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updated synopsis with information on extra modules and gfdoc for internal abstract syntax

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2011-10-28 08:37:38 +00:00
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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Adjective: Adjectives and Adjectival Phrases</h1>
<pre>
abstract Adjective = Cat ** {
fun
</pre>
The principal ways of forming an adjectival phrase are
positive, comparative, relational, reflexive-relational, and
elliptic-relational.
<pre>
PositA : A -> AP ; -- warm
ComparA : A -> NP -> AP ; -- warmer than I
ComplA2 : A2 -> NP -> AP ; -- married to her
ReflA2 : A2 -> AP ; -- married to itself
UseA2 : A2 -> AP ; -- married
UseComparA : A -> AP ; -- warmer
CAdvAP : CAdv -> AP -> NP -> AP ; -- as cool as John
</pre>
The superlative use is covered in <tt>Ord</tt>.
<pre>
AdjOrd : Ord -> AP ; -- warmest
</pre>
Sentence and question complements defined for all adjectival
phrases, although the semantics is only clear for some adjectives.
<pre>
SentAP : AP -> SC -> AP ; -- good that she is here
</pre>
An adjectival phrase can be modified by an <b>adadjective</b>, such as <i>very</i>.
<pre>
AdAP : AdA -> AP -> AP ; -- very warm
</pre>
It can also be postmodified by an adverb, typically a prepositional phrase.
<pre>
AdvAP : AP -> Adv -> AP ; -- warm by nature
</pre>
The formation of adverbs from adjectives (e.g. <i>quickly</i>) is covered
in [Adverb Adverb.html]; the same concerns adadjectives (e.g. <i>extremely</i>).
<pre>
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Adverb: Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases</h1>
<pre>
abstract Adverb = Cat ** {
fun
</pre>
The two main ways of forming adverbs are from adjectives and by
prepositions from noun phrases.
<pre>
PositAdvAdj : A -> Adv ; -- warmly
PrepNP : Prep -> NP -> Adv ; -- in the house
</pre>
Comparative adverbs have a noun phrase or a sentence as object of
comparison.
<pre>
ComparAdvAdj : CAdv -> A -> NP -> Adv ; -- more warmly than John
ComparAdvAdjS : CAdv -> A -> S -> Adv ; -- more warmly than he runs
</pre>
Adverbs can be modified by 'adadjectives', just like adjectives.
<pre>
AdAdv : AdA -> Adv -> Adv ; -- very quickly
</pre>
Like adverbs, adadjectives can be produced by adjectives.
<pre>
PositAdAAdj : A -> AdA ; -- extremely
</pre>
Subordinate clauses can function as adverbs.
<pre>
SubjS : Subj -> S -> Adv ; -- when she sleeps
</pre>
Comparison adverbs also work as numeral adverbs.
<pre>
AdnCAdv : CAdv -> AdN ; -- less (than five)
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Cat: the Category System</h1>
The category system is central to the library in the sense
that the other modules (<tt>Adjective</tt>, <tt>Adverb</tt>, <tt>Noun</tt>, <tt>Verb</tt> etc)
communicate through it. This means that a e.g. a function using
<tt>NP</tt>s in <tt>Verb</tt> need not know how <tt>NP</tt>s are constructed in <tt>Noun</tt>:
it is enough that both <tt>Verb</tt> and <tt>Noun</tt> use the same type <tt>NP</tt>,
which is given here in <tt>Cat</tt>.
Some categories are inherited from [``Common`` Common.html].
The reason they are defined there is that they have the same
implementation in all languages in the resource (typically,
just a string). These categories are
<tt>AdA, AdN, AdV, Adv, Ant, CAdv, IAdv, PConj, Phr</tt>,
<tt>Pol, SC, Tense, Text, Utt, Voc, Interj</tt>.
<p>
Moreover, the list categories <tt>ListAdv, ListAP, ListNP, ListS</tt>
are defined on <tt>Conjunction</tt> and only used locally there.
<pre>
abstract Cat = Common ** {
cat
</pre>
<h2> Sentences and clauses</h2>
Constructed in [Sentence Sentence.html], and also in
[Idiom Idiom.html].
<pre>
S ; -- declarative sentence e.g. "she lived here"
QS ; -- question e.g. "where did she live"
RS ; -- relative e.g. "in which she lived"
Cl ; -- declarative clause, with all tenses e.g. "she looks at this"
ClSlash;-- clause missing NP (S/NP in GPSG) e.g. "she looks at"
SSlash ;-- sentence missing NP e.g. "she has looked at"
Imp ; -- imperative e.g. "look at this"
</pre>
<h2> Questions and interrogatives</h2>
Constructed in [Question Question.html].
