Japanese RGL by Liza Zimina - almost complete!

lib/src/japanese/AdjectiveJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+concrete AdjectiveJap of Adjective = CatJap ** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    PositA adj = {
+      pred = adj.pred ;
+      attr = \\st => adj.attr ;
+      te = \\st => adj.te ;
+      tara = \\st => adj.tara ;
+      adv = \\st => adj.adv ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ; 
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    ComparA adj np = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => np.s ! st ++ "より" ++ adj.pred ! st ! t ! p ;  
+      attr = \\st => np.s ! st ++ "より" ++ adj.attr ;
+      te = \\st => np.s ! st ++ "より" ++ adj.te ;
+      tara = \\st => np.s ! st ++ "より" ++ adj.tara ;
+      adv = \\st => np.s ! st ++ "より" ++ adj.adv ; 
+      prepositive = np.prepositive ; 
+      compar = More
+      } ;
+    
+    ComplA2 a2 np = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => np.s ! st ++ a2.prep ++ a2.pred ! st ! t ! p ;
+      attr = \\st => np.s ! st ++ a2.prep ++ a2.attr ;
+      te = \\st => np.s ! st ++ a2.prep ++ a2.te ;
+      tara = \\st => np.s ! st ++ a2.prep ++ a2.tara ;
+      prepositive = np.prepositive ;
+      adv = \\st => [] ; 
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    ReflA2 a2 = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => "自分" ++ a2.prep ++ a2.pred ! st ! t ! p ;  -- "jibun"
+      attr = \\st => "自分" ++ a2.prep ++ a2.attr ;
+      te = \\st => "自分" ++ a2.prep ++ a2.te ;
+      tara = \\st => "自分" ++ a2.prep ++ a2.tara ;
+      adv = \\st => [] ; 
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    UseA2 a2 = {
+      pred = a2.pred ;
+      attr = \\st => a2.attr ;
+      te = \\st => a2.te ;
+      tara = \\st => a2.tara ;
+      adv = \\st => [] ; 
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    UseComparA adj = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => "もっと" ++ adj.pred ! st ! t ! p ;
+      attr = \\st => "もっと" ++ adj.attr ;
+      te = \\st => "もっと" ++ adj.te ;
+      tara = \\st => "もっと" ++ adj.tara ;
+      adv = \\st => "もっと" ++ adj.adv ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      compar = NoCompar   -- "motto" does not change the main NP's particle
+      } ;
+    
+    CAdvAP cadv ap np = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => np.s ! st ++ cadv.s ++ ap.pred ! st ! t ! p ;
+      attr = \\st => np.s ! st ++ cadv.s ++ ap.attr ! st ;
+      te = \\st => np.s ! st ++ cadv.s ++ ap.te ! st ;
+      tara = \\st => np.s ! st ++ cadv.s ++ ap.tara ! st ;
+      adv = \\st => np.s ! st ++ cadv.s ++ ap.adv ! st ; 
+      prepositive = np.prepositive ;
+      compar = cadv.compar
+      } ;
+    
+    AdjOrd ord = {
+      pred = ord.pred ;
+      attr = \\st => ord.attr ;
+      te = \\st => ord.te ;
+      tara = \\st => ord.tara ;
+      adv = \\st => ord.adv ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+
+    SentAP ap sc = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことを" ++ ap.pred ! st ! t ! p ;
+      attr = \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことを" ++ ap.attr ! st ;
+      te = \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことを" ++ ap.te ! st ;
+      tara = \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことを" ++ ap.tara ! st ;
+      adv = \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことを" ++ ap.adv ! st ;
+      prepositive = ap.prepositive ;
+      compar = ap.compar
+      } ;
+    
+    AdAP ada ap = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => ada.s ++ ap.pred ! st ! t ! p ;
+      attr = \\st => ada.s ++ ap.attr ! st ;
+      te = \\st => ada.s ++ ap.te ! st ;
+      tara = \\st => ada.s ++ ap.tara ! st ;
+      adv = \\st => ada.s ++ ap.adv ! st ;
+      prepositive = ap.prepositive ;
+      compar = ap.compar
+      } ;
+    
+    AdvAP ap adv = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => ap.pred ! st ! t ! p ;
+        False => adv.s ! st ++ ap.pred ! st ! t ! p 
+        } ;
+      attr = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => ap.attr ! st ;
+        False => adv.s ! st ++ ap.attr ! st 
+        } ;
+      te = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => ap.te ! st ;
+        False => adv.s ! st ++ ap.te ! st 
+        } ;
+      tara = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => ap.tara ! st ;
+        False => adv.s ! st ++ ap.tara ! st 
+        } ;
+      adv = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => ap.adv ! st ;
+        False => adv.s ! st ++ ap.adv ! st 
+        } ;
+      prepositive = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => adv.s ! st ;
+        False => [] 
+        } ;
+      compar = ap.compar
+      } ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/AdverbJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+concrete AdverbJap of Adverb = CatJap ** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+  
+    PositAdvAdj a = {s = \\st => a.adv ; prepositive = False ; compar = NoCompar} ;
+  
+    PrepNP prep np = {s = \\st => np.s ! st ++ prep.s ; 
+                      prepositive = False ; compar = NoCompar} ;
+    
+    ComparAdvAdj cadv a np = {s = \\st => np.s ! st ++ cadv.s ++ a.adv ; 
+                              prepositive = False ; compar = cadv.compar} ;
+    
+    ComparAdvAdjS cadv a s = {s = \\st => s.s ! Ga ! Plain ++ "こと" ++ cadv.s ++ a.adv ; 
+                              prepositive = False ; compar = cadv.compar} ;
+    
+    AdAdv ada adv = {s = \\st => ada.s ++ adv.s ! st ; 
+                     prepositive = adv.prepositive ; compar = NoCompar} ;
+    
+    PositAdAAdj a = {s = a.adv} ;
+    
+    SubjS subj s = {
+      s = \\st => case subj.when of {
+        True => s.tara ! (Wa | Ga) ! st ;
+        False => s.s ! (Wa | Ga) ! st ++ subj.s
+        } ; 
+      prepositive = True ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    AdnCAdv cadv = {
+      s = case cadv.compar of {
+        More => "以上" ;  -- "ijou"
+        Less => "以下" ;  -- "ika" ;
+        NoCompar => "もの"
+        } ;
+      postposition = True
+      } ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/CatJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+concrete CatJap of Cat = CommonJap ** open ResJap, Prelude in {
+
+
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  
+
+  lincat
+  
+    S = {s : Particle => Style => Str ;
+         te : Particle => Style => Str ;
+         tara : Particle => Style => Str ;
+         subj : Particle => Style => Str ;
+         pred : Style => Str ;
+         } ;
+    QS = {s : Particle => Style => Str} ;
+    RS = {s : Animateness => Style => Str ;
+          te : Animateness => Style => Str ;
+          subj : Particle => Style => Str ;
+          pred : Animateness => Style => Str ;
+          pred_te : Animateness => Style => Str ;
+          pred_tara : Animateness => Style => Str ;
+          missingSubj : Bool} ;
+    Cl = {s : Particle => Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ;
+          te : Particle => Style => Str ;
+          tara : Particle => Style => Str ;
+          subj : Particle => Style => Str ;
+          pred : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ;
+          pred_te : Style => Str ;
+          pred_tara : Style => Str ;
+          changePolar : Bool} ;
+    ClSlash = {s : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ;
+               te : Style => Str ;
+               subj : Particle => Style => Str ;
+               pred : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ;
+               pred_te : Style => Str ;
+               pred_tara : Style => Str ;
+               changePolar : Bool} ;
+    SSlash = {s : Style => Str ; te : Style => Str} ;
+    Imp = {s : Style => Polarity => Str} ;
+    QCl = {s : Particle => Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; changePolar : Bool} ;
+    IP = {s : Style => Str ; anim : Animateness ; how8many : Bool} ;
+    IComp = {s : Style => Str} ;
+    IDet = {s : Str ; n : Number ; how8many : Bool ; inclCard : Bool} ;
+    IQuant = {s : Str} ;
+    RCl = {s : Animateness => Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ;
+          te : Animateness => Style => Str ;
+          subj : Particle => Style => Str ;
+          pred : Animateness => Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ;
+          pred_te : Animateness => Style => Str ;
+          pred_tara : Animateness => Style => Str ;
+          changePolar : Bool ;
+          missingSubj : Bool} ;
+    RP = {s : Style => Str ; prep : Str} ;
+    VP = ResJap.VP ;  -- {verb : Animateness => Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; 
+        --  te : Animateness => Style => Str; a_stem : Animateness => Style => Str ; 
+        --  i_stem : Animateness => Style => Str ; tara : Animateness => Style => Str ; 
+        --  prep : Str ; obj : Style => Str ; prepositive : Style => Str ; compar : ComparSense} ;
+    Comp = {verb : Animateness => Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; 
+            te : Animateness => Style => Str ; a_stem : Animateness => Style => Str ; 
+            i_stem : Animateness => Style => Str ; tara : Animateness => Style => Str ; 
+            obj : Style => Str ; prepositive : Style => Str ; compar : ComparSense} ;
+    VPSlash = Verb ** {prep : Str ; obj : Style => Str ; prepositive : Style => Str ; 
+                       v2vType : Bool ; compar : ComparSense} ;
+    AP = {pred : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; attr : Style => Str ; te : Style => Str ; 
+          tara : Style => Str ; adv : Style => Str ; prepositive : Style => Str ; 
+          compar : ComparSense} ;
+    NP = ResJap.NP ;  -- {s : Style => Str ; prepositive : Style => Str ; needPart : Bool ; 
+                      --  changePolar : Bool ; Pron1Sg : Bool ; anim : Animateness} ;
+    CN = Noun ** {object : Style => Str ; prepositive : Style => Str ; hasAttr : Bool} ; 
+    Pron = Pronoun ;              -- {s : Style => Str ; Pron1Sg : Bool ; anim : Animateness} ;
+    Det = Determiner ;            -- {quant : Style => Str ; num : Str ; postpositive : Str ; 
+                                  --  n : Number ; inclCard : Bool} ;
+    Predet = {s : Str} ;
+    Quant = {s : Style => Str} ;
+    Num = ResJap.Num ;            -- {s : Str ; postpositive : Str ; n : Number ; inclCard : Bool} ;
+    Card = {s : Str ; postpositive : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+    Ord = Adj ;                   -- {pred : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ;
+                                  --  attr : Str; te : Str ; tara : Str ; adv : Str} ;
+    Numeral = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
+    Digits  = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
+    Conj = Conjunction ;
+    Subj = {s : Str ; when : Bool} ;
+    Prep = Preposition ;          -- {s : Str ; relPrep : Str} ;
+    V = Verb ;                    -- {s : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; te : Str ;  
+                                  --  a_stem : Str ; i_stem : Str ; tara : Str} 
+    V2 = Verb ** {pass: Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; pass_te : Str ; pass_a_stem : Str ; 
+                  pass_i_stem : Str ; pass_tara : Str ; prep : Str} ;
+    V3 = Verb ** {prep1 : Str ; prep2 : Str ; give : Bool} ;  -- "give" is a special case
+    VV = Verb ** {sense : ModSense} ;
+    VS = Verb ** {prep : Str} ;
+    VQ = Verb ** {prep : Str} ;
+    VA = Verb ;
+    V2V = Verb ;
+    V2S = Verb ;
+    V2Q = Verb ;
+    V2A = Verb ;
+    A = Adj ;                     -- {pred : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ;
+                                  --  attr : Str; te : Str ; tara : Str ; adv : Str} ;
+    A2 = Adj2 ;                   --  Adj ** {prep : Str} ;
+    N = Noun ;                    -- {s : Number => Style => Str ; anim : Animateness ; 
+                                  --  counter : Str ; counterReplace : Bool} ;
+    N2 = Noun ** {prep : Str; object : Style => Str} ;
+    N3 = Noun ** {prep1 : Str; prep2 : Str} ;
+    PN = PropNoun ;               -- {s : Style => Str} ;
+
+}

lib/src/japanese/CommonJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+concrete CommonJap of Common = open ResJap, Prelude in { 
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lincat  
+
+    Text, Phr, PConj, Interj, AdV, AdA = {s : Str} ;
+    
+    Utt = {s : Style => Str} ;
+    
+    Voc = {s : Style => Str ; please : Bool} ;
+    
+    SC = {s : Particle => Style => Str ; isVP : Bool} ;
+    
+    Adv = Adverb ;  -- {s : Style => Str ; prepositive : Bool ; compar : ComparSense} ;
+    
+    AdN = {s : Str ; postposition : Bool} ;
+    
+    IAdv = {s : Style => Str ; particle : Str} ;
+    
+    CAdv = {s : Str ; compar : ComparSense} ;
+    
+    Temp = {s : Str ; t : TTense ; a : Anteriority} ;
+    Tense = {s : Str ; t : TTense} ;
+    Pol = {s : Str ; b : Polarity} ;
+    Ant = {s : Str ; a : Anteriority} ;
+
+}

lib/src/japanese/GrammarJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+concrete GrammarJap of Grammar = 
+  NounJap,
+  VerbJap, 
+  AdjectiveJap,
+  AdverbJap,
+  NumeralJap,
+  SentenceJap, 
+  QuestionJap,
+  RelativeJap,
+--  ConjunctionJap,
+  PhraseJap,
+  TextJap,
+  StructuralJap,
+  IdiomJap,
+  TenseJap --,
+--  TransferJap 
+  ;

lib/src/japanese/IdiomJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+concrete IdiomJap of Idiom = CatJap ** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    ImpersCl vp = case vp.compar of {
+      More => {
+        s = table {
+          Wa => \\st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これは" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                            vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ; 
+          Ga => \\st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これのほうが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++  
+                            vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p  
+          } ;
+        te = table {
+          Wa => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これは" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これのほうが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++  
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st
+          } ; 
+        tara = table {
+          Wa => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これは" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これのほうが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++  
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st
+          } ;
+        subj = table {
+          Wa => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これは" ;
+          Ga => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これのほうが" 
+          } ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+        changePolar = False
+        } ;
+      Less => {
