thai questions and negations

examples/travel/TravelTha.gf

@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ concrete TravelTha of Travel = open Prelude in {
     MkSpeaker = cc2 ;
     MkHearer _ _ = ss [] ;
 
-    Male = ss "k2rab" ;
-    Female = ss "k2T1a" ;
+    Male = ss "k2ra.b" ;
+    Female = ss "k2T1a." ;
 
     Single, Many = ss [] ;
 
-    Hello = ss ["swa.s di:"] ;
+    Hello = ss ["swas di:"] ;
     Thanks = ss ["k1Ob k2un'"] ;
 
     IWant = prefixSS "eOa:" ;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ concrete TravelTha of Travel = open Prelude in {
     Five = ss "ha:" ;
     Ten  = ss "sib" ;
 
-    Mango = cls ["ma mT1wg"] "lu:k" ;
+    Mango = cls ["ma. mT1wg"] "lu:k" ;
     Green = ss ["si: ek1i:yw"] ;
 
   oper

lib/resource-1.0/thai/AdverbTha.gf

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
---concrete AdverbTha of Adverb = CatTha ** open ResTha, Prelude in {
---
---  lin
---    PositAdvAdj a = {s = a.s ! AAdv} ;
+concrete AdverbTha of Adverb = CatTha ** 
+  open ResTha, StringsTha, Prelude in {
+
+  lin
+    PositAdvAdj a = a ;
+
 --    ComparAdvAdj cadv a np = {
 --      s = cadv.s ++ a.s ! AAdv ++ "than" ++ np.s ! Nom
 --      } ;
@@ -18,4 +20,4 @@
 --
 --    AdnCAdv cadv = {s = cadv.s ++ "than"} ;
 --
---}
+}

lib/resource-1.0/thai/CatTha.gf

@@ -4,24 +4,24 @@ concrete CatTha of Cat = CommonX ** open ResTha, Prelude in {
 
   lincat
 
----- Tensed/Untensed
---
---    S  = {s : Str} ;
---    QS = {s : QForm => Str} ;
+-- Tensed/Untensed
+
+    S  = {s : Str} ;
+    QS = {s : QForm => Str} ;
 --    RS = {s : Agr => Str ; c : Case} ; -- c for it clefts
 --
 ---- Sentence
 --
---    Cl = {s : Tense => Anteriority => CPolarity => Order => Str} ;
+    Cl = {s : Polarity => Str} ;
 --    Slash = {
 --      s : Tense => Anteriority => CPolarity => Order => Str ;
 --      c2 : Str
 --      } ;
---    Imp = {s : CPolarity => ImpForm => Str} ;
+    Imp = {s : Polarity => Str} ;
 --
 ---- Question
 --
---    QCl = {s : Tense => Anteriority => CPolarity => QForm => Str} ;
+    QCl = {s : Polarity => Str} ;
 --    IP = {s : Case => Str ; n : Number} ;
 --    IComp = {s : Str} ;    
 --    IDet = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
@@ -33,15 +33,8 @@ concrete CatTha of Cat = CommonX ** open ResTha, Prelude in {
 --
 ---- Verb
 --
---    VP = {
---      s : Tense => Anteriority => CPolarity => Order => Agr => {fin, inf : Str} ;
---      prp : Str ; -- present participle 
---      inf : Str ; -- infinitive
---      ad  : Str ;
---      s2  : Agr => Str
---      } ;
---
---    Comp = {s : Agr => Str} ; 
+    VP = ResTha.VP ; 
+    Comp = ResTha.VP ; 
 --
 ---- Adjective
 --
@@ -66,12 +59,12 @@ concrete CatTha of Cat = CommonX ** open ResTha, Prelude in {
 --    Subj = {s : Str} ;
 --    Prep = {s : Str} ;
 --
----- Open lexical classes, e.g. Lexicon
---
---    V, VS, VQ, VA = Verb ; -- = {s : VForm => Str} ;
---    V2, V2A = Verb ** {c2 : Str} ;
---    V3 = Verb ** {c2, c3 : Str} ;
---    VV = {s : VVForm => Str ; isAux : Bool} ;
+-- Open lexical classes, e.g. Lexicon
+
+    V, VS, VQ, VA = Verb ; 
+    V2, V2A = Verb ** {c2 : Str} ;
+    V3 = Verb ** {c2, c3 : Str} ;
+    VV = VVerb ;
 --
 --    A = {s : AForm => Str} ;
 --    A2 = {s : AForm => Str ; c2 : Str} ;

