+
+oper 
+   getVTense : RusTense -> Person -> VTense= \t,p ->
+   case t of { Present => VPresent p ; PastRus => VPast; Future => VFuture p } ;
+
+   getTense : Tense -> RusTense= \t ->
+   case t of { Pres => Present  
+    ; Fut => Future   --# notpresent
+    ; _ => PastRus    --# notpresent
+    } ;
+
+  
+   getVoice: VerbForm -> Voice = \vf ->
+   case vf of {
+    VFORM Act _ => Act;
+    VFORM Pass _ => Pass
+  };
+oper sebya : Case => Str =table {
+Nom => "";
+Gen => "себя";
+Dat=> "себе";
+Acc => "себя";
+Inst => "собой";
+Prep =>"себе"};
+
+  Verb : Type = {s : ClForm => GenNum => Person => Str ; asp : Aspect ; w: Voice} ;
+-- Verb phrases are discontinuous: the parts of a verb phrase are
+-- (s) an inflected verb, (s2) verb adverbials (not negation though), and
+-- (s3) complement. This discontinuity is needed in sentence formation
+-- to account for word order variations.
+ 
+  VerbPhrase : Type = Verb ** {s2: Str; s3 : Gender => Number => Str ;
+    negBefore: Bool} ;
+
+
+-- This is one instance of Gazdar's *slash categories*, corresponding to his
+-- $S/NP$.
+-- We cannot have - nor would we want to have - a productive slash-category former.
+-- Perhaps a handful more will be needed.
+--
+-- Notice that the slash category has the same relation to sentences as
+-- transitive verbs have to verbs: it's like a *sentence taking a complement*.
+
+  SlashNounPhrase = Clause ** Complement ;
+  Clause = {s : Polarity => ClForm => Str} ;
+
+-- This is the traditional $S -> NP VP$ rule. 
+
+    predVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> SlashNounPhrase = 
+    \Ya, tebyaNeVizhu -> { s = \\b,clf =>
+       let 
+       { ya = Ya.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss);
+         khorosho = tebyaNeVizhu.s2;
+         vizhu = tebyaNeVizhu.s ! clf !(gNum (pgen2gen Ya.g) Ya.n)! Ya.p;
+         tebya = tebyaNeVizhu.s3 ! (pgen2gen Ya.g) ! Ya.n 
+       }
+       in
+        ya ++  khorosho ++ vizhu ++ tebya;
+        s2= "";
+       c = Nom
+} ;
+
+-- Questions are either direct ("Ты счастлив?") 
+-- or indirect ("Потом он спросил счастлив ли ты").
+
+param 
+  QuestForm = DirQ | IndirQ ;
+
+---- The order of sentence is needed already in $VP$.
+--
+--    Order = ODir | OQuest ;
+
+oper
+   getActVerbForm : ClForm -> Gender -> Number -> Person -> VerbForm = \clf,g,n, p -> case clf of
+   { ClIndic Future _ => VFORM Act (VIND (gNum g n) (VFuture p));
+     ClIndic PastRus _ => VFORM Act (VIND (gNum g n) VPast);
+      ClIndic Present _ => VFORM Act (VIND (gNum g n) (VPresent p));
+      ClCondit => VFORM Act (VSUB (gNum g n));
+      ClInfinit => VFORM Act VINF ;
+      ClImper => VFORM Act (VIMP n p) 
+   };
+
+   getPassVerbForm : ClForm -> Gender -> Number -> Person -> VerbForm = \clf,g,n, p -> case clf of
+   { ClIndic Future _ => VFORM Pass (VIND (gNum g n) (VFuture p));
+     ClIndic PastRus _ => VFORM Pass (VIND (gNum g n) VPast);
+      ClIndic Present _ => VFORM Pass (VIND (gNum g n) (VPresent p));
+      ClCondit => VFORM Pass (VSUB (gNum g n));
+      ClInfinit => VFORM Pass VINF ;
+      ClImper => VFORM Pass (VIMP n p) 
+   };
+
+
+--2 For $Adjective$
+
+-- The short form is only inflected in gender and number.