+        s = \\part,st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これより" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                             vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        te = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これより" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                          vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ; 
+        tara = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これより" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                            vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+        subj = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これより" ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+        changePolar = False
+        } ;
+      NoCompar => {
+        s = table {
+          Wa => \\st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これは" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                            vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ;
+          Ga => \\st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                            vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p  
+          } ;
+        te = table {
+          Wa => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これは" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st
+          } ; 
+        tara = table {
+          Wa => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これは" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st
+          } ;
+        subj = table {
+          Wa => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これは" ;
+          Ga => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "これが" 
+          } ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+        changePolar = False
+        }
+      } ;
+    
+    GenericCl  vp = case vp.compar of {
+      More => {
+        s = table {
+          Wa => \\st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰か" ++ vp.obj ! st ++  -- "dareka"
+                            vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Anim ! st ! t ! p ; 
+          Ga => \\st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰かのほうが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++  
+                            vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Anim ! st ! t ! p  
+          } ;
+        te = table {
+          Wa => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰か" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Anim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰かのほうが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++  
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Anim ! st
+          } ; 
+        tara = table {
+          Wa => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰か" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Anim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰かのほうが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++  
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Anim ! st
+          } ;
+        subj = table {
+          Wa => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰か" ;
+          Ga => \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰かのほうが" 
+          } ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Anim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Anim ! st ;
+        changePolar = False
+        } ;
+      Less => {
+        s = \\part,st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰かより" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                             vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        te = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰かより" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                          vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Anim ! st ; 
+        tara = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰かより" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                            vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Anim ! st ;
+        subj = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰かより" ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Anim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Anim ! st ;
+        changePolar = False
+        } ;
+      NoCompar => {
+        s = \\part,st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰か" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                            vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        te = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰か" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Anim ! st ;
+        tara = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰か" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Anim ! st ;
+        subj = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ "誰か" ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Anim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Anim ! st ;
+        changePolar = False
+        }
+      } ;
+
+    CleftNP np rs = {
+      s = \\part,st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ rs.subj ! Ga ! st ++ 
+                           rs.pred ! np.anim ! Plain ++ "のは" ++ np.s ! st ++ 
+                           mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ rs.subj ! Ga ! st ++ 
+                        rs.pred ! np.anim ! Plain ++ "のは" ++ np.s ! st ++ "だって" ;
+      tara = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ rs.subj ! Ga ! st ++ 
+                      rs.pred ! np.anim ! Plain ++ "のは" ++ np.s ! st ++ "だったら" ;
+      subj = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ rs.subj ! Ga ! st ++ 
+                          rs.pred ! np.anim ! Plain ++ "のは" ;
+      pred = \\st,t,p => np.s ! st ++ mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      pred_te = \\st =>  np.s ! st ++ "だって" ;
+      pred_tara = \\st =>  np.s ! st ++ "だったら" ;
+      changePolar = np.changePolar
+      } ;
+    
+    CleftAdv adv s = {
+      s = \\part,st,t,p => s.subj ! Ga ! st ++ s.pred ! Plain ++ "のは" ++ adv.s ! st ++ 
+                           mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\part,st => s.subj ! Ga ! st ++ s.pred ! Plain ++ "のは" ++ adv.s ! st ++ "だって" ;
+      tara = \\part,st => s.subj ! Ga ! st ++ s.pred ! Plain ++ "のは" ++ adv.s ! st ++ 
+                          "だったら" ;
+      subj = \\part,st => s.subj ! Ga ! st ++ s.pred ! Plain ++ "のは" ;
+      pred = \\st,t,p => adv.s ! st ++ mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      pred_te = \\st =>  adv.s ! st ++ "だって" ;
+      pred_tara = \\st =>  adv.s ! st ++ "だったら" ;
+      changePolar = False
+      } ;
+    
+    ExistNP np = case np.needPart of {
+      True => {
+         s = table {
+          Wa => \\st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ++ 
+                            mkExistV.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+          Ga => \\st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ 
+                            mkExistV.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p
+          } ;
+        te = table {
+          Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ++ mkExistV.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ mkExistV.te ! np.anim ! st
+          } ;
+        tara = table {
+          Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ++ mkExistV.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ mkExistV.tara ! np.anim ! st
+          } ;
+        subj = table {
+          Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ;
+          Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" 
+          } ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => mkExistV.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => mkExistV.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => mkExistV.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+        changePolar = np.changePolar
+        } ;
+      False => {
+        s = \\part,st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ 
+                             mkExistV.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        te = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ mkExistV.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+        tara = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ mkExistV.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+        subj = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => mkExistV.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => mkExistV.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => mkExistV.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+        changePolar = np.changePolar
+        } 
+      } ;
+
+    ExistIP ip = {
+      s = \\part,st,t,p => ip.s ! st ++ "が" ++ mkExistV.verb ! ip.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+      changePolar = False
+      } ;
+      
+    ProgrVP vp = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => vp.te ! a ! st ++ (mkVerb "い" "い" "いる" "いった").s ! st ! t ! p ; 
+      te = \\a,st => vp.te ! a ! st ++ "いて" ; 
+      a_stem = \\a,st => vp.te ! a ! st ++ "い" ; 
+      i_stem = \\a,st => vp.te ! a ! st ++ "い" ; 
+      tara = \\a,st => vp.te ! a ! st ++ "いたら" ;
+      prep = vp.prep ; 
+      obj = vp.obj ; 
+      prepositive = vp.prepositive ; 
+      compar = vp.compar
+      } ;
+
+    ImpPl1 vp = {s = \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                             vp.i_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "ましょう"} ;
+                             
+    ImpP3 np vp = {s = \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "に" ++ 
+                               vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.a_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "せて"} ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/LangJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+--# -path=.:../common:../abstract
+
+  concrete LangJap of Lang = 
+    GrammarJap, 
+    LexiconJap
+    ;
+

lib/src/japanese/LexiconJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+concrete LexiconJap of Lexicon = GrammarJap ** open ParadigmsJap, ResJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+lin
+
+  add_V3 = mkV3 "加え" "加え" "加える" "加えた" "に" "を" False ;  -- "kuwaeru" "ni" "o"
+  airplane_N = mkN "飛行機" Inanim "機" False ;  -- "hikouki" "ki"
+  alas_Interj = ss "残念です" ;  -- "zannendesu"
+  already_Adv = mkAdv "すでに" ;  -- "sudeni"
+  animal_N = mkN "動物" Anim "疋" True ;  -- "doubutsu" "hiki"
+  answer_V2S = mkV "答え" "答え" "答える" "答えた" ;  -- "kotaeru" 
+  apartment_N = mkN "アパート" Inanim ;  -- "apaato"
+  apple_N = mkN "リンゴ" Inanim "個" False ;  -- "ringo" "ko"
+  art_N = mkN "芸術" Inanim ;  -- "geijutsu"
+  ashes_N = mkN "灰" Inanim ;  -- "hai"
+  ask_V2Q = mkV "聞か" "聞き" "聞く" "聞いた" ;  -- "kiku"
+  baby_N = mkN "赤ちゃん" Anim "人" False ;  -- "akachan" "nin"
+  back_N = mkN "背" Inanim ;  -- "se"
+  bad_A = mkA "悪い" ;  -- "warui"
+  bank_N = mkN "銀行" Inanim ;  -- "ginkou"
+  bark_N = mkN "木皮" Inanim ;  -- "kohada" Inanim ;
+  beautiful_A = mkA "美しい" ;  -- "utsukushii" 
+  become_VA = mkV "なら" "なり" "なる" "なった" ;  -- "naru"  
+  beer_N = mkN "ビール" Inanim "杯" False ;  -- "biiru" "hai"
+  beg_V2V = mkV "請い願わ" "請い願い" "請い願う" "請い願った" ;  -- "koinegau" 
+  belly_N = mkN "お腹" "腹" Inanim ;  -- "onaka" "hara"
+  big_A = mkA "大きな" ;  -- "ookina"
+  bike_N = mkN "自転車" Inanim "台" False ;  -- "jitensha" "dai"
+  bird_N = mkN "鳥" Anim "羽" False ;  -- "tori" "wa"
+  bite_V2 = mkV2 "噛ま" "噛み" "噛む" "噛んだ" "を" ;  -- "kamu" "o"
+  black_A = mkA "黒い" ;  -- "kuroi" ;
+  blood_N = mkN "血液" Inanim ;  -- "ketsueki"
+  blow_V = mkV "吹か" "吹き" "吹く" "吹いた" ;  -- "fuku" 
+  blue_A = mkA "青い" ;  -- "aoi" ;
+  boat_N = mkN "ボート" Inanim "艘" False ;  -- "bouto" "sou"
+  bone_N = mkN "骨" Inanim ;  -- "hone"
+  book_N = mkN "本" Inanim "冊" False ;  -- "hon" "satsu"
+  boot_N = mkN "ブート" Inanim ;  -- "buuto"
+  boss_N = mkN "社長" Anim "人" False ;  -- "shachou" "nin"
+  boy_N = mkN "男の子" Anim "人" False ;  -- "otokonoko" "nin"
+  bread_N = mkN "パン" Inanim "斤" False ;  -- "pan" "kin"
+  break_V2 = mkV2 "破ら" "破り" "破る" "破った" "を" ;  -- "yaburu" "o"
+  breast_N = mkN "胸" Inanim ;  -- "mune"
+  breathe_V = mkV "息し" "息し" "息する" "息した" ;  -- "ikisuru"
+  broad_A = mkA "広い" ;  -- "hiroi"
+  brother_N2 = mkN2 "男の兄弟" "の" Anim "人" False ;  -- ("otoko" ++ "no" ++ "kyodai") "no" "nin"
+  brown_A = mkA "ブラウンの" ;  -- "buraunno"
+  burn_V = mkV "焼けら" "焼けり" "焼ける" "焼けた" ;  -- "yakeru"
+  butter_N = mkN "バター" Inanim ;  -- "bataa"
+  buy_V2 = mkV2 "買わ" "買い" "買う" "買った" "を" ;  -- "kau"
+  camera_N = mkN "カメラ" Inanim ;  -- "kamera"
+  cap_N = mkN "キャップ" Inanim ;  -- "kyappu"
+  car_N = mkN "車" Inanim "車" True ;  -- "kuruma" "sha"
+  carpet_N = mkN "絨毯" Inanim ;  -- "juutan"
+  cat_N = mkN "猫" Anim "匹" False ;  -- "neko" "hiki"
+  ceiling_N = mkN "天井" Inanim ;  -- "tenjou"
+  chair_N = mkN "椅子" Inanim "脚" False ;  -- "isu" "kyaku"
+  cheese_N = mkN "チーズ" Inanim ;  -- "chiizu"
+  child_N = mkN "子" Anim "人" False ;  -- "ko" "nin"
+  church_N = mkN "教会" Inanim "軒" False ;  -- "kyoukai" "ken"
+  city_N = mkN "都市" Inanim ;  -- "toshi"
+  clean_A = mkA "奇麗な" ;  -- "kireina" ;
+  clever_A = mkA "賢い" ;  -- "kashikoi" ;
+  close_V2 = mkV2 "閉め" "閉め" "閉める" "閉めた" "を" ;  -- "shimeru"
+  cloud_N = mkN "雲" Inanim ;  -- "kumo"
+  coat_N = mkN "コート" Inanim ;  -- "kouto"
+  cold_A = mkA "寒い" ;  -- "samui" ;
+  come_V = mkV "来" "来" "来る" "来た" ;  -- "ko" "ki" "kuru" "kita"
+  computer_N = mkN "コンピュータ" Inanim ;  -- "konpyuuta"
+  correct_A = mkA "正しい" ;  -- "tadashii" ;
+  country_N = mkN "国" Inanim "ヶ国" True ;  -- "kuni" "kakoku"
+  count_V2 = mkV2 "数え" "数え" "数える" "数えた" "を" ;  -- "kazoeru"
+  cousin_N = mkN "いとこ" Anim "人" False ;  -- "itoko" "nin"
+  cow_N = mkN "牛" Anim "頭" False ;  -- "ushi" "tou"
+  cut_V2 = mkV2 "切ら" "切り" "切る" "切った" "を" ;  -- "kiru"
+  day_N = mkN "日" Inanim "日" True ;  -- "hi" "ka";
+  die_V = mkV "死な" "死に" "死ぬ" "死んだ" ;  -- "shinu"
+  dig_V = mkV "掘ら" "掘り" "掘る" "掘った" ;  -- "horu"
+  dirty_A = mkA "汚い" ;  -- "kitanai" ;
+  distance_N3 = mkN3 "距離" "から" "まで" Inanim ;  -- "kyori" "kara" "made"
+  doctor_N = mkN "医者" Anim "人" False ;  -- "isha" "nin"
+  dog_N = mkN "犬" Anim "匹" False ;  -- "inu" "hiki"
+  door_N = mkN "ドア" Inanim ;  -- "doa"
+  do_V2 = mkV2 "し" "し" "する" "した" "を" ;  -- "suru"
+  drink_V2 = mkV2 "飲ま" "飲み" "飲む" "飲んだ" "を" ;  -- "nomu"
+  dry_A = mkA "乾性の" ;  -- "kanseino" ;
+  dull_A = mkA "詰まらない" ;  -- "tsumaranai" ;
+  dust_N = mkN "塵" Inanim ;  -- "chiri"
+  ear_N = mkN "耳" Inanim ;  -- "mimi"
+  earth_N = mkN "地" Inanim ;  -- "chi"
+  easy_A2V = mkA2 "簡単な" "に" ;  -- "kantanna" "ni" 
+  eat_V2 = mkV2 "食べ" "食べ" "食べる" "食べた" "を" ;  -- "taberu"
+  egg_N = mkN "卵" Inanim ;  -- "tamago"
+  empty_A = mkA "虚しい" ;  -- "munashii" ;
+  enemy_N = mkN "敵" Anim "人" False ;  -- "teki" "nin"
+  eye_N = mkN "目" Inanim ;  -- "me"
+  factory_N = mkN "工場" Inanim ;  -- "koujou"
+  fall_V = mkV "落ち" "落ち" "落ちる" "落ちた" ;  -- "ochiru"
+  far_Adv = mkAdv "遠くに" ;  -- "tookuni"
+  father_N2 = mkN2 "お父さん" "の" Anim "人" False ;  -- "otousan" "no" Anim "nin" False ;
+  fat_N = mkN "脂" Inanim ;  -- "abura"
+  fear_VS = mkV2 "恐れ" "恐れ" "恐れる" "恐れた" "ことを" ;  -- "osoreru" ("koto" ++ "o") ;
+  fear_V2 = mkV2 "恐れ" "恐れ" "恐れる" "恐れた" "を" ;  -- "osoreru"