lib/resource-1.0/thai/GrammarTha.gf

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ concrete GrammarTha of Grammar =
   NounTha, 
   VerbTha, 
   AdjectiveTha,
---  AdverbTha,
+  AdverbTha,
   NumeralTha,
   SentenceTha,
---  QuestionTha,
+  QuestionTha,
 --  RelativeTha,
 --  ConjunctionTha,
---  PhraseTha,
+  PhraseTha,
 --  TextX,
   StructuralTha,
 --  IdiomTha

lib/resource-1.0/thai/LexiconTha.gf

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ lin
 --  glove_N = regN "glove" ;
 --  gold_N = regN "gold" ;
 --  good_A = mkADeg "good" "well" "better" "best" ;
-  go_V = ss pay_s ;
+  go_V = regV pay_s ;
 --  green_A = regADeg "green" ;
 --  harbour_N = regN "harbour" ;
 --  hate_V2 = dirV2 (regV "hate") ;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ lin
 --  long_A = regADeg "long" ;
 --  lose_V2 = dirV2 (irregV "lose" "lost" "lost") ;
 --  love_N = regN "love" ;
-  love_V2 = ss rak_s ;
+  love_V2 = dirV2 (regV rak_s) ;
 --  man_N = mk2N "man" "men" ;
 --  married_A2 = mkA2 (regA "married") toP ;
 --  meat_N = regN "meat" ;
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ lin
 --  short_A = regADeg "short" ;
 --  silver_N = regN "silver" ;
 --  sister_N = regN "sister" ;
---  sleep_V = (irregV "sleep" "slept" "slept") ;
+  sleep_V = resV noon_s lap_s ;
 --  small_A = regADeg "small" ;
 --  snake_N = regN "snake" ;
 --  sock_N = regN "sock" ;

lib/resource-1.0/thai/PhraseTha.gf

@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
---concrete PhraseTha of Phrase = CatTha ** open Prelude, ResTha in {
---
---  lin
---    PhrUtt pconj utt voc = {s = pconj.s ++ utt.s ++ voc.s} ;
---
---    UttS s = s ;
---    UttQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QDir} ;
---    UttImpSg pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! contrNeg True pol.p ! ImpF Sg False} ;
---    UttImpPl pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! contrNeg True pol.p ! ImpF Pl False} ;
---    UttImpPol pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! contrNeg True pol.p ! ImpF Sg True} ;
---
---    UttIP ip = {s = ip.s ! Nom} ; --- Acc also
---    UttIAdv iadv = iadv ;
---    UttNP np = {s = np.s ! Acc} ;
---    UttVP vp = {s = infVP False vp (agrP3 Sg)} ;
---    UttAdv adv = adv ;
---
---    NoPConj = {s = []} ;
---    PConjConj conj = conj ;
---
---    NoVoc = {s = []} ;
---    VocNP np = {s = "," ++ np.s ! Nom} ;
---
---}
+concrete PhraseTha of Phrase = CatTha ** open Prelude, ResTha in {
+
+  lin
+    PhrUtt pconj utt voc = {s = pconj.s ++ utt.s ++ voc.s} ;
+
+    UttS s = s ;
+    UttQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QDir} ;
+    UttImpSg pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p} ;
+    UttImpPl pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p} ;
+    UttImpPol pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.p} ; --- add politeness here?
+
+    UttIP ip = ip ;
+    UttIAdv iadv = iadv ;
+    UttNP np = np ;
+    UttVP vp = {s = vp.s ! Pos} ;
+    UttAdv adv = adv ;
+
+    NoPConj = {s = []} ;
+    PConjConj conj = conj ;
+
+    NoVoc = {s = []} ;
+    VocNP np = {s = np.s} ; ---- ??
+
+}

