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Move everything related to synopsis into subfolder

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Clean up some unused and generated files
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John J. Camilleri committed 2018-11-12 10:05:42 +01:00
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commit 74384044c9
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doc/CC_eng_tha.txt
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doc/Makefile
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.PHONY: all index status synopsis abstract
.PHONY: all status synopsis abstract
GFDOC=gfdoc
S=../src
all: synopsis
GF_alltenses=$(GF_LIB_PATH)/alltenses
GF=gf
GFDOC=gfdoc
status: status.html
index:
txt2tags -thtml index.txt
status:
synopsis:
make -C synopsis
status.html:
txt2tags -thtml status.txt
synopsis: synopsis.html
S=../src
# List of languages extracted from languages.csv, with 'Synopsis' column == y
LANGS=$(shell cat ../languages.csv | cut -d',' -f1,10 | grep ',y' | cut -d',' -f1)
# This list was constructed by observing what files MkSynopsis.hs reads
SRC_FILES=$(S)/abstract/Common.gf $(S)/abstract/Cat.gf $(S)/api/Constructors.gf $(S)/abstract/Structural.gf $(patsubst %,$S/*/Paradigms%.gf,$(LANGS))
EXAMPLES_OUT=$(patsubst %,api-examples-%.txt,$(LANGS))
INCLUDES=synopsis-intro.txt categories-intro.txt categories-imagemap.html synopsis-additional.txt synopsis-browse.txt synopsis-example.txt
synopsis.txt: MkSynopsis.hs MkExxTable.hs $(INCLUDES) $(EXAMPLES_OUT) $(SRC_FILES)
runghc -i.. MkSynopsis.hs
TMP=tmp.html
synopsis.html: synopsis.txt _template.html
txt2tags --target=html --no-headers --quiet --toc --outfile=$@ --infile=$<
pandoc \
--from=html \
--to=html5 \
--standalone \
--template=_template.html \
--css=synopsis.css \
--metadata='title:"GF Resource Grammar Library: Synopsis"' \
--variable='rel-root:../..' \
--output=$(TMP) \
$@
mv $(TMP) $@
categories.png: categories.dot
dot -Tpng $^ > $@
categories-imagemap.html: categories.dot
dot -Tcmapx $^ > $@
abstract:
$(GFDOC) -txthtml $S/abstract/*.gf
mv $S/abstract/*.html abstract
api-examples.gfs: api-examples.txt MkExx.hs
runghc MkExx.hs < $< > $@
# Since .gfo files aren't self-contained, the dependencies given here are
# incomplete. But I am thinking that the Try%.gfo file will always be newer
# than any other files it depends on, so the rule will trigger when
# needed anyway. //TH 2018-10-22
api-examples-%.txt: $(GF_alltenses)/Try%.gfo api-examples.gfs
GF_LIB_PATH=$(GF_LIB_PATH) $(GF) -retain -s $< <api-examples.gfs >$@
clean:
rm -rf synopsis.txt api-examples.gfs $(EXAMPLES_OUT)
doc/Test.hs
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import qualified Data.Map as Map
import Data.Char
gold = "CC_eng_tha.txt"
tested = "api-examples-Tha.txt"
main = do
s <- readFile gold
let corrects = Map.fromList $ exx 1 5 2 (lines s)
-- mapM_ putStrLn $ concat [[t,s] | (t,s) <- Map.toList corrects]
t <- readFile tested
mapM_ (doTest corrects) (exx 18 22 1 (map (drop 4) (lines t)))
exx x y z ss = [(ss!!k,ss!!(k+z)) | k <- [x,y .. length ss - 2]]
doTest corrects (t,s) = case Map.lookup t corrects of
Just c -> if unspace s == uncomment c then return () else mapM_ putStrLn [t,unspace s,c]
_ -> return ()
unspace = filter (not . isSpace)
uncomment = unspace . takeWhile (/= '-')
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doc/index.txt
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GF Resource Grammar Library v. 1.2
Author: Aarne Ranta <aarne (at) cs.chalmers.se>
Last update: %%date(%c)
% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.
% Create an html file from this file using:
% txt2tags --toc -thtml index.txt
%!target:html
%!postproc(html): #BCEN <center>
%!postproc(html): #ECEN </center>
#BCEN
[10lang-large.png]
#ECEN
The GF Resource Grammar Library defines the basic grammar of
ten languages:
Danish, English, Finnish, French, German,
Italian, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish.
Still incomplete implementations for Arabic and Catalan are also
included.
**New** in December 2007: Browsing the library by syntax editor
[directly on the web ../../../demos/resource-api/editor.html].
==Authors==
Inger Andersson and Therese Soderberg (Spanish morphology),
Nicolas Barth and Sylvain Pogodalla (French verb list),
Ali El Dada (Arabic modules),
Magda Gerritsen and Ulrich Real (Russian paradigms and lexicon),
Janna Khegai (Russian modules),
Bjorn Bringert (many Swadesh lexica),
Carlos Gonzalía (Spanish cardinals),
Harald Hammarström (German morphology),
Patrik Jansson (Swedish cardinals),
Andreas Priesnitz (German lexicon),
Aarne Ranta,
Jordi Saludes (Catalan modules),
Henning Thielemann (German lexicon).
We are grateful for contributions and
comments to several other people who have used this and
the previous versions of the resource library, including
Ludmilla Bogavac,
Ana Bove,
David Burke,
Lauri Carlson,
Gloria Casanellas,
Karin Cavallin,
Robin Cooper,
Hans-Joachim Daniels,
Elisabet Engdahl,
Markus Forsberg,
Kristofer Johannisson,
Anni Laine,
Hans Leiß,
Peter Ljunglöf,
Saara Myllyntausta,
Wanjiku Ng'ang'a,
Nadine Perera,
Jordi Saludes.
==License==
The GF Resource Grammar Library is open-source software licensed under
GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). See the file [LICENSE ../LICENSE] for more
details.
==Scope==
Coverage, for each language:
- complete morphology
- lexicon of the ca. 100 most important structural words
- test lexicon of ca. 300 content words (rough equivalents in each language)
- list of irregular verbs (separately for each language)
- representative fragment of syntax (cf. CLE (Core Language Engine))
- rather flat semantics (cf. Quasi-Logical Form of CLE)
Organization:
- top-level (API) modules
- Ground API + special-purpose APIs
- "school grammar" concepts rather than advanced linguistic theory
Presentation:
- tool ``gfdoc`` for generating HTML from grammars
- example collections
==Location==
Assuming you have installed the libraries, you will find the precompiled
``gfc`` and ``gfr`` files directly under ``$GF_LIB_PATH``, whose default
value is ``/usr/local/share/GF/``. The precompiled subdirectories are
```
alltenses
mathematical
multimodal
present
```
Do for instance
```
cd $GF_LIB_PATH
gf alltenses/langs.gfcm
> p -cat=S -lang=LangEng "this grammar is too big" | tb
```
For more details, see the [Synopsis synopsis.html].
==Compilation==
If you want to compile the library from scratch, use ``make`` in the root of
the source directory:
```
cd GF/lib/resource-1.0
make
```
The ``make`` procedure does not by default make Arabic and Catalan, but you
can uncomment the relevant lines in ``Makefile`` to compile them.
==Encoding==
Finnish, German, Romance, and Scandinavian languages are in isolatin-1.
Arabic and Russian are in UTF-8.
English is in pure ASCII.
The different encodings imply, unfortunately, that it is hard to get
a nice view of all languages simultaneously. The easiest way to achieve this is
to use ``gfeditor``, which automatically converts grammars to UTF-8.
==Using the resource as library==
This API is accessible by both ``present`` and ``alltenses``. The modules you most often need are
- ``Syntax``, the interface to syntactic structures
- ``Syntax``//L//, the implementations of ``Syntax`` for each language //L//
- ``Paradigms``//L//, the morphological paradigms for each language //L//
The [Synopsis synopsis.html] gives examples on the typical usage of these
modules.
==Using the resource as top level grammar==
The following modules can be used for parsing and linearization. They are accessible from both
``present`` and ``alltenses``.
- ``Lang``//L// for each language //L//, implementing a common abstract syntax ``Lang``
- ``Danish``, ``English``, etc, implementing ``Lang`` with language-specific extensions
In addition, there is in both ``present`` and ``alltenses`` the file
- ``langs.gfcm``, a package with precompiled ``Lang``//L// grammars
A way to test and view the resource grammar is to load ``langs.gfcm`` either into ``gfeditor``
or into the ``gf`` shell and perform actions such as syntax editing and treebank generation.
For instance, the command
```
> p -lang=LangEng -cat=S "this grammar is too big" | tb
```
creates a treebank entry with translations of this sentence.