+  feather_N = mkN "羽" Inanim ;  -- "hane"
+  fight_V2 = mkV2 "戦わ" "戦い" "戦う" "戦った" "と" ;  -- "tatakau"
+  find_V2 = mkV2 "拾わ" "拾い" "拾う" "拾った" "を" ;  -- "hirou"
+  fingernail_N = mkN "爪" Inanim ;  -- "tsume"
+  fire_N = mkN "火" Inanim ;  -- "hi"
+  fish_N = mkN "魚" Anim "匹" False ;  -- "sakana" "hiki"
+  float_V = mkV "浮か" "浮き" "浮く" "浮いた" ;  -- "uku"
+  floor_N = mkN "床" Inanim ;  -- "yuka"
+  flower_N = mkN "花" Inanim "輪" False ;  -- "sakana" "rin"
+  flow_V = mkV "流れ" "流れ" "流れる" "流れた" ;  -- "nagareru"
+  fly_V = mkV "飛ば" "飛び" "飛ぶ" "飛んだ" ;  -- "tobu"
+  fog_N = mkN "霧" Inanim ;  -- "kiri"
+  foot_N = mkN "足" Inanim ;  -- "ashi"
+  forest_N = mkN "森" Inanim ;  -- "mori"
+  forget_V2 = mkV2 "忘れ" "忘れ" "忘れる" "忘れた" "を" ;  -- "wasureru"
+  freeze_V = mkV "凍らさ" "凍らし" "凍らす" "凍らした" ;  -- "kourasu"
+  fridge_N = mkN "冷蔵庫" Inanim ;  -- "reizouko"
+  friend_N = mkN "友だち" Anim "人" False ;  -- "tomodachi" "nin"
+  fruit_N = mkN "果物" Inanim "個" False ;  -- "kudamono" "ko"
+  full_A = mkA "一杯の" ;  -- "ippaino" ;
+  fun_AV = mkA "可笑しい" ;  -- "okashii" ;
+  garden_N = mkN "庭" Inanim ;  -- "niwa"
+  girl_N = mkN "女の子" Anim "人" False ;  -- "onnanoko" "nin"
+  give_V3 = mkV3 "上げ" "上げ" "上げる" "上げた" "に" "を" True ;  -- "ageru" "ni" "o" 
+  glove_N = mkN "手袋" Inanim ;  -- "tebukuro"
+  gold_N = mkN "金" Inanim ;  -- "kin"
+  good_A = mkA "良い" ;  -- "ii" ;
+  go_V = mkV "行か" "行き" "行く" "行った" ;  -- "iku"
+  grammar_N = mkN "文法" Inanim ;  -- "bumpou"
+  grass_N = mkN "草" Inanim ;  -- "kusa"
+  green_A = mkA "緑の" ;  -- "midorino" ;
+  guts_N = mkN "腸" Inanim ;  -- "harawata"
+  hair_N = mkN "髪" Inanim ;  -- "kami"
+  hand_N = mkN "手" Inanim ;  -- "te"
+  harbour_N = mkN "港" Inanim ;  -- "minato"
+  hate_V2 = mkV2 "憎ま" "憎み" "憎む" "憎んだ" "を" ;  -- "nikumu"
+  hat_N = mkN "帽子" Inanim ;  -- "boushi"
+  head_N = mkN "頭" Inanim ;  -- "atama"
+  heart_N = mkN "心" Inanim ;  -- "kokoro"
+  hear_V2 = mkV2 "聞か" "聞き" "聞く" "聞いた" "を" ;  -- "kiku"
+  heavy_A = mkA "重い" ;  -- "omoi" ;
+  hill_N = mkN "丘" Inanim ;  -- "oka"
+  hit_V2 = mkV2 "打た" "打ち" "打つ" "打った" "を" ;  -- "utsu"
+  hold_V2 = mkV2 "持た" "持ち" "持つ" "持った" "を" ;  -- "motsu"
+  hope_VS = mkV2 "期待し" "期待し" "期待する" "期待した" "ことを" ;  -- "kitaisuru" ("koto" ++ "o") ;
+  horn_N = mkN "角" Inanim "本" False ;  -- "tsuno" "hon"
+  horse_N = mkN "馬" Anim "頭" False ;  -- "uma" "tou"
+  hot_A = mkA "熱い" ;  -- "atsui"
+  house_N = mkN "家" Inanim "軒" True ;  -- "ie" "ken"
+  hunt_V2 = mkV2 "狩ら" "狩り" "狩る" "狩った" "を" ;  -- "karu"
+  husband_N = mkN "夫" Anim "人" False ;  -- "otto" "nin"
+  ice_N = mkN "氷" Inanim ;  -- "kouri"
+  important_A = mkA "重要な" ;  -- "juuyouna" ;
+  industry_N = mkN "産業" Inanim ;  -- "sagyou"
+  iron_N = mkN "鉄" Inanim ;  -- "tetsu"
+  john_PN = mkPN "ジョン" "ジョンさん" ;  -- "Jon" "Jon-san"
+  jump_V = mkV "躍ら" "躍り" "躍る" "躍った" ;  -- "odoru"
+  kill_V2 = mkV2 "殺さ" "殺し" "殺す" "殺した" "を" ;  -- "korosu"
+  king_N = mkN "王" Anim "人" False ;  -- "ou" "nin"
+  knee_N = mkN "心" Inanim ;  -- "kokoro"
+  know_V2 = mkV2 "知ら" "知り" "知る" "知った" "を" ;  -- "shiru" "o"
+  know_VQ = mkV2 "知ら" "知り" "知る" "知った" "を" ;  -- "shiru" "o"
+  know_VS = mkV2 "知ら" "知り" "知る" "知った" "ことを" ;  -- "shiru" ("koto" ++ "o") ;
+  lake_N = mkN "湖" Inanim ;  -- "mizuumi"
+  lamp_N = mkN "電灯" Inanim ;  -- "dentou"
+  language_N = mkN "言語" Inanim "語" True ;  -- "gengo" "go"
+  laugh_V = mkV "笑わ" "笑い" "笑う" "笑った" ;  -- "warau"
+  leaf_N = mkN "葉" Inanim "葉" True ;  -- "ha" "ha"
+  learn_V2 = mkV2 "学ば" "学び" "学ぶ" "学んだ" "を" ;  -- "manabu" "o"
+  leather_N = mkN "皮革" Inanim ;  -- "hikaku"
+  leave_V2 = mkV2 "残さ" "残し" "残す" "残した" "を" ;  -- "nokosu" "o"
+  left_Ord = mkA "左の" ;  -- "hidarino" ;
+  leg_N = mkN "足" Inanim ;  -- "ashi"
+  lie_V = mkV "横になら" "横になり" "横になる" "横になった" ;  -- "yokoninaru"
+  like_V2 = mkV2 "好か" "好き" "好く" "好いた" "を" ;  -- "suku" "o"
+  listen_V2 = mkV2 "聞か" "聞き" "聞く" "聞いた" "を" ;  -- "kiku"
+  liver_N = mkN "肝臓" Inanim ;  -- "kanzou"
+  live_V = mkV "生き" "生き" "生きる" "生きた" ;  -- "ikiru"
+  long_A = mkA "長い" ;  -- "nagai"
+  lose_V2 = mkV2 "失わ" "失い" "失う" "失った" "を" ;  -- "ushinau" "o"
+  louse_N = mkN "虱" Anim "匹" False ;  -- "shirami" "hiki"
+  love_N = mkN "愛" Inanim ;  -- "ai"
+  love_V2 = mkV2 "愛し" "愛し" "愛する" "愛した" "を" ; -- "aisuru" "o" ;
+  man_N = mkN "男" Anim "人" False ;   -- "otoko" "nin"
+  married_A2 = mkA2 "結婚している" "既婚の" "と" ;  -- "kekkonshiteiru" "kikonno" "to" ;
+  meat_N = mkN "肉" Inanim ;  -- "niku"
+  milk_N = mkN "ミルク" Inanim ;  -- "miruku"
+  moon_N = mkN "月" Inanim ;  -- "tsuki"
+  mother_N2 = mkN2 "お母さん" "の" Anim "人" False ;  -- "okaasan" "no" "nin"
+  mountain_N = mkN "山" Inanim "座" False ;  -- "yama" "za"
+  mouth_N = mkN "口" Inanim ;  -- "kuchi"
+  music_N = mkN "音楽" Inanim ;  -- "ongaku"
+  name_N = mkN "名前" "お名前" Inanim ;  -- "namae" "onamae"
+  narrow_A = mkA "狭い" ;  -- "semai"
+  near_A = mkA "近い" ;  -- "chikai"
+  neck_N = mkN "首" Inanim ;  -- "kubi"
+  new_A = mkA "新しい" ;  -- "atarashii"
+  newspaper_N = mkN "新聞" Inanim "部" False ;  -- "shimbun" "bu"
+  night_N = mkN "夜" Inanim "夜" True ;  -- "yoru" "ya"
+  nose_N = mkN "鼻" Inanim ;  -- "hana"
+  now_Adv = mkAdv "今" ;  -- "ima" 
+  number_N = mkN "数" Inanim "数" True ;  -- "kazu" "suu"
+  oil_N = mkN "油" Inanim ;  -- "abura"
+  old_A = mkA "古い" ;  -- "furui"
+  open_V2 = mkV2 "開か" "開き" "開く" "開いた" "を" ;  -- "hiraku" "o"
+  paint_V2A = mkV "塗ら" "塗り" "塗る" "塗った" ;  -- "nuru"
+  paper_N = mkN "紙" Inanim "葉" False ;  -- "kami" "you"
+  paris_PN = mkPN "パリ" ;  -- "pari"
+  peace_N = mkN "平和" Inanim ;  -- "heiwa"
+  pen_N = mkN "ペン" Inanim "本" False ;  -- "pen" "hon"
+  person_N = mkN "人" Anim "人" True ;   -- "hito" "nin"
+  planet_N = mkN "惑星" Inanim ;  -- "wakusei"
+  plastic_N = mkN "プラスチック" Inanim ;  -- "purasutikku"
+  play_V2 = mkV2 "遊ば" "遊び" "遊ぶ" "遊んだ" "を" ;  -- "asobu" "o"
+  play_V = mkV "遊ば" "遊び" "遊ぶ" "遊んだ" ;  -- "asobu"
+  policeman_N = mkN "警官" Anim "人" False ;   -- "keikan" "nin"
+  priest_N = mkN "神父" Anim "人" False ;   -- "shimpu" "nin"
+  probable_AS = mkA "可能な" ;  -- "kanouna"
+  pull_V2 = mkV2 "引か" "引き" "引く" "引いた" "を" ;  -- "hiku" "o"
+  push_V2 = mkV2 "押さ" "押し" "押す" "押した" "を" ;  -- "osu" "o"
+  put_V2 = mkV2 "置か" "置き" "置く" "置いた" "を" ;  -- "oku" "o"
+  queen_N = mkN "女王" Anim "人" False ;   -- "joou" "nin"
+  question_N = mkN "質問" Inanim "題" True ;  -- "shitsumon" "dai"
+  radio_N = mkN "ラジオ" Inanim ;  -- "rajio"
+  rain_N = mkN "雨" Inanim ;  -- "ame"
+  rain_V0 = mkV "降ら" "降り" "降る" "降った" ;  -- "furu" - needs "rain" as a subject!
+  read_V2 = mkV2 "読ま" "読み" "読む" "読んだ" "を" ;  -- "yomu" "o"
+  ready_A = mkA "準備ができている" "準備ができて" ;  -- "jumbigadekiteiru"
+  reason_N = mkN "理由" Inanim ;  -- "riyuu"
+  red_A = mkA "赤い" ;  -- "akai"
+  religion_N = mkN "宗教" Inanim ;  -- "shuukyou"
+  restaurant_N = mkN "レストラン" Inanim ;  -- "resutoran"
+  right_Ord = mkA "右の" ;  -- "migino"
+  river_N = mkN "川" Inanim "本" False ;  -- "kawa" "hon"
+  road_N = mkN "道路" Inanim "本" False ;  -- "douro" "hon"
+  rock_N = mkN "岩" Inanim ;  -- "iwa"
+  roof_N = mkN "屋根" Inanim ;  -- "yane"
+  root_N = mkN "根" Inanim ;  -- "ne"
+  rope_N = mkN "縄" Inanim "本" False ;  -- "nawa"
+  rotten_A = mkA "腐っている" "腐った" ;  -- "kusatteiru"
+  round_A = mkA "丸い" ;  -- "marui"
+  rubber_N = mkN "ゴム" Inanim ;  -- "gomu" - material
+  rub_V2 = mkV2 "摩ら" "摩り" "摩る" "摩った" "を" ;  -- "suru" "o"
+  rule_N = mkN "定め" Inanim "則" True ;  -- "sadame" "soku"
+  run_V = mkV "走ら" "走り" "走る" "走った" ;  -- "hashiru"
+  salt_N = mkN "塩" Inanim ;  -- "shio"
+  sand_N = mkN "砂" Inanim ;  -- "suna"
+  say_VS = mkV2 "言わ" "言い" "言う" "言った" "と" ;  -- "iu" "to"
+  school_N = mkN "学校" Inanim ;  -- "gakkou"
+  science_N = mkN "科学" Inanim ;  -- "kagaku"
+  scratch_V2 = mkV2 "掻か" "掻き" "掻く" "掻いた" "を" ;  -- "kaku" "o"
+  sea_N = mkN "海" Inanim ;  -- "umi"
+  seed_N = mkN "種" Inanim ;  -- "tane"
+  seek_V2 = mkV2 "探さ" "探し" "探す" "探した" "を" ;  -- "sagasu" "o"
+  see_V2 = mkV2 "見" "見" "見る" "見た" "を" ;  -- "miru" "o"
+  sell_V3 = mkV3 "売ら" "売り" "売る" "売った" "に" "を" False ; -- "uru" "ni" "o" 
+  send_V3 = mkV3 "送ら" "送り" "送る" "送った" "に" "を" False ;  -- "okuru" "ni" "o"
+  sew_V = mkV "縫わ" "縫い" "縫う" "縫った" ;  -- "nuu"
+  sharp_A = mkA "鋭い" ;  -- "surudoi"
+  sheep_N = mkN "羊" Anim "頭" False ;  -- "hitsuji" "tou"
+  ship_N = mkN "船" Inanim "杯" False ;  -- "fune" "hai"
+  shirt_N = mkN "シャツ" Inanim ;  -- "shatsu"
+  shoe_N = mkN "靴" Inanim ;  -- "kutsu"
+  shop_N = mkN "店" Inanim "店" True ;  -- "mise" "ten"
+  short_A = mkA "短い" ;  -- "mijikai"
+  silver_N = mkN "銀" Inanim ;  -- "gin"
+  sing_V = mkV "歌わ" "歌い" "歌う" "歌った" ;  -- "utau"
+  sister_N = mkN "シスター" Anim "人" False ;  -- "shisutaa" "nin"
+  sit_V = mkV "座ら" "座り" "座る" "座った" ;  -- "suwaru"
+  skin_N = mkN "皮膚" Inanim ;  -- "hifu"
+  sky_N = mkN "空" Inanim ;  -- "sora"
+  sleep_V = mkV "寝" "寝" "寝る" "寝た" ;  -- "neru"
+  small_A = mkA "小さい" ;  -- "chisai"
+  smell_V = mkV "匂わ" "匂い" "匂う" "匂った" ;  -- "niou"
+  smoke_N = mkN "煙" Inanim ;  -- "kemuri"
+  smooth_A = mkA "平滑な" ;  -- "heikatsuna"
+  snake_N = mkN "蛇" Anim "匹" False ;  -- "hebi" "hiki"
+  snow_N = mkN "雪" Inanim ;  -- "yuki"
+  sock_N = mkN "靴下" Inanim ;  -- "kutsushita"
+  song_N = mkN "歌" Inanim "曲" False ;  -- "uta" "kyoku"
+  speak_V2 = mkV2 "話さ" "話し" "話す" "話した" "について" ;  -- "hanasu" "nitsuite" (=about)
+  spit_V = mkV "唾し" "唾し" "唾する" "唾した" ;  -- "tsubakisuru"
+  split_V2 = mkV2 "分かた" "分かち" "分かつ" "分かった" "を" ;  -- "wakatsu" "o"
+  squeeze_V2 = mkV2 "絞ら" "絞り" "絞る" "絞った" "を" ;  -- "shiboru" "o"
+  stab_V2 = mkV2 "刺さ" "刺し" "刺す" "刺した" "を" ;  -- "sasu" "o"
+  stand_V = mkV "立た" "立ち" "立つ" "立った" ;  -- "tatsu"
+  star_N = mkN "星" Inanim ;  -- "hoshi"
+  steel_N = mkN "鋼" Inanim ;  -- "hagane"
+  stick_N = mkN "棒" Inanim "本" False ;  -- "bou" "hon"
+  stone_N = mkN "石" Inanim ;  -- "ishi"
+  stop_V = mkV "止まら" "止まり" "止まる" "止まった" ;  -- "tomaru"
+  stove_N = mkN "ストーブ" Inanim ;  -- "sutobu"
+  straight_A = mkA "直な" ;  -- "chokuna"
+  student_N = mkN "学生" Anim "人" False ;   -- "gakusei" "nin"
+  stupid_A = mkA "愚かな" ;  -- "orokana"
+  suck_V2 = mkV2 "吸わ" "吸い" "吸う" "吸った" "を" ;  -- "suu" "o"
+  sun_N = mkN "太陽" Inanim ;  -- "taiyou"
+  swell_V = mkV "膨らま" "膨らみ" "膨らむ" "膨らんだ" ;  -- "fukuramu"
+  swim_V = mkV "泳が" "泳ぎ" "泳ぐ" "泳いだ" ;  -- "oyogu"
+  switch8off_V2 = mkV2 "スイッチを切ら" "スイッチを切り" "スイッチを切る" "スイッチを切った" "の" ;  -- "suitchiokiru" "o"
+  switch8on_V2 = mkV2 "スイッチを入れ" "スイッチを入れ" "スイッチを入れる" "スイッチを入れた" "の" ;  -- "suitchioireru" "o"
+  table_N = mkN "テーブル" Inanim "脚" False ;  -- "teburu" "kyaku"
+  tail_N = mkN "尾" Inanim ;  -- "o"
+  talk_V3 = mkV3 "話さ" "話し" "話す" "話した" "と" "について" False ;  -- "hanasu" "to" "nitsuite"
+  teacher_N = mkN "先生" Anim "人" False ;   -- "sensei" "nin"
+  teach_V2 = mkV2 "教え" "教え" "教える" "教えた" "を" ;  -- "oshieru" "o"
+  television_N = mkN "テレビ" Inanim ;  -- "terebi"
+  thick_A = mkA "厚い" ;  -- "atsui"
+  thin_A = mkA "薄い" ;  -- "usui"
+  think_V = mkV "考え" "考え" "考える" "考えた" ;  -- "kangaeru"
+  throw_V2 = mkV2 "投げ" "投げ" "投げる" "投げた" "を" ;  -- "nageru" "o"
+  tie_V2 = mkV2 "結ば" "結び" "結ぶ" "結んだ" "を" ;  -- "musubu" "o"
+  today_Adv = mkAdv "今日" ;  -- "kyou" ;
+  tongue_N = mkN "舌" Inanim ;  -- "shita"
+  tooth_N = mkN "歯" Inanim ;  -- "ha"
+  train_N = mkN "電車" Inanim "列車" True ;  -- "densha" "ressha"
+  travel_V = mkV "旅行し" "旅行し" "旅行する" "旅行した" ;  -- "ryokousuru"
+  tree_N = mkN "木" Inanim "樹" True ;   -- "ki" "ju"
+  turn_V = mkV "回ら" "回り" "回る" "回った" ;  -- "mawaru"
+  ugly_A = mkA "醜い" ;  -- "mnikui"
+  uncertain_A = mkA "危なっかしい" ;  -- "abunakkashii"
+  understand_V2 = mkV2 "理解し" "理解し" "理解する" "理解した" "を" ;  -- "rikaisuru" "o"
+  university_N = mkN "大学" Inanim ;  -- "daigaku"
+  village_N = mkN "村" Inanim "村" True ;  -- "mura" "son"
+  vomit_V = mkV "吐か" "吐き" "吐く" "吐いた" ;  -- "haku"
+  wait_V2 = mkV2 "待た" "待ち" "待つ" "待った" "を" ;  -- "matsu" "o"
+  walk_V = mkV "歩か" "歩き" "歩く" "歩いた" ;  -- "aruku"
+  warm_A = mkA "暖かい" ;  -- "atatakai"
+  war_N = mkN "戦争" Inanim ;  -- "sensou"
+  wash_V2 = mkV2 "洗わ" "洗い" "洗う" "洗った" "を" ;  -- "arau" "o"
+  watch_V2 = mkV2 "見" "見" "見る" "見た" "を" ;  -- "miru" "o"
+  water_N = mkN "水" Inanim ;  -- "mizu"
+  wet_A = mkA "濡れている" "濡れた" ;  -- "nureteiru"
+  white_A = mkA "白い" ;  -- "shiroi"
+  wide_A = mkA "広い" ;  -- "hiroi"
+  wife_N = mkN "妻" Anim "人" False ;  -- "tsuma" "nin"
+  wind_N = mkN "風" Inanim ;  -- "kaze"
+  window_N = mkN "窓" Inanim ;  -- "mado"
+  wine_N = mkN "ワイン" Inanim ;  -- "wain"
+  wing_N = mkN "翼" Inanim ;  -- "tsubasa"
+  win_V2 = mkV2 "勝た" "勝ち" "勝つ" "勝った" "を" ;  -- "katsu" "o"
+  wipe_V2 = mkV2 "拭か" "拭き" "拭く" "拭いた" "を" ;  -- "fuku" "o"
+  woman_N = mkN "女" Anim "人" False ;   -- "onna" "nin"
+  wonder_VQ = mkV2 "質問し" "質問し" "質問する" "質問した" "を" ;  -- "shitsumonsuru" "o" 
+  wood_N = mkN "木材" Inanim ;  -- "mokuzai"
+  worm_N = mkN "ワーム" Anim "匹" False ;  -- "waamu" "hiki"
+  write_V2 = mkV2 "書か" "書き" "書く" "書いた" "を" ;  -- "kaku" "o"
+  year_N = mkN "年" Inanim "年" True ;  -- "toshi" "nen"
+  yellow_A = mkA "黄色の" ;  -- "kiirono"
+  young_A = mkA "若い" ;  -- "wakai"  
+}

lib/src/japanese/NounJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+concrete NounJap of Noun = CatJap ** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    DetCN det cn = {
+      s = \\st => case det.inclCard of {
+        True => case cn.counterReplace of {
+          True => cn.object ! st ++ det.quant ! st++ det.num ++ cn.counter ++ det.postpositive ;
+          False => cn.object ! st ++ det.quant ! st ++ cn.s ! det.n ! st ++ 
+                   "の" ++ det.num ++ cn.counter ++ det.postpositive
+                   } ;
+        False => cn.object ! st ++ det.quant ! st ++ det.num ++ cn.s ! det.n ! st 
+        } ;
+      prepositive = cn.prepositive ;
+      needPart = True ;
+      changePolar = False ;
+      Pron1Sg = False ;
+      anim = cn.anim
+      } ;
+      
+    UsePN pn = {
+      s = \\st => pn.s ! st ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      needPart = True ;
+      changePolar = False ;
+      Pron1Sg = False ;
+      anim = pn.anim
+    } ;
+    
+    UsePron pron = {
+      s = pron.s ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      needPart = True ;
+      changePolar = False ;
+      Pron1Sg = pron.Pron1Sg ;
+      anim = pron.anim
+      } ;
+    
+    PredetNP p np = {
+      s = \\st => p.s ++ np.s ! st ;
+      prepositive = np.prepositive ;
+      needPart = np.needPart ;
+      changePolar = np.changePolar ;
+      Pron1Sg = np.Pron1Sg ;
+      anim = np.anim
+      } ;
+      
+    PPartNP np v2 = {
+      s = \\st => v2.pass ! Plain ! TPast ! Pos ++ np.s ! st ;
+      prepositive = np.prepositive ;
+      needPart = np.needPart ;
+      changePolar = np.changePolar ;
+      Pron1Sg = np.Pron1Sg ;
+      anim = np.anim
+      } ;
+
+    AdvNP np adv = {
+      s = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => np.s ! st ;
+        False => adv.s ! st ++ np.s ! st 
+        } ;
+      prepositive = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => adv.s ! st ;
+        False => [] 
+        } ;
+      needPart = np.needPart ;
+      changePolar = np.changePolar ;
+      Pron1Sg = np.Pron1Sg ;
+      anim = np.anim
+      } ;
+    
+    RelNP np rs = {
+      s = \\st => rs.s ! np.anim ! st ++ np.s ! st ;
+      prepositive = np.prepositive ;
+      needPart = np.needPart ; 
+      changePolar = np.changePolar ; 
+      Pron1Sg = np.Pron1Sg ; 
+      anim = np.anim