+-- Fixing this would require changing the Degree type.
+param
+  AdjForm = AF Case Animacy GenNum | AFShort GenNum | AdvF;
+
+oper
+  Complement =  {s2 : Str ; c : Case} ;
+
+oper Refl ={s: Case => Str};
+oper sam: Refl=
+{s = table{
+     Nom => "сам";
+     Gen => "себя";
+     Dat => "себе";
+     Acc => "себя";
+     Inst => "собой";
+     Prepos _ => "себе"
+     }
+};
+
+  pgNum : PronGen -> Number -> GenNum = \g,n -> 
+    case n of 
+   {   Sg => ASg (pgen2gen g) ; -- assuming pronoun "I" is a male
+        Pl => APl
+   } ;
+              --    _  => variants {ASg Masc ; ASg Fem}  } ; 
+              --  "variants" version cause "no term variants" error during linearization
+
+
+
+oper numGNum : GenNum -> Number = \gn ->
+   case gn of { APl => Pl ; _ => Sg } ;
+
+oper genGNum : GenNum -> Gender = \gn ->
+   case gn of { ASg Fem => Fem; ASg Masc => Masc; _ => Neut } ;
+
+oper numAF: AdjForm -> Number = \af ->
+   case af of { AdvF => Sg; AFShort gn => numGNum gn; AF _ _  gn => (numGNum gn) } ;
+
+oper genAF: AdjForm -> Gender = \af ->
+   case af of { AdvF => Neut; AFShort gn => genGNum gn; AF _ _  gn => (genGNum gn) } ;
+
+oper caseAF: AdjForm -> Case = \af ->
+   case af of { AdvF => Nom; AFShort _ => Nom; AF c _ _ => c } ;
+
+-- The Degree parameter should also be more complex, since most Russian
+-- adjectives have two comparative forms: 
+-- attributive (syntactic (compound), declinable) - 
+-- "более высокий" (corresponds to "more high")
+-- and predicative (indeclinable)- "выше" (higher) and more than one 
+-- superlative forms: "самый высокий" (corresponds to "the most high") - 
+-- "высочайший" (the highest). 
+
+-- Even one more parameter independent of the degree can be added,
+-- since Russian adjectives in the positive degree also have two forms: 
+-- long  (attributive and predicative) - "высокий" (high) and short (predicative) - "высок" 
+-- although this parameter will not be exactly orthogonal to the 
+-- degree parameter. 
+-- Short form has no case declension, so in principle
+-- it can be considered as an additional case.
+
+-- Note: although the predicative usage of the long 
+-- form is perfectly grammatical, it can have a slightly different meaning
+-- compared to the short form. 
+-- For example: "он - больной"  (long, predicative) vs. 
+-- "он - болен" (short, predicative). 
+
+--3 Adjective phrases
+-- 
+-- An adjective phrase may contain a complement, e.g. "моложе Риты".
+-- Then it is used as postfix in modification, e.g. "человек, моложе Риты".
+
+  IsPostfixAdj = Bool ;
+
+
+-- Simple adjectives are not postfix:
+
+-- Adjective type includes both non-degree adjective classes:
+-- possesive ("мамин"[mother's], "лисий" [fox'es]) 
+-- and relative ("русский" [Russian]) adjectives.
+
+  Adjective : Type = {s : AdjForm => Str} ;
+
+-- A special type of adjectives just having positive forms 
+-- (for semantic reasons)  is useful, e.g. "финский".
