WIP: Malay grammar

Copied and pasted from previous RGs, very minimal at the moment.

src/malay/AdjectiveMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+concrete AdjectiveMay of Adjective = CatMay ** open ResMay, Prelude in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ;
+
+  lin
+
+  -- : A  -> AP ;
+  PositA a = a ** {
+    compar = [] ;
+    } ;
+
+  -- : A  -> NP -> AP ;
+  ComparA a np = a ** {
+    compar = np.s
+    } ;
+
+  -- : A2 -> NP -> AP ;  -- married to her
+  -- ComplA2 a2 np = a2 ** { } ;
+
+  -- : A2 -> AP ;        -- married to itself
+  -- ReflA2 a2 = a2 ** { } ;
+
+  -- : A2 -> AP ;        -- married
+  UseA2 = PositA ;
+
+  -- : A  -> AP ;     -- warmer
+  -- UseComparA a = a ** {
+  --   s = \\af => "???" ++ a.s ! af ;
+  --   compar = []
+  --  } ;
+
+
+  -- : CAdv -> AP -> NP -> AP ; -- as cool as John
+  -- CAdvAP adv ap np = ap ** { } ;
+
+-- The superlative use is covered in $Ord$.
+
+  -- : Ord -> AP ;       -- warmest
+  -- AdjOrd ord = ord ** {
+  --   compar = []
+  --   } ;
+
+-- Sentence and question complements defined for all adjectival
+-- phrases, although the semantics is only clear for some adjectives.
+
+  -- : AP -> SC -> AP ;  -- good that she is here
+  -- SentAP ap sc = ap ** {
+    -- s = \\af => ap.s ! af ++ sc.s
+    -- } ;
+
+-- An adjectival phrase can be modified by an *adadjective*, such as "very".
+
+  -- : AdA -> AP -> AP ;
+  -- AdAP ada ap = ap ** { } ;
+
+
+-- It can also be postmodified by an adverb, typically a prepositional phrase.
+
+  -- : AP -> Adv -> AP ; -- warm by nature
+  -- AdvAP  ap adv = ap ** {} ;
+
+}

src/malay/AdverbMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+concrete AdverbMay of Adverb = CatMay ** open ResMay, ParamMay, ParadigmsMay, Prelude in {
+
+--lin
+
+  -- : A -> Adv ;
+  --PositAdvAdj adj = { } ;
+
+  -- : CAdv -> A -> NP -> Adv ; -- more warmly than John
+  -- ComparAdvAdj cadv a np = { } ;
+
+--    ComparAdvAdjS : CAdv -> A -> S  -> Adv ; -- more warmly than he runs
+
+  -- : Prep -> NP -> Adv ;
+  -- PrepNP =
+
+-- Adverbs can be modified by 'adadjectives', just like adjectives.
+
+    --AdAdv  : AdA -> Adv -> Adv ;             -- very quickly
+  -- AdAdv ada adv = adv **
+-- Like adverbs, adadjectives can be produced by adjectives.
+
+  -- : A -> AdA ;                 -- extremely
+--  PositAdAAdj a = { } ;
+-- Subordinate clauses can function as adverbs.
+
+  -- : Subj -> S -> Adv ;
+  -- SubjS subj s =
+
+-- Comparison adverbs also work as numeral adverbs.
+
+    --AdnCAdv : CAdv -> AdN ;                  -- less (than five)
+    --AdnCAdv cadv = {s = } ;
+} ;

src/malay/AllMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../prelude
+
+concrete AllMay of AllMayAbs =
+  LangMay,
+  ExtendMay
+  ** {} ;

src/malay/AllMayAbs.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:prelude
+
+abstract AllMayAbs =
+  Lang,
+  Extend
+  ** {} ;

src/malay/CatMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+concrete CatMay of Cat = CommonX ** open ResMay, Prelude in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ;
+
+  lincat
+
+--2 Sentences and clauses
+-- Constructed in SentenceMay, and also in IdiomMay
+
+    S  = ResMay.Sentence ;
+    QS = SS ;
+    RS = SS ;
+    -- relative sentence. Tense and polarity fixed,
+    -- but agreement may depend on the CN/NP it modifies.
+
+    Cl = ResMay.Clause ;
+    ClSlash = ResMay.Clause ;
+    SSlash  = ResMay.Sentence ; -- sentence missing NP; e.g. "she has looked at"
+    Imp     = {s : Number => Polarity => Str} ; -- imperative             e.g. "look at this"
+
+--2 Questions and interrogatives
+
+-- Constructed in QuestionMay.
+
+    QCl = ResMay.Clause ;
+    IComp = SS ;                -- interrogative complement of copula  e.g. "where"
+    IDet = ResMay.Determiner ;  -- interrogative determiner            e.g. "how many"
+    IQuant = ResMay.Quant ;     -- interrogative quantifier            e.g. "which"
+    IP = ResMay.NounPhrase ;    -- interrogative pronoun               e.g. "who"
+
+--2 Subord clauses and pronouns
+
+    RCl = ResMay.Clause ;
+    RP = SS ;
+
+--2 Verb phrases
+
+-- Constructed in VerbMay.
+
+    VP = ResMay.VerbPhrase ;
+    VPSlash = ResMay.VPSlash ;
+    Comp = ResMay.VerbPhrase ;
+
+
+--2 Adjectival phrases
+
+-- Constructed in AdjectiveMay.
+
+    AP = ResMay.AdjPhrase ;
+
+
+--2 Nouns and noun phrases
+
+-- Constructed in NounMay.
+-- Many atomic noun phrases e.g. "everybody"
+-- are constructed in StructuralMay.
+-- The determiner structure is
+-- ``` Predet (QuantSg | QuantPl Num) Ord
+-- as defined in NounMay.
+
+    CN = ResMay.CNoun ;
+    NP = ResMay.NounPhrase ;
+    Pron = ResMay.Pronoun ; --Pronouns need enough info to turn it into NP or Quant.
+    Det = ResMay.Determiner ;
+    Predet = SS ;
+    Quant = ResMay.Quant ;
+    Num = ResMay.Num ;
+    Ord = {
+      s : Str ; -- AForm => Str ; -- Ord can came from AP and become AP again
+      n : Number -- Ord can come from Num, which has inherent number
+      } ;
+    DAP = ResMay.Determiner ;
+
+
+--2 Numerals
+
+-- Constructed in NumeralMay.
+
+    Card = ResMay.Num ;
+    Numeral = ResMay.Numeral ;
+    Digits = {s : CardOrd => Str ; n : Number} ;
+
+
+
+--2 Structural words
+
+-- Constructed in StructuralMay.
+    Conj = {s2 : Bool => Str ; s1 : Str ; n : Number } ;
+    Subj = SS ;
+    Prep = ResMay.Preposition ;
+
+
+
+--2 Words of open classes
+
+-- These are constructed in LexiconMay and in
+-- additional lexicon modules.
+
+    -- TODO: eventually different lincats
+    VS,    -- sentence-complement verb            e.g. "claim"
+    VQ,    -- question-complement verb            e.g. "wonder"
+    VA,    -- adjective-complement verb           e.g. "look"
+    V = ResMay.Verb ;
+
+    VV,    -- verb-phrase-complement verb         e.g. "want"
+    V2A,   -- verb with NP and AP complement      e.g. "paint"
+    V2V,   -- verb with NP and V complement       e.g. "cause"
+    V2S,   -- verb with NP and S complement       e.g. "tell"
+    V2Q,   -- verb with NP and Q complement       e.g. "ask"
+    V2 = ResMay.Verb2 ;
+    V3 = ResMay.Verb3 ;
+
+    A = ResMay.Adjective ;
+    A2  = ResMay.Adjective2 ;
+
+    N = ResMay.Noun ;
+    N2 = ResMay.Noun2 ;
+    N3 = ResMay.Noun3 ;
+    PN = ResMay.PNoun ;
+}