lib/resource-1.0/thai/QuestionTha.gf

@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
---concrete QuestionTha of Question = CatTha ** open ResTha, Prelude in {
---
---  flags optimize=all_subs ;
---
---  lin
---
---    QuestCl cl = {
---      s = \\t,a,p => 
---            let cls = cl.s ! t ! a ! p 
---            in table {
---              QDir   => cls ! OQuest ;
---              QIndir => "if" ++ cls ! ODir
---              } ---- "whether" in ExtTha
---      } ;
+concrete QuestionTha of Question = CatTha ** 
+  open ResTha, StringsTha, Prelude in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ;
+
+  lin
+
+-- pos. may, neg. chay may - not always the proper forms ---
+
+    QuestCl cl = {s = \\p => cl.s ! Pos ++ polStr chay_s p ++ m'ay_s} ; 
+
 --
 --    QuestVP qp vp = 
 --      let cl = mkClause (qp.s ! Nom) {n = qp.n ; p = P3} vp
@@ -41,4 +38,4 @@
 --
 --    CompIAdv a = a ;
 --
---}
+}

lib/resource-1.0/thai/ResTha.gf

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 ---- implement $Test$, it moreover contains regular lexical
 ---- patterns needed for $Lex$.
 --
-resource ResTha = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
+resource ResTha = ParamX ** open StringsTha, Prelude in {
 
   oper
 
@@ -21,7 +21,44 @@ resource ResTha = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
 
     Determiner = {s1, s2 : Str ; hasC : Bool} ; 
 
-    mkDet : Str -> Str -> Determiner = \s,c -> {s1 = s ; s2 = c ; hasC = True} ;
+    mkDet : Str -> Str -> Determiner = 
+      \s,c -> {s1 = s ; s2 = c ; hasC = True} ;
+
+-- Part before and after negation (mai_s)
+
+   Verb = {s1,s2 : Str} ;
+
+   resV : Str -> Str -> Verb = \s,c -> {s1 = s ; s2 = c} ;
+
+   regV : Str -> Verb = \s -> resV [] s ;
+
+   dirV2 : Verb -> Verb ** {c2 : Str} = \v -> v ** {c2 = []} ;
+
+-- Auxiliary verbs, according to order and negation.
+-- The three types are $VV may VP | may VV VP | VP may VV$
+
+   param VVTyp = VVPre | VVMid | VVPost ;
+
+   oper VVerb = {s : Str ; typ : VVTyp} ;
+
+-- Verb phrases: form negation and question, too.
+
+   VP = {
+     s   : Polarity => Str 
+     } ;
+
+   mkVP : Verb -> VP = \v -> {
+     s = \\p => v.s1 ++ polStr may_s p ++ v.s2
+     } ;
+
+   insertObject : Str -> VP -> VP = \np,vp -> {
+     s = \\p => vp.s ! p ++ np
+     } ;
+
+   polStr : Str -> Polarity -> Str = \m,p -> case p of {
+     Pos => [] ;
+     Neg => m
+     } ;
 
 --  flags optimize=all ;
 --

lib/resource-1.0/thai/SentenceTha.gf

@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
-concrete SentenceTha of Sentence = CatTha ** open Prelude, ResTha in {
+concrete SentenceTha of Sentence = CatTha ** 
+  open Prelude, StringsTha, ResTha in {
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
   lin
 
-    PredVP = cc2 ;
+    PredVP np vp = {s = \\p => np.s ++ vp.s ! p} ;
 
 --    PredSCVP sc vp = mkClause sc.s (agrP3 Sg) vp ;
 