+
+  AdjPhrase = Adjective ** {p : IsPostfixAdj} ; 
+
+
+ mkAdjPhrase : Adjective -> IsPostfixAdj  -> AdjPhrase = \novuj ,p -> novuj ** {p = p} ;
+
+----2 For $Relative$
+-- 
+--    RAgr = RNoAg | RAg {n : Number ; p : Person} ;
+--    RCase = RPrep | RC Case ;
+--
+--2 For $Numeral$
+
+param DForm = unit  | teen  | ten | hund ;
+param Place = attr  | indep  ;
+param Size  = nom | sgg | plg ;
+--param Gend = masc | fem | neut ;
+oper mille : Size => Str = table {
+  {nom} => "тысяча" ;
+  {sgg} => "тысячи" ;
+  _     => "тысяч"} ;
+
+oper gg : Str -> Gender => Str = \s -> table {_ => s} ;
+
+--    CardOrd = NCard | NOrd ;
+
+----2 Transformations between parameter types
+--
+
+oper 
+
+   numSF: SubstForm -> Number = \sf -> case sf of { SF n _ => n } ;
+   
+   caseSF: SubstForm -> Case = \sf -> case sf of { SF _ c => c } ;
+
+}

next-lib/src/russian/SentenceRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+
+concrete SentenceRus of Sentence = CatRus ** open Prelude, ResRus in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ; coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    PredVP Ya tebyaNeVizhu = { s = \\b,clf =>
+       let  { 
+          ya = Ya.s ! (case clf of {
+              ClInfinit => (mkPronForm Acc No NonPoss); 
+               _ => (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss)
+               });
+         ne = case b of {Pos=>""; Neg=>"не"};
+         vizhu = tebyaNeVizhu.s ! clf ! (pgNum Ya.g Ya.n)! Ya.p;
+         khorosho = tebyaNeVizhu.s2 ;
+         tebya = tebyaNeVizhu.s3 ! (pgen2gen Ya.g) ! Ya.n 
+       }
+       in
+       if_then_else Str tebyaNeVizhu.negBefore  
+        (ya ++ ne ++ vizhu ++ tebya ++ khorosho)
+        (ya ++ vizhu ++ ne ++ tebya ++ khorosho)
+    } ;
+
+
+    PredSCVP sc vp = { s = \\b,clf => 
+       let  { 
+         ne = case b of {Pos=>""; Neg=>"не"};
+         vizhu = vp.s ! clf ! (ASg Neut)! P3;
+         tebya = vp.s3 ! Neut ! Sg 
+       }
+       in
+       if_then_else Str vp.negBefore  
+        (sc.s ++ ne ++ vizhu ++ tebya)
+        (sc.s ++ vizhu ++ ne ++ tebya)
+    } ;
+{-
+    SlashV2 ivan lubit = { s=\\b,clf => ivan.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss ++ 
+         lubit.s! (getActVerbForm clf (pgen2gen ivan.g) ivan.n ivan.p) ;
+         s2=lubit.s2; c=lubit.c };
+
+    SlashVVV2 ivan khotet lubit =
+   { s=\\b,clf => ivan.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss ++ khotet.s! (getActVerbForm clf (pgen2gen ivan.g) ivan.n ivan.p) ++ lubit.s! VFORM Act VINF ;
+    s2=lubit.s2; 
+    c=lubit.c  };
+-}
+    AdvSlash slash adv = {
+      s  = \\b,clf => slash.s ! b ! clf ++ adv.s ;
+      c = slash.c;
+      s2 = slash.s2;
+    } ;
+
+    SlashPrep cl p =  {s=cl.s; s2=p.s; c=p.c} ;     
+
+    --- AR 3/11/2007
+    SlashVS ivan vidit tuUlubaeshsya = { 
+      s=\\b,clf => ivan.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss ++ 
+         vidit.s! (getActVerbForm clf (pgen2gen ivan.g) ivan.n ivan.p) ++