src/malay/ConjunctionMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+concrete ConjunctionMay of Conjunction =
+  CatMay ** open ResMay, Coordination, Prelude in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ;
+
+    {- Conjunction for category X needs four things:
+       lincat [X]
+       lin BaseX
+       lin ConsX
+       lin ConjX
+
+    For example, if X is defined as
+
+      lincat X   = {s     : Number => Str ;   g : Gender} ;
+
+    then [X] will split its s field into two, and retain its other fields as is:
+
+      lincat [X] = {s1,s2 : Number => Str ;   g : Gender} ;
+
+    Let us look at a simple case: Adv is of type {s : Str}
+    Then [Adv] is {s1,s2 : Str}.
+    BaseAdv, ConsAdv and ConjAdv can all use functions defined in prelude/Coordination:
+
+      BaseAdv = twoSS ;
+      ConsAdv = consrSS comma ;
+      ConjAdv = conjunctSS ;
+
+    --}
+
+
+-- Adverb and other simple {s : Str} types.
+lincat
+  [Adv],[AdV],[IAdv] = {s1,s2 : Str} ;
+
+lin
+  BaseAdv, BaseAdV, BaseIAdv = twoSS ;
+  ConsAdv, ConsAdV, ConsIAdv = consrSS comma ;
+  ConjAdv, ConjAdV, ConjIAdv = conjunctDistrSS ;
+
+
+{-
+-- RS depends on X, Y and Z, otherwise exactly like previous.
+-- RS can modify CNs, which are open for …, and have inherent …
+lincat
+  [RS] = {s1,s2 : … => Str} ;
+
+lin
+  BaseRS = twoTable3 … ;
+  ConsRS = consrTable3 … comma ;
+  ConjRS = conjunctRSTable ;
+
+
+lincat
+  [S] = {} ;
+
+lin
+  BaseS x y = y ** { } ;
+  ConsS x xs =
+    xs ** { } ;
+  ConjS co xs = {} ;
+
+lincat
+  [AP] = {} ;
+
+lin
+  BaseAP x y = twoTable … x y ** y ; --choose all the other fields from second argument
+  ConsAP as a = consrTable … comma as a ** as ;
+  ConjAP co as = conjunctDistrTable … co as ** as ;
+
+lincat
+  [CN] = { } ;
+
+lin
+  BaseCN = {} ;
+  ConsCN = {} ;
+  ConjCN co cs = conjunctDistrTable Agr co cs ** cs ;
+
+lincat
+  [DAP] =
+
+lin
+  BaseDAP x y = x **
+  ConsDAP xs x = xs **
+  ConjDet conj xs = xs **
+
+
+-- Noun phrases
+lincat
+  [NP] =
+
+lin
+  BaseNP x y =
+  ConsNP x xs =
+  ConjNP conj xs =
+
+-}
+}

src/malay/ConstructionMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+concrete ConstructionMay of Construction = CatMay ** open ParadigmsMay in {
+
+lincat
+  Timeunit = N ;
+  Weekday = N ;
+  Monthday = NP ;
+  Month = N ;
+  Year = NP ;
+{-
+lin
+
+  timeunitAdv n time =
+  let n_card : Card   = n ;
+      n_hours_NP : NP = mkNP n_card time ;
+  in  SyntaxMay.mkAdv for_Prep n_hours_NP | mkAdv (n_hours_NP.s ! R.npNom) ;
+
+  weekdayPunctualAdv w = ;         -- on Sunday
+  weekdayHabitualAdv w = ;         -- on Sundays
+  weekdayNextAdv w =      -- next Sunday
+  weekdayLastAdv w =      -- last Sunday
+
+  monthAdv m = mkAdv in_Prep (mkNP m) ;
+  yearAdv y = mkAdv in_Prep y ;
+  dayMonthAdv d m  =  ; -- on 17 May
+  monthYearAdv m y =  ; -- in May 2012
+  dayMonthYearAdv d m y =  ; -- on 17 May 2013
+
+  intYear = symb ;
+  intMonthday = symb ;
+
+lincat Language = N ;
+
+lin InLanguage l = mkAdv ???_Prep (mkNP l) ;
+
+lin
+  weekdayN w = w ;
+  monthN m = m ;
+
+  weekdayPN w = mkPN w ;
+  monthPN m = mkPN m ;
+
+  languageCN l = mkCN l ;
+  languageNP l = mkNP l ;
+
+
+oper mkLanguage : Str -> N = \s -> mkN s ;
+
+----------------------------------------------
+---- lexicon of special names
+
+lin second_Timeunit = mkN "second" ;
+lin minute_Timeunit = mkN "minute" ;
+lin hour_Timeunit = mkN "hour" ;
+lin day_Timeunit = mkN "day" ;
+lin week_Timeunit = mkN "week" ;
+lin month_Timeunit = mkN "month" ;
+lin year_Timeunit = mkN "year" ;
+
+lin monday_Weekday = mkN "Monday" ;
+lin tuesday_Weekday = mkN "Tuesday" ;
+lin wednesday_Weekday = mkN "Wednesday" ;
+lin thursday_Weekday = mkN "Thursday" ;
+lin friday_Weekday = mkN "Friday" ;
+lin saturday_Weekday = mkN "Saturday" ;
+lin sunday_Weekday = mkN "Sunday" ;
+
+lin january_Month = mkN "January" ;
+lin february_Month = mkN "February" ;
+lin march_Month = mkN "March" ;
+lin april_Month = mkN "April" ;
+lin may_Month = mkN "May" ;
+lin june_Month = mkN "June" ;
+lin july_Month = mkN "July" ;
+lin august_Month = mkN "August" ;
+lin september_Month = mkN "September" ;
+lin october_Month = mkN "October" ;
+lin november_Month = mkN "November" ;
+lin december_Month = mkN "December" ;
+
+lin afrikaans_Language = mkLanguage "Afrikaans" ;
+lin amharic_Language = mkLanguage "Amharic" ;
+lin arabic_Language = mkLanguage "Arabic" ;
+lin bulgarian_Language = mkLanguage "Bulgarian" ;
+lin catalan_Language = mkLanguage "Catalan" ;
+lin chinese_Language = mkLanguage "Chinese" ;
+lin danish_Language = mkLanguage "Danish" ;
+lin dutch_Language = mkLanguage "Dutch" ;
+lin english_Language = mkLanguage "Euslish" ;
+lin estonian_Language = mkLanguage "Estonian" ;
+lin finnish_Language = mkLanguage "Finnish" ;
+lin french_Language = mkLanguage "French" ;
+lin german_Language = mkLanguage "German" ;
+lin greek_Language = mkLanguage "Greek" ;
+lin hebrew_Language = mkLanguage "Hebrew" ;
+lin hindi_Language = mkLanguage "Hindi" ;
+lin japanese_Language = mkLanguage "Japanese" ;
+lin italian_Language = mkLanguage "Italian" ;
+lin latin_Language = mkLanguage "Latin" ;
+lin latvian_Language = mkLanguage "Latvian" ;
+lin maltese_Language = mkLanguage "Maltese" ;
+lin nepali_Language = mkLanguage "Nepali" ;
+lin norwegian_Language = mkLanguage "Norwegian" ;
+lin persian_Language = mkLanguage "Persian" ;
+lin polish_Language = mkLanguage "Polish" ;
+lin punjabi_Language = mkLanguage "Punjabi" ;
+lin romanian_Language = mkLanguage "Romanian" ;
+lin russian_Language = mkLanguage "Russian" ;
+lin sindhi_Language = mkLanguage "Sindhi" ;
+lin spanish_Language = mkLanguage "Spanish" ;
+lin swahili_Language = mkLanguage "Swahili" ;
+lin swedish_Language = mkLanguage "Swedish" ;
+lin thai_Language = mkLanguage "Thai" ;
+lin turkish_Language = mkLanguage "Turkish" ;
+lin urdu_Language = mkLanguage "Urdu" ;
+
+—}
+}
+-}
+}