+      } ;
+    
+    DetNP det = {
+      s = \\st => case det.inclCard of {
+        True => det.quant ! st ++ det.num ++ "つ" ++ det.postpositive ;
+        False => det.quant ! st ++ det.num
+        } ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      needPart = True ;
+      changePolar = False ;
+      Pron1Sg = False ;
+      anim = Inanim   -- not always, depends on the context
+      } ;
+    
+    DetQuant quant num = {
+      quant = quant.s ;
+      postpositive = num.postpositive ;
+      num = num.s ;
+      n = num.n ;
+      inclCard = num.inclCard
+      } ;
+      
+    DetQuantOrd quant num ord = {
+      quant = \\st => quant.s ! st ++ ord.attr ;
+      postpositive = num.postpositive ;
+      num = num.s ;
+      n = num.n ;
+      inclCard = num.inclCard
+      } ;
+
+    NumSg = mkNum "" Sg False ;
+    
+    NumPl = mkNum "" Pl False ;
+    
+    NumCard card = card ** {inclCard = True} ;
+    
+    NumDigits num = num ** {postpositive = []} ;
+    
+    NumNumeral num = num ** {postpositive = []} ;
+    
+    AdNum adn card = case adn.postposition of {
+      True => {
+        s = card.s ;
+        postpositive = adn.s ;
+        n = card.n
+        } ;
+      False => {
+        s = adn.s ++ card.s ;
+        postpositive = [] ;
+        n = card.n
+        } 
+      } ;
+    
+    OrdDigits d = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => d.s ++ "番目" ++ mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;  -- "banme"
+      attr = d.s ++ "番目の" ; 
+      te = d.s ++ "番目" ++ mkCopula.te ;
+      tara = d.s ++ "番目" ++ mkCopula.tara ;
+      adv = d.s ++ "番目" 
+      } ;
+    
+    OrdNumeral num = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => num.s ++ "番目" ++ mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      attr = num.s ++ "番目の" ;
+      te = num.s ++ "番目" ++ mkCopula.te ;
+      tara = num.s ++ "番目" ++ mkCopula.tara ;
+      adv = num.s ++ "番目" 
+      } ;
+      
+    OrdSuperl a = {
+      pred = \\st,t,p => "一番" ++ a.pred ! st ! t ! p ;  -- "ichiban"
+      attr = "一番" ++ a.attr ;
+      te = "一番" ++ a.te ;
+      tara = "一番" ++ a.tara ;
+      adv = "一番" ++ a.adv
+      } ;
+    
+    IndefArt = {s = \\st => ""} ;
+    
+    DefArt = {s = \\st => ""} ;
+    
+    MassNP cn = {
+      s = \\st => cn.object ! st ++ cn.s ! Pl ! st ;
+      prepositive = cn.prepositive ;
+      needPart = True ;
+      changePolar = False ;
+      Pron1Sg = False ;
+      anim = cn.anim
+      } ;
+    
+    PossPron pron = {
+      s = \\st => pron.s ! st ++ "の" ;
+      } ;
+    
+    UseN n = {
+      s = n.s ;
+      object = \\st => [] ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      hasAttr = False ;
+      anim = n.anim ;
+      counter = n.counter ;
+      counterReplace = n.counterReplace
+      } ;
+      
+    ComplN2 n2 np = {
+      s = n2.s ;
+      object = \\st => n2.object ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ n2.prep ;
+      prepositive = np.prepositive ;
+      hasAttr = False ;
+      anim = n2.anim ;
+      counter = n2.counter ;
+      counterReplace = n2.counterReplace
+      } ;
+      
+    ComplN3 n3 np = {
+      s = n3.s ;
+      object = \\st => np.s ! st ++ n3.prep1 ;
+      prepositive = np.prepositive ;
+      prep = n3.prep2 ;
+      anim = n3.anim ;
+      counter = n3.counter ;
+      counterReplace = n3.counterReplace
+      } ;
+      
+    UseN2 n2 = {
+      s = n2.s ;
+      object = n2.object ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      hasAttr = False ;
+      anim = n2.anim ;
+      counter = n2.counter ;
+      counterReplace = n2.counterReplace
+      } ;
+      
+    Use2N3 n3 = {
+      s = n3.s ;
+      object = \\st => [] ;
+      prep = n3.prep1 ;
+      anim = n3.anim ;
+      counter = n3.counter ;
+      counterReplace = n3.counterReplace
+      } ;
+    
+    Use3N3 n3 = {
+      s = n3.s ;
+      object = \\st => [] ;
+      prep = n3.prep2 ;
+      anim = n3.anim ;
+      counter = n3.counter ;
+      counterReplace = n3.counterReplace
+      } ;
+
+    AdjCN ap cn = {
+      s = \\n,st => case cn.hasAttr of {
+        False => ap.attr ! st ++ cn.s ! n ! st ;
+        True => ap.te ! st ++ cn.s ! n ! st 
+        } ;
+      object = cn.object ;
+      prepositive = cn.prepositive ;
+      hasAttr = True ;
+      anim = cn.anim ;
+      counter = cn.counter ;
+      counterReplace = cn.counterReplace
+      } ;
+
+    RelCN cn rs = {
+      s = cn.s ;
+      anim = cn.anim ;
+      counter = cn.counter ;
+      counterReplace = cn.counterReplace ;
+      object = \\st => rs.s ! cn.anim ! st ++ cn.object ! st ;
+      prepositive = cn.prepositive ;
+      hasAttr = cn.hasAttr 
+      } ;
+                                  
+    AdvCN cn adv = {
+      s = cn.s ;
+      object = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => cn.object ! st ;
+        False => adv.s ! st ++ cn.object ! st 
+        } ;
+      prepositive = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => adv.s ! st ;
+        False => []
+        } ;
+      hasAttr = cn.hasAttr ;
+      anim = cn.anim ;
+      counter = cn.counter ;
+      counterReplace = cn.counterReplace
+      } ;
+      
+    SentCN cn sc = {
+      s = cn.s ;
+      object = \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ cn.object ! st ;
+      prepositive = cn.prepositive ;
+      hasAttr = cn.hasAttr ;
+      anim = cn.anim ;
+      counter = cn.counter ;
+      counterReplace = cn.counterReplace
+      } ;
+    
+    ApposCN cn np = {
+      s = \\n,st => cn.s ! n ! st ++ np.s ! st ;
+      object = cn.object ;
+      prepositive = cn.prepositive ;
+      hasAttr = cn.hasAttr ;
+      anim = cn.anim ;
+      counter = cn.counter ;
+      counterReplace = cn.counterReplace
+      } ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/NumeralJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+concrete NumeralJap of Numeral = CatJap ** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lincat
+    Digit, Sub1000000 = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
+    Sub10 = {s : Str ; n : Number ; is1 : Bool} ;
+    Sub100, Sub1000 = {s : Str ; n : Number ; numType : NumeralType ; 
+                       digit1 : Str ; digit2 : Str} ;
+
+  lin
+    num dig = dig ;
+  
+    n2 = {s = "二" ; n = Pl} ;  -- "ni"
+    n3 = {s = "三" ; n = Pl} ;  -- "san"
+    n4 = {s = "四" ; n = Pl} ;  -- "yon"
+    n5 = {s = "五" ; n = Pl} ;  -- "go"
+    n6 = {s = "六" ; n = Pl} ;  -- "roku"
+    n7 = {s = "七" ; n = Pl} ;  -- "shichi"
+    n8 = {s = "八" ; n = Pl} ;  -- "hachi"
+    n9 = {s = "九" ; n = Pl} ;  -- "kyuu"
+
+    pot01 = {s = "一" ; n = Sg ; is1 = True} ;  -- "ichi"
+    
+    pot0 d = d ** {is1 = False} ;
+    
+    pot110 = {
+      s = "十" ;  -- "juu"
+      n = Pl ; 
+      numType = Tens ;
+      digit1 = "1" ;
+      digit2 = "0"
+      } ;
+    
+    pot111 = {
+      s = "十一" ; 
+      n = Pl ; 
+      numType = TensPlus ;
+      digit1 = "1" ;
+      digit2 = "1" 
+      } ;
+    
+    pot1to19 d = {
+      s = "十" ++ d.s ;
+      n = Pl ;
+      numType = TensPlus ;
+      digit1 = "1" ;
+      digit2 = d.s 
+      } ;
+    
+    pot0as1 d = {
+      s = d.s ; 
+      n = Pl ; 
+      numType = Other ;
+      digit1 = [] ;
+      digit2 = [] 
+      } ;
+    
+    pot1 d = {
+      s = d.s ++ "十" ;
+      n = Pl ;
+      numType = Tens ;
+      digit1 = d.s ;
+      digit2 = "0" 
+      } ;
+    
+    pot1plus d n = {
+      s = d.s ++ "十" ++ n.s ;
+      n = Pl ;
+      numType = TensPlus ;
+      digit1 = d.s ;
+      digit2 = n.s 
+      } ;
+      
+    pot1as2 d = d ;
+    
+    pot2 d = {
+      s = case d.is1 of {
+        True => "百" ;  -- "hyaku"
+        False => d.s ++ "百" 
+        } ;
+      n = Pl ;
+      numType = Other ;
+      digit1 = [] ;
+      digit2 = [] 
+      } ;
+      
+    pot2plus d n = {
+      s = case d.is1 of {
+        True => "百" ++ n.s ;
+        False => d.s ++ "百" ++ n.s
+        } ;
+      n = Pl ;
+      numType = Other ;
+      digit1 = [] ;
+      digit2 = [] 
+      } ;
+    
+    pot2as3 d = d ;
+    
+    pot3 d = {
+      s = case d.numType of {
+        Tens => d.digit1 ++ "万" ;  -- "man" 
+        TensPlus => d.digit1 ++ "万" ++ d.digit2 ++ "千" ;  -- "sen"
+        Other => d.s ++ "千"  
+        } ;
+      n = Pl
+      } ;
+      
+    pot3plus d n = {
+      s = case d.numType of {
+        Tens => d.digit1 ++ "万" ++ n.s ;
+        TensPlus => d.digit1 ++ "万" ++ d.digit2 ++ "千" ++ n.s ;
+        Other => d.s ++ "千" ++ n.s 
+        } ;
+      n = Pl
+      } ;
+      
+  lincat
+    Dig = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
+    
+  lin
+    IDig d = d ;
+    
+    IIDig d n = {
+      s = d.s ++ n.s ;
+      n = Pl
+      } ;
+  
+    D_0 = {s = "0" ; n = Sg} ;
+    D_1 = {s = "1" ; n = Sg} ;
+    D_2 = {s = "2" ; n = Pl} ;
+    D_3 = {s = "3" ; n = Pl} ;
+    D_4 = {s = "4" ; n = Pl} ;
+    D_5 = {s = "5" ; n = Pl} ;
+    D_6 = {s = "6" ; n = Pl} ;
+    D_7 = {s = "7" ; n = Pl} ;
+    D_8 = {s = "8" ; n = Pl} ;
+    D_9 = {s = "9" ; n = Pl} ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/ParadigmsJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+resource ParadigmsJap = CatJap ** 
+  open ResJap, CatJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+oper
+
+  mkN = overload {
+    mkN : (man : Str) -> (anim : Animateness) -> N 
+      = \n,a -> lin N (regNoun n a "つ" False) ;
+    mkN : (kane,okane : Str) -> (anim : Animateness) -> N 
+      = \kane,okane,a -> lin N (styleNoun kane okane a "つ" False) ;
+    mkN : (man : Str) -> (anim : Animateness) -> (counter : Str) -> (counterReplace : Bool) -> N 
+      = \n,a,c,b -> lin N (regNoun n a c b) ;
+    mkN : (kane,okane : Str) -> (anim : Animateness) -> (counter : Str) -> 
+          (counterReplace : Bool) -> N 
+           = \kane,okane,a,c,b -> lin N (styleNoun kane okane a c b) 
+    } ;
+  
+  mkN2 : (mother : Str) -> (prep: Str) -> (anim : Animateness) -> (counter : Str) -> 
+         (counterReplace : Bool) -> N2 = \n,p,a,c,b -> 
+          lin N2 (regNoun n a c b) ** {prep = p; object = \\st => []} ;
+      
+  mkN3 : (distance : Str) -> (prep1: Str) -> (prep2: Str) -> (anim : Animateness) -> N3 
+      = \n,p1,p2,a -> lin N3 (regNoun n a "つ" False) ** {prep1 = p1; prep2 = p2} ;
+    
+  mkPN = overload {
+    mkPN : (paris : Str) -> PN 
+      = \n -> lin PN (regPN n) ;
+    mkPN : (jon,jonsan : Str) -> PN 
+      = \jon,jonsan -> lin PN (personPN jon jonsan)
+    } ;
+    
+  mkPron = overload {
+    mkPron : (kare : Str) -> (Pron1Sg : Bool) -> (anim : Animateness) -> Pron 
+      = \kare,b,a -> lin Pron (regPron kare b a) ;
+    mkPron : (boku,watashi : Str) -> (Pron1Sg : Bool) -> (anim : Animateness) -> Pron 
+      = \boku,watashi,b,a -> lin Pron (stylePron boku watashi b a)
+    } ;
+
+  mkA = overload {
+    mkA : (ookina : Str) -> A = \a -> lin A (regAdj a) ;
+    mkA : (kekkonshiteiru,kikonno : Str) -> A = \pred,attr -> lin A (VerbalA pred attr)
+    } ;
+  
+  mkA2 = overload {
+    mkA2 : (yasui : Str) -> (prep : Str) -> A2 = \a,p -> lin A2 (regAdj a) ** {prep = p} ;
+    mkA2 : (pred : Str) -> (attr : Str) -> (prep : Str) -> A2 = 
+           \pred,attr,pr -> lin A2 (VerbalA pred attr) ** {prep = pr}
+    } ;
+
+  mkV : (yoma, yomi, yomu, yonda : Str) -> V 
+      = \yoma,yomi,yomu,yonda -> lin V (mkVerb yoma yomi yomu yonda) ;
+
+  mkV2 : (yoma, yomi, yomu, yonda, prep : Str) -> V2 
+       = \yoma,yomi,yomu,yonda,p -> 
+       lin V2 (mkVerb2 yoma yomi yomu yonda p) ;
+   
+  mkV3 : (yoma, yomi, yomu, yonda, p1, p2 : Str) -> (give: Bool) -> V3 
+       = \yoma,yomi,yomu,yonda,p1,p2,b -> 
+       lin V3 (mkVerb yoma yomi yomu yonda) ** {prep1 = p1 ; prep2 = p2 ; give = b} ;
+}
+
+

lib/src/japanese/PhraseJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+concrete PhraseJap of Phrase = CatJap
+** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+    
+    PhrUtt pconj utt voc = {
+      s = case voc.please of {
+        True => pconj.s ++ utt.s ! Resp ++ voc.s ! Resp ;
+        False => (voc.s ! Resp ++ pconj.s ++ utt.s ! Resp | 
+                  voc.s ! Plain ++ pconj.s ++ utt.s ! Plain)
+        } 
+      } ;
+    
+    UttS sent = {s = \\st => sent.s ! (Wa|Ga) ! st} ;
+
+    UttQS s = {s = \\st => s.s ! (Wa | Ga) ! st ++ "か"} ;
+    
+    UttImpSg p imp = {s = \\st => p.s ++ imp.s ! st ! p.b} ;
+    
+    UttImpPl = UttImpSg ;
+    
+    UttImpPol p imp = {s = \\st => p.s ++ imp.s ! Resp ! p.b} ;
+    
+    UttIP ip = {s = \\st => ip.s ! st ++ "ですか"} ;
+    
+    UttIAdv iadv = {s = \\st => iadv.s ! st ++ "ですか"} ;
+    
+    UttNP np = {s = \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st} ;
+    
+    UttAdv adv = {s = \\st => adv.s ! st} ;
+    
+    UttVP vp = {s = \\st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                vp.verb ! (Anim | Inanim) ! st ! (TPres | TPast | TFut) ! (Pos | Neg)} ;
+                
+    UttCN cn = {s = \\st => cn.prepositive ! st ++ cn.object ! st ++ cn.s ! (Sg | Pl) ! st} ;
+    
+    UttCard card = {s = \\st => card.s ++ card.postpositive} ;
+    
+    UttAP ap = {s = \\st => ap.prepositive ! st ++ ap.attr ! st} ;
+    
+    UttInterj interj = {s = \\st => interj.s} ;
+    
+    NoPConj = ss "" ;
+    
+    PConjConj conj = {s = conj.pconj} ;
+    
+    NoVoc = {s = \\st => [] ; please = False} ;
+    
+    VocNP np = {s = \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ; please = False} ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/QuestionJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+concrete QuestionJap of Question = CatJap
+** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+  
+    QuestCl cl = {   -- ending "ka" is added at the utterance level
+      s = cl.s ;
+      changePolar = cl.changePolar
+      } ;
+
+    QuestVP ip vp = {
+      s = \\part,st,t,p => case ip.how8many of {
+        True => ip.s ! st ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! ip.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        False => ip.s ! st ++ "が" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! ip.anim ! st ! t ! p 
+        } ;
+      changePolar = False
+      } ;
+                   
+    QuestSlash ip clslash = {
+      s = \\part,st,t,p => clslash.subj ! part ! st ++ ip.s ! st ++ clslash.pred ! st ! t ! p ;
+      changePolar = False
+      } ;
+    
+    QuestIAdv iadv cl = {
+      s = \\part,st,t,p => cl.subj ! part ! st ++ iadv.s ! st ++ iadv.particle ++
+                           cl.pred ! st ! t ! p ;
+      changePolar = cl.changePolar
+      } ;
+
+    QuestIComp icomp np = {
+      s = table {
+        Wa => \\st,t,p => case np.needPart of {
+          True => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "わ" ++ icomp.s ! st ++ 
+                  mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+          False => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ icomp.s ! st ++ mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p 
+          } ;
+        Ga => \\st,t,p => case np.needPart of {
+          True => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ icomp.s ! st ++ 