+         [", что"] ++ tuUlubaeshsya.s ;
+      s2=tuUlubaeshsya.s2; 
+      c=tuUlubaeshsya.c 
+    } ;
+
+
+
+    ImpVP inf = {s = \\pol, g,n =>          
+        let 
+          dont  = case pol of {
+            Neg => "не" ;
+            _ => []
+            }
+        in
+        dont ++ inf.s ! ClImper ! (gNum g n )!P2 ++ 
+        inf.s2++inf.s3!g!n
+    } ;
+
+    EmbedS  s  = {s = "что" ++ s.s} ;
+ -- In Russian "Whether you go" transformed in "go whether you":
+    EmbedQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QIndir} ;
+    EmbedVP vp = {s = vp.s2  ++ vp.s!ClInfinit!(ASg Masc) !P3 ++ vp.s3!Masc!Sg} ;
+
+    UseCl t p cl = {s = case t.t of { 
+      Cond => cl.s! p.p ! ClCondit ; --# notpresent
+      Pres => cl.s! p.p ! ClIndic Present t.a ;  ---- AR work-around 13/12/2007
+      _ => cl.s! p.p ! ClIndic (getTense t.t) t.a}};
+
+    UseQCl t p qcl= {s = case t.t of { 
+      Cond => qcl.s! p.p ! ClCondit ; --# notpresent
+      Pres => qcl.s! p.p ! ClIndic Present t.a ;
+      _ => qcl.s!p.p! ClIndic (getTense t.t) t.a }};
+
+    UseRCl t p rcl ={s = \\gn,c,anim => case t.t of { 
+      Cond => [", "] ++ rcl.s! p.p ! ClCondit ! gn !c !anim ; --# notpresent
+      Pres => [", "] ++ rcl.s! p.p ! ClIndic Present t.a !gn !c !anim;
+      _ => [", "] ++ rcl.s! p.p ! ClIndic (getTense t.t) t.a !gn !c !anim}};
+
+    UseSlash  t p cl = {
+      s = case t.t of { 
+        Cond => cl.s! p.p ! ClCondit ; --# notpresent
+        Pres => cl.s! p.p ! ClIndic Present t.a ;
+        _ => cl.s! p.p ! ClIndic (getTense t.t) t.a
+        } ;
+      s2 = cl.s2 ;
+      c = cl.c
+    };
+
+
+    AdvS a s = {s = a.s ++ "," ++ s.s} ; ---- AR 19/6/2007
+
+
+}
+

next-lib/src/russian/StructuralRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete StructuralRus of Structural = CatRus ** 
+  open ResRus, MorphoRus, (P = ParadigmsRus), Prelude, NounRus, in {
+
+  flags optimize=all ; coding=utf8 ;
+
+lin
+-- First mount the numerals.
+--  UseNumeral i = i ;   
+
+-- Then an alphabetical list of structural words
+
+  above_Prep = { s = "над" ; c = Inst} ;
+  after_Prep  = { s = "после" ; c = Gen };
+--  all8mass_Det = vesDet ** {n = Sg; g = PNoGen;  c = Nom} ; 
+  all_Predet  = vseDetPl ** { g = PNoGen; c = Nom} ; 
+  almost_AdA = {s= "почти"} ;
+  almost_AdN = {s= "почти"} ;
+  although_Subj  = ss "хотя" ;
+  always_AdV = ss "всегда" ;
+  and_Conj  = {s1 = [] ; s2 = "и" ; n = Pl} ;
+  because_Subj  = ss ["потому что"] ;
+  before_Prep   ={ s = "перед" ; c = Inst};
+  behind_Prep  = { s = "за" ; c = Inst };
+  between_Prep  = { s = "между" ; c = Inst};
+  both7and_DConj = sd2 "как" [", так и"]  ** {n = Pl} ;
+  but_PConj = ss "но" ;
+  by8agent_Prep  = { s = ["с помощью"] ; c = Gen};
+  by8means_Prep  = { s = ["с помощью"] ; c = Gen};
+  can8know_VV  = verbMoch ;
+  can_VV  =  verbMoch ;
+  during_Prep  = { s = ["в течение"] ; c = Gen};
+  either7or_DConj  = sd2 "либо" [", либо"]  ** {n = Sg} ;
+-- comma is not visible in GUI!