-    ImpVP vp = vp ;
-
+    ImpVP vp = {
+      s = table {
+        Pos => vp.s ! Pos ++ si_s ;
+        Neg => yaa_s ++ vp.s ! Pos
+        }
+      } ;
 --    SlashV2 np v2 = 
 --      mkClause (np.s ! Nom) np.a (predV v2) ** {c2 = v2.c2} ;
 --
@@ -29,8 +34,12 @@ concrete SentenceTha of Sentence = CatTha ** open Prelude, ResTha in {
 --    EmbedQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QIndir} ;
 --    EmbedVP vp = {s = infVP False vp (agrP3 Sg)} ; --- agr
 --
---    UseCl  t a p cl = {s = t.s ++ a.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! t.t ! a.a ! ctr p.p ! ODir} ;
---    UseQCl t a p cl = {s = \\q => t.s ++ a.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! t.t ! a.a ! ctr p.p ! q} ;
+    UseCl  t a p cl = {s = t.s ++ a.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! p.p} ;
+    UseQCl t a p cl = {
+      s = \\q => t.s ++ a.s ++ p.s ++
+                 case q of {QIndir => waa_s ; _ => []} ++ 
+                 cl.s ! p.p
+      } ;
 --    UseRCl t a p cl = {
 --      s = \\r => t.s ++ a.s ++ p.s ++ cl.s ! t.t ! a.a ! ctr p.p ! r ;
 --      c = cl.c

lib/resource-1.0/thai/StringsTha.gf

@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ resource StringsTha = {
 oper
 
 baan_s = "บ้าน" ; -- house
+ca_s = "จะ" ; -- Modal
 cet_s = "เจ็ด" ; -- seven
 chan_s = "ฉัน" ; -- I
+chay_s = "ไช่" ; -- be-not
 et_s = "เอ็ด" ; -- one'
 haa_s = "ห้า" ; -- five
 hay_s = "ให้" ; -- give
@@ -18,28 +20,40 @@ khaw_s = "เขว" ; -- he
 khon_s = "คน" ; -- people Classif
 khoog_s = "ของ" ; -- Possessive
 khun_s = "คุณ" ; -- you
-lag_s = "หลัง" ; -- houses Classif 
+lag_s = "หลัง" ; -- houses Classif
+lap_s = "หลับ" ; -- sleep2 
 lem_s = "เล่ม" ; -- books Classif
+may_s = "ไม" ; -- not
+m'ay_s = "ไหม" ; -- Question
 mvvn_s = "หมื่น" ; -- ten thousand
-nag_s = "หนัง" ; -- book1
-nan_s = "นั้" ; -- that
+nag_s = "หนะง" ; -- book1
+nan_s = "นั้น" ; -- that
+noon_s = "นอน" ; -- sleep1
 nvg_s = "หนึง" ; -- one
 pay_s = "ไป" ; -- go
 peet_s = "แปด" ; -- eight
-pen_s = "เป็น" ; -- be
-phan_s = "พะน" ; -- thousand
+pen_s = "เป็น" ; -- be, can-know
+phan_s = "พัน" ; -- thousand
 puu_s = "ผู้" ; -- woman1
 rak_s = "รัก" ; -- love
+raw_s = "เรา" ; -- we
 rooy_s = "ร้อย" ; -- hundred
 saam_s = "สาม" ; -- three
 seen_s = "แสน" ; -- hundred thousand
+si_s = "ซิ" ; -- Imperative
 sii_s = "สี่" ; -- four
 sip_s = "สิบ" ; -- ten
 soog_s = "สอง" ; -- two
 svv_s = "สือ" ; -- book2
 thii_s = "ที่" ; -- Ord
+tog_s = "ต้อง" ; -- must
+waa_s = "ว่า" ; -- that Conj
+way_s = "ไหว" ; -- can-potent
+yaa_s = "อยา" ; -- Neg Imper
+yaak_s = "อยาก" ; -- want
 yay_s = "ใหญ" ; -- big
 yig_s = "หญิง" ; -- woman2
 yii_s = "ยี่" ; -- two'
 
+
 }

lib/resource-1.0/thai/StringsThai.gf

@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ resource StringsTha = {
 oper
 
