The files for GrammarGer and AllGer (but not Construction, Documentation, Markup)

are edited to allow for glued Prep+DefArt, using new categories NP',Det',Quant',
Predet',DAP'.

The previous NP.s : Case => Str*Str allows parsing

   "in dem Meer" = in_Prep ++ (np.s ! Case).p1
   "im Meer"     = in_Prep ++ (np.s ! Case).p2,

but since only one of the strings of (np.s!Case) is used, the tree
contains a metavariable like ?2 (the grammar is "erasing"). (Similarly, if we used
NP.s : Case => Str and NP.s2 : Case => Str.)

To get rid of the metavariables, we have to choose BY A PARAMETER, say

    NP.s : droppedDefArt? => Case => Str

Using np.a = Ag g n p, the preposition can select between preposition
alone or preposition with definite article (glued or not), via

    Prep = {s : GenNum => Str ; s2 :Str ; c : Case ; isPrep : PrepType }

The combination is done in appPrepNP' and appPrep'. This is
independent of the number of glued Prep+DefArt. But LangGer compiles
now in 200s using 30% memory (without SlashV2VNP). Can AppPrepNP' (and
insertObjNP') be simplified?

src/abstract/Conjunction'.gf

@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ abstract Conjunction' = Cat' ** {
     ConjS    : Conj -> ListS -> S ;       -- he walks and she runs
     ConjRS   : Conj -> ListRS -> RS ;     -- who walks and whose mother runs
     ConjAP   : Conj -> ListAP -> AP ;     -- cold and warm
-    ConjNP'   : Conj -> ListNP' -> NP' ;     -- she or we
+    ConjNP   : Conj -> ListNP' -> NP' ;     -- she or we
     ConjAdv  : Conj -> ListAdv -> Adv ;   -- here or there
     ConjAdV  : Conj -> ListAdV -> AdV ;   -- always or sometimes
     ConjIAdv : Conj -> ListIAdv -> IAdv ; -- where and with whom
     ConjCN   : Conj -> ListCN -> CN ;     -- man and woman
-    ConjDet  : Conj -> ListDAP -> Det ;   -- his or her
+    ConjDet  : Conj -> ListDAP -> Det' ;   -- his or her
 
 --2 Categories
 

src/abstract/Grammar'.gf

@@ -21,4 +21,3 @@ abstract Grammar' =
   Tense,
   Transfer'
   ;
-

src/abstract/Lang'.gf

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ abstract Lang' =
   Lexicon
 --  ,Construction  --- could be compiled here, but not in concretes, as they call Syntax and Grammar
 --  ,Documentation  --# notpresent
-  ,Markup' - [stringMark]
+--  ,Markup' - [stringMark]
   ** {
   flags startcat=Phr ;
   } ;

src/abstract/Noun'.gf

@@ -148,11 +148,11 @@ abstract Noun' = Cat' ** {
 
 -- This is different from the partitive, as shown by many languages.
 
-    CountNP : Det -> NP -> NP ;    -- three of them, some of the boys
+    CountNP : Det' -> NP' -> NP' ;    -- three of them, some of the boys
 
 --3 Conjoinable determiners and ones with adjectives
 
-    AdjDAP : DAP -> AP -> DAP ;    -- the large (one)
+    AdjDAP : DAP' -> AP -> DAP' ;    -- the large (one)
     DetDAP : Det' -> DAP' ;          -- this (or that) 
 
 }

src/abstract/Question'.gf

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ abstract Question' = Cat' ** {
 
 -- Interrogative adverbs can be formed prepositionally.
 
-    PrepIP    : Prep -> IP -> IAdv ;     -- with whom
+    PrepIP    : Prep' -> IP -> IAdv ;     -- with whom
 
 -- They can be modified with other adverbs.
 

src/abstract/Verb'.gf

@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ abstract Verb' = Cat' ** {
     ComplSlash : VPSlash -> NP' -> VP ; -- love it
 
     SlashVV    : VV  -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ;       -- want to buy
-    SlashV2VNP : V2V -> NP -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ; -- beg me to buy
+    SlashV2VNP : V2V -> NP' -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ; -- beg me to buy
-    SlashV2VNP' : V2V -> NP' -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ; -- beg me to buy
 
 --2 Other ways of forming verb phrases
 

src/api/CombinatorsGer.gf

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ resource CombinatorsGer = Combinators - [appCN, appCNc] with
   (Constructors = ConstructorsGer) ** 
 {
 oper
-appCN : CN -> NP -> NP
+appCN : CN -> NP' -> NP'
        = \cn,x -> mkNP the_Art (PossNP cn x) ;
-appCNc : CN -> [NP] -> NP
+appCNc : CN -> [NP'] -> NP'
-       = \cn,xs -> let np : NP = mkNP and_Conj xs
+       = \cn,xs -> let np : NP' = mkNP and_Conj xs
                    in mkNP the_Art (PossNP cn np) ; 
 }

src/api/ConstructorsGer.gf

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource ConstructorsGer = Constructors with (Grammar = GrammarGer) ;
+resource ConstructorsGer = Constructors' with (Grammar = GrammarGer) ;

src/api/SyntaxGer.gf

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
---# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
+--# -path=../abstract:.:alltenses:prelude:
 
-instance SyntaxGer of Syntax = ConstructorsGer, CatGer, StructuralGer, CombinatorsGer ;
+instance SyntaxGer of Syntax' = ConstructorsGer, CatGer, StructuralGer, CombinatorsGer ;
 

src/german/AdjectiveGer.gf

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ concrete AdjectiveGer of Adjective' = CatGer ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
       ext = []
       } ;
     ComparA a np =
-      let nps = (np.s ! Nom).p1 ++ (np.s ! Nom).p2 ++ bigNP' np 
+      let nps = np.s ! False ! Nom ++ bigNP' np
       in {
       s = \\af => a.s ! Compar ! af ++ conjThan ++ nps ;
       isPre = True ;
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ concrete AdjectiveGer of Adjective' = CatGer ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
       ext = []
       } ;
     CAdvAP ad ap np =
-      let nps = (np.s ! Nom).p1 ++ (np.s ! Nom).p2 ++ bigNP' np in 
+      let nps = np.s ! False ! Nom ++ bigNP' np in
       ap ** {
       s = \\af => ad.s ++ ap.s ! af ++ ad.p ++ nps ;
       isPre = False 

src/german/AdverbGer.gf

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ concrete AdverbGer of Adverb' = CatGer ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
     PositAdvAdj a = {s = a.s ! Posit ! APred} ;
 
     ComparAdvAdj cadv a np =
-      let nps = (np.s ! Nom).p1 ++ (np.s ! Nom).p2 ++ bigNP' np in
+      let nps = np.s ! False ! Nom ++ bigNP' np in
       {
       s = cadv.s ++ a.s ! Posit ! APred ++ cadv.p ++ nps
       } ;

src/german/AllGer.gf

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 --# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../api:../prelude
 
-concrete AllGer of AllGerAbs = 
+concrete AllGer of AllGerAbs' =
   LangGer,
   IrregGer,
 ----  ExtendGer, ---- to replace ExtraGer
   ExtraGer
-  **
+  --  ** open ExtendGer in {} ---- to force compilation   HL 7/22 todo: ListNP' in ExtendGer
-  open ExtendGer in ---- to force compilation
+  ;
-    {} ;

src/german/CatGer.gf

@@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ concrete CatGer of Cat' =
       adv : Str ;          -- Haus    [adv auf dem Hügel]
       g : Gender
       } ;
-    NP = ResGer.NP ; 
+--    NP = ResGer.NP ;
     Pron = {s : NPForm => Str ; a : Agr} ;
+{-
     Det, DAP = {s,sp : Gender => PCase => Str ; n : Number ; a : Adjf ; isDef : Bool} ;
     Quant = {
       s   : Bool => Number => Gender => PCase => Str ;  -- Bool is True if a cardinal number is present
@@ -72,14 +73,15 @@ concrete CatGer of Cat' =
       c : {p : Str ; k : PredetCase} ;
       a : PredetAgr -- if an agr is forced, e.g. jeder von uns ist ...
       } ;
-
+-}
     -- HL: To reduce PCase to Case:
     NP' = ResGer.NP' ;
-    Det' = {s,sp : Gender => Case => {quant,num:Str}; n : Number ; a : Adjf ; isDef, hasDefArt : Bool } ;
+    Det' = {s,sp : Bool => Gender => Case => Str ; -- True if DefArt is dropped
+            n : Number ; a : Adjf ; isDef, hasDefArt : Bool } ;
     DAP' = {s,sp : Gender => Case => Str ; n : Number ; a : Adjf ; isDef, hasDefArt : Bool } ;
-    Quant' = {
+    Quant' = { -- HL 7/2022: first Bool = True if used to glue in Sg with preposition
-      s   : Bool => Number => Gender => Case => Str ;  -- Bool is True if a cardinal number is present
+      s   : Bool => Bool => Number => Gender => Case => Str ;  -- second Bool is True if a cardinal number is present
-      sp  : Bool => Number => Gender => Case => Str ;
+      sp  : Bool => Bool => Number => Gender => Case => Str ;
       a   : Adjf ;
       aPl : Adjf ;  --- to distinguish "meine guten Freunde" / "gute Freunde"
       hasDefArt : Bool
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ concrete CatGer of Cat' =
 
     Conj = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : Number} ;
     Subj = {s : Str} ;
-    Prep = Preposition ;
+--    Prep = Preposition ;
     Prep' = Preposition' ;
 
 -- Open lexical classes, e.g. Lexicon
@@ -128,29 +130,29 @@ concrete CatGer of Cat' =
     Tense = {s : Str ; t : ResGer.Tense ; m : Mood} ;
 
   linref
-    NP = \np -> np.s!(NPC Nom) ++ np.ext ++ np.rc ; -- HL 6/2019
+--    NP = \np -> np.s!(NPC Nom) ++ np.ext ++ np.rc ; -- HL 6/2019
-    NP' = \np -> (np.s!Nom).p1 ++ (np.s!Nom).p2 ++ np.ext ++ np.rc ; -- HL 7/2022
+    NP' = \np -> np.s ! False ! Nom ++ np.ext ++ np.rc ; -- HL 7/2022 Bool added
     CN = \cn -> cn.s ! Strong ! Pl ! Nom ++ cn.adv ++ cn.ext ++ cn.rc ! Pl ;
 
