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resource README
This commit is contained in:
aarne
38
lib/resource-1.0/README
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38
lib/resource-1.0/README
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@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
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-- file GF/lib/resource-1.0/README
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-- created Thu Dec 1 22:21:21 CET 2005
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-- by A. Ranta, aarne@cs.chalmers.se
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This is a working directory for the next version of GF resource
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grammar library, incomplete in many ways but aimed to become the
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first "mature" release. The old releases (resource-0.6 and resource)
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will be kept available, but 'resource' will be renamed 'resource-0.9',
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and 'resource' will probably be made into a symbolic link to the
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current version.
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The main changes from 0.9 to 1.0 are
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1. Refactoring of module structure: there are many more modules now.
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However, the full API is still available as LangX.
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2. Increased coverage. We have used the second CLE book ("Spoken
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Language Translation", by M. Rayner, D. Carter, P. Bouillon
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V. Digalakis, and M. Wirén, Cambridge UP, 2000) as guideline and
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goal.
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3. Some constructions have been dropped out or modified. This concerns
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in particular the determiner structure in the module Noun.
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4. Judging from the English implementation, there is a promise to get
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a lighter and more efficient resource library, just because of
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lessons learned from earlier implementations.
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Version 0.9 is hereby "frozen" to its current state, which means that
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extensions and bug fixes are not carried over to it. However, if
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requested, we might provide a reimplementation of the old API using
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the new.
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When will it be ready? Hopefully around February 2005.
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@@ -15,8 +15,4 @@ concrete TenseX of Tense = open (R = ParamX) in {
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ASimul = {s = []} ** {a = R.Simul} ;
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AAnter = {s = []} ** {a = R.Anter} ;
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}
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@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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--# -path=.:prelude
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--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:prelude
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concrete LangEng of Lang =
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NounEng,
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448
lib/resource-1.0/english/ParadigmsEng.gf
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448
lib/resource-1.0/english/ParadigmsEng.gf
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@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
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--# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
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--1 English Lexical Paradigms
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--
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-- Aarne Ranta 2003--2005
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--
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-- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
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-- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
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-- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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--
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-- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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-- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$.
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--
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-- The main difference with $MorphoEng.gf$ is that the types
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-- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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-- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
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-- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
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--
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-- The structure of functions for each word class $C$ is the following:
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-- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
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||||
-- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function $mkC$, which serves as an
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-- escape to construct the most irregular words of type $C$.
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-- However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
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-- separate module $IrregularEng$, which covers all irregularly inflected
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-- words.
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--
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-- The following modules are presupposed:
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resource ParadigmsEng = open
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(Predef=Predef),
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Prelude,
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MorphoEng,
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CatEng
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in {
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--2 Parameters
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--
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-- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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oper
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Gender : Type ;
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human : Gender ;
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nonhuman : Gender ;
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminite : Gender ;
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-- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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Number : Type ;
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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||||
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-- To abstract over case names, we define the following.
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Case : Type ;
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nominative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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||||
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-- Prepositions are used in many-argument functions for rection.
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Preposition : Type ;
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||||
|
||||
|
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--2 Nouns
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-- Worst case: give all four forms and the semantic gender.
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|
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mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
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||||
|
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-- The regular function captures the variants for nouns ending with
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-- "s","sh","x","z" or "y": "kiss - kisses", "flash - flashes";
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-- "fly - flies" (but "toy - toys"),
|
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|
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regN : Str -> N ;
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||||
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-- In practice the worst case is just: give singular and plural nominative.
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mk2N : (man,men : Str) -> N ;
|
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|
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-- All nouns created by the previous functions are marked as
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-- $nonhuman$. If you want a $human$ noun, wrap it with the following
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-- function:
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|
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genderN : Gender -> N -> N ;
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|
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--3 Compound nouns
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--
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-- All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
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-- such as "baby boom".
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|
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--3 Relational nouns
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--
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-- Relational nouns ("daughter of x") need a preposition.
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|
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mkN2 : N -> Preposition -> N2 ;
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||||
|
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-- The most common preposition is "of", and the following is a
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-- shortcut for regular, $nonhuman$ relational nouns with "of".
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|
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regN2 : Str -> N2 ;
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-- Use the function $mkPreposition$ or see the section on prepositions below to
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-- form other prepositions.
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--
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-- Three-place relational nouns ("the connection from x to y") need two prepositions.