+                  mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+          False => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ icomp.s ! st ++ mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p 
+          } 
+        } ;
+      changePolar = np.changePolar
+      } ;
+
+    IdetCN idet cn = {
+      s = \\st => case idet.how8many of {
+        True => cn.prepositive ! st ++ cn.object ! st ++ cn.s ! idet.n ! st ++ "が" ++ idet.s ;
+        False => cn.prepositive ! st ++ cn.object ! st ++ idet.s ++ cn.s ! idet.n ! st 
+        } ;
+      anim = cn.anim ;
+      how8many = idet.how8many
+      } ;
+    
+    IdetIP idet = {
+      s = \\st => case idet.inclCard of {
+        True => idet.s ++ "つ" ;
+        False => idet.s
+        } ;
+      anim = Inanim ; -- can be Anim, depending on the context 
+      how8many = False -- "how many" alone behaves as other IPs
+      } ;
+
+    AdvIP ip adv = {
+      s = \\st => adv.s ! st ++ ip.s ! st ;
+      anim = ip.anim ;
+      how8many = ip.how8many
+      } ;
+    
+    IdetQuant iquant num = {
+      s = iquant.s ++ num.s ; 
+      n = num.n ; 
+      how8many = False ;
+      inclCard = num.inclCard
+      } ;
+
+    PrepIP prep ip = {s = \\st => ip.s ! st ++ prep.s ; particle = ""} ;
+
+    AdvIAdv iadv adv = {s = \\st => adv.s ! st ++ iadv.s ! st ; particle = iadv.particle} ;
+    
+    CompIAdv iadv = {s = iadv.s} ;
+    
+    CompIP ip = {s = ip.s} ;
+    
+  lincat
+    
+    QVP = {s : Animateness => Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; prepositive : Style => Str} ;
+    
+  lin
+          
+    ComplSlashIP vpslash ip = {
+      s = \\a,st,t,p => vpslash.obj ! st ++ ip.s ! st ++ vpslash.prep ++ vpslash.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      prepositive = vpslash.prepositive
+      } ;
+    
+    AdvQVP vp iadv = {
+      s = \\a,st,t,p => iadv.s ! st ++ iadv.particle ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                        vp.verb ! a ! st ! t ! p ;
+      prepositive = vp.prepositive
+      } ;
+    
+    AddAdvQVP qvp iadv = {
+      s = \\a,st,t,p => iadv.s ! st ++ iadv.particle ++ qvp.s ! a ! st ! t ! p ;
+      prepositive = qvp.prepositive
+      } ;
+    
+    QuestQVP ip qvp = {
+      s = \\part,st,t,p => qvp.prepositive ! st ++ ip.s ! st ++ "が" ++ 
+                           qvp.s ! ip.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+      changePolar = False
+      } ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/RelativeJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+concrete RelativeJap of Relative = CatJap ** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    RelCl cl = {
+      s = \\_,st,t,p => cl.s ! Ga ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\_,st => cl.te ! Ga ! st ;
+      changePolar = cl.changePolar ;
+      subj = cl.subj ;
+      pred = \\_,st,t,p => cl.pred ! st ! t ! p ;
+      pred_te = \\a,st => cl.pred_te ! st ;
+      pred_tara = \\a,st => cl.pred_tara ! st ;
+      missingSubj = False
+      } ;
+    
+    RelVP rp vp = {
+      s = \\a,st,t,p => vp.prepositive ! st ++ rp.s ! st ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! a ! Plain ! t ! p ++ rp.prep ;
+      te = \\a,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ rp.s ! st ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                      vp.prep ++ vp.te ! a ! st ++ rp.prep ;
+      changePolar = False ;
+      subj = \\part,st => vp.prepositive ! st ++ rp.s ! st ;
+      pred = \\a,st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! a ! st ! t ! p ++ rp.prep ;
+      pred_te = \\a,st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! a ! st ++ rp.prep ;
+      pred_tara = \\a,st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! a ! st ++ rp.prep ;
+      missingSubj = True
+      } ;
+    
+    RelSlash rp clslash = {
+      s = \\_,st,t,p => rp.s ! st ++ clslash.s ! st ! t ! p ++ rp.prep ;
+      te = \\_,st => rp.s ! st ++ clslash.te ! st ;
+      changePolar = clslash.changePolar ;
+      subj = \\part,st => rp.s ! st ++ clslash.subj ! part ! st ;
+      pred = \\_,st,t,p => clslash.pred ! st ! t ! p ++ rp.prep ;
+      pred_te = \\a,st => clslash.pred_te ! st ++ rp.prep ;
+      pred_tara = \\a,st => clslash.pred_tara ! st ++ rp.prep ;
+      missingSubj = False
+      } ;
+    
+    IdRP = {s = \\st => [] ; prep = []} ;
+    
+    FunRP prep np rp = {
+      s = \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ; 
+      prep = prep.relPrep
+      } ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/ResJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,505 @@
+resource ResJap = open Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+param
+  Number      = Sg | Pl ;
+  Style       = Plain | Resp ;
+  Animateness = Anim | Inanim ;
+  Mood        = Ind | Con ;
+  TTense      = TPres | TPast | TFut ;
+  Polarity    = Pos | Neg ;
+  ModSense    = Abil | Oblig | Wish ;
+  Particle    = Wa | Ga ;
+  Anteriority = Simul | Anter ;
+  NumeralType = Tens | TensPlus | Other ;
+  ComparSense = Less | More | NoCompar ;
+
+oper
+
+  NP          : Type = {s : Style => Str ; prepositive : Style => Str ; needPart : Bool ; 
+                        changePolar : Bool ; Pron1Sg : Bool ; anim : Animateness} ;
+  VP          : Type = {verb : Animateness => Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; 
+                        te : Animateness => Style => Str; a_stem : Animateness => Style => Str ; 
+                        i_stem : Animateness => Style => Str ; tara : Animateness => Style => Str ; 
+                        prep : Str ; obj : Style => Str ; prepositive : Style => Str ; 
+                        compar : ComparSense} ;
+                        
+  Noun        : Type = {s : Number => Style => Str ; anim : Animateness ; 
+                        counter : Str ; counterReplace : Bool} ;
+  PropNoun    : Type = {s : Style => Str ; anim : Animateness} ;
+  Adj         : Type = {pred : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str;
+                        attr : Str; te : Str ; tara : Str ; adv : Str} ; 
+  Adj2        : Type = {pred : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str;
+                        attr : Str; te : Str ; tara : Str ; adv : Str ; prep : Str} ; 
+  Adverb      : Type = {s : Style => Str ; prepositive : Bool ; compar : ComparSense} ;
+  Pronoun     : Type = {s : Style => Str ; Pron1Sg : Bool ; anim : Animateness} ;
+  Determiner  : Type = {quant : Style => Str ; postpositive : Str ; 
+                        num : Str ; n : Number ; inclCard : Bool} ;
+  Num         : Type = {s : Str ; postpositive : Str ; n : Number ; inclCard : Bool} ;
+  Preposition : Type = {s : Str ; relPrep : Str} ;
+  Verb        : Type = {s : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; te : Str ; 
+                        a_stem : Str ; i_stem : Str ; tara : Str} ;
+  Verb2       : Type = {s : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; te : Str ; 
+                        a_stem : Str ; i_stem : Str ; tara : Str ;
+                        pass : Style => TTense => Polarity => Str ; pass_te : Str ; 
+                        pass_a_stem : Str ; pass_i_stem : Str ; pass_tara : Str ; 
+                        prep : Str} ;
+  Conjunction : Type = {s : Str ; pconj : Str ; disj : Bool} ;
+                       
+  mkNoun : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Animateness -> Str -> Bool -> Noun = 
+    \man1,man2,man3,man4,a,c,b -> {
+      s = table {
+        Sg => table {
+          Plain => man1 ;
+          Resp => man2
+          } ;
+        Pl => table {
+          Plain => man3 ;
+          Resp => man4
+          }
+        } ;
+      anim = a ;
+      counter = c ;
+      counterReplace = b
+    } ;
+    
+  regNoun : Str -> Animateness -> Str -> Bool -> Noun = \s,a,c,b -> mkNoun s s s s a c b ;
+  
+  styleNoun : Str -> Str -> Animateness -> Str -> Bool -> Noun = \kane,okane,a,c,b ->
+    mkNoun kane okane kane okane a c b ;
+  
+  regAdj : Str -> Adj = \a -> case a of {
+    chiisa + "い"       => i_mkAdj a ;
+    ooki + ("な"|"の") => na_mkAdj a
+    } ;
+
+  i_mkAdj : Str -> Adj = \chiisai -> 
+    let
+      chiisa = init chiisai ;     
+    in {
+    pred = table {
+      Resp => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => chiisai ++ "です" ;
+          Neg => (chiisa + "くありません" | 
+                  chiisa + "くないです")
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => chiisa + "かったです" ;
+          Neg => (chiisa + "くありませんでした" | 
+                  chiisa + "くなかったです")
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => chiisai ++ "です" ;
+          Neg => (chiisa + "くありません" | 
+                  chiisa + "くないです")
+          }
+        } ;
+      Plain => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => chiisai ;
+          Neg => chiisa + "くない"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => chiisa + "かった" ;
+          Neg => chiisa + "くなかった" 
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => chiisai ;
+          Neg => chiisa + "くない"
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
+    attr = chiisai ;
+    te   = chiisa + "くて" ;
+    tara = chiisa + "かったら" ; 
+    adv  = chiisa + "く"
+    } ;  
+  
+  na_mkAdj : Str -> Adj = \ookina -> 
+    let
+      ooki = init ookina     
+    in {
+    pred = table {
+      Resp => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => ooki ++ "です" ;
+          Neg => ooki ++ "ではありません"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => ooki ++ "でした" ;
+          Neg => ooki ++ "ではありませんでした"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => ooki ++ "です" ;
+          Neg => ooki ++ "ではありません"
+          }
+        } ;
+      Plain => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => ooki ++ "だ" ;
+          Neg => ooki ++ "ではない"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => ooki ++ "だった" ;
+          Neg => ooki ++ "ではなかった"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => ooki ++ "だ" ;
+          Neg => ooki ++ "ではない"
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
+    attr = ookina ;
+    te   = ooki + "で" ;
+    tara = ooki + "だったら" ;
+    adv  = ooki + "に"
+    } ; 
+    
+  VerbalA : Str -> Str -> Adj = \kekkonshiteiru,kikonno -> 
+    let
+      kekkonshite = Predef.tk 2 kekkonshiteiru     
+    in {
+    pred = table {
+      Resp => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => kekkonshite + "います" ;
+          Neg => kekkonshite + "いません"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => kekkonshite + "いました" ;
+          Neg => kekkonshite + "いませんでした"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => kekkonshite + "います" ;
+          Neg => kekkonshite + "いません"
+          }
+        } ;
+      Plain => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => kekkonshite + "いる" ;
+          Neg => kekkonshite + "いない"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => kekkonshite + "いた" ;
+          Neg => kekkonshite + "いなかった"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => kekkonshite + "いる" ;
+          Neg => kekkonshite + "いない"
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
+    attr = kikonno ;
+    te   = kekkonshite + "いて" ;
+    tara = kekkonshite + "いたら" ;
+    adv  = kekkonshite + "に"
+    } ; 
+  
+  mkVerb : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Verb = 
+    \yoma,yomi,yomu,yonda ->  
+      let yon = init yonda ;     
+    in {
+    s = table {
+      Resp => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => yomi + "ます" ;
+          Neg => yomi + "ません"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => yomi + "ました" ;
+          Neg => yomi + "ませんでした"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => yomi + "ます" ;
+          Neg => yomi + "ません"
+          }
+        } ;
+      Plain => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => yomu ;
+          Neg => yoma + "ない"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => yonda ;
+          Neg => yoma + "なかった"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => yomu ;
+          Neg => yoma + "ない"
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
+      te = case yonda of {
+        yon + "だ" => yon + "で" ;
+        yon + "た" => yon + "て"
+        } ;
+      a_stem = yoma ;
+      i_stem = yomi ;
+      tara = yomi + "たら"
+    } ;
+    
+  mkVerb2 : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Verb2 = 
+    \yoma,yomi,yomu,yonda,p -> 
+      let yon = init yonda ;     
+    in {
+    s = table {
+      Resp => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => yomi + "ます" ;
+          Neg => yomi + "ません"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => yomi + "ました" ;
+          Neg => yomi + "ませんでした"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => yomi + "ます" ;
+          Neg => yomi + "ません"
+          }
+        } ;
+      Plain => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => yomu ;
+          Neg => yoma + "ない"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => yonda ;
+          Neg => yoma + "なかった"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => yomu ;
+          Neg => yoma + "ない"
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
+    te = case yonda of {
+      yon + "だ" => yon + "で" ;
+      yon + "た" => yon + "て"
+      } ;
+    a_stem = yoma ;
+    i_stem = yomi ;
+    tara = yomi + "たら" ;
+    prep = p ;
+    pass = table {
+      Resp => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "されます" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れます" 
+            } ;
+          Neg => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "されません" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れません"
+            }
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "されました" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れました" 
+            } ;
+          Neg => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "されませんでした" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れませんでした"
+            }
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "されます" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れます" 
+            } ;
+          Neg => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "されません" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れません"
+            }
+          }
+        } ;
+      Plain => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "される" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れる" 
+            } ;
+          Neg => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "されない" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れない"
+            }
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "された" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れた" 
+            } ;
+          Neg => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "されなかった" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れなかった"
+            }
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "される" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れる" 
+            } ;
+          Neg => case yomu of {
+            x + "する" => x + "されない" ;
+            _        => yoma + "れない"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