-    SSlash = \ss -> ss.s ! Main ++ ss.c2.s  ;
+    SSlash = \ss -> ss.s ! Main ++ ss.c2.s ! GPl ;
-    ClSlash = \cls -> cls.s ! MIndic ! Pres ! Simul ! Pos ! Main ++ cls.c2.s ;
+    ClSlash = \cls -> cls.s ! MIndic ! Pres ! Simul ! Pos ! Main ++ cls.c2.s ! GPl ;
 
     VP = \vp -> useInfVP False vp ;
-    VPSlash = \vps -> useInfVP False vps ++ vps.c2.s ++ vps.ext;
+    VPSlash = \vps -> useInfVP False vps ++ vps.c2.s ! GPl ++ vps.ext;
 
     AP = \ap -> ap.c.p1 ++ ap.s ! APred ++ ap.c.p2 ++ ap.ext ;
-        A2 = \a2 -> a2.s ! Posit ! APred ++ a2.c2.s ;
+    A2 = \a2 -> a2.s ! Posit ! APred ++ a2.c2.s ! GPl ;
 
     V, VS, VQ, VA = \v -> useInfVP False (predV v) ;
-    V2, V2A, V2Q, V2S = \v -> useInfVP False (predV v) ++ v.c2.s ;
+    V2, V2A, V2Q, V2S = \v -> useInfVP False (predV v) ++ v.c2.s ! GPl ;
-    V3 = \v -> useInfVP False (predV v) ++ v.c2.s ++ v.c3.s ;
+    V3 = \v -> useInfVP False (predV v) ++ v.c2.s ! GPl ++ v.c3.s ! GPl;
 
     VV = \v -> useInfVP v.isAux (predVGen v.isAux v) ;
-    V2V = \v -> useInfVP v.isAux (predVGen v.isAux v) ++ v.c2.s ;
+    V2V = \v -> useInfVP v.isAux (predVGen v.isAux v) ++ v.c2.s ! GPl ;
 
     Conj = \c -> c.s1 ++ c.s2 ;
 
-    Det' = \det -> (det.s ! Masc ! Nom).quant ++ (det.s ! Masc ! Nom).num ;
+    Det' = \det -> det.s ! False ! Masc ! Nom ;
-    Prep' = \prep -> case prep.isPrep of {PrepDefArf => prep.sg ! Masc ;
+    Prep' = \prep -> case prep.isPrep of {isPrepDefArt => prep.s ! GSg Masc ;
-                                          _ => prep.s ++ prep.s2 } ;
+                                          _ => prep.s ! GPl } ;
 }

src/german/ConjunctionGer.gf

@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ concrete ConjunctionGer of Conjunction' =
 
     ConjAdv conj ss = conjunctDistrSS conj ss ;
 
-    ConjNP conj ss = heavyNP' (conjunctDistrTable Case conj ss ** {
+    -- ConjNP   : Conj -> ListNP' -> NP' ;     -- she or we
+
+    ConjNP conj ss = { s = \\_ => (conjunctDistrTable Case conj { s1 = ss.s1 ; s2 = ss.s2 }).s } ** {
       a = Ag Fem (conjNumber conj.n (numberAgr ss.a)) (personAgr ss.a) ;
-      }) ;
+      w = WHeavy' ; ext,rc = [] } ;
 
     ConjAP conj ss = conjunctDistrTable AForm conj ss ** {
       isPre = ss.isPre ; c = ss.c ; ext = ss.ext} ;
@@ -38,12 +40,12 @@ concrete ConjunctionGer of Conjunction' =
 
     BaseAdv = twoSS ;
     ConsAdv = consrSS comma ;
-    BaseNP x y = {
+    BaseNP' x y = {
-		s1 = \\c => (x.s ! c).p1 ++ (x.s ! c).p2 ++ bigNP x ;
+		s1 = \\c => x.s ! False ! c ++ bigNP' x ;
-		s2 = \\c => y.s ! c ++ bigNP y ;
+		s2 = \\c => y.s ! False ! c ++ bigNP' y ;
 		a = conjAgr x.a y.a } ;
-    ConsNP xs x = {
+    ConsNP' xs x = {
-		s1 = \\c => (x.s ! c).p1 ++ (x.s ! c).p2 ++ bigNP xs ++ comma ++ x.s1 ! c ;
+		s1 = \\c => xs.s ! False ! c ++ bigNP' xs ++ comma ++ x.s1 ! c ;
 		s2 = x.s2 ;
 		a = conjAgr xs.a x.a } ;
     BaseAP x y = {
@@ -75,7 +77,8 @@ concrete ConjunctionGer of Conjunction' =
   lincat
     [S] = {s1,s2 : Order => Str} ;
     [Adv] = {s1,s2 : Str} ;
-    [NP] = {s1,s2 : PCase => Str ; a : Agr} ;
+--    [NP] = {s1,s2 : PCase => Str ; a : Agr} ;
+    [NP'] = {s1,s2 : Case => Str ; a : Agr} ;
     [AP] = {s1,s2 : AForm => Str ; isPre : Bool; c : Str * Str ; ext : Str} ;
     [RS] = {s1,s2 : RelGenNum => Str ; c : Case} ;
     [CN] = {s1,s2 : Adjf => Number => Case => Str ; g : Gender} ;

src/german/ConstructionGer.gf

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:../abstract
 
-concrete ConstructionGer of Construction = CatGer ** 
+concrete ConstructionGer of Construction' = CatGer **
   open SyntaxGer, SymbolicGer, ParadigmsGer,
        (L = LexiconGer), (E = ExtraGer), (G = GrammarGer), (I = IrregGer), (R = ResGer), (N = NounGer), Prelude in {
 flags coding=utf8 ;

src/german/ExtraGer.gf

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer ** 
+concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs' = CatGer **
   open ResGer, Coordination, Prelude, IrregGer, (P = ParadigmsGer) in {
   flags coding=utf8 ;
 
@@ -34,30 +34,27 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
     IAdvAdv adv = {s = "wie" ++ adv.s} ;
 
     DetNPMasc det = {
-      s = \\c => det.sp ! Masc ! c ; ---- genders
+      s = \\b,c => det.sp ! b ! Masc ! c ;
-      a = agrP3 det.n ;
+      a = agrgP3 Masc det.n ;
-      w = WLight ;
+      w = case det.isDef of { True => WLight' ; _ => WHeavy' } ;
       ext, rc = []
       } ;
 
     DetNPFem det = {
-      s = \\c => det.sp ! Fem ! c ; ---- genders
+      s = \\b,c => det.sp ! b ! Fem ! c ;
-      a = agrP3 det.n ;
+      a = agrgP3 Fem det.n ;
-      w = WLight ;
+      w = case det.isDef of { True => WLight' ; _ => WHeavy' } ;
       ext, rc = []
       } ;
 
     EmptyRelSlash slash = {
       s = \\m,t,a,p,gn => 
-          appPrep slash.c2 (\\k => usePrepC k (\c -> relPron ! gn ! c)) ++ 
+          appPrep' slash.c2 (relPron ! gn) ++ slash.s ! m ! t ! a ! p ! Sub ;
-          slash.s ! m ! t ! a ! p ! Sub ;
+      c = slash.c2.c
-      c = (prepC slash.c2.c).c
       } ;
 
     PassVPSlash vp = 
-      let c = case <vp.c2.c,vp.c2.isPrep> of {
+      let c = case <vp.c2.c,vp.c2.isPrep> of {<Acc,isCase> => Nom ; _ => vp.c2.c}
-            <NPC Acc,False> => NPC Nom ;
-            _ => vp.c2.c}
       in insertObj (\\_ => (PastPartAP vp).s ! APred) (predV werdenPass) **
           { c1 = vp.c2 ** {c = c}} ;
     -- regulates passivised object: accusative objects -> nom; all others: same case
@@ -70,7 +67,7 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
     Pass3V3 v = -- HL 7/19
       let bekommenPass : Verb = P.habenV (P.irregV "bekommen" "bekommt" "bekam" "bekäme" "bekommen") 
       in insertObj (\\_ => (v.s ! VPastPart APred)) (predV bekommenPass) **
-           { c1 = PrepNom ; c2 = v.c2 ; objCtrl = False } ;
+           { c1 = PrepNom' ; c2 = v.c2 ; objCtrl = False } ;
 
     PastPartAP vp =
       let a = agrP3 Sg in {
@@ -83,11 +80,11 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
 
     PastPartAgentAP vp np =
       let a = agrP3 Sg ;
-          agent = appPrepNP P.von_Prep np
+          agent = appPrepNP' P.von_Prep np
       in {
       s = \\af => (vp.nn ! a).p1 ++ (vp.nn ! a).p2 ++ (vp.nn ! a).p3
                   ++ vp.a2 ++ agent ++ vp.inf.inpl.p2
-                  ++ vp.c2.s                         -- junk if not TV
+                  ++ vp.c2.s ! GPl                         -- junk if not TV
                   ++ vp.ext ++ (vp.inf.extr ! a) ++ vp.s.s ! VPastPart af ;
       isPre = True ;
       c = <[],[]> ;
@@ -104,7 +101,7 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
 
     PredVPS np vpi = 
       let
-        subj = np.s ! NPC Nom ++ bigNP np ;
+        subj = np.s ! False ! Nom ++ bigNP' np ;
         agr  = np.a ;
       in {
         s = \\o => 
@@ -178,8 +175,7 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
     RNP = {s : Agr => Case => Str} ;
   lin
     ReflRNP vps rnp =
-      insertObj (\\a => appPrep vps.c2 
+      insertObj (\\a => appPrep' vps.c2 (rnp.s ! a)) vps ;
-        (\\k => usePrepC k (\c -> rnp.s ! a ! c))) vps ;
 
     ReflPoss num cn = {s = \\a,c => num.s ! cn.g ! c ++ possPron a num.n cn.g c ++ cn.s ! adjfCase Strong c ! num.n ! c} ;
 
@@ -206,7 +202,7 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
 	
   lin 
     FocObj np cl =
-      let n = appPrepNP cl.c2 np in mkFoc n cl ;
+      let n = appPrepNP' cl.c2 np in mkFoc n cl ;
 
     FocAdv adv cl = mkFoc adv.s cl ;
 