src/malay/ExtendMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+--# -path=.:../common:../abstract
+
+concrete ExtendMay of Extend = CatMay
+  -- ** ExtendFunctor - []
+  -- with (Grammar=GrammarMay)
+  ** open Prelude, ResMay, NounMay in {
+
+} ;

src/malay/GrammarMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+concrete GrammarMay of Grammar =
+  NounMay,
+  VerbMay,
+  AdjectiveMay,
+  AdverbMay,
+  NumeralMay,
+  SentenceMay,
+  QuestionMay,
+  RelativeMay,
+  ConjunctionMay,
+  PhraseMay,
+  TextX,
+  StructuralMay,
+  IdiomMay,
+  TenseX - [AAnter, PNeg]
+  ** open ParamX in {
+
+  flags startcat = Phr ;
+
+  lin
+    AAnter = {s = "sudah" ; a = ParamX.Anter} ;
+    PNeg = {s = "tidak" ; p = ParamX.Neg} ;
+
+} ;

src/malay/IdiomMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+
+--1 Idiom: Idiomatic Expressions
+
+concrete IdiomMay of Idiom = CatMay ** open Prelude, ResMay, VerbMay, NounMay, StructuralMay in {
+
+-- This module defines constructions that are formed in fixed ways,
+-- often different even in closely related languages.
+
+{-  lin
+
+
+  -- ImpersCl : VP -> Cl ;        -- it is hot
+  -- GenericCl : VP -> Cl ;        -- one sleeps
+  ImpersCl,
+  GenericCl = \vp -> predVP impersNP (passVP vp) ;
+
+    CleftNP   : NP  -> RS -> Cl ; -- it is I who did it
+    CleftAdv  : Adv -> S  -> Cl ; -- it is here she slept
+
+  -- : NP -> Cl ;        -- there is a house
+  ExistNP np =
+
+  ExistIP   : IP -> QCl ;       -- which houses are there
+
+-- 7/12/2012 generalizations of these
+
+    ExistNPAdv : NP -> Adv -> Cl ;    -- there is a house in Paris
+    ExistIPAdv : IP -> Adv -> QCl ;   -- which houses are there in Paris
+
+  -- : VP -> VP ;
+  ProgrVP vp = vp ** {
+    } ;
+
+
+  -- : VP -> Utt ;       -- let's go
+  ImpPl1 vp = { } ;
+
+  ImpP3     : NP -> VP -> Utt ; -- let John walk
+
+-- 3/12/2013 non-reflexive uses of "self"
+
+    SelfAdvVP : VP -> VP ;        -- is at home himself
+    SelfAdVVP : VP -> VP ;        -- is himself at home
+    SelfNP    : NP -> NP ;        -- the president himself (is at home)
+-}
+
+}

src/malay/LangMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+concrete LangMay of Lang =
+  GrammarMay,
+  LexiconMay,
+  ConstructionMay ;

src/malay/LexiconMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+concrete LexiconMay of Lexicon = CatMay **
+  open ParadigmsMay, ResMay in {
+
+----
+-- A
+
+-- lin add_V3 = mkV3 ""  ;
+-- lin airplane_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin alas_Interj = mkInterj "" ;
+-- lin already_Adv = mkA "" ;
+-- lin animal_N = mkN "동물" ;
+-- lin answer_V2S = mkV2S "" ;
+-- lin apartment_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin apple_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin art_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin ashes_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin ask_V2Q = mkV2 "" ;
+
+----
+-- B
+
+-- lin baby_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin back_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin bad_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin bank_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin bark_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin beautiful_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin become_VA = mkVA "" ;
+-- lin beer_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin beg_V2V = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin belly_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin big_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin bike_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin bird_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin bite_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin black_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin blood_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin blow_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin blue_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin boat_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin bone_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin boot_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin boss_N = mkN "" ;
+lin book_N = mkN "buku" ;
+-- lin boy_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin bread_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin break_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin breast_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin breathe_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin broad_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin brother_N2 = mkN "" ;
+-- lin brown_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin burn_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin butter_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin buy_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+
+----
+-- C
+
+-- lin camera_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin cap_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin car_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin carpet_N = mkN "" ;
+lin cat_N = mkN "kucing" ;
+-- lin ceiling_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin chair_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin cheese_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin child_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin church_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin city_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin clean_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin clever_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin close_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin cloud_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin coat_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin cold_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin come_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin computer_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin correct_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin count_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin country_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin cousin_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin cow_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin cut_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+--
+-- ----
+-- -- D
+--
+-- lin day_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin die_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin dig_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin dirty_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin distance_N3 = mkN "" ;
+-- lin do_V2 = lin V2 egin_V ;
+-- lin doctor_N = mkN "" ;
+lin dog_N = mkN "anjing" ;
+-- lin door_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin drink_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin dry_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin dull_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin dust_N = mkN "" ;
+
+----
+-- E
+
+-- lin ear_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin earth_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin eat_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin egg_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin empty_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin enemy_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin eye_N = mkN "" ;
+
+----
+-- F
+
+-- lin factory_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin fall_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin far_Adv = mkA "" ;
+-- lin fat_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin father_N2 = mkN2 "" ;
+-- lin fear_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin fear_VS = mkVS "" ;
+-- lin feather_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin fight_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin find_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin fingernail_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin fire_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin fish_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin float_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin floor_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin flow_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin flower_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin fly_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin fog_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin foot_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin forest_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin forget_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin freeze_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin fridge_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin friend_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin fruit_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin full_A = mkA "" ;
+-- --lin fun_AV
+
+----
+-- G
+
+-- lin garden_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin girl_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin give_V3 = mkV3 "" ;
+-- lin glove_N = mkN "" ;
+lin go_V = mkV "pergi" ;
+-- lin gold_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin good_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin grammar_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin grass_N = mkN "" ;
+lin green_A = mkA "hijau" ;
+
+----
+-- H
+
+-- lin hair_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin hand_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin harbour_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin hat_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin hate_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin head_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin hear_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin heart_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin heavy_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin hill_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin hit_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin hold_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin hope_VS = mkV "" ;
+-- lin horn_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin horse_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin hot_A = mkA "" ;
+lin house_N = mkN "rumah" ;
+-- lin hunt_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin husband_N = mkN "" ;
+
+--------
+-- I - K
+
+-- lin ice_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin industry_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin iron_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin john_PN = mkPN "" ;
+-- lin jump_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin kill_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin king_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin knee_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin know_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin know_VQ = mkVQ "" ;
+-- lin know_VS = mkV "" ;
+
+
+----
+-- L
+
+-- lin lake_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin lamp_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin language_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin laugh_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin leaf_N = mkN "" ;
+lin learn_V2 = mkV2 "ajar" Ber ;
+-- lin leather_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin leave_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin leg_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin lie_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin like_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin listen_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin live_V = mkV "";
+-- lin liver_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin long_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin lose_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin louse_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin love_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin love_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+
+----
+-- M
+
+-- lin man_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin married_A2 = mkA "" ;
+-- lin meat_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin milk_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin moon_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin mother_N2 = mkN2 "" ;
+-- lin mountain_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin mouth_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin music_N = mkN "" ;
+
+----
+-- N
+
+-- lin name_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin narrow_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin near_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin neck_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin new_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin newspaper_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin night_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin nose_N = mkN "" ;
+lin now_Adv = mkAdv "sekarang" ;
+-- lin number_N = mkN "" ;
+--
+-- --------
+-- -- O - P
+--
+--
+-- lin oil_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin old_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin open_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin paint_V2A = mkV2A "" ;
+-- lin paper_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin paris_PN = mkPN "Paris" ;
+-- lin peace_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin pen_N = mkN "" ;
+lin person_N = mkN "orang" ;
+-- lin planet_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin plastic_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin play_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin policeman_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin priest_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin pull_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin push_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin put_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+--
+-- --------
+-- -- Q - R
+--
+-- lin queen_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin question_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin radio_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin rain_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin rain_V0 = mkV "" ;
+-- lin read_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin ready_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin reason_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin red_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin religion_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin restaurant_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin river_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin road_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin rock_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin roof_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin root_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin rope_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin rotten_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin round_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin rub_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin rubber_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin rule_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin run_V = mkV "" ;
+
+----
+-- S
+
+-- lin salt_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin sand_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin say_VS = mkVS "" ;
+-- lin school_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin science_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin scratch_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin sea_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin see_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin seed_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin seek_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin sell_V3 = mkV3 "" ;
+-- lin send_V3 = mkV3 "" ;
+-- lin sew_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin sharp_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin sheep_N = mkN "" fem ;
+-- lin ship_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin shirt_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin shoe_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin shop_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin short_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin silver_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin sing_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin sister_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin sit_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin skin_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin sky_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin sleep_V = mkV "" ;
+lin small_A = mkA "kecil" ;
+-- lin smell_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin smoke_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin smooth_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin snake_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin snow_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin sock_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin song_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin speak_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin spit_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin split_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin squeeze_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin stab_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin stand_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin star_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin steel_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin stick_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin stone_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin stop_V =  mkV "" ;
+-- lin stove_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin straight_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin student_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin stupid_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin suck_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin sun_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin swell_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin swim_V = mkV "" ;
+
+----
+-- T
+
+
+-- lin table_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin tail_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin talk_V3 = mkV3 "" ;
+lin teach_V2 = mkV2 "ajar" ;
+-- lin teacher_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin television_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin thick_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin thin_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin think_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin throw_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin tie_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin today_Adv = mkA "" ;
+-- lin tongue_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin tooth_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin train_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin travel_V = mkV "" ;
+-- lin tree_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin turn_V = mkV "" ;
+
+--------
+-- U - V
+
+-- lin ugly_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin uncertain_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin understand_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin university_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin village_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin vomit_V = mkV2 "" ;
+
+--------
+-- W - Y
+
+-- lin wait_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+lin walk_V = mkV "jalan" ;
+-- lin war_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin warm_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin wash_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin watch_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin water_N = mkNoun "" ;
+-- lin wet_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin white_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin wide_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin wife_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin win_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin wind_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin window_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin wine_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin wing_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin wipe_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin woman_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin wonder_VQ = mkVQ "" ;
+-- lin wood_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin worm_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin write_V2 = mkV2 "" ;
+-- lin year_N = mkN "" ;
+-- lin yellow_A = mkA "" ;
+-- lin young_A = mkA "" ;
+
+}