+  every_Det  = kazhdujDet ** {n = Sg ; g = PNoGen; c= Nom} ; 
+  everybody_NP = mkNP Pl (UseN ((eEnd_Decl "вс")**{lock_N=<>})) ;
+  everything_NP  = UsePron (pronVseInanimate ** {lock_Pron=<>}) ;
+  everywhere_Adv = ss "везде" ;
+  few_Det = nemnogoSgDet **{lock_Det= <>; n= Sg; g = PNoGen; c = Nom};
+--- DEPREC  first_Ord = (uy_j_EndDecl  "перв" ) ** {lock_A = <>};  --AStaruyj 
+  from_Prep  = { s = "от" ; c = Gen };
+  he_Pron  = pronOn ;
+  here_Adv = ss "здесь" ;
+  here7to_Adv = ss "сюда" ;
+  here7from_Adv = ss "отсюда" ;
+  how_IAdv  = ss "как" ;
+  how8many_IDet   = skolkoSgDet ** {n = Pl; g = (PGen Neut); c= Gen}; 
+  i_Pron   = pronYa ;
+  if_Subj    = ss "если" ;
+  in8front_Prep  = { s = "перед" ; c = Inst};
+  in_Prep = { s = "в" ; c = Prepos PrepVNa } ;
+  it_Pron    = pronOno ;
+  less_CAdv = {s="менее"; p=""} ;
+  many_Det  = mnogoSgDet ** {n = Sg; g = (PGen Neut); c= Gen} ; 
+  more_CAdv = {s="более"; p=""} ;
+  most_Predet   = bolshinstvoSgDet ** {n = Sg; g = (PGen Neut); c= Gen} ; 
+  -- inanimate, Sg: "большинство телефонов безмолству-ет" 
+--  most8many_Det = bolshinstvoPlDet ** {n = Pl; g = (PGen Neut); c= Gen} ;  
+  -- animate, Pl: "большинство учащихся хорошо подготовлен-ы"
+ much_Det   = mnogoSgDet ** {n = Sg; g = (PGen Neut); c= Gen} ; -- same as previous
+ must_VV  = verbDolzhen ;
+ no_Utt  = ss ["Нет"] ;
+ on_Prep = { s = "на" ; c = Prepos PrepVNa };
+--- DEPREC one_Quant = odinDet  ** {lock_QuantSg = <>; n= Sg; g = PNoGen; c = Nom };
+--AStaruyj :
+ only_Predet = (uy_j_EndDecl  "единственн" ) ** {lock_Predet = <>; n= Sg; g = PNoGen; c = Nom };
+ or_Conj  = {s1= [] ; s2 = "или" ; n = Sg} ;
+ otherwise_PConj  = ss "иначе" ;
+  part_Prep = { s = "" ; c = Nom}; -- missing in Russian
+  please_Voc = ss "пожалуйста" ;
+  possess_Prep  = { s = "" ; c = Gen}; --- ?? AR 19/2/2004
+  quite_Adv = ss "довольно" ;
+  she_Pron   = pronOna ;
+  so_AdA = ss "так";
+  somebody_NP = UsePron (pronKtoTo** {lock_Pron = <>});
+  someSg_Det   = nekotorujDet ** {n = Sg; g = PNoGen; c= Nom} ;
+  somePl_Det = nekotorujDet ** {n = Pl; g = PNoGen; c= Nom} ;  
+  something_NP  = UsePron (pronChtoTo** {lock_Pron=<> }) ;
+  somewhere_Adv  = ss "где-нибудь" ;
+  that_Quant   = totDet ** {n = Sg; g = PNoGen; c= Nom} ;
+  there_Adv = ss "там" ;
+  there7to_Adv = ss "туда" ;
+  there7from_Adv = ss "оттуда" ;
+  therefore_PConj  = ss "следовательно" ;
+  they_Pron  = pronOni;
+  this_Quant   = etotDet ** {n = Sg; g = PNoGen; c= Nom} ;
+  through_Prep  = { s = "через" ; c = Acc };
+  to_Prep = { s = "к" ; c = Dat };
+  too_AdA = ss "слишком" ;
+  under_Prep  = { s = "под"  ; c = Inst };
+  very_AdA  = ss "очень" ;
+  want_VV  = verbKhotet ;
+  we_Pron  = pronMu ;
+  whatPl_IP = pron2NounPhraseNum pronChto Inanimate Pl;
+  whatSg_IP = pron2NounPhraseNum pronChto Inanimate Sg;
+  when_IAdv = ss "когда" ;
+  when_Subj  = ss "когда" ;
+  where_IAdv  = ss "где" ;
+  which_IQuant = {
+    s = \\_ => kotorujDet.s ; 
+    g = PNoGen; 
+    c= Nom
+    } ;  
+  whoPl_IP = pron2NounPhraseNum pronKto Animate Pl;
+  whoSg_IP = pron2NounPhraseNum pronKto Animate Sg;
+  why_IAdv  = ss "почему" ;
+  with_Prep  = { s = "с" ; c = Inst};
+  without_Prep  = { s = "без" ; c = Gen};
+  youPl_Pron  = pronVu;
+  yes_Utt  = ss ["Да"] ;