@@ -218,7 +214,7 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
                -- "treu ist sie ihm"
                -- "froh ist sie dass er da ist"
                -- "stolz ist sie auf ihn"
-          subj = mkSubj np vp.c1 ;
+          subj = mkSubj' np vp.c1 ;
           cl = mkClause subj.p1 subj.p2 vp
       in mkFoc adj cl ;
 
@@ -243,7 +239,7 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
 -- "es wird gelacht"; generating formal sentences
 
   lincat
-    FClause = ResGer.VP ** {subj : ResGer.NP} ;
+    FClause = ResGer.VP ** {subj : ResGer.NP'} ;
 
   lin
     VPass v =
@@ -254,7 +250,7 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
     AdvFor adv fcl = fcl ** {a2 = adv.s} ;
 	
 	FtoCl cl = 
-		let subj = mkSubj cl.subj cl.c1
+		let subj = mkSubj' cl.subj cl.c1
 		in DisToCl subj.p1 subj.p2 cl ;
 
 
@@ -263,11 +259,11 @@ concrete ExtraGer of ExtraGerAbs = CatGer **
     mkFoc : Str -> Cl -> Foc = \focus, cl ->
 		lin Foc {s = \\m,t,a,p => focus ++ cl.s ! m ! t ! a ! p ! Inv} ;
 
-    esSubj : CatGer.NP = lin NP {
+    esSubj : CatGer.NP' = lin NP' {
-      s = \\_ => "es" ;
+      s = \\_,_ => "es" ;
       rc, ext = [] ;
       a = Ag Neutr Sg P3 ;
-      w = WPron
+      w = WPron'
     } ;
 
     DisToCl : Str -> Agr -> FClause -> Clause = \subj,agr,vp ->

src/german/GrammarGer.gf

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ concrete GrammarGer of Grammar' =
   PhraseGer,
   TextX - [Tense,Temp],
   IdiomGer,
-  StructuralGer,
+  StructuralGer - [part_Prep,possess_Prep], -- use PartNP, PossNP instead
   TenseGer
   ** {
 

src/german/IdiomGer.gf

@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ concrete IdiomGer of Idiom' = CatGer **
 
     CleftNP np rs = mkClause "es" (agrP3 Sg)
       (insertExtrapos (rs.s ! RGenNum (gennum (genderAgr np.a) (numberAgr np.a))) ----
---        (insertObj (\\_ => np.s ! NPC rs.c ++ bigNP np) (predV MorphoGer.sein_V))) ;
+         (insertObj (\\_ => (np.s ! False ! rs.c ++ bigNP' np)) (predV MorphoGer.sein_V))) ; --HL
-         (insertObj (\\_ => (np.s ! rs.c).p1 ++ (np.s ! rs.c).p2 ++ bigNP' np) (predV MorphoGer.sein_V))) ; --HL
 
     CleftAdv ad s = mkClause "es" (agrP3 Sg)
       (insertExtrapos (conjThat ++ s.s ! Sub)
@@ -20,14 +19,13 @@ concrete IdiomGer of Idiom' = CatGer **
 
     ExistNP np = 
       mkClause "es" (agrP3 Sg)
-        (insertObj (\\_ => appPrep2' geben.c2 np.s ++ bigNP' np) 
+        (insertObj (\\_ => appPrep' geben.c2 (np.s ! False) ++ bigNP' np)
           (predV geben)) ;
 
     ExistIP ip = {
       s = \\m,t,a,p =>
             let
-              cls = 
+              cls = (mkClause "es" (agrP3 Sg)  (predV geben)).s ! m ! t ! a ! p ;
-                (mkClause "es" (agrP3 Sg)  (predV geben)).s ! m ! t ! a ! p ;
               who = ip.s ! Acc
             in table {
               QDir   => who ++ cls ! Inv ;
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ concrete IdiomGer of Idiom' = CatGer **
     ExistNPAdv np adv= 
       mkClause "es" (agrP3 Sg) 
 --        (insertAdv adv.s (insertObj (\\_ => appPrep geben.c2 np.s ++ bigNP np) 
-        (insertAdv adv.s (insertObj (\\_ => appPrep2' geben.c2 np.s ++ bigNP' np) 
+        (insertAdv adv.s (insertObj (\\_ => appPrep' geben.c2 (np.s ! False) ++ bigNP' np)
           (predV geben))) ;
 
     ExistIPAdv ip adv = {
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ concrete IdiomGer of Idiom' = CatGer **
   SelfAdvVP vp = insertAdv "selbst" vp ;
   SelfAdVVP vp = insertAdv "selbst" vp ;
   SelfNP np = np ** {
-      s = \\c => <(np.s ! c).p1, (np.s ! c).p2 ++ "selbst" ++ bigNP' np> ;
+      s = \\_,c => np.s ! False ! c ++ "selbst" ++ bigNP' np ;
       isPron = False ;
       } ;
 

src/german/LangGer.gf

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ concrete LangGer of Lang' =
   LexiconGer
 --  ,ConstructionGer
 --  ,DocumentationGer --# notpresent
-  ,MarkupGer - [stringMark]
+--  ,MarkupGer - [stringMark]
   ** {
 
 flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ;

src/german/LexiconGer.gf

@@ -214,7 +214,8 @@ lin
   university_N = reg2N "Universität" "Universitäten" feminine  ;
   village_N = reg2N "Dorf" "Dörfer" neuter ;
 --  wait_V2 = prepV2 (regV "warten") (mkPrep "auf" accusative) ;
-  wait_V2 = prepV2 (regV "warten") (mkPrep "auf" "auf den" "auf die" "aufs" accusative) ;
+--  wait_V2 = prepV2 (regV "warten") ((mkPrep "auf" "auf den" "auf die" "aufs" accusative) | (mkPrep "auf" accusative));
+  wait_V2 = prepV2 (regV "warten") (mkPrep "auf" "auf den" "auf die" ("aufs" | "auf das") accusative);
   walk_V = seinV Irreg.gehen_V ;
   warm_A = mk3A "warm" "wärmer" "wärmste" ;
   war_N = mkN "Krieg" ;

src/german/MakeStructuralGer.gf

@@ -11,27 +11,27 @@ oper
     {s = \\_,_,_ => s ; lock_IQuant = <>} ;
 
   mkPredet = overload {
-    mkPredet : A -> Predet = \a ->
+    mkPredet : A -> Predet' = \a ->
-      lin Predet {
+      lin Predet' {
-        s = appAdj a ; 
+        s = appAdj' a ;
-        c = noCase ;
+        c = noCase' ;
         a = PAgNone
         } ;
-    mkPredet : A -> Str -> PCase -> Bool -> Number -> Predet = \a,p,c,b,n ->
+    mkPredet : A -> Str -> Case -> Bool -> Number -> Predet' = \a,p,c,b,n ->
-      lin Predet {
+      lin Predet' {
-        s = appAdj a ; 
+        s = appAdj' a ;
-        c = {p = p ; k = PredCase c} ; 
+        c = {p = p ; k = PredCase' c} ;
         a = case b of {True => PAg n ; _ => PAgNone}
         }
       } ;
 
  -- e.g. das selbe
- mmkQuant : Quant -> A -> Quant = \q,a -> q ** {
+ mmkQuant : Quant' -> A -> Quant' = \q,a -> q ** {
-   s,sp = \\x,n,g,c => q.s ! x ! n ! g ! c ++ a.s ! Posit ! agrAdj g q.a n ((prepC c).c)   
+   s,sp = \\b,x,n,g,c => q.s ! b ! x ! n ! g ! c ++ a.s ! Posit ! agrAdj g q.a n c
    } ;
  -- e.g. derjenige
- mmbQuant : Quant -> A -> Quant = \q,a -> q ** {
+ mmbQuant : Quant' -> A -> Quant' = \q,a -> q ** {
-   s,sp = \\x,n,g,c => q.s ! x ! n ! g ! c + a.s ! Posit ! agrAdj g q.a n ((prepC c).c)   
+   s,sp = \\b,x,n,g,c => q.s ! b ! x ! n ! g ! c + a.s ! Posit ! agrAdj g q.a n c
    } ;
 
 }

src/german/MarkupGer.gf

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 --# -path=.:../abstract:../common
 
-concrete MarkupGer of Markup' = CatGer, MarkHTMLX ** {
+concrete MarkupGer of Markup = CatGer, MarkHTMLX ** {
 
 lin
   MarkupCN   m cn  = cn ** {s = \\a,n,c => appMark m (cn.s ! a ! n ! c)} ; --- other fields e.g ext intact
   MarkupNP   m np  = np ** {s = \\c     => appMark m (np.s ! c)} ;
-  MarkupNP'  m np  = np ** {s = \\c     => appMark2 m (np.s ! c)} ;
   MarkupAP   m ap  = ap ** {s = \\a     => appMark m (ap.s ! a)} ;
   MarkupAdv  m adv = {s =          appMark m adv.s} ;
   MarkupS    m s   = {s = \\o   => appMark m (s.s ! o)} ;
@@ -13,8 +12,5 @@ lin
   MarkupPhr  m phr = {s =          appMark m phr.s} ;
   MarkupText m txt = {s =          appMark m txt.s} ;
 
-oper
-  appMark2 : {begin,end : Str} -> Str * Str -> Str * Str
-    = \m,s -> <m.begin ++ s.p1, s.p2 ++ m.end> ;
 }
 

src/german/MorphoGer.gf

@@ -18,35 +18,19 @@ oper
 -- For $StructuralGer$.
 
   mkPrep : Str -> Case -> Preposition' = \s,c ->
-    {s = s ; s2 = [] ; c = c ; sg = \\_ => [] ; isPrep = isPrep} ;
+    {s = \\_ => s ; s2 = [] ; c = c ; isPrep = isPrep} ;
 
-  nameNounPhrase : {s : Case => Str} ->  {s : PCase => Str ; a : Agr ;
+  nameNounPhrase' : Gender -> {s : Case => Str} -> {s : Bool => Case => Str ;
-                                          -- isLight, isPron : Bool ; 
-                                          w : Weight ;
-                                          ext,rc : Str} = \name -> heavyNP {
-      s = \\c => usePrepC c (\k -> name.s ! k) ;
-      a = agrP3 Sg
-      } ;
-  nameNounPhrase' : Gender -> {s : Case => Str} -> {s : Case => Str * Str;
                                                     a : Agr ;
                                                     w : Weight' ;
                                                     ext,rc : Str} =
     \g,name -> {
-      s = \\c => <[],name.s ! c> ;
+      s = \\_,c => name.s ! c ;
       a = agrgP3 g Sg ;
       ext,rc = [] ;
       w = WHeavy' -- ok?
       } ;
 