src/malay/MissingMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+resource MissingMay = open GrammarMay, SymbolMay, Prelude in {
+}

src/malay/NounMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+concrete NounMay of Noun = CatMay ** open ResMay, Prelude in {
+
+  flags optimize=all_subs ;
+
+  lin
+
+--2 Noun phrases
+
+-- : Det -> CN -> NP
+    DetCN det cn = {
+      s = det.s ++ cn.s ! NF det.n Bare ; -- TODO add possessive determiners
+      p = P3
+      } ;
+
+  -- : PN -> NP ;
+--  UsePN pn = pn ** {
+--    } ;
+
+  -- : Pron -> NP ;
+  -- UsePron pron = pron ;
+
+  -- : Predet -> NP -> NP ; -- only the man
+  -- PredetNP predet np =
+
+-- A noun phrase can also be postmodified by the past participle of a
+-- verb, by an adverb, or by a relative clause
+
+
+  -- : NP -> V2  -> NP ;    -- the man seen
+  -- PPartNP np v2 = np ** {
+  --   s = \\c => v2.s ! ??? ++ np.s ! c } ; ----
+
+  -- : NP -> Adv -> NP ;    -- Paris today ; boys, such as ..
+  --AdvNP,ExtAdvNP = \np,adv -> np ** {} ;
+
+  -- : NP -> RS -> NP ;    -- Paris, which is here
+  -- RelNP np rs = np ** {
+  --   } ;
+
+-- Determiners can form noun phrases directly.
+
+  -- : Det -> NP ;
+  -- DetNP det = emptyNP ** {
+  --   } ;
+
+  -- MassNP : CN -> NP ;
+  -- MassNP cn = useN cn ** {
+  --   } ;
+
+
+--2 Determiners
+
+-- The determiner has a fine-grained structure, in which a 'nucleus'
+-- quantifier and an optional numeral can be discerned.
+
+  -- : Quant -> Num -> Det ;
+  DetQuant quant num = quant ** {
+    n = num.n
+    } ;
+
+  -- : Quant -> Num -> Ord -> Det ;  -- these five best
+  -- DetQuantOrd quant num ord =
+  --   let theseFive = DetQuant quant num in theseFive ** {
+  --     } ;
+
+-- Whether the resulting determiner is singular or plural depends on the
+-- cardinal.
+
+-- All parts of the determiner can be empty, except $Quant$, which is
+-- the "kernel" of a determiner. It is, however, the $Num$ that determines
+-- the inherent number.
+
+  NumSg = baseNum ;
+  NumPl = baseNum ** {n = Pl} ;
+
+  -- : Card -> Num ;
+  -- NumCard card =
+
+  -- : Digits  -> Card ;
+  --  NumDigits dig =
+
+  -- : Numeral -> Card ;
+  -- NumNumeral num
+
+{-
+  -- : AdN -> Card -> Card ;
+  AdNum adn card = card ** { s = adn.s ++ card.s } ;
+
+  -- : Digits  -> Ord ;
+  OrdDigits digs = digs ** { s = digs.s ! NOrd } ;
+-}
+  -- : Numeral -> Ord ;
+  -- OrdNumeral num = num ** {
+  --   s = \\_ => num.ord
+  --   } ;
+
+  -- : A       -> Ord ;
+  -- OrdSuperl a = {
+  --   s = \\af => "제일" ++ a.s ! af ;
+  --   n = Sg -- ?? is this meaningful?
+  --   } ;
+
+-- One can combine a numeral and a superlative.
+
+  -- : Numeral -> A -> Ord ; -- third largest
+  -- OrdNumeralSuperl num a = num ** {  } ;
+
+  -- : Quant
+  DefArt = baseQuant ** {sp = \\_ => []} ;
+
+  -- : Quant
+  IndefArt = baseQuant ** {sp = \\_ => []} ;
+
+  -- : Pron -> Quant
+  -- PossPron pron =
+  --   let p = pron.poss ;
+  --    in DefArt ** {
+  --       } ;
+
+--2 Common nouns
+
+  -- : N -> CN
+  -- : N2 -> CN ;
+  UseN,UseN2 = ResMay.useN ;
+
+  -- : N2 -> NP -> CN ;
+  -- ComplN2 n2 np =
+
+  -- : N3 -> NP -> N2 ;    -- distance from this city (to Paris)
+  -- ComplN3 n3 np =
+
+
+  -- : N3 -> N2 ;          -- distance (from this city)
+  -- Use2N3 n3 = lin N2 n3 ** { c2 = n3.c3 } ;
+
+  -- : N3 -> N2 ;          -- distance (to Paris)
+  -- Use3N3 n3 = lin N2 n3 ;
+  -- : AP -> CN -> CN
+  -- AdjCN ap cn = cn ** {
+  --   } ;
+
+  -- : CN -> RS  -> CN ;
+  -- RelCN cn rs = cn ** {
+  --   } ;
+
+{-
+  -- : CN -> Adv -> CN ;
+  AdvCN cn adv = cn ** {  } ;
+
+-- Nouns can also be modified by embedded sentences and questions.
+-- For some nouns this makes little sense, but we leave this for applications
+-- to decide. Sentential complements are defined in VerbMay.
+
+  -- : CN -> SC  -> CN ;   -- question where she sleeps
+  SentCN cn sc = cn ** { } ;
+
+
+--2 Apposition
+
+-- This is certainly overgenerating.
+
+  -- : CN -> NP -> CN ;    -- city Paris (, numbers x and y)
+  ApposCN cn np = cn ** { s =  } ;
+-}
+
+--2 Possessive and partitive constructs
+
+  -- : PossNP  : CN -> NP -> CN ;
+  -- PossNP cn np = cn ** {
+  --   } ;
+
+  -- : CN -> NP -> CN ;     -- glass of wine / two kilos of red apples
+  -- PartNP cn np = cn ** {
+  --   } ;
+
+{-
+
+-- This is different from the partitive, as shown by many languages.
+
+  -- : Det -> NP -> NP ;
+  CountNP det np = np **
+    { } ; -- Nonsense for DefArt or IndefArt
+
+--3 Conjoinable determiners and ones with adjectives
+
+  -- : DAP -> AP -> DAP ;    -- the large (one)
+  AdjDAP dap ap = dap ** { } ;
+
+  -- : Det -> DAP ;          -- this (or that)
+  DetDAP det = det ;
+-}
+
+}