 baan_s = "bT2a:n" ; -- house
+ca_s = "ca." ; -- Modal
 cet_s = "ecSd" ; -- seven
-chan_s = "c1a.n" ; -- I
+chan_s = "c1an" ; -- I
+chay_s = "a&c2T1" ; -- be-not
 et_s = "eOSd" ; -- one'
 haa_s = "hT2a:" ; -- five
 hay_s = "a%hT2" ; -- give
@@ -18,28 +20,40 @@ khaw_s = "ek1w" ; -- he
 khon_s = "k2n" ; -- people Classif
 khoog_s = "k1Og" ; -- Possessive
 khun_s = "k2un'" ; -- you
-lag_s = "hla.g" ; -- houses Classif 
+lag_s = "hlag" ; -- houses Classif
+lap_s = "hlab" ; -- sleep2 
 lem_s = "elT1m" ; -- books Classif
+may_s = "a&m" ; -- not
+m'ay_s = "a&hm" ; -- Question
 mvvn_s = "hmv:T1n" ; -- ten thousand
 nag_s = "hna.g" ; -- book1
-nan_s = "na.T2" ; -- that
+nan_s = "naT2n" ; -- that
+noon_s = "nOn" ; -- sleep1
 nvg_s = "hnvg" ; -- one
 pay_s = "a&p" ; -- go
 peet_s = "e'pd" ; -- eight
-pen_s = "epSn" ; -- be
+pen_s = "epSn" ; -- be, can-know
 phan_s = "p2an" ; -- thousand
 puu_s = "p1u:T2" ; -- woman1
-rak_s = "ra.k" ; -- love
+rak_s = "rak" ; -- love
+raw_s = "era:" ; -- we
 rooy_s = "rT2Oy" ; -- hundred
 saam_s = "sa:m" ; -- three
 seen_s = "e'sn" ; -- hundred thousand
+si_s = "s'i" ; -- Imperative
 sii_s = "si:T1" ; -- four
 sip_s = "sib" ; -- ten
 soog_s = "sOg" ; -- two
 svv_s = "sv:O" ; -- book2
 thii_s = "t5i:T1" ; -- Ord
+tog_s = "tT2Og" ; -- must
+waa_s = "wT1a:" ; -- that Conj
+way_s = "a&hw" ; -- can-potent
+yaa_s = "Oya:" ; -- Neg Imper
+yaak_s = "Oya:k" ; -- want
 yay_s = "a%hy'" ; -- big
 yig_s = "hy'ig" ; -- woman2
 yii_s = "yi:T1" ; -- two'
 
+
 }

lib/resource-1.0/thai/StructuralTha.gf

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 concrete StructuralTha of Structural = CatTha ** 
-  open StringsTha, Prelude in {
+  open StringsTha, ResTha, Prelude in {
 
   flags optimize=all ;
 
@@ -19,11 +19,8 @@ concrete StructuralTha of Structural = CatTha **
 --  but_PConj = ss "but" ;
 --  by8agent_Prep = ss "by" ;
 --  by8means_Prep = ss "by" ;
---  can8know_VV, can_VV = {
---    s = table VVForm [["be able to"] ; "can" ; ["been able to"] ;  
---         ["being able to"] ; "could" ; "can't" ; "couldn't"] ; 
---    isAux = True
---    } ;
+  can8know_VV = {s = pen_s ; typ = VVPost} ;
+  can_VV = {s = way_s ; typ = VVPost} ;
 --  during_Prep = ss "during" ;
 --  either7or_DConj = sd2 "either" "or" ** {n = Sg} ;
 --  everybody_NP = regNP "everybody" Sg ;
@@ -50,11 +47,7 @@ concrete StructuralTha of Structural = CatTha **
 --  more_CAdv = ss "more" ;
 --  most_Predet = ss "most" ;
 --  much_Det = mkDeterminer Sg "much" ;
---  must_VV = {
---    s = table VVForm [["have to"] ; "must" ; ["had to"] ; 
---         ["having to"] ; ["had to"] ; "mustn't" ; ["hadn't to"]] ; ---- 
---    isAux = True
---    } ;
+  must_VV = {s = tog_s ; typ = VVPre} ;
 --  no_Phr = ss "no" ;
 --  on_Prep = ss "on" ;
 --  one_Quant = mkDeterminer Sg "one" ;
@@ -88,8 +81,8 @@ concrete StructuralTha of Structural = CatTha **
 --  to_Prep = ss "to" ;
 --  under_Prep = ss "under" ;
 --  very_AdA = ss "very" ;
---  want_VV = P.mkVV (P.regV "want") ;
---  we_Pron = mkNP "we" "us" "our" Pl P1 ;
+  want_VV = {s = yaak_s ; typ = VVMid} ;
+  we_Pron = ss raw_s ;
 --  whatPl_IP = mkIP "what" "what" "what's" Sg ;
 --  whatSg_IP = mkIP "what" "what" "what's" Sg ;
 --  when_IAdv = ss "when" ;