-  detLikeAdj : Bool -> Number -> Str -> 
-    {s,sp : Gender => PCase => Str ; n : Number ; a : Adjf ; isDef : Bool} = \isDef,n,dies -> 
-      {s,sp = appAdj (regA dies) ! n ; n = n ; a = Weak ; isDef = isDef} ;
-
-  detUnlikeAdj : Bool -> Number -> Str -> 
-    {s,sp : Gender => PCase => Str ; n : Number ; a : Adjf ; isDef : Bool} = \isDef,n,dies -> 
-      {s,sp = appAdj (regDetA dies) ! n ; n = n ; a = Weak ; isDef = isDef} ;
-
-  -- HL: to reduce PCase to Case:
   detLikeAdj' : Bool -> Number -> Str ->
     {s,sp : Gender => Case => Str ; n : Number ; a : Adjf ; isDef : Bool} = \isDef,n,dies ->
       {s,sp = appAdj' (regA dies) ! n ; n = n ; a = Weak ; isDef = isDef} ;

src/german/NounGer.gf

@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
 
   lin
     DetCN det cn = {
-      s = \\c => <(det.s ! cn.g ! c).quant,
+      s = \\b,c => det.s ! b ! cn.g ! c ++ cn.s ! (adjfCase det.a c) ! det.n ! c ++ cn.adv ;
-                  (det.s ! cn.g ! c).num ++ cn.s ! (adjfCase det.a c) ! det.n ! c ++ cn.adv> ;
       a = agrgP3 cn.g det.n ;
       -- isLight = det.isDef ;  -- ich sehe den Mann nicht vs. ich sehe nicht einen Mann
       -- isPron = False ;       -- HL 6/2019 (but:) sehe (die|einige) Männer nicht
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
       } ;
 
     DetNP det = { -- more genders in ExtraGer -- HL: der+er,den+en ; der drei,den drei+en
-      s = \\c => <(det.sp ! Neutr ! c).quant, (det.sp ! Neutr ! c).num> ; 
+      s = \\b,c => det.sp ! b ! Neutr ! c ;
       a = agrP3 det.n ;
       -- isLight = det.isDef ;
       -- isPron = False ; -- HL 6/2019: don't apply pronoun switch: ich gebe ihr das  vs. ich gebe es ihr
@@ -33,14 +32,14 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
       } ;
 
     UsePN pn = {
-      s = \\c => <[], pn.s ! c> ;
+      s = \\_,c => pn.s ! c ;
       a = agrgP3 pn.g Sg ;
       w = WLight' ;  -- means: this is not a heavy NP, but comes before negation
       rc, ext = []   -- Pron => Light HL 6/2019: to regulate Pron/NonPronNP order 
       } ;
 
     UsePron pron = {
-      s =  \\c => <[], pron.s ! NPCase c> ;
+      s =  \\_,c => pron.s ! NPCase c ;
       a = pron.a ;
       w = WPron' ;
       rc, ext = []
@@ -48,28 +47,27 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
 
     PredetNP pred np = 
       let ag = case pred.a of {PAg n => agrP3 n ; _ => np.a} in np ** {
-        s = \\c0 => 
+        s = \\b,c0 =>
           let c = case pred.c.k of {NoCase' => c0 ; PredCase' k => k} in
-          <pred.s ! numberAgr ag ! genderAgr np.a ! c0 ++ pred.c.p ++ (np.s ! c).p1, (np.s ! c).p2> ; 
+          pred.s ! numberAgr ag ! genderAgr np.a ! c0 ++ pred.c.p ++ np.s ! b ! c ;
         a = ag ;
         w = WHeavy'
         } ;
 
     PPartNP np v2 = np ** {
-      s = incr2 np.s (embedInCommas (v2.s ! VPastPart APred)) ; --- invar part
+      s = \\b,c => np.s ! b ! c ++ (embedInCommas (v2.s ! VPastPart APred)) ; --- invar part
       w = WHeavy'
       } ;
-	{- "eine erfolgreiche Frau, geliebt von vielen,"  but only with v2 not possible in German?
+    -- SS: "eine erfolgreiche Frau, geliebt von vielen,"  but only with v2 not possible in German?
-            HL: PPartNP np vps|vp: "der Autor, heute vergessen" , "der Mond, gerade aufgegangen,"
+    -- HL: PPartNP np vps|vp: "der Autor, heute vergessen" , "der Mond, gerade aufgegangen,"
-         -}
 	
     AdvNP np adv = np ** {
-      s = incr2 np.s adv.s ;
+      s = \\b,c => np.s ! b ! c ++ adv.s ;
       w = WHeavy'
       } ;
 
     ExtAdvNP np adv = np ** {
-      s = incr2 np.s (embedInCommas adv.s) ;
+      s = \\b,c => np.s ! b ! c ++ (embedInCommas adv.s) ;
       w = WHeavy'
       } ;
 
@@ -80,17 +78,17 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
     -- But parsing "im warmen Meer" results in a 
     --    PrepNP in_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant ? NumSg) (AdjCN ... ))
     -- because (DetQuant.s!g!c).quant is ignored, but the .num is part of (np.s!c).p2.
-    -- To avoid the metavariable ?, we have to make Det.s and NP.s depend on t:PrepType = isPrep.
+    -- To avoid the metavariable ?, we have to made Det.s and NP.s depend on t:PrepType = isPrep.
 
     DetQuantOrd quant num ord = 
-      let                       -- does not work, since here DefArt is combined with ord
+      let
-        n = num.n ;             --
+        n = num.n ;
         a = quant.a
       in {
-        s  = \\g,c => {quant = quant.s  ! num.isNum ! n ! g ! c;
+        s  = \\b,g,c => quant.s ! b ! num.isNum ! n ! g ! c ++ num.s!g!c ++
-                       num = num.s!g!c ++ ord.s ! agrAdj g (adjfCase a c) n c} ;
+          ord.s ! agrAdj g (adjfCase a c) n c ;
-        sp = \\g,c => {quant = quant.sp ! num.isNum ! n ! g ! c;
+        sp = \\b,g,c => quant.sp ! b ! num.isNum ! n ! g ! c ++ num.s!g!c ++
-                       num = num.s!g!c ++ ord.s ! agrAdj g (adjfCase quant.aPl c) n c} ;
+          ord.s ! agrAdj g (adjfCase quant.aPl c) n c ;
         n = n ;
         a = case n of {Sg => a ; Pl => quant.aPl} ;
         isDef = case <quant.a, quant.aPl> of {<Strong,Strong> => False ; _ => True} ;
@@ -100,10 +98,11 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
     DetQuant quant num =
       let
         n = num.n ;
-        a = quant.a
+        a = quant.a ;
+        b = andB quant.hasDefArt (case num.n of {Sg => True ; _ => False}) ;
       in {
-        s  = \\g,c => {quant = quant.s  ! num.isNum ! n ! g ! c ; num = num.s!g!c} ;
+        s = \\b,g,c => quant.s ! b ! num.isNum ! n ! g ! c ++ num.s ! g ! c ;
-        sp = \\g,c => {quant = quant.sp ! num.isNum ! n ! g ! c ; num = num.s!g!c} ;
+        sp = \\_,g,c => quant.sp ! False ! num.isNum ! n ! g ! c ++ num.s!g!c ;
         -- HL: der+er,den+en ; der drei,den drei+en
         n = n ;
         a = case n of {Sg => a ; Pl => quant.aPl} ;
@@ -112,8 +111,8 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
         } ;
 
     PossPron p = {
-      s  = \\_,n,g,c => p.s ! NPPoss (gennum g n) c ;
+      s  = \\_,_,n,g,c => p.s ! NPPoss (gennum g n) c ;
-      sp = \\_,n,g,c => p.s ! NPPoss (gennum g n) c ;
+      sp = \\_,_,n,g,c => p.s ! NPPoss (gennum g n) c ;
       a = Strong ;
       aPl = Weak ;
       hasDefArt = False ;
@@ -137,8 +136,9 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
     OrdNumeralSuperl n a = {s = \\af => n.s ! NOrd APred ++ Predef.BIND ++ a.s ! Superl ! af} ; -- drittbeste
 
     DefArt = {
-      s = \\_,n,g,c => artDef ! (gennum g n) ! c ;
+      s = table{True  => \\_,n,g,c => [] ; -- defart dropped
-      sp = \\_,n,g,c  => case <n,c> of {
+                False => \\_,n,g,c => artDef ! (gennum g n) ! c} ;
+      sp = \\_,_,n,g,c  => case <n,c> of {
         <Pl,Dat> => "denen" ; -- HL 6/2019
         <Pl,Gen> => "derer" ; -- HL 6/2019
         _ => artDef ! (gennum g n) ! c } ;
@@ -146,14 +146,14 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
       hasDefArt = True
       } ;
     IndefArt = {
-      s = table {
+      s = \\_ => table {
         True => \\_,_,c => [] ;
         False => table {
           Sg => \\g,c => "ein" + pronEnding ! GSg g ! c ;  
           Pl => \\_,c => []
           }
         } ; 
-      sp = table {
+      sp = \\_ => table {
         True => \\_,_,c => [] ;
         False => table {
           Sg => \\g,c => (detUnlikeAdj' False Sg "ein").s ! g ! c ;
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
       } ;
 
     MassNP cn = {
-      s = \\c => <[], cn.s ! Strong ! Sg ! c ++ cn.adv> ;
+      s = \\_,c => cn.s ! Strong ! Sg ! c ++ cn.adv ;
       a = agrgP3 cn.g Sg ;
       -- isLight = True ;  -- ich trinke Bier nicht vs. ich trinke kein Bier
       -- isPron = False ;
@@ -231,33 +231,36 @@ concrete NounGer of Noun' = CatGer ** open ResGer, MorphoGer, Prelude in {
     AdvCN cn a = cn ** {adv = cn.adv ++ a.s} ;
 