For parsing, currently only English and the Scandinavian languages are within the limits ofr
reasonable resources. For other languages //L//, parsing with ``Lang``//L// will probably eat
up the computer resources before finishing the parser generation.
==Accessing the lower level ground API==
The ``Syntax`` API is implemented in terms a bunch of ``abstract`` modules, which
as of version 1.2 are mainly interesting for implementors of the resource.
See the [documentation for version 1.1 index-1.1.html] for more details.
==Known bugs and missing components==
Danish
- the lexicon and chosen inflections are only partially verified
English
Finnish
- wrong cases in some passive constructions
French
- multiple clitics (with V3) not always right
- third person pronominal questions with inverted word order
have wrong forms if "t" is required e.g.
(e.g. "comment fera-t-il" becomes "comment fera il")
German
Italian
- multiple clitics (with V3) not always right
Norwegian
- the lexicon and chosen inflections are only partially verified
Russian
- some functions missing
- some regular paradigms are missing
Spanish
- multiple clitics (with V3) not always right
- missing contractions with imperatives and clitics
Swedish
==More reading==
[Synopsis synopsis.html]. The concise guide to API v. 1.2.
[Grammars as Software Libraries gslt-sem-2006.html]. Slides
with background and motivation for the resource grammar library.
[GF Resource Grammar Library Version 1.0 clt2006.html]. Slides
giving an overview of the library and practical hints on its use.
[How to write resource grammars Resource-HOWTO.html]. Helps you
start if you want to add another language to the library.
[Parametrized modules for Romance languages http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/geocal2006.pdf].
Slides explaining some ideas in the implementation of
French, Italian, and Spanish.
[Grammar writing by examples http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/slides/webalt-2005.pdf].
Slides showing how linearization rules are written as strings parsable by the resource grammar.
[Multimodal Resource Grammars http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/slides/talk-edin2005.pdf].
Slides showing how to use the multimodal resource library. N.B. the library
examples are from ``multimodal/old``, which is a reduced-size API.
[GF Resource Grammar Library ../../../doc/resource.pdf] (pdf).
Printable user manual with API documentation, for version 1.0.
doc/official.txt
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The Official EU languages
The 20 official languages of the EU and their abbreviations are as follows:
Español ES Spanish
Dansk DA Danish
Deutsch DE German
Elinika EL Greek
English EN
Français FR French
Italiano IT Italian
Nederlands NL Dutch
Português PT Portuguese
Suomi FI Finnish
Svenska SV Swedish
?e?tina CS Czech
Eesti ET Estonian
Latviesu valoda LV Latvian
Lietuviu kalba LT Lithuanian
Magyar HU Hungarian
Malti MT Maltese
Polski PL Polish
Sloven?ina SK Slovak
Sloven??ina SL Slovene
http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/index_en.html
-----
http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm
ar arabic
no norwegian
ru russian
--
ISO 639: 3-letter codes
abk ab Abkhazian
ace Achinese
ach Acoli
ada Adangme
aar aa Afar
afh Afrihili
afr af Afrikaans
afa Afro-Asiatic (Other)
aka Akan
akk Akkadian
alb/sqi sq Albanian
ale Aleut
alg Algonquian languages
tut Altaic (Other)
amh am Amharic
apa Apache languages
ara ar Arabic
arc Aramaic
arp Arapaho
arn Araucanian
arw Arawak
arm/hye hy Armenian
art Artificial (Other)
asm as Assamese
ath Athapascan languages
map Austronesian (Other)
ava Avaric
ave Avestan
awa Awadhi
aym ay Aymara
aze az Azerbaijani
nah Aztec
ban Balinese
bat Baltic (Other)
bal Baluchi
bam Bambara
bai Bamileke languages
bad Banda
bnt Bantu (Other)
bas Basa
bak ba Bashkir
baq/eus eu Basque
bej Beja
bem Bemba
ben bn Bengali
ber Berber (Other)
bho Bhojpuri
bih bh Bihari
bik Bikol
bin Bini
bis bi Bislama
bra Braj
bre be Breton
bug Buginese
bul bg Bulgarian
bua Buriat
bur/mya my Burmese
bel be Byelorussian
cad Caddo
car Carib
cat ca Catalan
cau Caucasian (Other)
ceb Cebuano
cel Celtic (Other)
cai Central American Indian (Other)
chg Chagatai
cha Chamorro
che Chechen
chr Cherokee
chy Cheyenne
chb Chibcha
chi/zho zh Chinese
chn Chinook jargon
cho Choctaw
chu Church Slavic
chv Chuvash
cop Coptic
cor Cornish
cos co Corsican
cre Cree
mus Creek
crp Creoles and Pidgins (Other)
cpe Creoles and Pidgins, English-based (Other)
cpf Creoles and Pidgins, French-based (Other)
cpp Creoles and Pidgins, Portuguese-based (Other)
cus Cushitic (Other)
hr Croatian
ces/cze cs Czech
dak Dakota
dan da Danish
del Delaware
din Dinka
div Divehi
doi Dogri
dra Dravidian (Other)
dua Duala
dut/nla nl Dutch
dum Dutch, Middle (ca. 1050-1350)
dyu Dyula
dzo dz Dzongkha
efi Efik
egy Egyptian (Ancient)
eka Ekajuk
elx Elamite
eng en English
enm English, Middle (ca. 1100-1500)
ang English, Old (ca. 450-1100)
esk Eskimo (Other)
epo eo Esperanto
est et Estonian
ewe Ewe
ewo Ewondo
fan Fang
fat Fanti
fao fo Faroese
fij fj Fijian
fin fi Finnish
fiu Finno-Ugrian (Other)
fon Fon
fra/fre fr French
frm French, Middle (ca. 1400-1600)
fro French, Old (842- ca. 1400)
fry fy Frisian
ful Fulah
gaa Ga
gae/gdh Gaelic (Scots)
glg gl Gallegan
lug Ganda
gay Gayo
gez Geez
geo/kat ka Georgian
deu/ger de German
gmh German, Middle High (ca. 1050-1500)
goh German, Old High (ca. 750-1050)
gem Germanic (Other)
gil Gilbertese
gon Gondi
got Gothic
grb Grebo
grc Greek, Ancient (to 1453)
ell/gre el Greek, Modern (1453-)
kal kl Greenlandic
grn gn Guarani
guj gu Gujarati
hai Haida
hau ha Hausa
haw Hawaiian
heb he Hebrew
her Herero
hil Hiligaynon
him Himachali
hin hi Hindi
hmo Hiri Motu
hun hu Hungarian
hup Hupa
iba Iban
ice/isl is Icelandic
ibo Igbo
ijo Ijo
ilo Iloko
inc Indic (Other)
ine Indo-European (Other)
ind id Indonesian
ina ia Interlingua (International Auxiliary language Association)
ine - Interlingue
iku iu Inuktitut
ipk ik Inupiak
ira Iranian (Other)
gai/iri ga Irish
sga Irish, Old (to 900)
mga Irish, Middle (900 - 1200)
iro Iroquoian languages
ita it Italian
jpn ja Japanese
jav/jaw jv/jw Javanese
jrb Judeo-Arabic
jpr Judeo-Persian
kab Kabyle
kac Kachin
kam Kamba
kan kn Kannada
kau Kanuri
kaa Kara-Kalpak
kar Karen
kas ks Kashmiri
kaw Kawi
kaz kk Kazakh
kha Khasi
khm km Khmer
khi Khoisan (Other)
kho Khotanese
kik Kikuyu
kin rw Kinyarwanda
kir ky Kirghiz
kom Komi
kon Kongo
kok Konkani
kor ko Korean
kpe Kpelle
kro Kru
kua Kuanyama
kum Kumyk
kur ku Kurdish
kru Kurukh
kus Kusaie
kut Kutenai
lad Ladino
lah Lahnda
lam Lamba
oci oc Langue d'Oc (post 1500)
lao lo Lao
lat la Latin
lav lv Latvian
ltz Letzeburgesch
lez Lezghian
lin ln Lingala
lit lt Lithuanian
loz Lozi
lub Luba-Katanga
lui Luiseno
lun Lunda
luo Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)
mac/mak mk Macedonian
mad Madurese
mag Magahi
mai Maithili
mak Makasar
mlg mg Malagasy
may/msa ms Malay
mal Malayalam
mlt ml Maltese
man Mandingo
mni Manipuri
mno Manobo languages
max Manx
mao/mri mi Maori
mar mr Marathi
chm Mari
mah Marshall
mwr Marwari
mas Masai
myn Mayan languages
men Mende
mic Micmac
min Minangkabau
mis Miscellaneous (Other)
moh Mohawk
mol mo Moldavian
mkh Mon-Kmer (Other)
lol Mongo
mon mn Mongolian
mos Mossi
mul Multiple languages
mun Munda languages
nau na Nauru
nav Navajo
nde Ndebele, North
nbl Ndebele, South
ndo Ndongo
nep ne Nepali
new Newari
nic Niger-Kordofanian (Other)
ssa Nilo-Saharan (Other)
niu Niuean
non Norse, Old
nai North American Indian (Other)
nor no Norwegian
nno Norwegian (Nynorsk)
nub Nubian languages
nym Nyamwezi
nya Nyanja
nyn Nyankole
nyo Nyoro
nzi Nzima
oji Ojibwa
ori or Oriya
orm om Oromo
osa Osage
oss Ossetic
oto Otomian languages
pal Pahlavi
pau Palauan
pli Pali
pam Pampanga
pag Pangasinan
pan pa Panjabi
pap Papiamento
paa Papuan-Australian (Other)
fas/per fa Persian
peo Persian, Old (ca 600 - 400 B.C.)