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mkN3 : N -> Preposition -> Preposition -> N3 ;
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|
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--3 Relational common noun phrases
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--
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-- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a
|
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-- relational noun (e.g. "the old town hall of").
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cnN2 : CN -> Preposition -> N2 ;
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cnN3 : CN -> Preposition -> Preposition -> N3 ;
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||||
|
||||
--
|
||||
--3 Proper names and noun phrases
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||||
--
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-- Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
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||||
|
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regPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- John, John's
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||||
|
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-- Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. "Bank".
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|
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nounPN : N -> PN ;
|
||||
|
||||
-- To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular
|
||||
-- genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
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||||
|
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mkNP : Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> NP ;
|
||||
|
||||
--2 Adjectives
|
||||
|
||||
-- Non-comparison one-place adjectives need two forms: one for
|
||||
-- the adjectival and one for the adverbial form ("free - freely")
|
||||
|
||||
mkA : (free,freely : Str) -> A ;
|
||||
|
||||
-- For regular adjectives, the adverbial form is derived. This holds
|
||||
-- even for cases with the variation "happy - happily".
|
||||
|
||||
regA : Str -> A ;
|
||||
|
||||
--3 Two-place adjectives
|
||||
--
|
||||
-- Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
|
||||
|
||||
mkA2 : A -> Preposition -> A2 ;
|
||||
|
||||
-- Comparison adjectives may two more forms.
|
||||
|
||||
ADeg : Type ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkADeg : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> ADeg ;
|
||||
|
||||
-- The regular pattern recognizes two common variations:
|
||||
-- "-e" ("rude" - "ruder" - "rudest") and
|
||||
-- "-y" ("happy - happier - happiest - happily")
|
||||
|
||||
regADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- long, longer, longest
|
||||
|
||||
-- However, the duplication of the final consonant is nor predicted,
|
||||
-- but a separate pattern is used:
|
||||
|
||||
duplADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- fat, fatter, fattest
|
||||
|
||||
-- If comparison is formed by "more, "most", as in general for
|
||||
-- long adjective, the following pattern is used:
|
||||
|
||||
compoundADeg : A -> ADeg ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
|
||||
|
||||
-- From a given $ADeg$, it is possible to get back to $A$.
|
||||
|
||||
adegA : ADeg -> A ;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--2 Adverbs
|
||||
|
||||
-- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
|
||||
-- after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. "always").
|
||||
|
||||
mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
|
||||
mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
|
||||
|
||||
-- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
|
||||
|
||||
mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
|
||||
|
||||
--2 Prepositions
|
||||
--
|
||||
-- A preposition as used for rection in the lexicon, as well as to
|
||||
-- build $PP$s in the resource API, just requires a string.
|
||||
|
||||
mkPreposition : Str -> Preposition ;
|
||||
mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
|
||||
|
||||
-- (These two functions are synonyms.)
|
||||
|
||||
--2 Verbs
|
||||
--
|
||||
-- Except for "be", the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and
|
||||
-- the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the
|
||||
-- past and present participles.
|
||||
|
||||
mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V ;
|
||||
|
||||
-- The regular verb function recognizes the special cases where the last
|
||||
-- character is "y" ("cry - cries" but "buy - buys") or "s", "sh", "x", "z"
|
||||
-- ("fix - fixes", etc).
|
||||
|
||||
regV : Str -> V ;
|
||||
|
||||
-- The following variant duplicates the last letter in the forms like
|
||||
-- "rip - ripped - ripping".
|
||||
|
||||
regDuplV : Str -> V ;
|
||||
|
||||
-- There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module $IrregularEng$.
|
||||
-- In practice, it is enough to give three forms,
|
||||
-- e.g. "drink - drank - drunk", with a variant indicating consonant
|
||||
-- duplication in the present participle.
|
||||
|
||||
irregV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ;
|
||||
irregDuplV : (get, got, gotten : Str) -> V ;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--3 Verbs with a particle.
|
||||
--
|
||||
-- The particle, such as in "switch on", is given as a string.
|
||||
|
||||
partV : V -> Str -> V ;
|
||||
|
||||
--3 Two-place verbs
|
||||
--
|
||||
-- Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
|
||||
-- (transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the $V$.
|
||||
|
||||
mkV2 : V -> Preposition -> V2 ;
|
||||
|
||||
dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
|
||||
|
||||
--3 Three-place verbs
|
||||
--
|
||||
-- Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
|
||||
-- the first one or both can be absent.