     ApposCN  cn np = let g = cn.g in cn ** {
-      s = \\a,n,c => cn.s ! a ! n ! c ++ (np.s ! c).p1 ++ (np.s ! c).p2 ++ bigNP' np } ;
+      s = \\a,n,c => cn.s ! a ! n ! c ++ np.s ! False ! c ++ bigNP' np } ;
 
     -- PossNP cn np = cn ** {
     --   s = \\a,n,c => cn.s ! a ! n ! c ++ np.s ! NPP CVonDat ++ bigNP np } ;
     PossNP cn np = cn ** {
-      s = \\a,n,c => cn.s ! a ! n ! c ++ appPrep2' vonDat' np.s ++ bigNP' np } ;  -- HL, ad hoc
+      s = \\a,n,c => cn.s ! a ! n ! c ++ appPrep' vonDat' (np.s ! False) ++ bigNP' np } ;  -- HL, ad hoc
 
-    -- PartNP cn np = todo  -- glass of wine
+    PartNP cn np = case np.w of {
+      WPron' => cn ** {s = \\a,n,c => cn.s ! a ! n ! c ++ appPrep' vonDat' (np.s ! False) ++ np.rc} ;
+      _      => cn ** {s = \\a,n,c => cn.s ! a ! n ! c ++ np.s ! False ! Gen}    -- HL 7/2022, ad hoc
+        };         -- glass of wine
 
-    CountNP det np = -- drei der Kinder | drei von den Kindern -- HL 7/22, ad-hoc
+    CountNP det np = -- drei der Kinder | drei von den Kindern -- HL 7/22, ad-hoc TODO
                      -- det or numeral? np or rather (DefArt +) cn?  drei (einiger Kinder) ?
       let g = genderAgr np.a
       in {
-        s = \\c => det.s ! g ! c ++ np.s ! NPP CVonDat ++ bigNP np ;
+        s = \\b,c => det.s ! b ! g ! c ++ appPrepNP' vonDat' np ++ bigNP' np ;
         a = agrgP3 g det.n ;
-        w = case det.isDef of { True => WLight ; _ => WHeavy } ;
+        w = case det.isDef of { True => WLight' ; _ => WHeavy' } ;
         rc = np.rc ;
         ext = np.ext 
       } ;
 
---    AdjDAP dap adj = ?? TODO  -- the large (one)
+    AdjDAP dap ap = -- the large (one)  -- HL 8/22 der auf dich stolze; die ihm treue; der so dumme, infzu
+      {s, sp  = \\g,c => dap.s ! g ! c ++ ap.c.p1 ++ ap.c.p2 ++ ap.s ! (AMod (gennum g dap.n) c) ++ ap.ext ; 
+       a = dap.a ; n = dap.n ; isDef = dap.isDef ; hasDefArt = dap.hasDefArt } ;
     
-    DetDAP det = {s = \\g,c => (det.s ! g ! c).quant ++ (det.s ! g ! c).num ;  -- HL 7/22
+    DetDAP det = {s = \\g,c => det.s ! False ! g ! c ;  -- HL 7/22 todo: check
-                  sp = \\g,c => (det.sp ! g ! c).quant ++ (det.sp ! g ! c).num ;
+                  sp = \\g,c => det.sp ! False ! g ! c ;
                   n = det.n ; a = det.a ; isDef = det.isDef ; hasDefArt = det.hasDefArt} ;
-  oper
+
-    incr2 : (Case => Str * Str) -> Str -> (Case => Str * Str) = \tab,str ->
-      \\c => <(tab ! c).p1, (tab ! c).p2 ++ str> ;
 
 }

src/german/ParadigmsGer.gf

@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@ mkN : overload {
     -- for preposition glued with DefArt in singular:
     -- e.g. "auf" "auf den" "auf die" "aufs" + accusative
     mkPrep : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str-> Case -> Prep' ; 
+    mkPrep : Case -> Prep' ;        -- convert case to preposition
     } ;
 
 -- Often just a case with the empty string is enough.
@@ -501,31 +502,30 @@ mkV2 : overload {
   mkAdv s = {s = s ; lock_Adv = <>} ;
 
   mkPrep = overload {
-    mkPrep : Str -> Case -> Prep' = \s,c -> {s = s ; s2 = [] ; sg = \\_ => [] ;
+    mkPrep : Str -> Case -> Prep' = \s,c ->
-                                             c = c ; isPrep = isPrep ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+      {s = \\_ => s ; s2 = [] ; c = c ; isPrep = isPrep ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
-    mkPrep : Case -> Str -> Prep' = \c,s -> {s = [] ; s2 = s ; sg = \\_ => [] ;
+    mkPrep : Case -> Str -> Prep' = \c,s ->
-                                            c = c ; isPrep = isPrep ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+      {s = \\_ => [] ; s2 = s ; c = c ; isPrep = isPrep ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
-    mkPrep : Str -> Case -> Str -> Prep' = \s,c,t -> {s = s ; s2 = t ; sg = \\_ => [] ;
+    mkPrep : Str -> Case -> Str -> Prep' = \s,c,t ->
-                                                     c = c ; isPrep = isPrep ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+      {s = \\_ => s ; s2 = t ;  c = c ; isPrep = isPrep ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
     mkPrep : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str-> Case -> Prep' = \s,masc,fem,neutr, c ->
-      {s = s ; s2 = [] ; sg = table{Masc => masc ; Fem => fem ; Neutr => neutr} ;
+      {s = table{GPl => s ; GSg Masc => masc ; GSg Fem => fem ; GSg Neutr => neutr} ;
-       c = c ; isPrep = isPrepDefArt ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+       s2 = [] ; c = c ; isPrep = isPrepDefArt ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+    mkPrep : Case -> Prep' = \c ->
+      {s = \\_ => [] ; s2 = [] ; c = c ; isPrep = isCase ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
     } ;
-  accPrep = {s,s2 = [] ; sg = \\_ => [] ; c = accusative ; isPrep = isCase ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+  
-  datPrep = {s,s2 = [] ; sg = \\_ => [] ; c = dative ; isPrep = isCase ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+  accPrep = mkPrep accusative ;
-  genPrep = {s,s2 = [] ; sg = \\_ => [] ; c = genitive ; isPrep = isCase ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+  datPrep = mkPrep dative ;
+  genPrep = mkPrep genitive ;
 
   --von_Prep = mkPrep "von" dative ;
-  von_Prep = {s = "von"; s2=[]; sg = table{ Masc|Neutr => "vom" ; Fem => "von der" } ;
+  von_Prep   = mkPrep "von" "vom" "von der" "vom" dative ;
-              c = dative ; isPrep = isPrepDefArt ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+  zu_Prep    = mkPrep "zu" "zum" "zur" "zum" dative ;
-  zu_Prep = {s = "zu"; s2=[]; sg = table{ Masc|Neutr => "zum" ; Fem => "zur" } ;
+  inDat_Prep = mkPrep "in" "im" "in der" "im" dative ;
-              c = dative ; isPrep = isPrepDefArt ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+  inAcc_Prep = mkPrep "in" "in den" "in die" "ins" accusative ;
-  anDat_Prep = {s = "an"; s2=[]; sg = table{ Masc|Neutr => "am" ; Fem => "an der" } ;
+  anDat_Prep = mkPrep "an" "am" "an der" "am" dative ;
-              c = dative ; isPrep = isPrepDefArt ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
+  anAcc_Prep = mkPrep "an" "an den" "an die" "ans" accusative ;
-  inDat_Prep = {s = "in"; s2=[]; sg = table{ Masc|Neutr => "im" ; Fem => "in der" } ;
-              c = dative ; isPrep = isPrepDefArt ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
-  inAcc_Prep = {s = "in"; s2=[]; sg = table{ Masc => "in den" ; Fem => "in die" ; Neutr => "ins" } ;
-              c = dative ; isPrep = isPrepDefArt ; lock_Prep' = <>} ;
 
   mk6V geben gibt gib gab gaebe gegeben = 
     let
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ mkV2 : overload {
       = \v,c,d -> lin V3 (v ** {c2 = c ; c3 = d}) ;
     } ;
 
-  dirV3 v p = mkV3 v accPrep p ;        -- accPrep sets isPrep=False
+  dirV3 v p = mkV3 v accPrep p ;
   accdatV3 v = mkV3 v datPrep accPrep ; -- to fit to Eng ditransitives (no preposition): 
                                         -- give sb(indir) sth(dir) = geben jmdm(dat) etwas(acc)
   mkVS v = v ** {lock_VS = <>} ;
@@ -723,8 +723,7 @@ mkV2 : overload {
     mkV2 : Str -> V2 = \s -> dirV2 (regV s) ;
     mkV2 : V -> V2 = dirV2 ;
     mkV2 : V -> Prep' -> V2 = prepV2;
-    mkV2 : V -> Case -> V2 = \v,c ->
+    mkV2 : V -> Case -> V2 = \v,c -> prepV2 v (mkPrep c) ;
-      prepV2 v (lin Prep' {s,s2 = [] ; sg = \\_ => [] ; c = c ; isPrep = isCase}) ;
     } ;
 
 }

src/german/PhraseGer.gf

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ concrete PhraseGer of Phrase' = CatGer ** open Prelude, ResGer in {
 
     UttIP ip = {s = ip.s ! Nom} ; --- Acc also
     UttIAdv iadv = iadv ;
-    UttNP np = {s = (np.s ! Nom).p1 ++ (np.s ! Nom).p2 ++ bigNP' np} ;
+    UttNP np = {s = np.s ! False ! Nom ++ bigNP' np} ;
     UttVP vp = {s = useInfVP True vp} ;  -- without zu
     UttAdv adv = adv ;
     UttCN n = {s = n.s ! Strong ! Sg ! Nom ++ n.adv ++ n.ext ++ n.rc ! Sg} ;
@@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ concrete PhraseGer of Phrase' = CatGer ** open Prelude, ResGer in {
     PConjConj conj = ss (conj.s2) ;
 
     NoVoc = {s = []} ;
-    VocNP np = {s = "," ++ (np.s ! Nom).p1 ++ (np.s ! Nom).p2 ++ bigNP' np} ;
+    VocNP np = {s = "," ++ np.s ! False ! Nom ++ bigNP' np} ;
 
 }

src/german/QuestionGer.gf

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ concrete QuestionGer of Question' = CatGer ** open ResGer in {
       } ;
 