phn Phoenician
pol pl Polish
pon Ponape
por pt Portuguese
pra Prakrit languages
pro Provencal, Old (to 1500)
pus ps Pushto
que qu Quechua
roh rm Rhaeto-Romance
raj Rajasthani
rar Rarotongan
roa Romance (Other)
ron/rum ro Romanian
rom Romany
run rn Rundi
rus ru Russian
sal Salishan languages
sam Samaritan Aramaic
smi Sami languages
smo sm Samoan
sad Sandawe
sag sg Sango
san sa Sanskrit
srd Sardinian
sco Scots
sel Selkup
sem Semitic (Other)
sr Serbian
scr sh Serbo-Croatian
srr Serer
shn Shan
sna sn Shona
sid Sidamo
bla Siksika
snd sd Sindhi
sin si Singhalese
sit - Sino-Tibetan (Other)
sio Siouan languages
sla Slavic (Other)
ssw ss Siswant
slk/slo sk Slovak
slv sl Slovenian
sog Sogdian
som so Somali
son Songhai
wen Sorbian languages
nso Sotho, Northern
sot st Sotho, Southern
sai South American Indian (Other)
esl/spa es Spanish
suk Sukuma
sux Sumerian
sun su Sudanese
sus Susu
swa sw Swahili
ssw Swazi
sve/swe sv Swedish
syr Syriac
tgl tl Tagalog
tah Tahitian
tgk tg Tajik
tmh Tamashek
tam ta Tamil
tat tt Tatar
tel te Telugu
ter Tereno
tha th Thai
bod/tib bo Tibetan
tig Tigre
tir ti Tigrinya
tem Timne
tiv Tivi
tli Tlingit
tog to Tonga (Nyasa)
ton Tonga (Tonga Islands)
tru Truk
tsi Tsimshian
tso ts Tsonga
tsn tn Tswana
tum Tumbuka
tur tr Turkish
ota Turkish, Ottoman (1500 - 1928)
tuk tk Turkmen
tyv Tuvinian
twi tw Twi
uga Ugaritic
uig ug Uighur
ukr uk Ukrainian
umb Umbundu
und Undetermined
urd ur Urdu
uzb uz Uzbek
vai Vai
ven Venda
vie vi Vietnamese
vol vo Volapük
vot Votic
wak Wakashan languages
wal Walamo
war Waray
was Washo
cym/wel cy Welsh
wol wo Wolof
xho xh Xhosa
sah Yakut
yao Yao
yap Yap
yid yi Yiddish
yor yo Yoruba
zap Zapotec
zen Zenaga
zha za Zhuang
zul zu Zulu
zun Zuni
ISO 639: 2-letter codes
AA "Afar"
AB "Abkhazian"
AF "Afrikaans"
AM "Amharic"
AR "Arabic"
AS "Assamese"
AY "Aymara"
AZ "Azerbaijani"
BA "Bashkir"
BE "Byelorussian"
BG "Bulgarian"
BH "Bihari"
BI "Bislama"
BN "Bengali" "Bangla"
BO "Tibetan"
BR "Breton"
CA "Catalan"
CO "Corsican"
CS "Czech"
CY "Welsh"
DA "Danish"
DE "German"
DZ "Bhutani"
EL "Greek"
EN "English" "American"
EO "Esperanto"
ES "Spanish"
ET "Estonian"
EU "Basque"
FA "Persian"
FI "Finnish"
FJ "Fiji"
FO "Faeroese"
FR "French"
FY "Frisian"
GA "Irish"
GD "Gaelic" "Scots Gaelic"
GL "Galician"
GN "Guarani"
GU "Gujarati"
HA "Hausa"
HI "Hindi"
HR "Croatian"
HU "Hungarian"
HY "Armenian"
IA "Interlingua"
IE "Interlingue"
IK "Inupiak"
IN "Indonesian"
IS "Icelandic"
IT "Italian"
IW "Hebrew"
JA "Japanese"
JI "Yiddish"
JW "Javanese"
KA "Georgian"
KK "Kazakh"
KL "Greenlandic"
KM "Cambodian"
KN "Kannada"
KO "Korean"
KS "Kashmiri"
KU "Kurdish"
KY "Kirghiz"
LA "Latin"
LN "Lingala"
LO "Laothian"
LT "Lithuanian"
LV "Latvian" "Lettish"
MG "Malagasy"
MI "Maori"
MK "Macedonian"
ML "Malayalam"
MN "Mongolian"
MO "Moldavian"
MR "Marathi"
MS "Malay"
MT "Maltese"
MY "Burmese"
NA "Nauru"
NE "Nepali"
NL "Dutch"
NO "Norwegian"
OC "Occitan"
OM "Oromo" "Afan"
OR "Oriya"
PA "Punjabi"
PL "Polish"
PS "Pashto" "Pushto"
PT "Portuguese"
QU "Quechua"
RM "Rhaeto-Romance"
RN "Kirundi"
RO "Romanian"
RU "Russian"
RW "Kinyarwanda"
SA "Sanskrit"
SD "Sindhi"
SG "Sangro"
SH "Serbo-Croatian"
SI "Singhalese"
SK "Slovak"
SL "Slovenian"
SM "Samoan"
SN "Shona"
SO "Somali"
SQ "Albanian"
SR "Serbian"
SS "Siswati"
ST "Sesotho"
SU "Sudanese"
SV "Swedish"
SW "Swahili"
TA "Tamil"
TE "Tegulu"
TG "Tajik"
TH "Thai"
TI "Tigrinya"
TK "Turkmen"
TL "Tagalog"
TN "Setswana"
TO "Tonga"
TR "Turkish"
TS "Tsonga"
TT "Tatar"
TW "Twi"
UK "Ukrainian"
UR "Urdu"
UZ "Uzbek"
VI "Vietnamese"
VO "Volapuk"
WO "Wolof"
XH "Xhosa"
YO "Yoruba"
ZH "Chinese"
ZU "Zulu"
doc/paradigms.txt
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Morphological Paradigms in the GF Resource Grammar Library
Aarne Ranta
This is a synopsis of the main morphological paradigms for
nouns (``N``), adjectives (``A``), and verbs (``V``).
=English=
```
mkN : (flash : Str) -> N ; -- car, bus, ax, hero, fly, boy
mkN : (man,men : Str) -> N ; -- index, indices
mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
mkN : Str -> N -> N ; -- baby boom
mkA : (happy : Str) -> A ; -- small, happy, free
mkA : (fat,fatter : Str) -> A ;
mkA : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> A
compoundA : A -> A ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
mkV : (cry : Str) -> V ; -- call, kiss, echo, cry, pray
mkV : (stop,stopped : Str) -> V ;
mkV : (drink,drank,drunk : Str) -> V ;
mkV : (run,ran,run,running : Str) -> V ;
mkV : (go,goes,went,gone,going : Str) -> V
```
=French=
```
mkN : (cheval : Str) -> N ; -- pas, prix, nez, bijou, cheval
mkN : (foie : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
mkN : (oeil,yeux : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
mkN : N -> Str -> N
mkA : (cher : Str) -> A ; -- banal, heureux, italien, jeune, amer, carré, joli
mkA : (sec,seche : Str) -> A ;
mkA : (banal,banale,banaux,banalement : Str) -> A ;
mkA : (bon : A) -> (meilleur : A) -> A
prefixA : A -> A ;
mkV : (finir : Str) -> V ; -- aimer, céder, placer, manger, payer, finir
mkV : (jeter,jette,jettera : Str) -> V ;
mkV : V2 -> V
etreV : V -> V ;
reflV : V -> V ;
```
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<H1>GF Resource Grammar Library Documentation and Publications</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"><I>Aarne Ranta</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE="4">20170119</FONT>
</CENTER>
<P>
<I>To be completed. Contributions welcome - in particular, links to open access publications!</I>
</P>
<H3>Afrikaans</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/afrikaans">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/afrikaans</A> (Laurette Pretorius, Laurette Marais)
</UL>
<H3>Amharic</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/amharic">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/amharic</A> (Markos Kassa Gobena)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Markos Kassa Gobena.