+  youSg_Pron   = pronTu;
+  youPol_Pron =  pronVu;
+
+---  NoDet    = nikakojDet ** {n = Sg; g = PNoGen; c= Nom} ;
+---  AnyDet   = lubojDet ** {n = Sg; g = PNoGen; c= Nom} ;
+---  AnyNumDet  = mkDeterminerNum (lubojDet ** {n = Pl; g = PNoGen; c= Nom} );  
+---  NoNumDet   = mkDeterminerNum (nikakojDet ** {n = Pl; g = PNoGen; c= Nom} );  
+---NobodyNP = UsePron pronNikto Animate;
+---NothingNP = UsePron pronNichto Inanimate;
+
+-- In case of "neither..  no" expression double negation is not 
+-- only possible, but also required in Russian.
+-- There is no means of control for this however in the resource grammar.
+---  NeitherNor = sd2 "ни" [", ни"]  ** {n = Sg} ;
+---  NowhereNP = ss "нигде" ;
+---  AgentPrep = { s = "" ; c = Nom}; -- missing in Russian
+}

next-lib/src/russian/VerbRus.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
+
+concrete VerbRus of Verb = CatRus ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
+
+-- 1.4 additions by AR 17/6/2008
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ;  coding=utf8 ;
+  lin
+  CompNP masha =
+ { s=\\clf,gn,p => case clf of 
+   {
+        (ClIndic Present _) =>  masha.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss) ;
+        (ClIndic PastRus _) => case  gn of 
+    {   (ASg Fem)  =>"была"++masha.s ! (mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss);
+      (ASg Masc)  =>"был" ++ masha.s!(mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss);
+     (ASg Neut)  =>"было" ++ masha.s!(mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss);
+      APl => "были" ++ masha.s ! (mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss)
+   };
+    (ClIndic Future _) => case gn of 
+   {    APl => case p of
+      { P3 => "будут"++masha.s ! (mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss);
+        P2 => "будете"++masha.s !(mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss);
+        P1 => "будем"++masha.s ! (mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss)
+      };
+      (ASg _) => case p of
+      {  P3=>"будет"++masha.s!(mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss) ;
+         P2 => "будешь"++ masha.s ! (mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss) ;
+         P1=> "буду"++ masha.s ! (mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss)      
+      } --case p
+    }; --case gn
+      ClCondit => "" ;        
+      ClImper  => case (numGNum gn) of 
+        {Sg  => "будь" ++ masha.s ! (mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss);
+         Pl => "будьте" ++  masha.s ! (mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss) 
+       };
+       ClInfin => "быть" ++   masha.s ! (mkPronForm Inst No NonPoss)
+};  -- case clf     
+      asp = Imperfective ;
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n => ""
+   } ;
+
+  CompAP zloj ={
+ s= \\clf,gn,p => case clf of { 
+-- person is ignored !
+       ClInfinit => "быть" ++ zloj.s ! AF Inst Animate (ASg Masc) ; 
+        ClImper => case gn of 
+          {  (ASg _) => "будь" ++ zloj.s ! AF Inst Animate (ASg Masc);
+             APl => "будьте" ++ zloj.s ! AF Inst Animate APl  
+          };  
+-- infinitive does not save GenNum, 
+-- but indicative does for the sake of adjectival predication !