src/malay/NumeralMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+concrete NumeralMay of Numeral = CatMay [Numeral,Digits] **
+  open Prelude, ResMay, ParamMay in {
+
+}

src/malay/ParadigmsMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+resource ParadigmsMay = open CatMay, ResMay, ParamMay, NounMay, Prelude in {
+
+oper
+
+--2 Parameters
+--
+-- To abstract over number, valency and (some) case names,
+-- we define the following identifiers. The application programmer
+-- should always use these constants instead of the constructors
+-- defined in $ResSom$.
+
+
+--2 Nouns
+
+  mkN : overload {
+    mkN : (noun : Str) -> N ; -- Predictable nouns
+  } ;
+
+--2 Adjectives
+
+  mkA : overload {
+    mkA : (adj : Str) -> A ;
+  } ;
+
+  -- mkA2 : Str -> Prep -> A2 ;
+
+--2 Verbs
+
+  -- Verbs
+  mkV : overload {
+    mkV : (root : Str) -> V ; -- Verb that takes meng as a active prefix
+    mkV : (root : Str) -> Prefix -> V  -- Root and prefix
+  } ;
+
+
+  mkV2 : overload {
+    mkV2 : (root : Str) -> V2 ;
+    mkV2 : (root : Str) -> Prefix -> V  -- Root and prefix
+      -- TODO prepositions
+    } ;
+
+  -- mkV3 : overload {
+  --   } ;
+
+  -- mkVV : overload {
+  --  } ;
+
+  --
+  -- mkVA : Str -> VA
+  --   = \s -> lin VA (regV s) ;
+  -- mkVQ : Str -> VQ
+  --   = \s -> lin VQ (regV s) ;
+  -- mkVS : Str -> VS
+  --   = \s -> lin VS (regV s) ;
+  --
+  -- mkV2A : Str -> V2A
+  --   = \s -> lin V2A (regV s ** {c2 = noPrep}) ;
+  -- mkV2V : Str -> V2V
+  --   = \s -> lin V2V (regV s ** {c2 = noPrep}) ;
+  -- mkV2Q : Str -> V2Q
+  --   = \s -> lin V2Q (regV s ** {c2 = noPrep}) ;
+
+  -----
+
+--2 Structural categories
+
+  -- mkPrep = overload {
+  --   } ;
+
+  -- mkConj : (_,_ : Str) -> Number -> Conj = \s1,s2,num ->
+  --   lin Conj { s = s1 ; s2 = s2 } ;
+
+  -- mkSubj : Str -> Bool -> Subj = \s,b ->
+  --   lin Subj { } ;
+
+  mkAdv : Str -> Adv = \s -> lin Adv {s = s} ;
+
+  mkAdV : Str -> AdV = \s -> lin AdV {s = s} ;
+
+  mkAdA : Str -> AdA = \s -> lin AdA {s = s} ;
+
+
+--.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
+-- hidden from the document.
+
+  mkN = overload {
+    mkN : Str -> N = \s -> lin N (mkNoun s) ;
+    } ;
+
+
+  mkN2 = overload {
+    mkN2 : Str -> N2 = \s -> lin N2 (mkNoun s) ;
+    mkN2 : N   -> N2 = \n -> lin N2 n ;
+   } ;
+
+  -- mkPN = overload {
+  --   } ;
+
+  mkA = overload {
+    mkA : (adj : Str) -> A = \s -> lin A (mkAdj s) ;
+    } ;
+
+  mkV = overload {
+    mkV : Str           -> V = \v   -> lin V (mkVerb v Meng) ;
+    mkV : Str -> Prefix -> V = \v,p -> lin V (mkVerb v p)
+  } ;
+
+  mkV2 = overload {
+    mkV2 : Str           -> V2 = \v2   -> lin V2 (mkVerb v2 Meng) ;
+    mkV2 : Str -> Prefix -> V2 = \v2,p -> lin V2 (mkVerb v2 p)
+    } ;
+  --
+  -- mkV3 = overload {
+  --   } ;
+  --
+  -- mkVV = overload {
+  --  } ;
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+}

src/malay/ParamMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+resource ParamMay = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Phonology
+
+oper
+  v : pattern Str = #("a"|"e"|"i"|"o"|"u") ;
+
+  diphthong : pattern Str = #("ai"|"au"|"oi") ;
+
+  c : pattern Str = #("m"|"n"|"ny"|"ng"
+                     |"p"|"b"|"t"|"d"|"k"|"g"
+                     |"s"|"z"|"c"|"j"|"sy"
+                     |"f"|"v"|"kh"|"gh"|"h"
+                     |"l"|"r"
+                     |"w"|"y") ;
+
+  -- not sure if needed anywhere, this is just my standard helper function.
+  voiced : Str -> Str = \s -> case s of {
+    "k" => "g" ; "t" => "d" ; "p" => "b" ;
+    "s" => "z" ; "c" => "j" ; "kh" => "gh" ;
+    _   => s } ;
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Morphophonology
+
+  prefix : Prefix -> Str -> Str = \p -> case p of {
+    Meng => prefixMeng ;
+    Ber  => prefixBer
+    } ;
+
+  prefixMeng : Str -> Str = \makan -> case makan of {
+    (#v|"g"|"h") + _
+      => "meng" + makan ; -- prefix meng: e.g. meng+atur
+    "k" + enal
+      => "meng" + enal ; -- replace k with meng
+
+    "b" + _
+      => "mem" + makan ; -- prefix mem: e.g. mem+beli
+    ("p"|"f") + ikir
+      => "mem" + ikir ; -- replace p/f with mem
+
+    ("j"|"c"|"z"|"d") + _
+      => "men" + makan ; -- prefix men: e.g. men+jadi
+    "t" + ipu
+      => "men" + ipu ; -- replace t with men
+
+    "s" + alak
+      => "meny" + alak ; -- replace s with meny
+
+    ("r"|"l"|"w"|"y"|"m"|"n"|"ny"|"ng") + _
+      => "me" + makan ; -- prefix me
+
+    -- We can throw an error
+    -- _ => Predef.error "Not a valid verb root" ;
+
+    -- or we can let it pass with some default allomorph
+    _ => "meng" + makan
+    } ;
+
+  prefixBer : Str -> Str = \jalan -> case jalan of {
+    -- Exception
+    "ajar" => "belajar" ;
+
+    -- Drop the r
+    (#c  + "er" + _  -- be+kerja
+    |"r" + _ )       -- be+rehat
+      => "be" + jalan ;
+
+    -- Default allomorph: ber
+    _ => "ber" + jalan
+    } ;
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Nouns
+
+param
+  Possession = Bare | Poss Person ;
+
+  NForm = NF Number Possession ;
+
+oper
+  poss2str : Possession -> Str = \p -> case p of {
+    Bare    => [] ;
+    Poss P1 => "ku" ;
+    Poss P2 => "mu" ;
+    Poss P3 => "nya"
+    } ;
+
+  duplicate : Str -> Str = \s -> s + "-" + s ;
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Numerals
+
+param
+  DForm = Indep | Attrib ;
+
+  CardOrd = NOrd | NCard ;
+
+  -- TODO see if this is needed
+  NumType = NoNum | IsDigit | IsNumber ;
+
+oper
+  isNum : NumType -> Bool = \nt -> case nt of {
+    NoNum => False ;
+    _     => True
+    } ;
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Adjectives
+
+param
+  AForm = TODOAdj ;
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Prepositions
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Verbs
+param
+  VForm =
+      Root  -- infinitive, imperative, …
+    | Active ;
+
+ Prefix =
+      Meng
+    | Ber
+    ; -- TODO more
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Clauses
+
+param
+
+ ClType = Statement | PolarQuestion | WhQuestion | Subord ;
+
+}