<I>Implementing and Open Source Amharic Resource Grammar in GF</I>,
MSc thesis, Chalmers University, 2010.
<A HREF="http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/146295.pdf">http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/146295.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Arabic</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/arabic">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/arabic</A> (Ali El Dada)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Ali El Dada.
<I>Arabic Resource Grammar in GF</I>, MSc Thesis, Chalmers University, 2006.
<P></P>
A. El Dada and A. Ranta.
Implementing an Open Source Arabic Resource Grammar in GF.
In M. Mughazy (ed),
<I>Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XX. Papers from the Twentieth Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics, Kalamazoo, March 26</I>
John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2007.
<br>
<I>An outline of the Arabic resource grammar project, focusing on linguistic aspects.</I>
<P></P>
A. El Dada.
Implementation of the Arabic Numerals and their Syntax in GF.
Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources,
ACL-2007 Workshop,
June 28, 2007, Prague.
2007.
<A HREF="http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W07/W07-08.pdf">http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W07/W07-08.pdf</A>
<br>
<I>A case study with the resource grammar, focusing on the morphosyntax</I>
<I>and agreement of constructions with numerals.</I>
</UL>
<H3>Bulgarian</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/bulgarian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/bulgarian</A> (Krasimir Angelov)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
K. Angelov.
Type-Theoretical Bulgarian Grammar.
In B. Nordström and A. Ranta (eds),
<I>Advances in Natural Language Processing (GoTAL 2008)</I>,
LNCS/LNAI 5221, Springer,
2008.
<A HREF="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-85287-2_6">http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-85287-2_6</A>
<br>
<I>Explains the implementation of a Bulgarian resource grammar in GF.</I>
</UL>
<H3>Catalan</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/catalan">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/catalan</A> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romance">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romance</A> (Jordi Saludes, Inari Listenmaa)
</UL>
<H3>Chinese</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/chinese">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/chinese</A> (Aarne Ranta, Zhuo Lin Qiqige, Chen Peng, Qiao Haiyan)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Chen Peng,
Implementation of a Chinese Resource Grammar in Grammatical Framework.
<I>International Journal of Knowledge and Language Processing</I>,
4(1),
2013,
pp. 26-34.
<A HREF="http://www.ijklp.org/archives/vol4no1/Implementation%20of%20Chinese%20Resource%20Grammar%20in%20Grammatical%20Framework.pdf">http://www.ijklp.org/archives/vol4no1/Implementation%20of%20Chinese%20Resource%20Grammar%20in%20Grammatical%20Framework.pdf</A>
<P></P>
Aarne Ranta.
Grammatical Framework and Chinese.
Appendix to the GF book (A. Ranta, <I>Grammatical Framework</I>, CSLI 2011),
2012.
<A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/gf-book/gf-chinese-appendix.pdf">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/gf-book/gf-chinese-appendix.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Danish</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/danish">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/danish</A> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/scandinavian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/scandinavian</A> (Aarne Ranta)
</UL>
<H3>Dutch</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/dutch">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/dutch</A> (Aarne Ranta, Femke Johansson)
</UL>
<H3>English</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/english">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/english</A> (Aarne Ranta, Björn Bringert, Krasimir Angelov)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
A. Ranta.
The GF Resource Grammar Library.
<I>Linguistic Issues in Language Technology</I>,
2 (2),
2009.
<A HREF="http://elanguage.net/journals/index.php/lilt/article/viewFile/214/158">PDF</A>
<br>
<I>A systematic presentation of the library from the linguistic point of view.</I>
<I>Not only about English, but English examples abound.</I>
</UL>
<H3>Estonian</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/estonian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/estonian</A> (Kaarel Kaljurand, Inari Listenmaa)
</UL>
<H3>Finnish</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/finnish">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/finnish</A> (Aarne Ranta, Inari Listenmaa)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
A. Ranta.
On the Syntax and Translation of Finnish Discourse Clitics.
In D. Santos, K. Lindén and W. Ng'ang'a (eds),
<I>Shall We Play the Festschrift Game?</I>
<I>Essays on the Occasion of Lauri Carlson's 60th Birthday</I>.
Springer, Heidelberg, 2012.
pp. 227-241.
<A HREF="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-30773-7_14">http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-30773-7_14</A>
draft version <A HREF="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/articles/discourse-clitics.pdf">http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/articles/discourse-clitics.pdf</A>
<P></P>
A. Ranta.
How predictable is Finnish morphology? An experiment on lexicon construction.
In J. Nivre, M. Dahllöf and B. Megyesi (eds),
<I>Resourceful Language Technology: Festschrift in Honor of Anna Sågvall Hein</I>,
University of Uppsala,
2008.
<A HREF="http://publications.uu.se/abstract.xsql?dbid=8933">http://publications.uu.se/abstract.xsql?dbid=8933</A>
<br>
<I>Presents an experiment on smart paradigms in Finnish.</I>
</UL>
<H3>French</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/french">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/french</A> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romance">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romance</A> (Aarne Ranta, Ramona Enache)
</UL>
<H3>German</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/german">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/german</A> (Aarne Ranta, Harald Hammarström, Erzsébet Galgóczy)
</UL>
<H3>Greek</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/greek">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/greek</A> (Ioanna Papadopoulou)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Ioanna Papadopoulou.
GF Modern Greek Resource Grammar,
MA thesis, University of Gothenburg,
2013.
<P></P>
Ioanna Papadopoulou.
GF Modern Greek Resource Grammar.
RANLP 2013.
</UL>
<H3>Hebrew</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/hebrew">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/hebrew</A> (Dana Dannélls)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
D. Dannélls and J. Camilleri.
Verb Morphology of Hebrew and Maltese - Towards an Open Source Type Theoretical Resource Grammar in GF.
<I>Proceedings of the Language Resources (LRs) and Human Language Technologies (HLT) for Semitic Languages Status, Updates, and Prospects, LREC-2010 Workshop</I>,
Malta, pp. 57-61.
2010.
<A HREF="http://spraakdata.gu.se/svedd/pub/lrec10.pdf">http://spraakdata.gu.se/svedd/pub/lrec10.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Hindi</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/hindi">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/hindi</A> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/hindustani">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/hindustani</A> (Shafqat Virk, K.V.S. Prasad, Muhammad Humayoun, Aarne Ranta)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Shafqat Virk.
<I>Computational Linguistics Resources for Indo-Iranian Languages</I>,
PhD Thesis, University of Gothenburg, 2013.
<A HREF="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~virk/shafqat-phd-thesis.pdf">http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~virk/shafqat-phd-thesis.pdf</A>
<P></P>
K.V.S. Prasad and Shafqat Virk.
Computational evidence that
Hindi and Urdu share a grammar but not the lexicon.
In The 3rd Workshop
on South and Southeast Asian NLP, COLING 2012. <I>Reprinted in Shafqat's thesis</I>
</UL>
<H3>Icelandic</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/icelandic">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/icelandic</A> (Bjarki Traustason)
<P></P>
<B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Bjarki Traustason, MSc thesis, Chalmers
</UL>
<H3>Interlingua</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/interlingua">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/interlingua</A> (Jean-Philippe Bernardy)
</UL>
<H3>Italian</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/italian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/italian</A> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romance">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romance</A> (Aarne Ranta, Ramona Enache, Gabriele Paganelli)
</UL>
<H3>Japanese</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/japanese">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/japanese</A> (Liza Zimina)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Elizaveta Zimina.
GF Japanese Resource Grammar,
MA Thesis, University of Gothenburg,
2012.
<A HREF="http://www.ling.gu.se/~lager/MLT/zimina_thesis_draft.pdf">http://www.ling.gu.se/~lager/MLT/zimina_thesis_draft.pdf</A>
<P></P>
Elizaveta Zimina.
Fitting a Round Peg in a Square Hole: Japanese Resource Grammar in GF.
<I>Advances in Natural Language Processing (JapTAL-2012)</I>
Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 7614, 2012, pp 156-167.