+        ClIndic Present _ =>  zloj.s ! AF Nom Animate gn ;
+        ClIndic PastRus _ => case gn of
+       { (ASg Fem)   => "была" ++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate (ASg Fem);
+          (ASg Masc)  => "был" ++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate (ASg Masc);
+          (ASg Neut)   => "был" ++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate (ASg Neut);
+           APl => "были" ++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate APl
+       };
+       ClIndic Future _ => case gn of 
+       { APl => case p of 
+          { P3 => "будут" ++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate APl;
+            P2 => "будете" ++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate APl;
+            P1 => "будем" ++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate APl
+          } ;
+         (ASg _) => case p of 
+         {P3 => "будет" ++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate (ASg (genGNum gn));
+          P2 => "будешь"++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate (ASg (genGNum gn));
+          P1=> "буду" ++ zloj.s! AF Nom Animate (ASg (genGNum gn))
+        }
+      };
+       ClCondit => ""
+      } ;        
+
+      asp = Imperfective ;      
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n=> ""
+    } ;
+
+
+-- Verb phrases can also be formed from adjectives (" молод"),
+-- common nouns (" человек"), and noun phrases (" самый молодой").
+-- The third rule is overgenerating: " каждый человек" has to be ruled out
+-- on semantic grounds.
+-- Note: we omit a dash "-" because it will cause problems with negation word order:
+-- "Я не - волшебник". Alternatively, we can consider verb-based VP and
+-- all the rest.
+
+  CompAdv zloj =
+    { s= \\clf,gn,p => case clf of {
+        ClImper => case gn of 
+     { ASg _ => "будь" ++ zloj.s;    -- person is ignored !
+       APl => "будьте" ++ zloj.s
+     };
+     ClInfinit => "быть" ++ zloj.s;
+        ClIndic Present  _ => zloj.s ;
+        ClIndic PastRus _ => case gn of 
+       { (ASg Fem)  => "была" ++ zloj.s;
+         (ASg Masc) => "был" ++ zloj.s;
+          (ASg Neut) => "было" ++ zloj.s;
+         APl => "были" ++ zloj.s
+       };
+        ClIndic Future _ => case gn of 
+       { (ASg _) => "будет" ++ zloj.s;
+         APl => "будут" ++ zloj.s
+        };
+        ClCondit => ""
+        } ;        
+      asp = Imperfective ;
+      w = Act;
+      s2 = "";
+      negBefore = True;
+      s3 = \\g,n => ""
+    } ;
+
+
+
+   UseComp comp = comp ;
+
+--    CompAP ap = ap ;
+--    CompNP np = {s = \\_ => np.s ! Acc} ;
+--    CompAdv a = {s = \\_ => a.s} ;
+
+
+-- A simple verb can be made into a verb phrase with an empty complement.
+-- There are two versions, depending on if we want to negate the verb.
+-- N.B. negation is *not* a function applicable to a verb phrase, since
+-- double negations with "inte" are not grammatical.