src/malay/PhraseMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+concrete PhraseMay of Phrase = CatMay ** open Prelude, ResMay in {
+
+  lin
+    PhrUtt pconj utt voc = {s = pconj.s ++ utt.s ++ voc.s} ;
+
+    UttS s = s ;
+    UttQS qs = qs ;
+    UttIAdv iadv = iadv ;
+{-
+    UttImpSg pol imp =
+    UttImpPl pol imp =
+    UttImpPol = UttImpSg ;
+
+    UttIP ip = {s = ip.s ! } ;
+    UttNP np = {s = np.s ! } ;
+    UttVP vp = {s = } ;
+    UttAdv adv = {s = } ;
+    UttCN n = {s = } ;
+    UttCard n = {s = } ;
+    UttAP ap = { s = ap.s ! } ;
+    UttInterj i = i ;
+-}
+    NoPConj = {s = []} ;
+--    PConjConj conj = {s = conj.s1 ++ conj.s2 ! …} ;
+
+    NoVoc = {s = []} ;
+--    VocNP np = { s = "," ++ np.s ! … } ; -}
+
+}

src/malay/QuestionMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+concrete QuestionMay of Question = CatMay ** open
+  Prelude, ResMay, ParadigmsMay, (VS=VerbMay), (NS=NounMay), (SS=StructuralMay) in {
+
+-- A question can be formed from a clause ('yes-no question') or
+-- with an interrogative.
+
+{-
+  lin
+  -- : Cl -> QCl ;
+  QuestCl =
+
+  -- : IP -> VP -> QCl ;
+  QuestVP ip vp =
+
+  -- : IP -> ClSlash -> QCl ; -- whom does John love
+  QuestSlash ip cls =
+
+  -- : IAdv -> Cl -> QCl ;    -- why does John walk
+  QuestIAdv iadv cls =
+
+
+  -- : IComp -> NP -> QCl ;   -- where is John?
+  QuestIComp icomp np =
+
+
+-- Interrogative pronouns can be formed with interrogative
+-- determiners, with or without a noun.
+
+  -- : IDet -> CN -> IP ;       -- which five songs
+  IdetCN idet cn = {contractSTM = False} ** NS.DetCN idet cn ;
+
+  -- : IDet       -> IP ;       -- which five
+  IdetIP idet = {contractSTM = False} ** NS.DetNP idet ;
+
+-- They can be modified with adverbs.
+  -- : IP -> Adv -> IP ;        -- who in Paris
+  --AdvIP = NS.AdvNP ;
+
+-- Interrogative quantifiers have number forms and can take number modifiers.
+
+  -- : IQuant -> Num -> IDet ;  -- which (five)
+  IdetQuant = NS.DetQuant ;
+
+-- Interrogative adverbs can be formed prepositionally.
+  -- : Prep -> IP -> IAdv ;     -- with whom
+  PrepIP prep ip = SS.prepIP prep (ip.s ! Abs) False ;
+
+-- They can be modified with other adverbs.
+
+  -- : IAdv -> Adv -> IAdv ;    -- where in Paris
+  --  AdvIAdv iadv adv =
+
+-- Interrogative complements to copulas can be both adverbs and
+-- pronouns.
+
+  -- : IAdv -> IComp ;
+  CompIAdv iadv = iadv ;            -- where (is it)
+
+  -- : IP -> IComp ;
+  CompIP ip = {s = ip.s ! Abs} ;    -- who (is it)
+
+
+-- More $IP$, $IDet$, and $IAdv$ are defined in $Structural$.
+
+-- Wh questions with two or more question words require a new, special category.
+
+  cat
+    QVP ;          -- buy what where
+  fun
+    ComplSlashIP  : VPSlash -> IP -> QVP ;   -- buys what
+    AdvQVP        : VP  ->   IAdv -> QVP ;   -- lives where
+    AddAdvQVP     : QVP ->   IAdv -> QVP ;   -- buys what where
+
+    QuestQVP      : IP -> QVP -> QCl ;       -- who buys what where
+-}
+
+
+}

src/malay/RelativeMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+concrete RelativeMay of Relative = CatMay ** open
+  ResMay, Prelude, (NS=NounMay), (SS=StructuralMay) in {
+
+
+lin
+  --  : Cl -> RCl ;            -- such that John loves her
+  -- RelCl cl = ;
+
+  -- : RP -> VP -> RCl ;
+  RelVP rp vp = {
+    subj = rp.s ;
+    pred = vp.s ! Root ; -- TODO
+    } ;
+
+  -- : RP -> ClSlash -> RCl ; -- whom John loves
+  -- RelSlash rp cls =
+
+  -- : RP ;
+  IdRP = {s = "yang"} ;
+
+  -- Mintz page 49: Saya jumpa orang /yang kaki+nya/ patah.
+  --               'I met a man /whose foot/ was broken.'
+  -- : Prep -> NP -> RP -> RP ;  -- the mother of whom
+  -- FunRP prep np rp = {} ;
+
+
+}

src/malay/ResMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+resource ResMay = ParamMay ** open Prelude, Predef, ParamMay in {
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Nouns
+oper
+
+  Noun : Type = {
+    s : NForm => Str
+    } ;
+  Noun2 : Type = Noun ; -- TODO eventually more parameters?
+  Noun3 : Type = Noun ;
+
+  CNoun : Type = Noun ** {
+    } ;
+
+  PNoun : Type = Noun ;
+
+  mkNoun : Str -> Noun = \anjing -> {
+    s = table {
+      NF Sg p => anjing + ParamMay.poss2str p ;
+      NF Pl p => duplicate anjing + ParamMay.poss2str p
+      }
+    } ;
+
+  useN : Noun -> CNoun = \n -> n ;
+
+---------------------------------------------
+-- NP
+
+  NounPhrase = {
+    s : Str ;
+    p : Person -- for relative clauses
+    } ;
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Pronouns
+
+  Pronoun : Type = NounPhrase ** {
+    -- poss : { -- for PossPron : Pron -> Quant
+    --   } ;
+    sp : NForm => Str ;
+    } ;
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Det, Quant, Card, Ord
+
+  BaseQuant : Type = {
+    s : Str ;
+    isPoss : Bool
+    } ;
+
+  Determiner : Type = BaseQuant ** {
+    sp : NForm => Str ;
+    n : Number ;
+--    numtype : NumType ; -- number as in "5" or "Sg/Pl", often makes a difference in lots of things
+    } ;
+
+  Quant : Type = BaseQuant ** {
+    sp : NForm => Str ;
+    } ;
+
+  Num : Type = {
+    s : DForm => Str ; -- independent or attribute
+    n : Number
+    } ;
+
+  baseNum : Num = {
+    s = \\_ => [] ;
+    n = Sg ;
+    numtype = NoNum
+    } ;
+
+  Numeral : Type = Num ** {
+    ord : Str
+    } ;
+
+  baseQuant : BaseQuant = {
+    s = [] ;
+    isPoss = False ;
+  } ;
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Prepositions
+
+  Preposition : Type = {
+    s : Str ;           -- dengan
+    obj : Person => Str -- dengan+nya -- needed in relative clauses to refer to the object
+    } ;
+
+  mkPrep : Str -> Preposition = \dengan -> {
+    s = dengan ;
+    obj = \\p => dengan + poss2str (Poss p)
+    } ;
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Adjectives
+
+  Adjective : Type = Verb ; -- TODO check if meaningful
+  Adjective2 : Type = Adjective ;
+
+  mkAdj : Str -> Adjective = \str -> {s = \\_ => str} ;
+
+  AdjPhrase : Type = Adjective ; -- ** {compar : Str} ;
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Verbs
+
+  Verb : Type = {
+    s : VForm => Str
+    } ;
+  Verb2 : Type = Verb ; --** {c2 : Preposition} ;
+  Verb3 : Type = Verb2 ; -- ** {c3 : Preposition} ;
+
+--  VV : Type = Verb ** {vvtype : VVForm} ;
+
+  mkVerb : Str -> Prefix -> Verb = \str,p -> {
+    s = table {
+      Root => str ;
+      Active => prefix p str
+      }
+  } ;
+
+  copula : Verb = {s = \\_ => "ada"} ; -- TODO
+------------------
+-- Adv
+
+  Adverb : Type = SS ;
+
+------------------
+-- VP
+
+  VerbPhrase : Type = Verb ** {
+    -- vComp : Str-- Maybe needed later?
+            -- {subjunc : Str ; -- inflected verb complement
+            --  inf : Str ; -- infinitive verb complement
+            --  subcl : Str} -- clause complement
+    } ;
+
+  VPSlash : Type = Verb2 ;
+
+  useV : Verb -> VerbPhrase = \v -> v ** {
+     vComp = [] ; -- maybe needed later?
+  } ;
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Cl, S
+
+  Clause : Type = {subj, pred : Str} ;
+
+  Sentence : Type = {s : Str} ;
+
+  predVP : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Clause = \np,vp -> {
+    subj = np.s ;
+    pred = vp.s ! Active ; -- TODO
+    } ;
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- linrefs
+
+}