+    pass_te = case yomu of {
+      x + "する" => x + "されて" ;
+      _        => yoma + "れて" 
+      } ;
+    pass_a_stem = case yomu of {
+      x + "する" => x + "され" ;
+      _        => yoma + "れ" 
+      } ;
+    pass_i_stem = case yomu of {
+      x + "する" => x + "され" ;
+      _        => yoma + "れ" 
+      } ;
+    pass_tara = case yomu of {
+      x + "する" => x + "されたら" ;
+      _        => yoma + "れたら" 
+      }
+    } ;
+  
+  mkCopula : Verb = {
+    s = table {
+      Resp => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => "です" ;
+          Neg => "ではありません" 
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => "でした" ;
+          Neg => "ではありませんでした"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => "です" ;
+          Neg => "ではありません" 
+          }
+        } ;
+      Plain => table {
+        TPres => table {
+          Pos => "だ" ;
+          Neg => "ではない"
+          } ;
+        TPast => table {
+          Pos => "だった" ;
+          Neg => "ではなかった"
+          } ;
+        TFut => table {
+          Pos => "だ" ;
+          Neg => "ではない"
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
+    te = "だって" ;
+    a_stem = "で" ;
+    i_stem = "で" ;
+    tara = "だったら"
+    } ;
+  
+  mkExistV : VP = {
+    verb = table {
+      Anim => \\st,t,p => (mkVerb "い" "い" "いる" "いた").s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      Inanim => \\st,t,p => (mkVerb "" "あり" "ある" "あった").s ! st ! t ! p 
+      } ;
+    te = table {
+      Anim => \\st => "いて" ;
+      Inanim => \\st => "あって"
+      } ;
+    a_stem = table {
+      Anim => \\st => "い" ;
+      Inanim => \\st => ""
+      } ;
+    i_stem = table {
+      Anim => \\st => "い" ;
+      Inanim => \\st => "あり"
+      } ;
+    tara = table {
+      Anim => \\st => "いたら" ;
+      Inanim => \\st => "あったら"
+      } ;
+    prep = [] ;
+    prepositive, obj = \\st => [] ;
+    compar = NoCompar
+    } ;
+    
+  mkNum : Str -> Number -> Bool -> Num = \s,n,b -> {
+    s = s ;
+    postpositive = [] ;
+    n = n ;
+    inclCard = b
+    } ;
+  
+  regPron : Str -> Bool -> Animateness -> Pronoun = \kare,b,a -> {
+    s = \\st => kare ;
+    Pron1Sg = b ;
+    anim = a
+    } ;    
+  
+  mkDet : Str -> Number -> Determiner = \q,n -> {
+    quant = \\st => q ;
+    postpositive = [] ;
+    num = [] ;
+    n = n ;
+    inclCard = False
+    } ;
+                       
+  stylePron : Str -> Str -> Bool -> Animateness -> Pronoun = \boku,watashi,b,a -> {
+    s = table {
+      Plain => boku ;
+      Resp => watashi
+      } ;
+    Pron1Sg = b ;
+    anim = a
+    } ;    
+    
+  regPN : Str -> PropNoun = \paris -> {
+    s = table {
+      Plain => paris ;
+      Resp => paris
+      } ;
+    anim = Inanim
+    } ;
+  
+  personPN : Str -> Str -> PropNoun = \jon,jonsan -> {
+    s = table {
+      Plain => jon ;
+      Resp => jonsan
+      } ;
+    anim = Anim
+    } ;
+  
+  mkAdv : Str -> Adverb = \adv -> {
+    s = \\st => adv ; 
+    prepositive = False ;
+    compar = NoCompar 
+    } ;
+  
+  mkNP : Str -> Bool -> Bool -> Animateness -> NP = \np,b1,b2,a -> {
+    s = \\st => np ; 
+    prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+    needPart = b1 ; 
+    changePolar = b2 ; 
+    Pron1Sg = False ; 
+    anim = a
+    } ;
+  
+  mkConj : Str -> Str -> Bool -> Conjunction = \c,p,b -> {
+    s = c ;
+    pconj = p ;
+    disj = b
+    } ;
+    
+  mkPrep : Str -> Str -> Preposition = \p,r -> {
+    s = p ;
+    relPrep = r ;
+    } ;
+
+}
+

lib/src/japanese/SentenceJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+concrete SentenceJap of Sentence = CatJap
+** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+      
+    PredVP np vp = case vp.compar of {
+      More => {
+        s = table {
+          Wa => \\st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ++ 
+                            vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ; 
+          Ga => \\st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ 
+                            "のほうが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p  
+          } ;
+        te = table {
+          Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ++ 
+                        vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "のほうが" ++ 
+                        vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st
+          } ; 
+        tara = table {
+          Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ++ 
+                        vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "のほうが" ++ 
+                        vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st
+          } ;
+        subj = table {
+          Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ;
+          Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "のほうが" 
+          } ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+        changePolar = np.changePolar
+        } ;
+      Less => {
+        s = \\part,st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ 
+                             "より" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        te = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "より" 
+                               ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st ; 
+        tara = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ 
+                               "より" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+        subj = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "より" ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+        changePolar = np.changePolar
+        } ;
+      NoCompar => case np.needPart of {
+        True => {
+          s = table {
+            Wa => \\st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ++ 
+                              vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+            Ga => \\st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ 
+                              vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p  
+            } ;
+          te = table {
+            Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ++ 
+                          vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+            Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ 
+                          vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st
+            } ; 
+          tara = table {
+            Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ++ 
+                          vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+            Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ 
+                          vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st
+            } ;
+          subj = table {
+            Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ;
+            Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" 
+            } ;
+          pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+          pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+          pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+          changePolar = np.changePolar
+          } ;
+        False => {
+          s = table {
+            Wa => \\st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ 
+                              vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+            Ga => \\st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ 
+                              vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p
+            } ; 
+          te = table {
+            Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                          vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+            Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                          vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st 
+            } ;
+          tara = table {
+            Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                          vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+            Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                          vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st
+            } ;
+          subj = \\part,st => np.prepositive ! st ++ vp.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ;
+          pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! np.anim ! st ! t ! p ;
+          pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! np.anim ! st ;
+          pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! np.anim ! st ;
+          changePolar = np.changePolar
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
+    
+    PredSCVP sc vp = case sc.isVP of {
+      True => {
+        s = table {
+          Wa => \\st,t,p => sc.s ! Wa ! st ++ "ことは" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                            vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ;
+          Ga => \\st,t,p => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                            vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p  
+          } ;
+        te = table {
+          Wa => \\st => sc.s ! Wa ! st ++ "ことは" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st
+          } ; 
+        tara = table {
+          Wa => \\st => sc.s ! Wa ! st ++ "ことは" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st
+          } ;
+        subj = table {
+          Wa => \\st => sc.s ! Wa ! st ++ "ことは" ;
+          Ga => \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことが"
+          } ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+        changePolar = False
+        } ;
+      False => {
+        s = table {
+          Wa => \\st,t,p => sc.s ! Wa ! st ++ "ことが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                            vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ;
+          Ga => \\st,t,p => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                            vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p  
+          } ;
+        te = table {
+          Wa => \\st => sc.s ! Wa ! st ++ "ことが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st
+          } ; 
+        tara = table {
+          Wa => \\st => sc.s ! Wa ! st ++ "ことが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことが" ++ vp.obj ! st ++ 
+                        vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st
+          } ;
+        subj = table {
+          Wa => \\st => sc.s ! Wa ! st ++ "ことが" ;
+          Ga => \\st => sc.s ! Ga ! st ++ "ことが"
+          } ;
+        pred = \\st,t,p => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.verb ! Inanim ! st ! t ! p ;
+        pred_te = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.te ! Inanim ! st ;
+        pred_tara = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ++ vp.tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+        changePolar = False
+        } 
+      } ;
+
+    SlashVP np vpslash = {
+      s = \\st,t,p => vpslash.prepositive ! st ++ np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ 
+                      vpslash.obj ! st ++ vpslash.prep ++ vpslash.s ! Plain ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\st => vpslash.prepositive ! st ++ np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ 
+                   vpslash.obj ! st ++ vpslash.prep ++ vpslash.te ;
+      tara = \\st => vpslash.prepositive ! st ++ np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ 
+                   vpslash.obj ! st ++ vpslash.prep ++ vpslash.tara ;
+      subj = table {
+        Wa => \\st => vpslash.prepositive ! st ++ np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ;
+        Ga => \\st => vpslash.prepositive ! st ++ np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が"
+        } ;
+      pred = \\st,t,p => vpslash.obj ! st ++ vpslash.prep ++ vpslash.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      pred_te = \\st => vpslash.obj ! st ++ vpslash.prep ++ vpslash.te ;
+      pred_tara = \\st => vpslash.obj ! st ++ vpslash.tara ;
+      changePolar = np.changePolar
+      } ;
+               
+    AdvSlash clslash adv = {
+      s = \\st,t,p => adv.s ! st ++ clslash.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\st => adv.s ! st ++ clslash.te ! st ;
+      tara = \\st => adv.s ! st ++ clslash.tara ! st ;
+      subj = \\part,st => adv.s ! st ++ clslash.subj ! part ! st ;
+      pred = clslash.pred ;
+      pred_te = clslash.pred_te ;
+      pred_tara = clslash.pred_tara ;
+      changePolar = clslash.changePolar
+      } ;
+          
+    SlashPrep cl prep = {
+      s = \\st,t,p => cl.s ! Ga ! st ! t ! p ++ prep.relPrep ;
+      te = \\st => cl.te ! Ga ! st ++ prep.relPrep ;
+      tara = \\st => cl.tara ! Ga ! st ++ prep.relPrep ;
+      subj = cl.subj ;
+      pred = \\st,t,p => cl.pred ! st ! t ! p ++ prep.relPrep ;
+      pred_te = \\st => cl.pred_te ! st ++ prep.relPrep ;
+      pred_tara = \\st => cl.pred_tara ! st ++ prep.relPrep ;
+      changePolar = cl.changePolar
+      } ;
+
+    SlashVS np vs sslash = {
+      s = \\st,t,p => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ sslash.s ! st ++ 
+                      vs.prep ++ vs.s ! Plain ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ sslash.s ! st ++ vs.prep ++ vs.te ;
+      tara = \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が" ++ sslash.s ! st ++ 
+                     vs.prep ++ vs.tara ;
+      subj = table {
+        Wa => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "は" ;
+        Ga => \\st => np.prepositive ! st ++ np.s ! st ++ "が"
+        } ;
+      pred = \\st,t,p => sslash.s ! st ++ vs.prep ++ vs.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      pred_te = \\st => sslash.s ! st ++ vs.prep ++ vs.te ;
+      pred_tara = \\st => sslash.s ! st ++ vs.prep ++ vs.tara ;
+      changePolar = np.changePolar
+      } ;
+    
+    ImpVP vp = {
+      s = table {
+        Resp => table {
+          Pos => vp.prepositive ! Resp ++ vp.obj ! Resp ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                 vp.te ! Anim ! Resp ;
+          Neg => vp.prepositive ! Resp ++ vp.obj ! Resp ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                 vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! Neg ++ "で" 
+          } ;
+        Plain => table {
+          Pos => vp.prepositive ! Plain ++ vp.obj ! Plain ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                 vp.i_stem ! Anim ! Plain ++ "なさい" ;
+          Neg => vp.prepositive ! Plain ++ vp.obj ! Plain ++ vp.prep ++ 
+                 vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! Pos ++ "な" 
+          }
+        }
+      } ;
+    
+    EmbedS sent = {s = \\part,st => sent.subj ! part ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ; isVP = False} ;
+    
+    EmbedQS qs = {s = \\part,st => qs.s ! part ! Plain ; isVP = False} ;
+    
+    EmbedVP vp = {s = \\part,st => vp.verb ! Inanim ! Plain ! TPres ! Pos ; isVP = True} ;
+    
+    UseCl t p cl = {
+      s = \\part,st => case t.a of {
+        Simul => case cl.changePolar of {