<A HREF="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-33983-7_16">http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-33983-7_16</A>
</UL>
<H3>Latin</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/latin">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/latin</A> (Aarne Ranta)
</UL>
<H3>Latvian</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/latvian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/latvian</A> (Normunds Gruzitis, Peter Paikens)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
P. Paikens and N. Gruzitis.
An implementation of a Latvian resource grammar in Grammatical Framework,
LREC 2012, pp. 1680-1685.
<A HREF="http://lrec.elra.info/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/976_Paper.pdf">http://lrec.elra.info/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/976_Paper.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Maltese</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/maltese">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/maltese</A> (John J. Camilleri)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
John J. Camilleri,
MSc thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, 2013.
<P></P>
John J. Camilleri.
A computational grammar for Maltese: Talk at the 4th International Conference on Maltese Linguistics (GĦILM 2013). Lyon, France, 2013.
<A HREF="http://academic.johnjcamilleri.com/presentations/2013-06%20G%C4%A6ILM%201.pdf">http://academic.johnjcamilleri.com/presentations/2013-06%20G%C4%A6ILM%201.pdf</A>
<P></P>
D. Dannélls and J. Camilleri.
Verb Morphology of Hebrew and Maltese - Towards an Open Source Type Theoretical Resource Grammar in GF.
<I>Proceedings of the Language Resources (LRs) and Human Language Technologies (HLT) for Semitic Languages Status, Updates, and Prospects, LREC-2010 Workshop</I>,
Malta, pp. 57-61.
2010.
<A HREF="http://spraakdata.gu.se/svedd/pub/lrec10.pdf">http://spraakdata.gu.se/svedd/pub/lrec10.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Nepali</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/nepali">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/nepali</A> (Dinesh Simk)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Dinesh Simk.
Implementing the GF Resource Grammar for Nepali Language,
MSc thesis, Chalmers University of Technology,
2012.
<A HREF="http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/161384.pdf">http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/161384.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Norwegian (bokmål)</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/norwegian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/norwegian</A> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/scandinavian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/scandinavian</A> (Aarne Ranta)
</UL>
<H3>Norwegian (nynorsk)</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/nynorsk">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/nynorsk</A> (Stian Rødven Eide) <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/scandinavian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/scandinavian</A> (Aarne Ranta)
</UL>
<H3>Persian</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/persian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/persian</A> (Shafqat Virk, Elnaz Abolahrar, Sofy Moradi)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Shafqat Mumtaz Virk and Elnaz Abolahrar.
An Open Source Persian Computational Grammar,
LREC 2012, pp. 1686-1693.
<A HREF="http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1028_Paper.pdf">http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/1028_Paper.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Polish</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/polish">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/polish</A> (Adam Slaski, Ilona Novak)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Adam Slaski.
Some Interesting Features of the Polish Language in Grammatical Framework.
Slide presentation, TYPES 2010, Warsaw,
2010.
<A HREF="http://www.mimuw.edu.pl/~asl/publications/types2010-slides.pdf">http://www.mimuw.edu.pl/~asl/publications/types2010-slides.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Punjabi</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/punjabi">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/punjabi</A> (Shafqat Virk, Muhammad Humayoun)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
S. Virk, M. Humayoun, and A. Ranta.
An Open-Source Punjabi Resource Grammar.
Proceedings of RANLP-2011, Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing,
Hissar, Bulgaria, 12-14 September, 2011.
pp. 70-76.
<A HREF="http://lml.bas.bg/~iva/ranlp2011/RANLR2011_Proceedings.PDF">http://lml.bas.bg/~iva/ranlp2011/RANLR2011_Proceedings.PDF</A>
<P></P>
M. Humayoun and A. Ranta.
Developing Punjabi Morphology, Corpus and Lexicon.
<I>The 24th Pacific Asia conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC24)</I>,
2010.
</UL>
<H3>Romanian</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romanian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romanian</A> (Ramona Enache)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
R. Enache, A. Ranta, and K. Angelov.
An Open-Source Computational Grammar of Romanian.
A. Gelbukh (ed.), <I>CiCLING-2010</I>,
LNCS 6008,
2010.
</UL>
<H3>Russian</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/russian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/russian</A> (Janna Khegai, Nikita Frolov)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
J. Khegai.
GF parallel resource grammars and Russian.
In proceedings of ACL2006
(The joint conference of the International Committee on Computational
Linguistics and the Association for Computational Linguistics) (pp. 475-482),
Sydney, Australia, July 2006.
<P></P>
J. Khegai and A. Ranta.
Building and Using a Russian Resource Grammar in GF.
In A. Gelbukh (ed),
<I>Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (CICLing-2004)</I>,
Seoul, Korea, February 2003,
Springer LNCS 945,
pp. 38-41,
2004.
</UL>
<H3>Sindhi</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/sindhi">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/sindhi</A> (Jherna Devi Oad)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Jherna Devi Oad.
Implementing GF Resource Grammar for Sindhi language,
MSc Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology,
2012.
<A HREF="http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/163234.pdf">http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/163234.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Spanish</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/spanish">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/spanish</A> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romance">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/romance</A>
(Aarne Ranta, Ingrid Andersson, Therese Söderberg, Inari Listenmaa)
</UL>
<H3>Swahili</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/swahili">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/swahili</A> (Wanjiku Ng'ang'a)
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Wanjiku Ng'ng'a.
Building Swahili Resource Grammars for the Grammatical Framework,
In D. Santos, K. Lindén and W. Ng'ang'a (eds),
<I>Shall We Play the Festschrift Game?</I>
<I>Essays on the Occasion of Lauri Carlson's 60th Birthday</I>.
Springer, Heidelberg, 2012.
pp. 227-241.
<A HREF="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-30773-7_13">http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-30773-7_13</A>
</UL>
<H3>Swedish</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/swedish">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/swedish</A> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/scandinavian">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/scandinavian</A> (Aarne Ranta, Malin Ahlberg, Markus Forsberg)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
Malin Ahlberg.
<I>Towards a Wide-Coverage Grammar for Swedish Using GF</I>,
MSc thesis, University of Gothenburg,
2012.
<A HREF="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/28838/1/gupea_2077_28838_1.pdf">https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/28838/1/gupea_2077_28838_1.pdf</A>
<P></P>
Malin Ahlberg and Ramona Enache.
A Type-Theoretical Wide-Coverage Computational Grammar for Swedish.
P. Sojka et al (eds), TSD 2012, LNCS 7499, pp. 183-190.
<A HREF="http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-32790-2_22.pdf">http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-32790-2_22.pdf</A>
</UL>
<H3>Thai</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/thai">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/thai</A> (Aarne Ranta, Chotiros Kairoje)
</UL>
<H3>Turkish</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/turkish">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/turkish</A> (Server Cimen)
</UL>
<H3>Urdu</H3>
<UL>
<LI><B>Source</B>: <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/urdu">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/urdu</A> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/hindustani">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/src/hindustani</A> (Shafqat Virk, Muhamman Humayoun)
<P></P>
<LI><B>Publications</B>
<P></P>
S. Virk, M. Humayoun, and A. Ranta.
An Open Source Urdu Resource Grammar.
<I>Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Asian Language Resources (Coling 2010 workshop)</I>,
2010.
<P></P>
M. Humayoun, H. Hammarström, and A. Ranta.
Urdu Morphology, Orthography and Lexicon Extraction.
<I>CAASL-2: The Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Arabic Script-based Languages</I>,
July 21-22, 2007, LSA 2007 Linguistic Institute, Stanford University.
2007.
<P></P>
See also <B>Hindi</B> above.
</UL>
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<TITLE>The Status of the GF Resource Grammar Library</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<CENTER>
<H1>The Status of the GF Resource Grammar Library</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"><I>Aarne Ranta</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE="4">20170119</FONT>
</CENTER>
<P>
The following table gives the languages currently available in the
GF Resource Grammar Library.
</P>
<P>
For another view, see the
<A HREF="http://www.postcrashgames.com/gf_world/">The Resource Grammar Library coverage map</A> .