src/malay/SentenceMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+concrete SentenceMay of Sentence = CatMay ** open
+  TenseX, ResMay, (AK=AdverbMay), Prelude in {
+
+flags optimize=all_subs ;
+
+lin
+
+--2 Clauses
+
+  -- : NP -> VP -> Cl
+  PredVP = predVP ;
+
+  -- : SC -> VP -> Cl ;         -- that she goes is good (Saeed p. 94)
+  --PredSCVP sc vp = ;
+
+--2 Clauses missing object noun phrases
+  -- : NP -> VPSlash -> ClSlash ;
+  SlashVP = predVP ;
+{-
+  -- : ClSlash -> Adv -> ClSlash ;     -- (whom) he sees today
+  AdvSlash cls adv = cls ** insertAdv adv cls ;
+
+--    SlashPrep : Cl -> Prep -> ClSlash ;         -- (with whom) he walks
+
+  -- : NP -> VS -> SSlash -> ClSlash ; -- (whom) she says that he loves
+--  SlashVS np vs ss = {} ;
+
+
+  --  : Temp -> Pol -> ClSlash -> SSlash ; -- (that) she had not seen
+  UseSlash t p cls = {
+    } ;
+
+--2 Imperatives
+  -- : VP -> Imp ;
+  ImpVP vp = {s = \\num,pol => linVP (VImp num pol) Statement vp} ;
+
+--2 Embedded sentences
+
+  -- : S  -> SC ;
+  EmbedS s = {s = s.s ! True} ; -- choose subordinate
+
+  -- : QS -> SC ;
+  -- EmbedQS qs = { } ;
+
+  -- : VP -> SC ;
+  EmbedVP vp = {s = infVP vp} ;
+-}
+--2 Sentences
+
+  -- : Temp -> Pol -> Cl -> S ;
+  UseCl t p cl = {
+    s = cl.subj ++ t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ;
+    } ;
+
+  -- : Temp -> Pol -> QCl -> QS ;
+  UseQCl t p cl = {
+    s = cl.subj ++ t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ;
+    } ;
+
+  -- : Temp -> Pol -> RCl -> RS ;
+  UseRCl t p cl = {
+    s = cl.subj ++ t.s ++ p.s ++ cl.pred ;
+    } ;
+
+  -- AdvS : Adv -> S  -> S ;            -- then I will go home
+  AdvS = advS "" ;
+
+  -- ExtAdvS : Adv -> S  -> S ;         -- next week, I will go home
+  ExtAdvS = advS (SOFT_BIND ++ ",");
+
+  -- : S -> Subj -> S -> S ;
+  -- SSubjS s1 subj s2 = AdvS (AK.SubjS subj s2) s1 ;
+
+  --  : S -> RS -> S ;              -- she sleeps, which is good
+  -- RelS sent rs = advS {s = rs.s ! Sg3 Masc ++ SOFT_BIND ++ ","} sent ;
+
+oper
+
+  advS : (comma : Str) -> Adverb -> S -> S = \comma,a,sent -> sent ** {
+    s = a.s ++ comma ++ sent.s
+    } ;
+
+}

src/malay/StructuralMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+concrete StructuralMay of Structural = CatMay **
+  open Prelude, ResMay, (N=NounMay), ParadigmsMay in {
+
+-------
+-- Ad*
+{-
+lin almost_AdA = mkAdA "" ;
+lin almost_AdN = ss "" ;
+lin at_least_AdN = ss "" ;
+lin at_most_AdN = ss "" ;
+lin so_AdA = ss "" ;
+lin too_AdA = ss "" ;
+lin very_AdA = mkAdA "" ;
+
+lin as_CAdv = { s = "" ; p = [] } ;
+lin less_CAdv = { s = "" ; p = [] } ;
+lin more_CAdv = { s = "" ; p = [] } ;
+lin how_IAdv = ss "" :
+
+lin how8much_IAdv = ss "" ;
+lin when_IAdv = ss "" ;
+lin where_IAdv = ss "" :
+lin why_IAdv = ss "" :
+
+lin always_AdV = ss "" ;
+
+lin everywhere_Adv = ss "" ;
+lin here7from_Adv = ss "" ;
+lin here7to_Adv = ss "" ;
+lin here_Adv = ss "" ;
+lin quite_Adv = ss "" ;
+lin somewhere_Adv = ss "" ;
+lin there7from_Adv = ss "" ;
+lin there7to_Adv = ss "" ;
+lin there_Adv = ss "" ;
+
+-}
+-------
+-- Conj
+
+-- lin and_Conj = {s2 = table {x => "" ; y => ""} ; s1 = [] ; n = Pl} ;
+-- lin or_Conj = {s2 = \\_ => "" ; s1 = [] ; n = Sg} ;
+-- lin if_then_Conj = mkConj
+-- lin both7and_DConj = mkConj "" "" pl ;
+-- lin either7or_DConj = {s2 = \\_ => "" ; s1 = "" ; n = Sg} ;
+--
+-- lin but_PConj = ss "" ;
+-- lin otherwise_PConj = ss "" ;
+-- lin therefore_PConj = ss "" ;
+
+
+-----------------
+-- *Det and Quant
+
+{-
+lin how8many_IDet = ;
+
+lin all_Predet = {s = ""} ;
+lin not_Predet = { s = "" } ;
+lin only_Predet = { s = "" } ;
+lin most_Predet = {s = ""} ;
+
+lin every_Det = {s = ""} ;
+lin few_Det = R.indefDet "" pl ;
+lin many_Det = R.indefDet "" pl ;
+lin much_Det = R.indefDet "" sg ;
+
+lin somePl_Det =
+lin someSg_Det =
+
+lin no_Quant =
+lin that_Quant =
+lin this_Quant =
+lin which_IQuant =
+
+
+-----
+-- NP
+
+lin everybody_NP = defNP "" N.NumPl ;
+lin everything_NP = defNP "" N.NumSg ;
+lin nobody_NP = mkVerb; ""
+lin nothing_NP = defNP "" N.NumSg ;
+lin somebody_NP = defNP "" N.NumSg ;
+lin something_NP = defNP "" N.NumSg ;
+
+oper
+ defNP : Str -> Num -> NP = {} ;
+-}
+
+-------
+-- Prep
+
+-- lin above_Prep = mkPrep ""
+-- lin after_Prep = mkPrep ""
+-- lin before_Prep = mkPrep "" ;
+-- lin behind_Prep = mkPrep ""  ;
+-- lin between_Prep = = mkPrep "" ;
+-- lin by8agent_Prep = mkPrep ;
+-- lin by8means_Prep = mkPrep ;
+-- lin during_Prep = mkPrep ;
+-- lin except_Prep = mkPrep ;
+-- lin for_Prep = mkPrep ;
+-- lin from_Prep = mkPrep "" ;
+-- lin in8front_Prep = mkPrep "" ;
+-- lin in_Prep = mkPrep "" ;
+-- lin on_Prep = mkPrep "" ;
+-- lin part_Prep = mkPrep ;
+-- lin possess_Prep = mkPrep ;
+-- lin through_Prep = mkPrep ;
+-- lin to_Prep = mkPrep ;
+-- lin under_Prep = mkPrep "" ;
+-- lin with_Prep = mkPrep "" ;
+-- lin without_Prep = mkPrep "" ;
+
+
+-------
+-- Pron
+
+-- Pronouns are closed class, no constructor in ParadigmsMay.
+  -- it_Pron =
+  -- i_Pron =
+  -- youPol_Pron,
+  -- youSg_Pron =
+  -- he_Pron =
+  -- she_Pron =
+  -- we_Pron =
+  -- youPl_Pron =
+  -- they_Pron =
+
+--lin whatPl_IP = ;
+--lin whatSg_IP = :
+--lin whoPl_IP = ;
+--lin whoSg_IP = ;
+
+-------
+-- Subj
+
+-- lin although_Subj =
+-- lin because_Subj =
+-- lin if_Subj =
+-- lin that_Subj =
+-- lin when_Subj =
+
+
+------
+-- Utt
+
+lin language_title_Utt = ss "bahasa Melayu" ;
+-- lin no_Utt = ss "" ;
+-- lin yes_Utt = ss "" ;
+
+
+-------
+-- Verb
+
+--lin have_V2 = mkV2 have_V ;
+-- lin can8know_VV = can_VV ; -- can (capacity)
+-- lin can_VV = mkVV "" ;   -- can (possibility)
+-- lin must_VV = mkVV "" ;
+-- lin want_VV = mkVV "" subjunctive ;
+
+
+------
+-- Voc
+{-
+lin please_Voc = ss "" ;
+-}
+
+}