+          False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! t.t ! p.b ; 
+          True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! t.t ! Neg
+          } ;
+        Anter => case t.t of {
+          TPres => case cl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TPast => case cl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TFut => case cl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPres ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPres ! Neg
+            } 
+          }
+        } ;
+      te = \\part,st => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.te ! part ! st ;
+      tara = \\part,st => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.tara ! part ! st ;
+      subj = cl.subj ;
+      pred = \\st => case t.a of {
+        Simul => case cl.changePolar of {
+          False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ! st ! t.t ! p.b ; 
+          True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ! st ! t.t ! Neg
+          } ;
+        Anter => case t.t of {
+          TPres => case cl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TPast => case cl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TFut => case cl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ! st ! TPres ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ! st ! TPres ! Neg
+            } 
+          }
+        }
+      } ; 
+    
+    UseQCl t p cl = {
+      s = \\part,st => case t.a of {
+        Simul => case cl.changePolar of {
+          False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! t.t ! p.b ;
+          True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! t.t ! Neg
+          } ;
+        Anter => case t.t of {
+          TPres => case cl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TPast => case cl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TFut => case cl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPres ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! part ! st ! TPres ! Neg
+            }
+          } 
+        } 
+      } ;
+          
+    UseRCl t p rcl = {
+      s = \\a,st => case t.a of {
+        Simul => case rcl.changePolar of {
+          False => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.s ! a ! st ! t.t ! p.b ; 
+          True => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.s ! a ! st ! t.t ! Neg
+          } ;
+        Anter => case t.t of {
+          TPres => case rcl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.s ! a ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.s ! a ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TPast => case rcl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.s ! a ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.s ! a ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TFut => case rcl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.s ! a ! st ! TPres ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.s ! a ! st ! TPres ! Neg
+            } 
+          }
+        } ;
+      te = \\a,st => rcl.te ! a ! st ;
+      subj = rcl.subj ;
+      pred = \\a,st => case t.a of {
+        Simul => case rcl.changePolar of {
+          False => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred ! a ! st ! t.t ! p.b ; 
+          True => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred ! a ! st ! t.t ! Neg
+          } ;
+        Anter => case t.t of {
+          TPres => case rcl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred ! a ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred ! a ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TPast => case rcl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred ! a ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred ! a ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TFut => case rcl.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred ! a ! st ! TPres ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred ! a ! st ! TPres ! Neg
+            } 
+          }
+        } ;
+      pred_te = \\a,st => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred_te ! a ! st ;
+      pred_tara = \\a,st => t.s ++ p.s ++ rcl.pred_tara ! a ! st ;
+      missingSubj = rcl.missingSubj
+      } ; 
+              
+    UseSlash t p clslash = {
+      s = \\st => case t.a of {
+        Simul => case clslash.changePolar of {
+          False => t.s ++ p.s ++ clslash.s ! st ! t.t ! p.b ; 
+          True => t.s ++ p.s ++ clslash.s ! st ! t.t ! Neg
+          } ;
+        Anter => case t.t of {
+          TPres => case clslash.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ clslash.s ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ clslash.s ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TPast => case clslash.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ clslash.s ! st ! TPast ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ clslash.s ! st ! TPast ! Neg
+            } ;
+          TFut => case clslash.changePolar of {
+            False => t.s ++ p.s ++ clslash.s ! st ! TPres ! p.b ;
+            True => t.s ++ p.s ++ clslash.s ! st ! TPres ! Neg
+            } 
+          }
+        } ;
+      te = \\st => clslash.te ! st
+      } ;
+    
+    AdvS adv s = {
+      s = \\part,st => adv.s ! st ++ s.s ! part ! st ;
+      te = \\part,st => adv.s ! st ++ s.te ! part ! st ;
+      tara = \\part,st => adv.s ! st ++ s.tara ! part ! st ;
+      subj = \\part,st => adv.s ! st ++ s.subj ! part ! st ;
+      pred = s.pred
+      } ;
+    
+    ExtAdvS adv s = {
+      s = \\part,st => adv.s ! st ++ "," ++ s.s ! part ! st ;
+      te = \\part,st => adv.s ! st ++ "," ++ s.te ! part ! st ;
+      tara = \\part,st => adv.s ! st ++ "," ++ s.tara ! part ! st ;
+      subj = \\part,st => adv.s ! st ++ "," ++ s.subj ! part ! st ;
+      pred = s.pred
+      } ;
+      
+    SSubjS s1 subj s2 = case subj.when of {
+      True => {
+        s = \\part,st => s1.tara ! part ! st ++ subj.s ++ s2.s ! Ga ! st ;
+        te = \\part,st => s1.tara ! part ! st ++ subj.s ++ s2.te ! Ga ! st ;
+        tara = \\part,st => s1.tara ! part ! st ++ subj.s ++ s2.tara ! Ga ! st ;
+        subj = \\part,st => s1.tara ! part ! st ++ subj.s ++ s2.subj ! Ga ! st ;
+        pred = s2.pred
+        } ;
+      False => {
+        s = \\part,st => s1.s ! part ! Plain ++ subj.s ++ s2.s ! Ga ! st ;
+        te = \\part,st => s1.s ! part ! Plain ++ subj.s ++ s2.te ! Ga ! st ;
+        tara = \\part,st => s1.s ! part ! Plain ++ subj.s ++ s2.tara ! Ga ! st ;
+        subj = \\part,st => s1.s ! part ! Plain ++ subj.s ++ s2.subj ! Ga ! st ;
+        pred = s2.pred
+        } 
+      } ;
+          
+    RelS sent rs = case rs.missingSubj of {
+      True => {
+        s = \\part,st => rs.subj ! part ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ 
+                         "ことが" ++ rs.pred ! Inanim ! st ;
+        te = \\part,st => rs.subj ! part ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ 
+                          "ことが" ++ rs.pred_te ! Inanim ! st ;
+        tara = \\part,st => rs.subj ! part ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ 
+                            "ことが" ++ rs.pred_tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+        subj = \\part,st => rs.subj ! part ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++
+                            "ことが" ;
+        pred = \\st => rs.pred ! Inanim ! st
+        } ;
+      False => {
+        s = table {
+          Wa => \\st => rs.subj ! Wa ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ 
+                        "ことを" ++ rs.pred ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => rs.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ 
+                        "ことを" ++ rs.pred ! Inanim ! st 
+          } ;
+        te = table {
+          Wa => \\st => rs.subj ! Wa ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ 
+                        "ことを" ++ rs.pred_te ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => rs.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ 
+                        "ことを" ++ rs.pred_te ! Inanim ! st 
+          } ;
+        tara = table {
+          Wa => \\st => rs.subj ! Wa ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ 
+                        "ことを" ++ rs.pred_tara ! Inanim ! st ;
+          Ga => \\st => rs.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ 
+                        "ことを" ++ rs.pred_tara ! Inanim ! st 
+          } ;
+        subj = \\part,st => rs.subj ! part ! st ;
+        pred = \\st => sent.subj ! Ga ! st ++ sent.pred ! Plain ++ "ことを" ++ 
+                       rs.pred ! Inanim ! st ;
+        }
+      } ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/StructuralJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+concrete StructuralJap of Structural = CatJap ** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+
+    above_Prep = mkPrep "の上に" "上に" ;  -- "noueni" "ueni" 
+    after_Prep = mkPrep "の後に" "後" ;  -- "noatoni" "ato"
+    all_Predet = ss "全部" ;  -- "zembu"
+    almost_AdA = ss "殆ど" ;  -- "hotondo" ;
+    although_Subj = {s = "のに" ; when = False} ; 
+    almost_AdN = {s = "殆ど" ; postposition = False} ;
+    always_AdV = ss "いつも" ;
+    and_Conj = mkConj "と" "そして" False ;
+    because_Subj = {s = "から" ; when = False} ;
+    before_Prep = mkPrep "の前に" "前に" ;  -- "nomaeni" "maeni"
+    behind_Prep = mkPrep "後ろに" "後ろに" ;  -- "ushironi" "ushironi"
+    between_Prep = mkPrep "の間に" "間に" ;  -- "noaidani" "aidani"
+    by8agent_Prep = mkPrep "に" "" ;  
+    by8means_Prep = mkPrep "によって" "" ;
+    but_PConj = ss "けれども" ;
+    can8know_VV = mkVerb "でき" "でき" "できる" "できた" ** {sense = Abil} ;
+    can_VV = can8know_VV ;
+    during_Prep = mkPrep "の間に" "" ;  -- "noaidani"
+    every_Det = mkDet "各自の" Sg ;  -- "kakujino" 
+    everybody_NP = mkNP "皆" True False Anim ;  -- "minna" 
+    everything_NP = mkNP "全て" True False Inanim ;  -- "subete" 
+    everywhere_Adv = mkAdv "どこでも" ;  -- "dokodemo" ;
+    first_Ord = {pred = \\st,t,p => "一番目" ++ mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+                 attr = "一番目の" ; te = "一番目" ++ mkCopula.te ;
+                 tara = "一番目" ++ mkCopula.tara ; adv = "一番目"} ; -- "ichibanme"
+    few_Det = mkDet "少数" Pl ;  -- "shoosuuno"
+    for_Prep = mkPrep "のために" "" ;
+    from_Prep = mkPrep "から" "から" ;
+    he_Pron = mkPron "彼" False Anim ;  -- "kare"
+    here_Adv = mkAdv "ここで" ;
+    here7to_Adv = mkAdv "ここに" ;
+    here7from_Adv = mkAdv "ここから" ;
+    how_IAdv = {s = \\st => "どのように" ; particle = ""} ;
+    how8many_IDet = {s = "いくつ" ; n = Pl ; how8many = True ; inclCard = False} ;
+    how8much_IAdv = {s = \\st => "いくら" ; particle = ""} ;
+    i_Pron = mkPron ("僕"|"私") "私" True Anim ;  -- "boku"|"watashi"
+    in8front_Prep = mkPrep "の前に" "前に" ;  -- "nomaeni" "maeni"
+    in_Prep = mkPrep "に" "" ;
+    it_Pron = mkPron "それ" False Inanim ;
+    less_CAdv = {s = "のほうが" ; compar = Less} ;
+    many_Det = mkDet "多くの" Pl ;  -- "ookuno"
+    more_CAdv = {s = "より" ; compar = More} ;  -- "yori"
+    most_Predet = ss "ほとんどの" ;
+    much_Det = mkDet "多くの" Sg ;  -- "ookuno"
+    must_VV = {s = (mkVerb "なら" "なり" "なる" "なった").s ; te = "なって" ;
+               tara = "なったら" ; a_stem = "なら" ; i_stem = "なり" ; sense = Oblig} ;
+    no_Phr = ss "いいえ" ;
+    no_Utt = {s = \\st => "いいえ"} ;
+    on_Prep = mkPrep "の上に" "" ;
+    only_Predet = ss "ほんの" ;
+    or_Conj = mkConj "か" "それとも" True ;
+    otherwise_PConj = ss "そうしなければ" ;
+    please_Voc = {s = table {Resp => "ください" ; Plain => "" } ; please = True} ; 
+    possess_Prep = mkPrep "の" "" ;
+    quite_Adv = ss "可成" ;
+    she_Pron = mkPron "彼女" False Anim ;  -- "kanojo"
+    so_AdA = ss "非常に" ;  -- "hijooni"
+    someSg_Det = mkDet "多少の" Sg ;  -- "tashoono"
+    somePl_Det = mkDet "いくつかの" Pl ;
+    somebody_NP = mkNP "誰か" False False Anim ;  -- "dareka" 
+    something_NP = mkNP "何か" False False Inanim ;  -- "nanika"
+    somewhere_Adv = mkAdv "どこかに" ;
+    that_Quant = {s = \\st => "その"} ;
+    there_Adv = mkAdv "そこに" ;
+    there7to_Adv = mkAdv "そこに" ;
+    there7from_Adv = mkAdv "そこから" ;
+    therefore_PConj = ss "それで" ;
+    they_Pron = mkPron "彼ら" "あの人達" False Anim ;  -- "karera" "ano hito-tachi"
+    this_Quant = {s = \\st => "この"} ;
+    through_Prep = mkPrep "を通じて" "通じて" ;  -- "otsuujite"
+    to_Prep = mkPrep "に" "" ;
+    too_AdA = ss "あまりにも" ;
+    under_Prep = mkPrep "の下に" "下に" ;  -- "noshitani"
+    very_AdA = ss "とても" ;
+    want_VV  = {s = (mkVerb "い" "い" "いる" "いった").s ; te = "いって" ; 
+                tara = "いったら" ; a_stem = "い" ; i_stem = "い" ; sense = Wish} ;
+    we_Pron = mkPron "私達" False Anim ;  -- "watashitachi"
+    whatPl_IP = {s = \\st => "何" ; anim = Inanim ; how8many = False} ;  -- "nani"
+    whatSg_IP = {s = \\st => "何" ; anim = Inanim ; how8many = False} ;
+    when_IAdv = {s = \\st => "いつ" ; particle = ""} ;
+    when_Subj = {s = [] ; when = True} ;
+    where_IAdv = {s = \\st => "どこ" ; particle = "で"} ;
+    which_IQuant = ss "どの" ;
+    whoPl_IP = {s = \\st => "誰" ; anim = Anim ; how8many = False} ;
+    whoSg_IP = {s = \\st => "誰" ; anim = Anim ; how8many = False} ;
+    why_IAdv = {s = \\st => "どうして" ; particle = ""} ;
+    with_Prep = mkPrep "と" "" ;
+    without_Prep = mkPrep "無しで" "無しで" ;  -- "nashide"
+    yes_Phr = ss "はい" ;
+    yes_Utt = {s = \\st => "はい"} ;
+    youSg_Pron = mkPron ("あなた"|"君") "あなた" False Anim ;  -- ("anata"|"kimi") 
+    youPl_Pron = mkPron "あなた達" "あなた方" False Anim ;  -- "anatatachi" "anatagata"
+    youPol_Pron = mkPron "あなた" False Anim ;
+    
+    at_least_AdN = {s = "少なくとも" ; postposition = False} ;  -- "sukunakutomo"
+    at_most_AdN = {s = "せいぜい" ; postposition = False} ;
+    nobody_NP = mkNP "誰も" False True Anim ;
+    nothing_NP = mkNP "何も" False True Inanim ;
+    except_Prep = mkPrep "を除いて" "を除いて" ;  -- "onozoite"
+    
+    as_CAdv = {s = "と同じぐらい" ; compar = NoCompar} ;  -- "toonajigurai"
+}

lib/src/japanese/TenseJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+concrete TenseJap of Tense = CatJap ** open ResJap, ParadigmsJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+  lin
+  
+    TTAnt t a = {
+      s = t.s ++ a.s ; 
+      t = t.t ;
+      a = a.a
+      } ;
+
+    PPos  = {s = [] ; b = Pos} ;
+    PNeg  = {s = [] ; b = Neg} ;
+
+    TPres, TCond = {s = [] ; t = ResJap.TPres} ;
+    TPast = {s = [] ; t = ResJap.TPast} ;
+    TFut  = {s = [] ; t = ResJap.TFut} ;
+
+    ASimul = {s = [] ; a = Simul} ;
+    AAnter = {s = [] ; a = Anter} ;
+
+}

lib/src/japanese/TextJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+concrete TextJap of Text = CatJap ** open ResJap, Prelude in {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+lin
+
+    TEmpty = ss "" ;
+    
+    TFullStop phr txt = {s = phr.s ++ "." ++ txt.s} ;
+    
+    TQuestMark phr txt = {s = phr.s ++ "?" ++ txt.s} ;
+    
+    TExclMark phr txt = {s = phr.s ++ "!" ++ txt.s} ;
+}

lib/src/japanese/VerbJap.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+concrete VerbJap of Verb = CatJap ** open ResJap, Prelude in {
+  
+  flags coding = utf8 ;
+  
+  lin
+  