</P>
<P>
Corrections and additions are welcome! Notice that only those parts of implementations
that are currently available via <A HREF="http://grammaticalframework.org">http://grammaticalframework.org</A>
are marked in the table
</P>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="4">
<TR>
<TH>ISO</TH>
<TH>Language</TH>
<TH>Darcs</TH>
<TH>Mini</TH>
<TH>Parad</TH>
<TH>Lex</TH>
<TH>Lang</TH>
<TH>API</TH>
<TH>Symb</TH>
<TH>Irreg</TH>
<TH>Dict</TH>
<TH>Trans</TH>
<TH>tested</TH>
<TH>publ</TH>
<TH COLSPAN="2">authors</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Afr</TD>
<TD>Afrikaans</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*LP,LM</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Amh</TD>
<TD>Amharic</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*MK</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Ara</TD>
<TD>Arabic</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>AD</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Bul</TD>
<TD>Bulgarian</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*KA</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Cat</TD>
<TD>Catalan</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*JS,*IL</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Chi</TD>
<TD>Chinese</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>ZL,*AR,*CP,QH</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Dan</TD>
<TD>Danish</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*AR</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Dut</TD>
<TD>Dutch</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*AR,FJ</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Eng</TD>
<TD>English</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*AR,BB,KA</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Est</TD>
<TD>Estonian</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*KK,*IL</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Fin</TD>
<TD>Finnish</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*AR,*IL</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Fre</TD>
<TD>French</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*AR,RE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Ger</TD>
<TD>German</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*AR,HH,EG</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Gre</TD>
<TD>Greek(mod)</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*IP</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Grc</TD>
<TD>Greek(anc)</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*HLe</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Heb</TD>
<TD>Hebrew</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*DD</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Hin</TD>
<TD>Hindi</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*SV,*KP,MH,AR,PK</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Ice</TD>
<TD>Icelandic</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*BT</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Ina</TD>
<TD>Interlingua</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>JB</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Ita</TD>
<TD>Italian</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*AR,*RE,GP</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Jpn</TD>
<TD>Japanese</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*LZ</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Lat</TD>
<TD>Latin</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*AR,*HLa</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Lav</TD>
<TD>Latvian</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*NG,*PP</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Mlt</TD>
<TD>Maltese</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*JC</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Mon</TD>
<TD>Mongolian</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*NE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Nep</TD>
<TD>Nepali</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*DS</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Nno</TD>
<TD>Norwegian(n)</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*SRE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Nor</TD>
<TD>Norwegian(b)</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*AR</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Pes</TD>
<TD>Persian</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*SV,*EA,SM</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Pnb</TD>
<TD>Punjabi</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*SV,MH</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Pol</TD>
<TD>Polish</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>IN,*AS</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Ron</TD>
<TD>Romanian</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*RE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Rus</TD>
<TD>Russian</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>JK,*NF</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Snd</TD>
<TD>Sindhi</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*SV,*JD</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Spa</TD>
<TD>Spanish</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*AR,IA,TS,*IL</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Swa</TD>
<TD>Swahili</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*WN,JM</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Swe</TD>
<TD>Swedish</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*MA,*AR,MF</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Tha</TD>
<TD>Thai</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*AR,CK</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Tsn</TD>
<TD>Tswana</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*LPs,AB</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Tur</TD>
<TD>Turkish</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>*SC,KA</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Urd</TD>
<TD>Urdu</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>++</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>+</TD>
<TD>*SV,MH</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<P>
ISO = 3-letter ISO language code, used in library file names
(mostly ISO 639-2 B (bibliographic))
</P>
<P>
Darcs = available in the darcs repository of <S><A HREF="http://code.haskell.org/gf">http://code.haskell.org/gf</A></S> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/</A>
</P>
<P>
Mini = minimal resource, compiles with <CODE>make minimal</CODE> (obsolete)
</P>
<P>
Parad = <CODE>Paradigms</CODE> file complete for major POS, ++ means with smart paradigms
</P>
<P>
Lex = the resource <CODE>Lexicon</CODE> (nearly) complete
</P>
<P>
Lang = the resource <CODE>Syntax</CODE> (nearly) complete
</P>
<P>
API = the <CODE>Syntax</CODE> compiles
</P>
<P>
API = the <CODE>Symbolic</CODE> API compiles
</P>
<P>
Irreg = the <CODE>Irreg</CODE> module with irregular verbs exists
</P>
<P>
Dict = the <CODE>Dict</CODE> module, large-scale morphological lexicon, exists
</P>
<P>
Trans = large-scale translation module and dictionary exists
</P>
<P>
tested = tested in some applications, ++ means extensively tested with no major issues
</P>
<P>
publ = publications available, see <A HREF="./rgl-publications.html">RGL publication list</A>
</P>
<P>
authors = main contributors, * means still active
(ready to fix bugs, answer to questions, etc)
</P>
<H3>Author codes</H3>
<P>
AB Ansu Berg,
AD Ali El Dada,
AR Aarne Ranta,
AS Adam Slaski,
BB Björn Bringert,
BT Bjarki Traustason,
CK Chotiros Kairoje,
CP Chen Peng,
DD Dana Dannélls,
DS Dinesh Simk,
EA Elnaz Abolahrar,
EG Erzsébet Galgóczy
FJ Femke Johansson,
HH Harald Hammarström,
HLa Herbert Lange,
HLe Hans Leiss,
GP Gabriele Paganelli,
IA Ingrid Andersson,
IL Inari Listenmaa,
IN Ilona Novak,
IP Ioanna Papadopoulou,
JB Jean-Philippe Bernardy,
JC John J. Camilleri,
JD Jherna Devi,
JK Janna Khegai,
JM Juliet Mutahi,
JS Jordi Saludes,
KA Krasimir Angelov,
KK Kaarel Kaljurand,
KP Kuchi Prasad,
LM Laurette Marais,
LP Laurette Pretorius,
LZ Liza Zimina,
MA Malin Ahlberg,
MF Markus Forsberg,
MK Markos Kassa Gobena,
MH Muhammad Humayoun,
NE Nyamsuren Erdenebadrakh,
NF Nick Frolov,
NG Normunds Gruzitis,
QH Qiao Haiyan,
RE Ramona Enache,
PP Peteris Paikens,
SC Server Cimen,
SM Sofy Moradi,
SRE Stian Rødven Eide,
SV Shafqat Virk,
TH Therese Söderberg,
WN Wanjiku Ng'ang'a,
ZL Zhuo Lin Qiqige
</P>
<H2>Rules</H2>
<P>
Only components available at <A HREF="http://grammaticalframework.org">http://grammaticalframework.org</A> are indicated in the table
(exceptions: Ancient Greek, Mongolian, to appear soon).
</P>
<P>
If you want to work on a language already in the table, please be kind and contact the
active authors of it.
</P>
<P>
Feel free to start a new language that is not yet in the table - but let us know and
contribute some code as soon as you can!
</P>
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doc/.gitignore → doc/synopsis/.gitignore
+3 -2
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@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
index.txt
index.html
api-examples-*.txt
api-examples.gfs
categories-imagemap.html
synopsis.txt
synopsis.html
categories.png
doc/synopsis/Makefile
+67
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@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
# Your GF_LIB_PATH must be set in order for this build script to work
.PHONY: all index clean
GF_alltenses=$(GF_LIB_PATH)/alltenses
GF=gf
GFDOC=gfdoc
ROOT=../..
S=$(ROOT)/src
CONFIG=$(ROOT)/languages.csv
# List of languages extracted from languages.csv, with 'Synopsis' column == y
LANGS=$(shell cat $(CONFIG) | cut -d',' -f1,10 | grep ',y' | cut -d',' -f1)
# This list was constructed by observing what files MkSynopsis.hs reads
SRC_FILES=$(S)/abstract/Common.gf $(S)/abstract/Cat.gf $(S)/api/Constructors.gf $(S)/abstract/Structural.gf $(patsubst %,$S/*/Paradigms%.gf,$(LANGS))
EXAMPLES_OUT=$(patsubst %,api-examples-%.txt,$(LANGS))
INCLUDES=intro.txt categories-intro.txt categories-imagemap.html additional.txt browse.txt example.txt
TMP=tmp.html
TEMPLATE=template.html
all: index
index: index.html
index.txt: MkSynopsis.hs MkExxTable.hs $(INCLUDES) $(EXAMPLES_OUT) $(SRC_FILES)
runghc -i$(ROOT) MkSynopsis.hs
index.html: index.txt $(TEMPLATE)
txt2tags --target=html --no-headers --quiet --toc --outfile=$@ --infile=$<
pandoc \
--from=html \
--to=html5 \
--standalone \
--template=$(TEMPLATE) \
--css=synopsis.css \
--metadata='title:"GF Resource Grammar Library: Synopsis"' \
--variable='rel-root:$(ROOT)/..' \
--output=$(TMP) \
$@
mv $(TMP) $@
categories.png: categories.dot
dot -Tpng $^ > $@
categories-imagemap.html: categories.dot
dot -Tcmapx $^ > $@
api-examples.gfs: api-examples.txt MkExx.hs
runghc MkExx.hs < $< > $@
# Since .gfo files aren't self-contained, the dependencies given here are
# incomplete. But I am thinking that the Try%.gfo file will always be newer
# than any other files it depends on, so the rule will trigger when
# needed anyway. //TH 2018-10-22
api-examples-%.txt: $(GF_alltenses)/Try%.gfo api-examples.gfs
GF_LIB_PATH=$(GF_LIB_PATH) $(GF) -retain -s $< <api-examples.gfs >$@
clean:
rm -rf \
index.txt \
index.html \
api-examples.gfs \
$(EXAMPLES_OUT)
doc/MkExx.hs → doc/synopsis/MkExx.hs
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File renamed without changes.