+
+    UseV se = 
+    {s=\\clf,gn,p =>  se.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ; 
+      asp = se.asp ;
+     w=Act;      
+    s2 = "";
+      negBefore = True;
+      s3 = table{_=> table{_ => ""}}
+    } ;
+
+-- The rule for using transitive verbs is the complementization rule:
+  SlashV2a se =
+    {s = \\clf,gn,p =>  se.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ;
+      asp = se.asp ; 
+      w = Act;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n => ""; 
+      negBefore = True ;
+      sc = se.s2 ;
+      c = se.c
+    } ;
+
+  ComplSlash se tu =
+    {s = \\clf,gn,p =>  se.s ! clf ! gn ! p
+     ++ se.sc ++ tu.s ! (mkPronForm se.c No NonPoss) ; 
+      asp = se.asp ; 
+      w = se.w;
+      s2 = se.s2;
+      s3 = se.s3; 
+      negBefore = se.negBefore
+    } ;
+
+  Slash2V3 dat tu =
+      let
+        tebepivo = dat.s2 ++ tu.s ! PF dat.c No NonPoss ++ dat.s4 ;
+      in
+      {s  = \\clf,gn,p => dat.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ++ tebepivo ; 
+      asp = dat.asp ;
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n=> "" ;
+      sc = dat.s4 ;
+      c = dat.c2
+    } ;
+
+  Slash3V3 dat pivo =
+      let
+        tebepivo = dat.s4 ++ pivo.s ! PF dat.c2 Yes NonPoss 
+      in
+      {s  = \\clf,gn,p => dat.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ++ tebepivo ; 
+      asp = dat.asp ;
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n=> "" ;
+      sc = dat.s2 ;
+      c = dat.c
+    } ;
+
+{-
+  ComplV3 dat tu pivo =
+      let
+        tebepivo = dat.s2 ++
+         tu.s ! PF dat.c No NonPoss ++ dat.s4 ++ pivo.s ! PF dat.c2 Yes NonPoss 
+      in
+      {s  = \\clf,gn,p => dat.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ++ tebepivo ; 
+      asp = dat.asp ;
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n=> ""
+    } ;
+
+
+  ReflV2 v = 
+    { s  = \\clf,gn,p => v.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ++ v.s2 ++ sebya!v.c; 
+      asp = v.asp ;
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n=> ""
+ } ;
+-}
+
+-- To generate "сказал, что Иван гуляет" / "не сказал, что Иван гуляет":
+  ComplVS   vidit tuUlubaeshsya =
+    {s = \\clf,gn,p => vidit.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p)
+     ++ [", что"] ++ tuUlubaeshsya.s ;
+     asp = vidit.asp;
+     w = Act;
+     s2="";
+      negBefore = True;
+      s3 = \\g,n => ""
+ } ;
+-- To generate "can walk"/"can't walk"; "tries to walk"/"does not try to walk":
+-- The contraction of "not" is not provided, since it would require changing
+-- the verb parameter type.
+
+  ComplVV putatsya bezhat =
+  { s =  \\clf,gn,p => putatsya.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) 
+       (numGNum gn) p) ++ bezhat.s!ClInfinit !gn!p ; 
+      asp = putatsya.asp ;
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 =\\g,n => ""
+  } ;
+  ComplVQ dat esliOnPridet =
+       {s  = \\clf,gn,p => dat.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ++ esliOnPridet.s ! QDir ; 
+      asp = dat.asp ;
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n=> ""
+    } ;
+  ComplVA vuglyadet molodoj =
+      {s  = \\clf,gn,p => vuglyadet.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ; 
+      asp = vuglyadet.asp ;
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n => molodoj.s!(AF Inst Animate (gNum g n))  
+    } ;
+
+  SlashV2A  obechat molodoj =
+    {s  = \\clf,gn,p => 
+          obechat.s ! (getActVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ++  
+          molodoj.s ! AF Inst Inanimate (ASg Neut) ;
+                      ---- AR 17/6; AF Inst tu.anim (pgNum tu.g tu.n) ; 
+      asp = obechat.asp ;
+      w = Act;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s2 = "";
+      s3 = \\g,n =>"" ;
+      sc = obechat.s2 ;
+      c = obechat.c
+    } ;
+
+  AdvVP poet khorosho =
+    {s = \\clf,gn,p => poet.s ! clf!gn!p; s2 = poet.s2 ++ khorosho.s; s3 = poet.s3;
+     asp = poet.asp; w = poet.w; t = poet.t ; negBefore = poet.negBefore } ;
+
+  AdVVP khorosho poet =
+    {s = \\clf,gn,p => poet.s ! clf!gn!p; s2 = khorosho.s ++ poet.s2; s3 = poet.s3;
+     asp = poet.asp; w = poet.w; t = poet.t ; negBefore = poet.negBefore } ;
+
+PassV2  se =
+    {s=\\clf,gn,p =>  se.s ! (getPassVerbForm clf (genGNum gn) (numGNum gn) p) ; 
+    asp=se.asp; w=Pass;      s2 = se.s2;
+      negBefore = True;
+      s3 = table{_=> table{_ => ""}}
+};
+
+}
+