+    UseV v = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => v.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\a,st => v.te ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => v.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => v.i_stem ;
+      tara = \\a,st => v.tara ;
+      prep = [] ;
+      obj = \\st => [] ; 
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+      
+    ComplVV v vp = case v.sense of {
+      Abil => {
+        verb = \\a,st,t,p => vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ 
+                             "ことが" ++ v.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+        te = \\a,st => vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ことが" ++ v.te ;  
+        a_stem = \\a,st => vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ことが" ++ v.a_stem ;
+        i_stem = \\a,st => vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ことが" ++ v.i_stem ;
+        tara = \\a,st => vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ことが" ++ v.tara ;
+        prep = vp.prep ;
+        obj = \\st => vp.obj ! st ;
+        prepositive = vp.prepositive ;
+        compar = NoCompar
+        } ;
+      Oblig => {
+        verb = \\a,st,t,p => vp.a_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "なければ" ++ v.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+        te = \\a,st => vp.a_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "なければ" ++ v.te ;
+        a_stem = \\a,st => vp.a_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "なければ" ++ v.a_stem ;
+        i_stem = \\a,st => vp.a_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "なければ" ++ v.i_stem ;
+        tara = \\a,st => vp.a_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "なければ" ++ v.tara ;
+        prep = vp.prep ;
+        obj = \\st => vp.obj ! st ;
+        prepositive = vp.prepositive ;
+        compar = NoCompar
+        } ;
+      Wish => {
+        verb = \\a,st,t,p => vp.i_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "たがって" ++ v.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+        te = \\a,st => vp.i_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "たがって" ++ v.te ;
+        a_stem = \\a,st => vp.i_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "たがって" ++ v.a_stem ;
+        i_stem = \\a,st => vp.i_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "たがって" ++ v.i_stem ;
+        tara = \\a,st => vp.i_stem ! Anim ! st ++ "たがって" ++ v.tara ;
+        prep = vp.prep ;
+        obj = \\st => vp.obj ! st ;
+        prepositive = vp.prepositive ;
+        compar = NoCompar
+        } 
+      } ; 
+    
+    ComplVS vs sent = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => vs.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\a,st => vs.te ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => vs.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => vs.i_stem ;
+      tara = \\a,st => vs.tara ;
+      prep = vs.prep ;
+      obj = \\st => sent.s ! Ga ! Plain ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+      
+    ComplVQ vq qs = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => vq.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\a,st => vq.te ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => vq.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => vq.i_stem ;
+      tara = \\a,st => vq.tara ;
+      prep = vq.prep ;
+      obj = \\st => qs.s ! Ga ! Plain ++ "こと" ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+      
+    ComplVA va ap = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => va.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\a,st => va.te ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => va.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => va.i_stem ;
+      tara = \\a,st => va.tara ;
+      prep = [] ;
+      obj = \\st => ap.adv ! st ;
+      prepositive = ap.prepositive ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+
+    SlashV2a v2 = {
+      s = \\st,t,p => v2.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      a_stem = v2.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = v2.i_stem ;
+      tara = v2.tara ;
+      prep = v2.prep ;
+      obj = \\st => [] ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      te = v2.te ;
+      v2vType = False ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+      
+    Slash2V3 v3 np = case v3.give of {
+      True => {
+        s = \\st,t,p => case np.Pron1Sg of {
+          True => (mkVerb "呉れ" "呉れ" "呉れる" "呉れた").s ! st ! t ! p ;  -- "kureru"
+          False => v3.s ! st ! t ! p 
+          } ;
+        a_stem = case np.Pron1Sg of {
+          True => "呉れ" ;
+          False => "上げ" 
+          } ;
+        i_stem = case np.Pron1Sg of {
+          True => "呉れ" ;
+          False => "上げ" 
+          } ;
+        tara = case np.Pron1Sg of {
+          True => "呉れたら" ;
+          False => "上げたら" 
+          } ;
+        prep = v3.prep2 ;
+        obj = \\st => np.s ! st ++ v3.prep1 ;
+        prepositive = np.prepositive ;
+        te = case np.Pron1Sg of {
+          True => "呉れて" ;
+          False => "上げて" 
+          } ;
+        v2vType = False ;
+        compar = NoCompar
+        } ;
+      False => {
+        s = \\st,t,p => v3.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+        a_stem = v3.a_stem ;
+        i_stem = v3.i_stem ;
+        tara = v3.tara ;
+        prep = v3.prep2 ;
+        obj = \\st => np.s ! st ++ v3.prep1 ;
+        prepositive = np.prepositive ;
+        te = v3.te ;
+        v2vType = False ;
+        compar = NoCompar
+        }
+      } ;
+      
+    Slash3V3 = Slash2V3 ;
+    
+    SlashV2V v2v vp = {
+      s = \\st,t,p => vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" 
+                      ++ v2v.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      a_stem = vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" ++ v2v.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" ++ v2v.i_stem ;
+      tara = vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" ++ v2v.tara ;
+      prep = "に" ;
+      obj = \\st => vp.obj ! st ++ vp.prep ;
+      te = vp.verb ! Anim ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" ++ v2v.te ; 
+      prepositive = vp.prepositive ;
+      v2vType = True ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+      
+    SlashV2S v2s s = {
+      s = v2s.s ;
+      a_stem = v2s.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = v2s.i_stem ;
+      tara = v2s.tara ;
+      prep = "に" ;
+      obj = \\st => s.s ! Ga ! Plain ++ "と" ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      te = v2s.te ; 
+      v2vType = False ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+      
+    SlashV2Q v2q qs = {
+      s = v2q.s ;
+      a_stem = v2q.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = v2q.i_stem ;
+      tara = v2q.tara ;
+      prep = "に" ;
+      obj = \\st => qs.s ! Ga ! Plain ++ "ことを" ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      te = v2q.te ; 
+      v2vType = True ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+      
+    SlashV2A v2a ap = {
+      s = v2a.s ;
+      a_stem = v2a.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = v2a.i_stem ;
+      tara = v2a.tara ;
+      prep = "を" ;
+      obj = ap.adv ;
+      prepositive = ap.prepositive ;
+      te = v2a.te ; 
+      v2vType = True ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    ComplSlash vpslash np = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => case np.changePolar of {
+        True => vpslash.s ! st ! t ! Neg ;
+        False => vpslash.s ! st ! t ! p 
+        } ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => vpslash.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => vpslash.i_stem ;
+      tara = \\a,st => vpslash.tara ;
+      prep = case np.needPart of {
+        True => case vpslash.v2vType of {
+          True => [] ;
+          False => vpslash.prep 
+          } ;
+        False => [] 
+        } ;
+      obj = \\st => case vpslash.v2vType of {
+        True => np.s ! st ++ vpslash.prep ++ vpslash.obj ! st ;
+        False => vpslash.obj ! st ++ np.s ! st 
+        } ;
+      te = \\a,st => vpslash.te ;
+      prepositive = vpslash.prepositive ;
+      compar = vpslash.compar
+      } ;
+      
+    SlashVV v vpslash = {
+      s = \\st,t,p => case v.sense of {
+        Abil => vpslash.s ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ 
+                "ことが" ++ v.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+        Oblig => vpslash.a_stem ++ "なければ" ++ v.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+        Wish => vpslash.i_stem ++ "たがって" ++ v.s ! st ! t ! p 
+        } ;
+      te = case v.sense of {
+        Abil => vpslash.s ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ことが" ++ v.te ; 
+        Oblig => vpslash.a_stem ++ "なければ" ++ v.te ;
+        Wish => vpslash.i_stem ++ "たがって" ++ v.te 
+        } ;
+      a_stem = [] ;
+      i_stem = [] ;
+      tara = case v.sense of {
+        Abil => vpslash.s ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ことが" ++ v.tara ;
+        Oblig => vpslash.a_stem ++ "なければ" ++ v.tara ;
+        Wish => vpslash.i_stem ++ "たがって" ++ v.tara
+        } ;
+      prep = vpslash.prep ;
+      obj = vpslash.obj ;
+      prepositive = vpslash.prepositive ;
+      v2vType = False ;
+      compar = vpslash.compar
+      } ;
+
+    SlashV2VNP v2v np vpslash = {
+      s = \\st,t,p => vpslash.s ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" 
+                      ++ v2v.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      a_stem = vpslash.s ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" ++ v2v.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = vpslash.s ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" ++ v2v.i_stem ;
+      tara = vpslash.s ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" ++ v2v.tara ;
+      prep = vpslash.prep ;
+      obj = \\st => np.s ! st ++ "に" ;
+      te = vpslash.s ! Plain ! TPres ! ResJap.Pos ++ "ように" ++ v2v.te ; 
+      prepositive = vpslash.prepositive ;
+      v2vType = True ;
+      compar = vpslash.compar
+      } ;
+
+    ReflVP vpslash = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => vpslash.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => vpslash.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => vpslash.i_stem ;
+      tara = \\a,st => vpslash.tara ;
+      prep = vpslash.prep ;
+      obj = \\st => "自分" ;  -- "jibun"
+      te = \\a,st => vpslash.te ;
+      prepositive = vpslash.prepositive ;
+      compar = vpslash.compar
+      } ;
+
+    UseComp comp = {
+      verb = comp.verb ; 
+      te = comp.te ;
+      a_stem = comp.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = comp.i_stem ;
+      tara = comp.tara ;
+      prep = [] ;
+      obj = comp.obj ; 
+      prepositive = comp.prepositive ;
+      compar = comp.compar
+      } ;
+    
+    PassV2 v2 = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => v2.pass ! st ! t ! p ; 
+      te = \\a,st => v2.pass_te ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => v2.pass_a_stem ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => v2.pass_i_stem ;
+      tara = \\a,st => v2.pass_tara ;
+      prep = [] ;
+      obj = \\st => [] ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    AdvVP vp adv = {
+      verb = vp.verb ;
+      te = vp.te ;
+      a_stem = vp.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = vp.i_stem ;
+      tara = vp.tara ;
+      prep = vp.prep ;
+      obj = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => vp.obj ! st ;
+        False => adv.s ! st ++ vp.obj ! st 
+        } ;
+      prepositive = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => adv.s ! st ; 
+        False => []
+        } ;
+      compar = adv.compar
+      } ;
+    
+    AdVVP adv vp = {
+      verb = vp.verb ;
+      te = vp.te ;
+      a_stem = vp.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = vp.i_stem ;
+      tara = vp.tara ;
+      prep = vp.prep ;
+      obj = \\st => adv.s ++ vp.obj ! st ;
+      prepositive = vp.prepositive ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    AdvVPSlash vpslash adv = {
+      s = vpslash.s ;
+      te = vpslash.te ;
+      a_stem = vpslash.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = vpslash.i_stem ;
+      tara = vpslash.tara ;
+      prep = vpslash.prep ;
+      obj = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => vpslash.obj ! st ;
+        False => adv.s ! st ++ vpslash.obj ! st 
+        } ;
+      prepositive = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => adv.s ! st ; 
+        False => []
+        } ;
+      v2vType = False ;
+      compar = adv.compar
+      } ;
+      
+    AdVVPSlash adv vpslash = {
+      s = vpslash.s ;
+      te = vpslash.te ;
+      a_stem = vpslash.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = vpslash.i_stem ;
+      tara = vpslash.tara ;
+      prep = vpslash.prep ;
+      obj = \\st => adv.s ++ vpslash.obj ! st ;
+      prepositive = vpslash.prepositive ; 
+      v2vType = False ;
+      compar = vpslash.compar
+      } ;
+      
+    CompAP ap = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => ap.pred ! st ! t ! p ; 
+      te = \\a,st => ap.te ! st ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => ap.adv ! st ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => ap.adv ! st ;  -- for wishes - not correct!
+      tara = \\a,st => ap.tara ! st ;
+      obj = \\st => [] ; 
+      prepositive = ap.prepositive ; 
+      compar = ap.compar
+      } ;
+      
+    CompNP np = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\a,st => "だって" ;
+      tara = \\a,st => "だったら" ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => "で" ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => "で" ;  -- for wishes - not correct!
+      obj = \\st => np.s ! st ;
+      prepositive = np.prepositive ; 
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    CompAdv adv = {
+      verb = mkExistV.verb ;
+      te = mkExistV.te ;
+      tara = mkExistV.tara ;
+      a_stem = mkExistV.a_stem ;
+      i_stem = mkExistV.i_stem ;
+      obj = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => [] ;
+        False => adv.s ! st 
+        } ;
+      prepositive = \\st => case adv.prepositive of {
+        True => adv.s ! st ; 
+        False => []
+        } ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+    
+    CompCN cn = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ;
+      te = \\a,st => "だって" ;
+      tara = \\a,st => "だったら" ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => "で" ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => "で" ;  -- for wishes - not correct!
+      obj = \\st => cn.s ! (Sg|Pl) ! st ;
+      prepositive = cn.prepositive ; 
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+      
+    UseCopula = {
+      verb = \\a,st,t,p => mkCopula.s ! st ! t ! p ; 
+      te = \\a,st => "だって" ;
+      tara = \\a,st => "だったら" ;
+      a_stem = \\a,st => "で" ;
+      i_stem = \\a,st => "で" ;  -- for wishes - not correct!
+      obj = \\st => [] ;
+      prepositive = \\st => [] ; 
+      prep = [] ;
+      compar = NoCompar
+      } ;
+  }
+