src/malay/SymbolMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../prelude
+
+concrete SymbolMay of Symbol = CatMay **
+  open Prelude, ParadigmsMay, ResMay, (NS=NounMay) in {
+
+lin
+
+  --  : Symb -> PN ;                -- x
+  SymbPN i = mkPN i.s ;
+
+  -- : Int -> PN ;                 -- 27
+  IntPN i  = mkPN i.s ;
+
+  -- : Float -> PN ;               -- 3.14159
+  FloatPN i = mkPN i.s ;
+
+  -- : Card -> PN ;                -- twelve [as proper name]
+  NumPN i = mkPN i.s ;
+
+{-
+lin
+--  CNIntNP cn i = {} ;
+
+  -- : Det -> CN -> [Symb] -> NP ; -- (the) (2) numbers x and y
+  CNSymbNP det cn xs =
+    let cnSymb = cn ** { comp = cn.comp ++ xs.s }
+     in NS.DetCN det cnSymb ;
+
+  -- : CN -> Card -> NP ;          -- level five ; level 5
+  CNNumNP cn i = NS.MassNP (cn ** { comp = cn.comp ++ i.s }) ;
+
+  -- : Symb -> S ;
+  SymbS sy = {s = } ;
+  -- : Symb -> Card ;
+  SymbNum sy = { s = sy.s ; n = Pl } ;
+
+  -- : Symb -> Ord ;
+  SymbOrd sy = { s =} ;
+-}
+lincat
+  Symb, [Symb] = SS ;
+
+lin
+  MkSymb s = s ;
+
+  BaseSymb = infixSS "과" ; -- 와 after vowel. TODO make it a table.
+  ConsSymb = infixSS "," ;
+
+
+}

src/malay/VerbMay.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+concrete VerbMay of Verb = CatMay ** open ResMay, AdverbMay, Prelude in {
+
+
+lin
+
+-----
+-- VP
+  -- : V -> VP
+  UseV = ResMay.useV ;
+
+  --  : V2 -> VP ; -- be loved
+  -- PassV2 = ResMay.passV2 ;
+
+  -- : VPSlash -> VP ;
+  -- ReflVP = ResMay.insertRefl ;
+
+  -- : VV  -> VP -> VP ;
+  -- ComplVV vv vp = let vc = vp.vComp in case vv.vvtype of {
+  --
+  --   } ;
+
+  -- : VS  -> S  -> VP ;
+  -- ComplVS vs s =
+  --   let vps = useV vs ;
+  --       subord = SubjS {s=""} s ;
+  --    in vps ** {} ;
+
+{-
+  -- : VQ -> QS -> VP ;
+  ComplVQ vq qs = ;
+
+  -- : VA -> AP -> VP ;  -- they become red
+  ComplVA va ap = ResMay.insertComp (CompAP ap).s (useV va) ;
+
+-}
+--------
+-- Slash
+{-
+  -- : V2 -> VPSlash
+  SlashV2a = useVc ;
+
+  -- : V3 -> NP -> VPSlash ; -- give it (to her)
+  -- : V3 -> NP -> VPSlash ; -- give (it) to her
+  Slash2V3,
+  Slash3V3 = \v3 -> insertComp (useVc3 v3) ;
+
+  -- : V2S -> S  -> VPSlash ;  -- answer (to him) that it is good
+  SlashV2S v2s s =
+
+  -- : V2V -> VP -> VPSlash ;  -- beg (her) to go
+  SlashV2V v2v vp = ;
+
+  -- : V2Q -> QS -> VPSlash ;  -- ask (him) who came
+  SlashV2Q v2q qs = ;
+
+  -- : V2A -> AP -> VPSlash ;  -- paint (it) red
+  -- : VPSlash -> NP -> VP
+  ComplSlash = insertComp ;
+-}
+{-
+  -- : VV  -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ;
+                  -- Just like ComplVV except missing subject!
+  SlashVV vv vps = ComplVV vv vps ** { missing = vps.missing ;
+                                       post = vps.post } ;
+
+  -- : V2V -> NP -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ; -- beg me to buy
+  SlashV2VNP v2v np vps =
+-}
+
+  -- : Comp -> VP ;
+  UseComp comp = comp ;
+{-
+  -- : VP -> Adv -> VP ;  -- sleep here
+  AdvVP = insertAdv ;
+
+  -- : VPSlash -> Adv -> VPSlash ;  -- use (it) here
+  AdvVPSlash = insertAdv ;
+
+  -- : VP -> Adv -> VP ;  -- sleep , even though ...
+  ExtAdvVP vp adv =  ;
+
+  -- : AdV -> VP -> VP ;  -- always sleep
+  AdVVP adv vp = vp ** {adv = adv} ;
+
+  -- : AdV -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ;  -- always use (it)
+  AdVVPSlash adv vps = vps ** { adv = adv.s ++ vps.adv } ;
+-}
+  -- : VP -> Prep -> VPSlash ;  -- live in (it)
+  -- VPSlashPrep vp prep =
+  --   let adv = prepNP prep emptyNP
+  --    in insertAdv vp adv ;
+
+
+
+
+--2 Complements to copula
+
+-- Adjectival phrases, noun phrases, and adverbs can be used.
+
+  -- : AP  -> Comp ;
+  CompAP ap = ap ;
+
+  -- : CN  -> Comp ;
+  CompCN cn = {
+    s = \\_ => cn.s ! NF Sg Bare ;
+    } ;
+
+  --  NP  -> Comp ;
+  CompNP np = {
+    s = \\_ => np.s ;
+    } ;
+
+  -- : Adv  -> Comp ;
+  -- CompAdv adv = adv ;
+
+  -- : VP -- Copula alone;
+  --UseCopula = useV copula ;
+
+}