lib/resource-1.0/thai/VerbTha.gf

@@ -3,12 +3,23 @@ concrete VerbTha of Verb = CatTha ** open ResTha, StringsTha, Prelude in {
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
   lin
-    UseV v = v ;
-    ComplV2 = cc2 ;
---    ComplV3 v np np2 = 
---      insertObj (\\_ => v.c2 ++ np.s ! Acc ++ v.c3 ++ np2.s ! Acc) (predV v) ;
---
---    ComplVV v vp = insertObj (\\a => infVP v.isAux vp a) (predVV v) ;
+    UseV = mkVP ;
+    ComplV2 v np = insertObject (v.c2 ++ np.s) (mkVP v)  ;
+    ComplV3 v np np2 = insertObject (v.c2 ++ np.s ++ v.c3 ++ np2.s) (mkVP v)  ;
+
+    ComplVV vv vp = {
+      s = \\p =>
+        let 
+          neg = polStr may_s p ;
+          v = vp.s ! Pos
+        in 
+        case vv.typ of {
+          VVPre => vv.s ++ neg ++ v ; 
+          VVMid => neg ++ vv.s ++ v ; 
+          VVPost => v ++ neg ++ vv.s
+          }
+      } ;
+
 --
 --    ComplVS v s  = insertObj (\\_ => conjThat ++ s.s) (predV v) ;
 --    ComplVQ v q  = insertObj (\\_ => q.s ! QIndir) (predV v) ;
@@ -27,10 +38,14 @@ concrete VerbTha of Verb = CatTha ** open ResTha, StringsTha, Prelude in {
 --
 --    PassV2 v = insertObj (\\_ => v.s ! VPPart) (predAux auxBe) ;
 --
---    UseVS, UseVQ = \vv -> {s = vv.s ; c2 = [] ; isRefl = vv.isRefl} ; -- no "to"
---
-    CompAP ap = ap ;
-    CompNP = prefixSS pen_s ;
---    CompAdv a = {s = \\_ => a.s} ;
---
+--    UseVS, UseVQ = \vv -> {s = vv.s ; c2 = [] ; isRefl = vv.isRefl} ; 
+
+    CompAP ap = {s = \\p => polStr may_s p ++ ap.s} ;
+    CompNP np = {s = table {
+      Pos => pen_s ++ np.s ;
+      Neg => may_s ++ chay_s ++ np.s
+      }
+    } ;
+    CompAdv a = {s = \\p => polStr may_s p ++ a.s} ; --- ??
+
 }

lib/resource-1.0/thai/thai.html

@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@
 	0E2D	อ	O	O	-	M	
 	0E2E	ฮ	h'	h	-	L	
 	0E2F	-	-	-	 	 	
-	0E30	ะ	a	a	 	 	
-	0E31	ั	a.	a	 	 	
+	0E30	ะ	a.	a	 	 	
+	0E31	ั	a	a	 	 	
 	0E32	า	a:	aa	 	 	
 	0E33	ำ	a+	am	 	 	
 	0E34	ิ	i	i	 	 	

src/GF/Text/Thai.hs

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ allThaiTrans = words $
   "-  k  k1 -  k2 -  k3 g  c  c1 c2 s' c3 y' d' t' " ++
   "t1 t2 t3 n' d  t  t4 t5 t6 n  b  p  p1 f  p2 f' " ++
   "p3 m  y  r  -  l  -  w  s- r' s  h  l' O  h' -  " ++
-  "a  a. a: a+ i  i: v  v: u  u: -  -  -  -  -  -  " ++
+  "a. a  a: a+ i  i: v  v: u  u: -  -  -  -  -  -  " ++
   "e  e' o: a% a& L  R  S  T1 T2 T3 T4 K  -  -  -  " ++
   "N0 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 -  -  -  -  -  -  "