doc/MkExxTable.hs → doc/synopsis/MkExxTable.hs
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File renamed without changes.
doc/MkSynopsis.hs → doc/synopsis/MkSynopsis.hs
+15 -12
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@@ -6,14 +6,17 @@ import Data.Char
import Data.List
import qualified Data.Map as M
import Text.Printf
import Config
import Config (loadLangsFrom, LangInfo (..))
import qualified Config
type Cats = [(String,String,String)]
type Rules = [(String,String,String)]
-- the file generated
synopsis :: FilePath
synopsis = "synopsis.txt"
outfile :: FilePath
outfile = "index.txt"
configFile = ".." </> ".." </> Config.configFile
-- the language in which revealed examples are shown
revealedLang :: String
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ revealedLang = "Eng"
-- all languages shown (a copy of this list appears in Makefile)
apiExxFiles :: IO [FilePath]
apiExxFiles = do
langs <- loadLangsFrom (".." </> configFile)
langs <- loadLangsFrom configFile
return $
[ "api-examples-" ++ (langCode lang) ++ ".txt"
| lang <- langs
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ main = do
cs1 <- getCats commonAPI
cs2 <- getCats catAPI
let cs = sortCats (cs1 ++ cs2)
writeFile synopsis "GF Resource Grammar Library: Synopsis"
writeFile outfile "GF Resource Grammar Library: Synopsis"
space
append "%!Encoding:utf-8"
append "%!style(html): ./revealpopup.css"
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ main = do
append "%!postproc(html): '#LParadigms' '<a name=\"RParadigms\"></a>'"
append "%!postproc(tex): '#LParadigms' ''"
delimit $ addToolTips cs
include "synopsis-intro.txt" -- TODO dynamic language list
include "intro.txt" -- TODO dynamic language list
title "Categories"
space
link "Source 1:" commonAPI
@@ -87,13 +90,13 @@ main = do
title "Lexical Paradigms"
paradigmFiles >>= mapM_ (putParadigms cs)
space
include "synopsis-additional.txt"
include "additional.txt"
space
include "synopsis-browse.txt"
include "browse.txt"
space
title "An Example of Usage"
space
include "synopsis-example.txt"
include "example.txt"
space
title "Table of Contents"
space
@@ -232,7 +235,7 @@ mkCatTable cs = inChunks chsize (\rs -> header ++ map mk1 rs) cs
mk1 (name,expl,ex) = unwords ["|", showCat cs name, "|", expl, "|", typo ex, "|"]
typo ex = if take 1 ex == "\"" then itf (init (tail ex)) else ex
srcPath = ((</>) "../src")
srcPath = ((</>) "../../src")
commonAPI = srcPath "abstract/Common.gf"
catAPI = srcPath "abstract/Cat.gf"
@@ -241,7 +244,7 @@ structuralAPI = srcPath "abstract/Structural.gf"
paradigmFiles :: IO [(String,FilePath)]
paradigmFiles = do
langs <- loadLangsFrom (".." </> configFile)
langs <- loadLangsFrom configFile
return $
[ (name, srcPath $ printf "%s/Paradigms%s.gf" (langDir lang) (langCode lang))
| lang <- langs
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ splitOn f s = takeWhile (not.f) s : splitOn f rest
"" -> []
_:xs -> xs
append s = appendFile synopsis ('\n':s)
append s = appendFile outfile ('\n':s)
title s = append $ "=" ++ s ++ "="
stitle s = append $ "==" ++ s ++ "=="
include s = append $ "%!include: " ++ s
doc/synopsis-additional.txt → doc/synopsis/additional.txt
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doc/translation.html
-329
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@@ -1,329 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.org">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=utf8">
<TITLE>From Resource Grammar to Wide Coverage Translation with GF</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<CENTER>
<H1>From Resource Grammar to Wide Coverage Translation with GF</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"><I>Aarne Ranta et al.</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE="4">January-May 2014</FONT>
</CENTER>
<H2>Scope</H2>
<P>
Wide-coverage interlingual translator for
Bulgarian, Chinese, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German,
Hindi, Italian, Spanish, Swedish.
</P>
<H2>How to use it</H2>
<P>
If you just want to try it before reading more,
here are the main ways to get started:
</P>
<P>
1. <B>Run on our server.</B> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/demos/translation.html">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/demos/translation.html</A>
</P>
<P>
2. <B>Get an Android app.</B> <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/demos/app.html">http://www.grammaticalframework.org/demos/app.html</A>
</P>
<P>
3. <B>Compile and run in the shell.</B> Get the latest GF sources (with darcs or github) and then
</P>
<UL>
<LI>compile and install the GF compiler and library and the C runtime (<CODE>pgf-translate</CODE>).
<P></P>
<LI>compile the translator:
<PRE>
cd GF/lib/src
make -j Translate11.pgf
</PRE>
This will take a long time (fifteen minutes or more) and will probably require at least 8GB of RAM.
<P></P>
<LI>run the translator
<PRE>
pgf-translate Translate11.pgf Phr TranslateEng TranslateSwe
</PRE>
with obviously the possibility to vary the source and the target language.
</UL>
<P>
4. To modify the sources, work on the files in
</P>
<PRE>
GF/lib/src/translator/
</PRE>
<P>
It is these files that will be explained below.
</P>
<H2>GF and the RGL</H2>
<P>
GF, Grammatical Framework, was originally designed for the purpose of <B>multilingual controlled language systems</B>,
which would enable high-quality translation on limited domains. The <B>abstract syntax</B> of GF defines the semantic
structures relevant for the domain, and the <B>concrete syntaxes</B> map these structures to grammatically correct
and idiomatic text in each target language. The <B>reversibility</B> of GF enables both <B>generation</B> and <B>parsing</B>,
and thereby <B>translation</B> where the abstract syntax functions as an <B>interlingua</B>.
</P>
<P>
As a bottle-neck of GF applications, it was soon realized that the definition of concrete syntax requires a lot
of manual work and linguistic skill, because of the complexities of natural language syntax and morphology. Some of
the complexities can be ignored in a small system. For instance, in a mathematical system, it may be enough to
use verbs in the present tense only. But very much the same linguistic problems must be solved again and again
in new applications: French verb inflection is the same in mathematics as in a tourist phrasebook. To solve
this problem, the <B>GF Resource Grammar Library</B> (RGL) was developed, to take care of "low-level" linguistic
rules such as inflection, agreement, and word order. This enables the authors of <B>application grammars</B> to focus
on the semantics (when designing the abstract syntax) and on selecting RGL functions that produce the idioms they
want. The RGL grew into an international open-source project, where more than 50 persons have contributed to
implementing it for 29 languages by the time of writing this.
</P>
<H2>Scaling up GF translation</H2>
<P>
The RGL was thus originally designed to be used just as its name says: as a library
for application grammars. Only the latter were meant to be used as <B>top-level grammars</B>, i.e. for
parsing, generation, and translation at run time. Little attention was therefore
paid to the usability of RGL as a top-level
grammar by itself. But when applications accumulated, ranging from technical text to spoken dialogue, the coverage
of the RGL grew into a coverage that approximates a "complete grammar" of many of the languages.
And recently, there has indeed been success in using the RGL as a wide-coverage translation grammar,
mainly due to Krasimir Angelov's efforts to scale up the size of GF applications from language fragments
to open-text processing. This success is a result of four lines of development:
</P>
<UL>
<LI><B>More efficient processing</B>, both due to better algorithms and to an optimized C implementation of a PGF
interpreter, the <B>C runtime</B>, achieving speeds competitive with the state of the art, e.g. the Stanford parser.
This development is also based on the work of Peter Ljunglöf on GF parsing and Lauri Alanko on the C runtime.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Large-scale dictionaries</B>, both manually built and extracted from free sources, and linked into a multilingual
translation dictionary now covering 10k to 60k entries for eleven languages. This work was started by Björn Bringert,
who ported the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of English to GF.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Probabilistic disambiguation</B>, using a model trained from the Penn Treebank. Due to the common abstract syntax,
the same model can be used for other languages as well, even though the adequacy of this transfer has not
been systematically evaluated.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Robust parsing</B>, which recovers from unknown words and syntax
by using chunk-by-chunk translations. This leads to loss of quality, but fulfills the principle that
"something is better than nothing".