|
||||
|
||||
mkV3 : V -> Str -> Str -> V3 ; -- speak, with, about
|
||||
dirV3 : V -> Str -> V3 ; -- give,_,to
|
||||
dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_
|
||||
|
||||
--3 Other complement patterns
|
||||
--
|
||||
-- Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
|
||||
-- questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
|
||||
|
||||
V0, V2S, V2V, VA, V2A, V2Q : Type ; ----
|
||||
|
||||
mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
|
||||
mkVS : V -> VS ;
|
||||
mkV2S : V -> Str -> V2S ;
|
||||
mkVV : V -> VV ;
|
||||
mkV2V : V -> Str -> Str -> V2V ;
|
||||
mkVA : V -> VA ;
|
||||
mkV2A : V -> Str -> V2A ;
|
||||
mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
|
||||
mkV2Q : V -> Str -> V2Q ;
|
||||
|
||||
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; ----
|
||||
|
||||
mkAS : A -> AS ;
|
||||
mkA2S : A -> Str -> A2S ;
|
||||
mkAV : A -> AV ;
|
||||
mkA2V : A -> Str -> A2V ;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--2 Definitions of paradigms
|
||||
--
|
||||
-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
|
||||
-- hidden from the document.
|
||||
--.
|
||||
|
||||
Gender = MorphoEng.Gender ;
|
||||
Number = MorphoEng.Number ;
|
||||
Case = MorphoEng.Case ;
|
||||
human = Masc ;
|
||||
nonhuman = Neutr ;
|
||||
masculine = Masc ;
|
||||
feminine = Fem ;
|
||||
singular = Sg ;
|
||||
plural = Pl ;
|
||||
nominative = Nom ;
|
||||
genitive = Gen ;
|
||||
|
||||
Preposition = Str ;
|
||||
|
||||
regN = \ray ->
|
||||
let
|
||||
ra = Predef.tk 1 ray ;
|
||||
y = Predef.dp 1 ray ;
|
||||
r = Predef.tk 2 ray ;
|
||||
ay = Predef.dp 2 ray ;
|
||||
rays =
|
||||
case y of {
|
||||
"y" => y2ie ray "s" ;
|
||||
"s" => ray + "es" ;
|
||||
"z" => ray + "es" ;
|
||||
"x" => ray + "es" ;
|
||||
_ => case ay of {
|
||||
"sh" => ray + "es" ;
|
||||
"ch" => ray + "es" ;
|
||||
_ => ray + "s"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
in
|
||||
mk2N ray rays ;
|
||||
|
||||
mk2N = \man,men ->
|
||||
let mens = case last men of {
|
||||
"s" => men + "'" ;
|
||||
_ => men + "'s"
|
||||
}
|
||||
in
|
||||
mkN man men (man + "'s") mens ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkN = \man,men,man's,men's ->
|
||||
mkNoun man men man's men's ** {g = Neutr ; lock_N = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
genderN g man = {s = man.s ; g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkN2 = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = p} ;
|
||||
regN2 n = mkN2 (regN n) (mkPreposition "of") ;
|
||||
mkN3 = \n,p,q -> n ** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = p ; c3 = q} ;
|
||||
cnN2 = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = p} ;
|
||||
cnN3 = \n,p,q -> n ** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = p ; c3 = q} ;
|
||||
|
||||
regPN n g = nameReg n g ** {lock_PN = <>} ;
|
||||
nounPN n = {s = n.s ! singular ; g = n.g ; lock_PN = <>} ;
|
||||
mkNP x y n g = {s = table {Gen => x ; _ => y} ; a = (agrP3 n).a ;
|
||||
lock_NP = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkA a b = mkAdjective a a a b ** {lock_A = <>} ;
|
||||
regA a = regAdjective a ** {lock_A = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkA2 a p = a ** {c2 = p ; lock_A2 = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
ADeg = A ; ----
|
||||
|
||||
mkADeg a b c d = mkAdjective a b c d ** {lock_A = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
regADeg happy =
|
||||
let
|
||||
happ = init happy ;
|
||||
y = last happy ;
|
||||
happie = case y of {
|
||||
"y" => happ + "ie" ;
|
||||
"e" => happy ;
|
||||
_ => happy + "e"
|
||||
} ;
|
||||
happily = case y of {
|
||||
"y" => happ + "ily" ;
|
||||
_ => happy + "ly"
|
||||
} ;
|
||||
in mkADeg happy (happie + "r") (happie + "st") happily ;
|
||||
|
||||
duplADeg fat =
|
||||
mkADeg fat
|
||||
(fat + last fat + "er") (fat + last fat + "est") (fat + "ly") ;
|
||||
|
||||
compoundADeg a =
|
||||
let ad = (a.s ! AAdj Posit)
|
||||
in mkADeg ad ("more" ++ ad) ("most" ++ ad) (a.s ! AAdv) ;
|
||||
|
||||
adegA a = a ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkAdv x = ss x ** {lock_Adv = <>} ;
|
||||
mkAdV x = ss x ** {lock_AdV = <>} ;
|
||||
mkAdA x = ss x ** {lock_AdA = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkPreposition p = p ;
|
||||
mkPrep p = ss p ** {lock_Prep = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkV a b c d e = mkVerbWorst a b c d e ** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
regV cry =
|
||||
let
|
||||
cr = init cry ;
|
||||
y = last cry ;
|
||||
cries = (regN cry).s ! Pl ! Nom ; -- !