     PrepIP p ip = {
-      s = appPrep p (\\k => usePrepC k (\c -> ip.s ! c)) ;
+      s = appPrep' p ip.s ;
       } ;
 
     AdvIP ip adv = {

src/german/RelativeGer.gf

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-concrete RelativeGer of Relative' = CatGer ** open ResGer in {
+concrete RelativeGer of Relative' = CatGer ** open Prelude, ResGer in {
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ concrete RelativeGer of Relative' = CatGer ** open ResGer in {
 
     FunRP p np rp = {
 --      s = \\gn,c => np.s ! NPC c ++ appPrep p (\\k => usePrepC k (\c -> rp.s ! gn ! c)) ;
-      s = \\gn,c => (np.s ! c).p1 ++ (np.s !c).p2 ++ appPrep' p (rp.s ! gn) ;
+      s = \\gn,c => np.s ! False ! c ++ appPrep' p (rp.s ! gn) ;
       a = RAg (numberAgr np.a) (personAgr np.a)
       } ;
 

src/german/ResGer.gf

@@ -39,27 +39,6 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
 
     Agr = Ag Gender Number Person ;
 
--- Case of $NP$ extended to deal with contractions like "zur", "im".
-
-    PCase = NPC Case | NPP CPrep ;
-    CPrep = CAnDat | CInAcc | CInDat | CZuDat | CVonDat ;
-
-  oper 
-    NPNom : PCase = NPC Nom ;
-    PrepNom : Preposition = {s,s2 = "" ; isPrep = False ; c = NPNom} ; 
-    prepC : PCase -> {s : Str ; c : Case} = \cp -> case cp of {
-      NPC c      => {s = []   ; c = c} ;
-      NPP CAnDat => {s = "an" ; c = Dat} ;
-      NPP CInAcc => {s = "in" ; c = Acc} ;
-      NPP CInDat => {s = "in" ; c = Dat} ;
-      NPP CZuDat => {s = "zu" ; c = Dat} ;
-      NPP CVonDat => {s = "von" ; c = Dat}
-
-      } ;
-
-    usePrepC : PCase -> (Case -> Str) -> Str = \c,fs -> 
-      let sc = prepC c in sc.s ++ fs sc.c ;
-
   oper
     mkAgr : {g : Gender ; n : Number ; p : Person} -> Agr = \r ->
       Ag r.g r.n r.p ;
@@ -73,35 +52,22 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
   param NPForm = NPCase Case | NPPoss GenNum Case ;
 
 -- Predeterminers sometimes require a case ("ausser mir"), sometimes not ("nur ich").
--- A number is sometimes inherited ("alle Menschen"), 
+-- A number is sometimes inherited ("alle Menschen"), sometimes forced ("jeder von
--- sometimes forced ("jeder von den Menschen").
+-- den Menschen").
-
-  param 
-    PredetCase = NoCase | PredCase PCase ;
-    PredetAgr = PAg Number | PAgNone ;
-  oper
-    noCase : {p : Str ; k : PredetCase} = {p = [] ; k = NoCase} ;
 
   param 
     PredetCase' = NoCase' | PredCase' Case ;
---    PredetAgr = PAg Number | PAgNone ;
+    PredetAgr = PAg Number | PAgNone ;
+
   oper
     noCase' : {p : Str ; k : PredetCase'} = {p = [] ; k = NoCase'} ;
 
 -- Pronominal nps are ordered differently, and light nps come before negation in clauses.
 -- (To save space, reduce isPron * isLight = 4 values to the following three.) HL 9/19
-  param
-    Weight = WPron | WLight | WHeavy ;  
-  oper
-    isPron : {w : Weight} -> Bool = \np -> 
-      case np.w of {WPron => True ; _ => False} ;
-    isLight : {w : Weight} -> Bool = \np -> 
-      case np.w of {WHeavy => False ; _ => True} ;
 
-  -- To reduce c:PCase to c:Case in Preposition' and NP.s:PCase => Str to NP'.s:Case => Str*Str:
   param
-    Weight' = WPron' | WLight' | WHeavy' | WDefArt ;
+    Weight' = WPron' | WLight' | WHeavy' | WDefArt ;  -- HL: may need WIndefArt for nicht+ein => kein
-  oper
+  oper                                                --     to handle clause negation properly
     isPron' : {w : Weight'} -> Bool = \np ->
       case np.w of {WPron' => True ; _ => False} ;
     isLight' : {w : Weight'} -> Bool = \np ->
@@ -262,22 +228,12 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
     g : Gender
     } ;
 
-  NP : Type = {
+  NP' : Type = { -- HL 7/22: Bool = True if DefArt is dropped to combine with prep of type isPrepDefArt
-     s : PCase => Str ;
+     s : Bool => Case => Str ;
-     rc : Str ;  -- die Frage , [rc die ich gestellt habe]
-     ext : Str ; -- die Frage , [sc wo sie schläft] ; die Regel , [vp kein Fleisch zu essen] | [s dass ...]
-     --	 adv : Str ; -- die Frage [a von Max]  -- HL: cannot be extracted
-     a : Agr ;
-     -- isLight : Bool ;  -- light NPs come before negation in simple clauses (expensive)
-     -- isPron : Bool  ; -- needed to put accPron before datPron
-     w : Weight } ;
-
-  NP' : Type = {
-     s : Case => Str * Str ;
      rc : Str ;  -- die Frage , [rc die ich gestellt habe]
      ext : Str ; -- die Frage , [sc wo sie schläft] ; die Regel , [vp kein Fleisch zu essen] | [s dass ...]
      a : Agr ;
-     w : Weight' } ;
+     w : Weight' } ; -- light NPs come before negation in simple clauses
 
   mkN  : (x1,_,_,_,_,x6,x7 : Str) -> Gender -> Noun = 
     \Mann, Mannen, Manne, Mannes, Maenner, Maennern, Mann_, g -> {
@@ -441,94 +397,59 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
       legte ("ge" + legt) 
       [] VHaben ;
 
--- Prepositions for complements indicate the complement case.
+-- Prepositions are of three types: (i) cases, (ii) pure pre-, post- and circum-positions,
+-- and (iii) prepositions glued with definite article in singular (using s!(GSg g)).
+-- Prepositions indicate the case of their complement noun phrase.
 
-  Preposition : Type = {s : Str ; s2 : Str ; c : PCase ; isPrep : Bool} ;
+  param
+    PrepType = isCase | isPrep | isPrepDefArt ;
 
-  -- HL 7/19: German has very few circumpositions: um (Gen) Willen, von (Adv) an|ab|aus
+  oper
-  -- ? bis (Adv) hin|her. So maybe we should skip s2 (and save readings with empty preps).
+    Preposition' : Type = {s : GenNum => Str ; s2:Str ; c : Case ; isPrep : PrepType} ;
+
+  isaCase : Preposition' -> Bool = \p -> case p.isPrep of {isCase => True ; _ => False} ;
+  isaPrep : Preposition' -> Bool = \p -> case p.isPrep of {isPrep => True ; _ => False} ;
+  isaPrepDefArt : Preposition' -> Bool = \p -> case p.isPrep of {isPrepDefArt => True ; _ => False} ;
 
 -- To apply a preposition to a complement.
 
-  appPrep : Preposition -> (PCase => Str) -> Str = \prep,arg ->
-    prep.s ++ arg ! prep.c ++ prep.s2 ;
-
-  appPrepNP : Preposition -> NP -> Str = \prep,np ->
-    	prep.s ++ np.s ! prep.c ++ bigNP np ++ prep.s2 ;
-	-- revised appPrep for discontinuous NPs
-
-  bigNP : NP -> Str = \np -> np.ext ++ np.rc ;
-  bigNP' : NP' -> Str = \np -> np.ext ++ np.rc ;
-  
--- To build a preposition from just a case.  -- HL 9/19: no longer used in RGL
-
-  noPreposition : Case -> Preposition = \c ->
-    {s,s2 = [] ; c = NPC c ; isPrep = False} ;
-  noPreposition' : Case -> Preposition' = \c ->
-    {s,s2 = [] ; c = c ; isPrep = isCase ; sg = \\_ => []} ;
-  PrepNom' : Preposition' = {s,s2 = "" ; sg = \\_ => []; isPrep = isCase ; c = Nom} ;
-
--- New version of Prepositions to reduce c:PCase to c:Case.
-
-  param PrepType = isCase | isPrep | isPrepDefArt ;
-  oper
-    Preposition' : Type = {s : Str ; s2 : Str ; sg : Gender => Str;
-                           c : Case ; isPrep : PrepType} ;
-
   appPrep' : Preposition' -> (Case => Str) -> Str = \prep,arg ->
-    prep.s ++ arg ! prep.c ++ prep.s2 ; -- todo
+     prep.s ! GPl ++ arg ! prep.c ++ prep.s2 ;
-  appPrep2' : Preposition' -> (Case => Str * Str) -> Str = \prep,arg ->
-    let det : Str = (arg ! prep.c).p1 ;
-        cn : Str = (arg ! prep.c).p2 ;
-    in prep.s ++ det ++ cn ++ prep.s2 ;
 
   appPrepNP' : Preposition' -> NP' -> Str = \prep,np ->
-    let n = numberAgr np.a ;
+    let
-        g = genderAgr np.a ;
+      g = (genderAgr np.a) ;
-        w = np.w ;
+      n = (numberAgr np.a) ;
-        det = (np.s ! prep.c).p1 ;
+      glues = case <prep.isPrep,n> of {<isPrepDefArt,Sg> => True ; _ => False} ;
-        cn  = (np.s ! prep.c).p2 ;
+      nps = np.s ! glues ! prep.c
     in
-    case prep.isPrep of {
+    case <glues, np.w> of {
-      isCase => det ++ cn ++ np.ext ++ np.rc;
+        <True, WDefArt> => -- e.g. "zum Hof|zur Tür|zum Fenster herein"
-      isPrep => prep.s ++ det ++ cn ++ prep.s2 ++ np.ext ++ np.rc;
+          prep.s ! (GSg g) ++ nps ++ np.ext ++ prep.s2 ++ np.rc ;
-      isPrepDefArt => case <n,w> of {
+        _ =>  prep.s ! GPl ++ nps ++ np.ext ++ prep.s2 ++ np.rc
-        <Sg,WDefArt> => -- e.g. "zum Hof|zur Tür|zum Fenster herein"
+        } ;
-          prep.sg!g ++ cn ++ prep.s2 ++ np.ext ++ np.rc ;
-        _ =>
-          prep.s ++ det ++ cn ++ prep.s2 ++ np.ext ++ np.rc
-        } } ;
 