</UL>
<H2>Remaining problems</H2>
<P>
The result of all this work is a wide-coverage translation system, which can be used in the same way as Google
Translate, Bing, Systran, and Apertium - to "translate anything", albeit with a varying quality. At the moment of
writing, the performance is not yet generally on the level with the best of the competition, but shows some promising
improvements in e.g. long-distance agreement and word order. To make these advantages into absolute improvements, we
will need to fix problems that the other systems (or at least some of them) get right but where GF translation
often fails:
</P>
<UL>
<LI><B>Lexical coverage</B>, to eliminate parsing failures due to unknown words.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Disambiguation</B>, with more sophisticated than the essentially context-free tree model used now.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Speed</B>, which gets worse with long sentences and with more complex languages.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Idiomacy</B>, due to the lack of idiomatic constructions that are not compositional and therefore don't get right
in the RGL but are often correct in phrase-based SMT.
</UL>
<H2>Advantages of GF translation</H2>
<P>
Given that these issues get resolved, the strengths of the GF approach can be made more visible:
</P>
<UL>
<LI><B>Grammaticality</B>, in particular the already mentioned issues of agreement and word order.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Predictability</B>, in the sense that a local change in the input usually results in a corresponding
local change in the output (unless otherwise required by idiomacy).
<P></P>
<LI><B>Feedback</B>, i.e. the ease of showing the confidence level of the translation, alternative translations,
and linguistic information.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Adaptability</B>, i.e. the ease of fixing bugs, adapting the system to special domains, and personalizing it.
This can be done with great precision. For instance, a bug in a grammar can be fixed without
breaking anything else.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Light weight</B>. The system runs on standard laptops and even on mobile phones; the size of the run-time
system for all pairs of 11 languages is under 25MB (on the Android platform), and recompiling the whole
system (e.g. after bug fixes or
domain adaptation) is a matter of a few minutes, where corresponding figures for SMT systems are gigabytes of size
and days of retraining.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Multilinguality</B>, in the sense that once the parsing of the input is settled, the output can be readily
rendered into all other languages,
and also in the sense that the GF model works equally well for any language pair.
</UL>
<H2>Wanted: more work, new ideas</H2>
<P>
The recipes for improvement are, as always, <B>more work</B> and <B>new ideas</B>. Each of the four weaknesses mentioned
above can be relieved by more work - in particular, lexical coverage by more work on the lexicon, since
automatic extraction methods cannot really be trusted. As for disambiguation, new ideas about probabilistic
tree models are being discussed. As for speed, new ideas on parsing (in particular, the integration of disambiguation
with parsing) would help, but also the complexity of grammatical structures plays a major role. As for idiomacy,
more work is being done in introducing <B>constructions</B> (non-compositional syntax rules, generalizing the notion of
<B>multiword expressions</B>, in particular, <B>phrases</B> in SMT), but also new ideas are being discussed on how to
extract such constructions from e.g. phrase tables.
</P>
<P>
In the following, we will focus on describing the role of grammar in the GF translation system - in particular, how
RGL can be modified to become usable as a top-level grammar for translating open text.
As RGL was not meant to be used for parsing open text, but rather for the controlled language generation task,
it has serious restrictions:
</P>
<UL>
<LI><B>Limited coverage</B>. The RGL does not cover all structures in any language - hence it is likely to fail when
parsing unlimited text.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Semantic overgeneration</B>. Semantic distinctions, such as between mass and count nouns, or place and manner
adverbials, are assumed to be defined in application grammars; the RGL just defines the combinatorics of
elements, but doesn't prescribe which elements can really go together.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Spurious ambiguities</B>. RGL parsing creates more ambiguities than what would be necessary, if there
was more semantic control. In addition, there are partly overlapping structures, which generate
spurious syntactic ambiguities.
<B>Example</B>: the very liberal apposition function.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Inefficiency</B>. Partly because of ambiguities, partly of the deep nesting and complex data structures, parsing
with the RGL can be very slow when compared to application grammars, even the comprehensive ResourceDemo grammar.
For some languages (Romanian, versions of French and Finnish), parsing is not practically possible at all because
PGF generation fails for memory reasons.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Syntax orientation</B>. The structures of the RGL are rather superficial and don't guarantee translation
equivalence when used as interlingua.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Coarse categories</B>. This is a particular aspect of syntax orientation, and causes at the same time overgeneration
and spurious ambiguities.
<B>Example</B>: the category <CODE>Adv</CODE>.
</UL>
<H2>What speaks for using RGL</H2>
<P>
Despite these problems, the RGL has shown to be a possible starting point for large-scale translation. It has a couple
of advantages speaking for this:
</P>
<UL>
<LI><B>Coverage</B>. Even though not complete, the RGL has grown into a coverage that is close to complete enough; work
with English shows that just about 20% more constructions can take us there.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Maintainability</B>. The RGL is constantly developed and maintained on its own right, and it makes sense to take
advantage of this and avoid duplicated work with some other large-scale grammar.
</UL>
<P>
Of course, we are still left with the other
option of addressing translation with an <I>application grammar</I>, something
similar to the ResourceDemo with flatter and more semantic structures. But this would in turn require
the replication of many rules, even though it would be to a large extent doable by using a <B>functor</B>, that is,
by just one set of rules covering all languages.
</P>
<H2>The structure of the wide-coverage translation grammar</H2>
<P>
Thus the path chosen is a mixture of RGL and application grammar. In brief, the translation grammar consists of
</P>
<UL>
<LI><B>Selected RGL modules and functions</B>, as they are (using restricted inheritance); around 80% of the syntax.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Overridden RGL functions</B>, with more general types; just a few of them.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Overridden RGL linearizations</B>, typically with more <B>variants</B> in individual languages; just a few, but
increasing.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Syntax extension</B>, new categories and functions, around 20% of the syntax, and increasing.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Big lexicon</B>, with an abstract syntax of 65k lemmas, increasing.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Constructions</B>, inspired by (and partly derived from) Construction Grammars, to capture idioms that
involve specific lexical items and are therefore "between the syntax and the lexicon".
</UL>
<P>
The following picture shows the principal module structure of the translation grammar.
</P>
<P>
<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC="translation.png" BORDER="0" ALT="">
</P>
<P>
Here is a description of each of the modules:
</P>
<UL>
<LI><B>Translate</B> is the top module, which combines the RGL syntax with syntax extensions and a dictionary.
The RGL syntax is not inherited in its entirety, which is indicated by a dashed line. The overridden abstract
syntax functions (common to all languages) are replaced by functions in the Extensions module, whereas the
overridden concrete syntax definitions (specific to each language) are defined in this Translate module.
This consists of the module named <CODE>Translate</CODE>.
<P></P>
<LI><B>RGLSyntax</B> stands for the standard RGL module for syntax, excluding the RGL test lexicon and
the language-specific extensions of it. This consists of the standard module named <CODE>Grammar</CODE> and
the emerging module named <CODE>Construction</CODE>.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Extensions</B> stands for the syntax extensions added to the RGL syntax. This consists of the module
named <CODE>Extensions</CODE>.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Dictionary</B> is a large-scale multilingual dictionary. Its abstract syntax uses as identifiers English words
suffixed by categories and word sense information. This consists of the module named <CODE>Dictionary</CODE>.
<P></P>
<LI><B>RGLCategories</B> stands for the type system of the standard RGL, the module named <CODE>Cat</CODE>.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Chunk</B> is the grammar defining what chunks (noun phrases, verbs,
adverbs, etc) can be used and how they are combined, when exact
syntactic combination fails.
</UL>
<H2>Where and why the translation grammar differs from the RGL</H2>
<P>
A guiding principle is thus that the translation grammar preserves <I>as much as possible</I> of the RGL, so that
duplicated work is avoided. But as the purposes of the two are different, not everything is possible. Two
diverging principles have already been mentioned:
</P>
<UL>
<LI><B>Free variation</B>. The RGL bans free variation, because library users need to have full control on selecting
variants. For instance, English negation has two forms, contracted (<I>don't</I>) and uncontracted (<I>do not</I>),
which in the translation grammar are treated as variants. But RGL users sometimes need to choose the one or the
other, for instance, excluding contracted negation in formal style.
<P></P>
<LI><B>Semantic distinctions</B>. The RGL avoids semantic distinctions that are not absolutely necessary for syntax.
The reason for this is the ambition to keep the library as simple as possible, in particular for the voluntary
implementors of new languages. But meaning-preserving translation needs more distinctions, for instance, in
word senses, subcategorizations, selection restrictions, and tense and aspect systems.
</UL>
<P>
The old design principles of the RGL are thus kept in force, and this is made possible by separating parts of the
translation grammar modules from the RGL.
</P>
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