|
||||
crie = init cries ;
|
||||
cried = case last crie of {
|
||||
"e" => crie + "d" ;
|
||||
_ => crie + "ed"
|
||||
} ;
|
||||
crying = case y of {
|
||||
"e" => case last cr of {
|
||||
"e" => cry + "ing" ;
|
||||
_ => cr + "ing"
|
||||
} ;
|
||||
_ => cry + "ing"
|
||||
}
|
||||
in mkV cry cries cried cried crying ;
|
||||
|
||||
regDuplV fit =
|
||||
let fitt = fit + last fit in
|
||||
mkV fit (fit + "s") (fitt + "ed") (fitt + "ed") (fitt + "ing") ;
|
||||
|
||||
irregV x y z = let reg = (regV x).s in
|
||||
mkV x (reg ! VPres) y z (reg ! VPresPart) ** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
irregDuplV fit y z =
|
||||
let
|
||||
fitting = (regDuplV fit).s ! VPresPart
|
||||
in
|
||||
mkV fit (fit + "s") y z fitting ;
|
||||
|
||||
partV v p = verbPart v p ** {lock_V = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkV2 v p = v ** {s = v.s ; s1 = v.s1 ; c2 = p ; lock_V2 = <>} ;
|
||||
dirV2 v = mkV2 v [] ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkV3 v p q = v ** {s = v.s ; s1 = v.s1 ; c2 = p ; c3 = q ; lock_V3 = <>} ;
|
||||
dirV3 v p = mkV3 v [] p ;
|
||||
dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v [] ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkVS v = v ** {lock_VS = <>} ;
|
||||
mkVV v = v ** {c2 = "to" ; lock_VV = <>} ;
|
||||
mkVQ v = v ** {lock_VQ = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
{-
|
||||
mkV0 v = v ** {lock_V0 = <>} ;
|
||||
mkV2S v p = mkV2 v p ** {lock_V2S = <>} ;
|
||||
mkV2V v p t = mkV2 v p ** {s4 = t ; lock_V2V = <>} ;
|
||||
mkVA v = v ** {lock_VA = <>} ;
|
||||
mkV2A v p = mkV2 v p ** {lock_V2A = <>} ;
|
||||
mkV2Q v p = mkV2 v p ** {lock_V2Q = <>} ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkAS v = v ** {lock_AS = <>} ;
|
||||
mkA2S v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A2S = <>} ;
|
||||
mkAV v = v ** {lock_AV = <>} ;
|
||||
mkA2V v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A2V = <>} ;
|
||||
-}
|
||||
|
||||
} ;
|
||||
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ resource ResEng = ParamEng ** open Prelude in {
|
||||
<Pres,Simul,_, _> => vf fin [] ;
|
||||
<Pres,Anter,Pos,_> => vf (have agr) part ;
|
||||
<Pres,Anter,Neg,_> => vf (havent agr) part ;
|
||||
<Past,Simul,_, _> => vf fin [] ;
|
||||
<Past,Simul,_, _> => vf past [] ;
|
||||
<Past,Anter,Pos,_> => vf "had" part ;
|
||||
<Past,Anter,Neg,_> => vf "hadn't" part ;
|
||||
<Fut, Simul,Pos,_> => vf "will" inf ;
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user