-  npM' : NP' = {s = table Case {Nom => <"der","Hund">; Acc => <"den","Hund">;
+  bigNP' : NP' -> Str = \np -> np.ext ++ np.rc ;
-                                Dat => <"dem","Hund">; Gen => <"des","Hundes">};
-                rc = []; ext=[]; a = (Ag Masc Sg P3); w = WDefArt};
-  npN' : NP' = {s = table Case {Nom => <"das","Haus">; Acc => <"das","Haus">;
-                                Dat => <"dem","Haus">; Gen => <"des","Hauses">};
-                rc = []; ext=[]; a = (Ag Neutr Sg P3); w = WDefArt};
-  npInDefM' : NP' = {s = table Case {Nom => <"ein","Hund">; Acc => <"einen","Hund">;
-                                Dat => <"einem","Hund">; Gen => <"eines","Hundes">};
-                rc = []; ext=[]; a = (Ag Masc Sg P3); w = WLight'};
-  npInDefN' : NP' = {s = table Case {Nom => <"ein","Haus">; Acc => <"ein","Haus">;
-                                Dat => <"einem","Haus">; Gen => <"eines","Hauses">};
-                rc = []; ext=[]; a = (Ag Neutr Sg P3); w = WLight'}; -- WHeavy' ?
-  npF' : NP' = {s = table Case {Nom => <"die","Frau">; Acc => <"die","Frau">;
-                                Dat => <"der","Frau">; Gen => <"der","Frau">};
-                rc = []; ext=[]; a = (Ag Fem Sg P3); w = WDefArt};
   
-  Dat' : Preposition' = {s=""; s2=""; sg = \\c => []; c=Dat; isPrep=isCase} ;
+-- To build a preposition from just a case.  -- HL 9/19: moved to mkPrep in ParadigmsGer
-  mit' : Preposition' = {s="zusammen mit"; s2=""; sg = \\_ => []; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrep} ;
 
-  vonDat' : Preposition' = {s="von"; s2=""; sg = table{Fem => "von der"; _ => "vom"}; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrep} ;
+  PrepNom' : Preposition' = {s = \\_ => []; isPrep = isCase ; c = Nom ; s2 = []} ;
 
-  zuDat' : Preposition' = {s="zu"; s2="herein"; sg = \\_ => ""; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrep} ;
+  vonDat' : Preposition' = {s=table{GPl => "von" ; GSg Fem => "von der"; _ => "vom"};
-  zum'   : Preposition' = {s="zu"; s2="herein"; sg = table{Masc=>"zum"; Fem=>"zur"; Neutr=>"zum"};
+                            s2=[]; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrepDefArt} ;
-                           c=Dat; isPrep=isPrepDefArt} ;
+  -- for testing:
-  inDat' : Preposition' = {s="in"; s2="drin"; sg = \\_ => ""; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrep} ;
+  Dat' : Preposition' = {s = \\_ => []; s2 = []; c=Dat; isPrep=isCase} ;
-  im'    : Preposition' = {s="in"; s2="drin"; sg = table{Masc=>"im"; Fem=>"in der"; Neutr=>"im"};
+  mit' : Preposition' = {s = \\_ => "zusammen mit"; s2 = []; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrep} ;
-                           c=Dat; isPrep=isPrepDefArt} ;
+
-  inAcc' : Preposition' = {s="in"; s2="hinein"; sg = \\_ => ""; c=Acc; isPrep=isPrep} ;
+  zuDat' : Preposition' = {s=\\_ => "zu"; s2="herein"; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrep} ;
-  ins'   : Preposition' = {s="in"; s2="hinein"; sg = table{Masc=>"in den"; Fem=>"in die"; Neutr=>"ins"};
+  zum'   : Preposition' = {s= table{GPl => "zu"; GSg Fem =>"zur"; _ => "zum"};
-                           c=Acc; isPrep=isPrepDefArt} ;
+                           s2="herein"; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrepDefArt} ;
+  inDat' : Preposition' = {s= \\_ => "in" ; s2="drin"; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrep} ;
+  im'    : Preposition' = {s= table{GPl => "in"; GSg Fem=>"in der"; _ =>"im"};
+                           s2="drin"; c=Dat; isPrep=isPrepDefArt} ;
+  inAcc' : Preposition' = {s=\\_ => "in"; s2="hinein"; c=Acc; isPrep=isPrep} ;
+  ins'   : Preposition' = {s=table{GPl => "in"; GSg Masc=>"in den"; GSg Fem=>"in die"; GSg Neutr=>"ins"};
+                           s2="hinein"; c=Acc; isPrep=isPrepDefArt} ;
 
 -- Pronouns and articles
 -- Here we define personal and relative pronouns.
@@ -565,6 +486,7 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
     GPl      => caselist "die" "die" "den" "der"
     } ;
 
+{-  -- used in SymbolGer:
   artDefContr : GenNum -> PCase -> Str = \gn,np -> case np of {
     NPC c => artDef ! gn ! c ;
     NPP p => case <p,gn> of {
@@ -578,22 +500,10 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
       _ => let sp = prepC np in sp.s ++ artDef ! gn ! sp.c
       }
     } ;
-
+-}
 
 -- This is used when forming determiners that are like adjectives.
 
-  appAdj : Adjective -> Number => Gender => PCase => Str = \adj ->
-    let
-      ad : GenNum -> Case -> Str = \gn,c -> 
-        adj.s ! Posit ! AMod gn c
-    in
-    \\n,g,c => usePrepC c (\k -> case n of {
-       Sg => ad (GSg g) k ;
-       _  => ad GPl k
-     }) ;
-
-  -- HL: To reduce PCase to Case: todo: check if we can omit the prep-string of a PCase
-  --     perhaps needed for "am besten"? But the adj is used in Posit only
   appAdj' : Adjective -> Number => Gender => Case => Str = \adj ->
     let
       ad : GenNum -> Case -> Str = \gn,c ->
@@ -801,32 +711,6 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
   insertObjc : (Agr => Str) -> VPSlash -> VPSlash = \obj,vp ->
     insertObj obj vp ** {c2 = vp.c2 ; objCtrl = vp.objCtrl } ;
 
-  insertObjNP : NP -> Preposition -> VPSlash -> VPSlash = \np,prep,vp ->
-    let c = case prep.c of { NPC cc => cc ; _ => Nom } ;
-        obj = appPrepNP prep np ;
-    in vp ** {
-      nn = \\a =>
-        let vpnn = vp.nn ! a in
-        -- HL 11/6/19: rough object NP order (expensive):
-        -- vfin < accPron < refl < (gen|dat)Pron < lightNP < neg < heavyNP|PP < vinf|comp
-        case <prep.isPrep, np.w, c> of { -- 2 * 3 * 4 = 24 cases
-          <True, _,_> =>       -- <prons, light, heavy++pp, compl>
-            <vpnn.p1, vpnn.p2, vpnn.p3 ++ obj, vpnn.p4> ;
-          <False,WPron, Acc> => -- <ihn ++ sich, light, heavy, comp>
-            <obj ++ vpnn.p1, vpnn.p2, vpnn.p3, vpnn.p4> ;
-          <False,WPron, _  > => -- <sich ++ ihm|seiner, light, heavy, comp>
-            <vpnn.p1 ++ obj, vpnn.p2, vpnn.p3, vpnn.p4> ;
-          <False,WLight,Dat> => -- (assuming v.c2=acc) nonPron: dat < acc|gen
-                                -- <prons, dat ++ np, heavy, comp>
-            <vpnn.p1, obj ++ vpnn.p2, vpnn.p3, vpnn.p4> ;
-          <False,WHeavy,Dat> => -- <prons, light, dat ++ np, comp>
-            <vpnn.p1, vpnn.p2, obj ++ vpnn.p3, vpnn.p4> ;
-          <False,WLight,_  > => -- <prons, np ++ gen|acc, heavy, comp>
-            <vpnn.p1, vpnn.p2 ++ obj, vpnn.p3, vpnn.p4> ;
-          <False,WHeavy,_  > => -- <prons, light, dat ++ np, comp>
-            <vpnn.p1, vpnn.p2, vpnn.p3 ++ obj, vpnn.p4> }
-    } ; -- the ordering of objects of v:V3 (and v:V4) is also determined by Slash?V3 (and Slash?V4)
-
   insertObjNP' : NP' -> Preposition' -> VPSlash -> VPSlash = \np,prep,vp ->
     let c = prep.c ;
         obj = appPrepNP' prep np ;
@@ -846,18 +730,18 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
           <False,WLight',Dat> => -- (assuming v.c2=acc) nonPron: dat < acc|gen
                                 -- <prons, dat ++ np, heavy, comp>
             <vpnn.p1, obj ++ vpnn.p2, vpnn.p3, vpnn.p4> ;
-          <False,WHeavy'|WDefArt,Dat> => -- <prons, light, dat ++ np, comp>
-            <vpnn.p1, vpnn.p2, obj ++ vpnn.p3, vpnn.p4> ;
           <False,WLight',_  > => -- <prons, np ++ gen|acc, heavy, comp>
             <vpnn.p1, vpnn.p2 ++ obj, vpnn.p3, vpnn.p4> ;
-          <False,WHeavy'|WDefArt,_  > => -- <prons, light, dat ++ np, comp>
+          -- <False,WHeavy'|WDefArt,Dat> => -- <prons, light, dat ++ np, comp>
+          --   <vpnn.p1, vpnn.p2, obj ++ vpnn.p3, vpnn.p4> ;
+          <False,WHeavy'|WDefArt,_  > => -- <prons, light, np ++ gen|acc, comp>
             <vpnn.p1, vpnn.p2, vpnn.p3 ++ obj, vpnn.p4> }
     } ; -- the ordering of objects of v:V3 (and v:V4) is also determined by Slash?V3 (and Slash?V4)
 
 
   insertObjRefl : VPSlash -> VPSlash = \vp -> -- HL 6/2019, to order reflPron < neg < prep+reflPron
     let prep = vp.c2 ;                        -- HL 7/22 reduced to c:Case
-        obj : Agr => Str = \\a => prep.s ++ reflPron ! a ! prep.c ++ prep.s2 ;
+        obj : Agr => Str = \\a => prep.s ! GPl ++ reflPron ! a ! prep.c ++ prep.s2 ;
     in vp ** {
       nn = \\a =>
         let vpnn = vp.nn ! a in
@@ -1099,11 +983,8 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
  
   infPart : Bool -> Str = \b -> if_then_Str b [] "zu" ;
 
-  heavyNP : 
-    {s : PCase => Str ; a : Agr} -> {s : PCase => Str ; a : Agr ; w : Weight ; ext,rc : Str} = \np ->
-    np ** {w = WHeavy ; ext,rc = []} ; -- this could be wrong
   heavyNP' : 
-    {s : Case => Str ; a : Agr} -> {s : Case => Str ; a : Agr ; w : Weight' ; ext,rc : Str} = \np ->
+    {s : Bool => Case => Str ; a : Agr} -> {s : Bool => Case => Str ; a : Agr ; w : Weight' ; ext,rc : Str} = \np ->
     np ** {w = WHeavy' ; ext,rc = []} ; -- this could be wrong
 
   relPron :  RelGenNum => Case => Str = \\rgn,c =>
@@ -1120,11 +1001,7 @@ resource ResGer = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
     } ;
 
 -- Function that allows the construction of non-nominative subjects.
-  mkSubj : NP -> Preposition -> Str * Agr = \np, prep ->
+
-    let 
-      agr = case prep.c of { NPC Nom => np.a ; _ => Ag Masc Sg P3 } ;
-      subj = appPrepNP prep np
-    in <subj , agr> ;
   mkSubj' : NP' -> Preposition' -> Str * Agr = \np, prep ->
     let
       agr = case prep.c of { Nom => np.a ; _ => Ag Masc Sg P3 } ;

src/german/SentenceGer.gf

@@ -45,10 +45,9 @@ concrete SentenceGer of Sentence' = CatGer ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
     SlashPrep cl prep = cl ** {c2 = prep} ;
 
     SlashVS np vs slash =
-		let subj = mkSubj' np PrepNom'
+      let subj = mkSubj' np PrepNom' ;
-		in mkClause subj.p1 subj.p2 
+          vp = (insertExtrapos (conjThat ++ slash.s ! Sub) (predV vs)) 
-			(insertExtrapos (conjThat ++ slash.s ! Sub) (predV vs)) **
+      in mkClause subj.p1 subj.p2 vp ** {c2 = slash.c2} ;
-        			{c2 = slash.c2} ;
 
     EmbedS  s  = {s = conjThat ++ s.s ! Sub} ;  -- no leading comma, if sentence-initial
     EmbedQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QIndir} ;

src/german/StructuralGer.gf

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ concrete StructuralGer of Structural' = CatGer **
   here_Adv = ss "hier" ;
   how_IAdv = ss "wie" ;
   how8much_IAdv = ss "wieviel" ;
-  how8many_IDet = {s = \\g,c => (detUnlikeAdj False Pl "wie viel").s ! g ! NPC c ; n = Pl} ;
+  how8many_IDet = {s = \\g,c => (detUnlikeAdj' False Pl "wie viel").s ! g ! c ; n = Pl} ;
   if_Subj = ss "wenn" ; --- no variants in the RGL! | ss "falls" ;
   in8front_Prep = mkPrep "vor" P.dative ;
   i_Pron = mkPronPers "ich" "mich" "mir" "meiner" "mein" Masc Sg P1 ;
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ concrete StructuralGer of Structural' = CatGer **
   on_Prep = P.mkPrep "auf" "auf den" "auf die" "aufs" P.accusative ; -- test HL 7/2022
   or_Conj = {s1 = [] ; s2 = "oder" ; n = Sg} ;
   otherwise_PConj = ss "sonst" ;
-  part_Prep = P.von_Prep ; -- mkPrep "von" P.dative ;
+  part_Prep = P.von_Prep ;    -- obsolete, use PartNP cn np
   please_Voc = ss "bitte" ;
-  possess_Prep = P.von_Prep ;-- mkPrep "von" P.dative ;
+  possess_Prep = P.von_Prep ; -- obsolete, use PossNP cn np
   quite_Adv = ss "ziemlich" ;
   she_Pron = mkPronPers "sie" "sie" "ihr" "ihrer" "ihr" Fem Sg P3 ;
   so_AdA = ss "so" ;
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ concrete StructuralGer of Structural' = CatGer **
   somewhere_Adv = ss "irgendwo" ;
   that_Quant = let 
      jener : Number => Gender => Case => Str = \\n => (detUnlikeAdj' True n "jen").s in 
-     {s,sp = \\_ => jener ; a,aPl = Weak ; hasDefArt = False} ;
+     {s,sp = \\_,_ => jener ; a,aPl = Weak ; hasDefArt = False} ;
 ---b  that_NP = nameNounPhrase {s = caselist "das" "das" "denem" "dessen"} ; ----
   there_Adv = ss "da" ; --- no variants in the rgl | ss "dort" ;
   there7to_Adv = ss "dahin" ;
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ concrete StructuralGer of Structural' = CatGer **
   they_Pron = mkPronPers "sie" "sie" "ihnen" "ihrer" "ihr" Fem Pl P3 ;
   this_Quant = let 
      dieser : Number => Gender => Case => Str = \\n => (detUnlikeAdj' True n "dies").s in 
-     {s,sp = \\_ => dieser ; a,aPl = Weak ; hasDefArt = False} ;
+     {s,sp = \\_,_ => dieser ; a,aPl = Weak ; hasDefArt = False} ;
 ---b  this_NP = nameNounPhrase {s = caselist "dies" "dies" "diesem" "dieses"} ; ----
 ---b  those_NP = {s = caselist "jene" "jene" "jenen" "jener" ; a = agrP3 Pl} ;
   through_Prep = mkPrep "durch" P.accusative ;
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ concrete StructuralGer of Structural' = CatGer **
        Pl => (detUnlikeAdj' False Pl "kein").s
        }
      in 
-     {s,sp = \\_ => keiner ; a = Strong ; aPl = Weak ; hasDefArt = False} ;   ---- sp
+     {s,sp = \\_,_ => keiner ; a = Strong ; aPl = Weak ; hasDefArt = False} ;   ---- sp
   if_then_Conj = {s1 = "wenn" ; s2 = "dann" ; n = Sg ; lock_Conj = <>} ;
   nobody_NP = 
     nameNounPhrase' Masc {s = caselist "niemand" "niemanden" "niemandem" "niemands"} ;
@@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ concrete StructuralGer of Structural' = CatGer **
   lin language_title_Utt = ss "Deutsch" ;
 
   oper
-    asQuant : (Gender => Case => Str) -> (Gender => Case => {quant,num:Str}) =
+    asQuant : (Gender => Case => Str) -> (Bool => Gender => Case => Str) =
-      \tab -> \\g,c => {quant = tab ! g ! c; num = []} ;
+      \tab -> \\_,g,c => tab ! g ! c ; 
     asNum : (Gender => Case => Str) -> (Gender => Case => {quant,num:Str}) =
       \tab -> \\g,c => {quant = []; num = tab ! g ! c} ;
     pairTable : (Gender => Case => Str) -> (Gender => Case => Str) -> (Gender => Case => {quant,num:Str})

src/german/SymbolGer.gf

@@ -26,12 +26,11 @@ lin
     ext,rc = [] -- added
     } ;
   CNNumNP cn i = {
-    s = \\c => artDefContr (GSg cn.g) c ++ cn.s ! Weak ! Sg ! Nom ++ i.s ! Neutr ! (prepC c).c ;
+--    s = \\c => artDefContr (GSg cn.g) c ++ cn.s ! Weak ! Sg ! Nom ++ i.s ! Neutr ! c ;
+    s = \\c => artDef (GSg cn.g) c ++ cn.s ! Weak ! Sg ! Nom ++ i.s ! Neutr ! c ;
     a = agrP3 Sg ;
-    -- isPron = False ;
-    -- isLight = True ; 
     w = WLight ;
-    ext,rc = [] -- added
+    ext,rc = []
     } ;
 
   SymbS sy = {s = \\_ => sy.s} ;

src/german/VerbGer.gf

@@ -94,11 +94,12 @@ concrete VerbGer of Verb' = CatGer ** open Prelude, ResGer, Coordination in {
 
    -- SlashV2VNP v np vp =   -- bitte ihn, zu kaufen | lasse ihn kaufen   HL 3/22
    --    insertObjNP np v.c2 (ComplVV v vp ** {c2 = vp.c2 ; objCtrl = vp.objCtrl}) ;
-{-
+
+    -- without: 205539 msec
 -- to save (571098 = 83669 = 487429 msec) compile time (in 58% memory), comment out:
-   SlashV2VNP' v np vp =   -- bitte ihn, zu kaufen | lasse ihn kaufen   HL 3/22
+    -- SlashV2VNP v np vp =   -- bitte ihn, zu kaufen | lasse ihn kaufen   HL 3/22
-      insertObjNP' np v.c2 (ComplVV v vp ** {c2 = vp.c2 ; objCtrl = vp.objCtrl}) ;
+    --    insertObjNP' np v.c2 (ComplVV v vp ** {c2 = vp.c2 ; objCtrl = vp.objCtrl}) ;
--}
+
     UseComp comp =
        insertExtrapos comp.ext (insertObj comp.s (predV sein_V)) ; -- agr not used
     -- adj slot not used here for e.g. "ich bin alt" but same behaviour as NPs?
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ concrete VerbGer of Verb' = CatGer ** open Prelude, ResGer, Coordination in {
     UseCopula = predV sein_V ;
 
     CompAP ap = {s = \\_ => ap.c.p1 ++ ap.s ! APred ++ ap.c.p2 ; ext = ap.ext} ;
-    CompNP np = {s = \\_ => (np.s ! Nom).p1 ++ (np.s ! Nom).p2 ++ np.rc ; ext = np.ext} ;
+    CompNP np = {s = \\_ => np.s ! False ! Nom ++ np.rc ; ext = np.ext} ;
     CompAdv a = {s = \\_ => a.s ; ext = []} ;
 
     CompCN cn = {s = \\a => case numberAgr a of {