<pre>
QCl ; -- question clause, with all tenses e.g. "why does she walk"
IP ; -- interrogative pronoun e.g. "who"
IComp ; -- interrogative complement of copula e.g. "where"
IDet ; -- interrogative determiner e.g. "how many"
IQuant; -- interrogative quantifier e.g. "which"
</pre>
<h2> Relative clauses and pronouns</h2>
Constructed in [Relative Relative.html].
<pre>
RCl ; -- relative clause, with all tenses e.g. "in which she lives"
RP ; -- relative pronoun e.g. "in which"
</pre>
<h2> Verb phrases</h2>
Constructed in [Verb Verb.html].
<pre>
VP ; -- verb phrase e.g. "is very warm"
Comp ; -- complement of copula, such as AP e.g. "very warm"
VPSlash ; -- verb phrase missing complement e.g. "give to John"
</pre>
<h2> Adjectival phrases</h2>
Constructed in [Adjective Adjective.html].
<pre>
AP ; -- adjectival phrase e.g. "very warm"
</pre>
<h2> Nouns and noun phrases</h2>
Constructed in [Noun Noun.html].
Many atomic noun phrases e.g. <i>everybody</i>
are constructed in [Structural Structural.html].
The determiner structure is
``` Predet (QuantSg | QuantPl Num) Ord
as defined in [Noun Noun.html].
<pre>
CN ; -- common noun (without determiner) e.g. "red house"
NP ; -- noun phrase (subject or object) e.g. "the red house"
Pron ; -- personal pronoun e.g. "she"
Det ; -- determiner phrase e.g. "those seven"
Predet ; -- predeterminer (prefixed Quant) e.g. "all"
Quant ; -- quantifier ('nucleus' of Det) e.g. "this/these"
Num ; -- number determining element e.g. "seven"
Card ; -- cardinal number e.g. "seven"
Ord ; -- ordinal number (used in Det) e.g. "seventh"
</pre>
<h2> Numerals</h2>
Constructed in [Numeral Numeral.html].
<pre>
Numeral ; -- cardinal or ordinal in words e.g. "five/fifth"
Digits ; -- cardinal or ordinal in digits e.g. "1,000/1,000th"
</pre>
<h2> Structural words</h2>
Constructed in [Structural Structural.html].
<pre>
Conj ; -- conjunction e.g. "and"
</pre>
-b DConj ; -- distributed conjunction e.g. <i>both - and</i>
<pre>
Subj ; -- subjunction e.g. "if"
Prep ; -- preposition, or just case e.g. "in"
</pre>
<h2> Words of open classes</h2>
These are constructed in [Lexicon Lexicon.html] and in
additional lexicon modules.
<pre>
V ; -- one-place verb e.g. "sleep"
V2 ; -- two-place verb e.g. "love"
V3 ; -- three-place verb e.g. "show"
VV ; -- verb-phrase-complement verb e.g. "want"
VS ; -- sentence-complement verb e.g. "claim"
VQ ; -- question-complement verb e.g. "wonder"
VA ; -- adjective-complement verb e.g. "look"
V2V ; -- verb with NP and V complement e.g. "cause"
V2S ; -- verb with NP and S complement e.g. "tell"
V2Q ; -- verb with NP and Q complement e.g. "ask"
V2A ; -- verb with NP and AP complement e.g. "paint"
A ; -- one-place adjective e.g. "warm"
A2 ; -- two-place adjective e.g. "divisible"
N ; -- common noun e.g. "house"
N2 ; -- relational noun e.g. "son"
N3 ; -- three-place relational noun e.g. "connection"
PN ; -- proper name e.g. "Paris"
</pre>
DEPRECATED: QuantSg, QuantPl
- QuantSg ;-- quantifier ('nucleus' of sing. Det) e.g. <i>every</i>
- QuantPl ;-- quantifier ('nucleus' of plur. Det) e.g. <i>many</i>
<pre>
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Common: Structures with Common Implementations.</h1>
This module defines the categories that uniformly have the linearization
<tt>{s : Str}</tt> in all languages.
<pre>
abstract Common = {
cat
</pre>
<h2> Top-level units</h2>
Constructed in [``Text`` Text.html]: <tt>Text</tt>.
<pre>
Text ; -- text consisting of several phrases e.g. "He is here. Why?"
</pre>
Constructed in [``Phrase`` Phrase.html]:
<pre>
Phr ; -- phrase in a text e.g. "but be quiet please"
Utt ; -- sentence, question, word... e.g. "be quiet"
Voc ; -- vocative or "please" e.g. "my darling"
PConj ; -- phrase-beginning conjunction e.g. "therefore"
Interj ; -- interjection e.g. "alas"
</pre>
Constructed in [``Sentence`` Sentence.html]:
<pre>
SC ; -- embedded sentence or question e.g. "that it rains"
</pre>
<h2> Adverbs</h2>
Constructed in [``Adverb`` Adverb.html].
Many adverbs are constructed in [``Structural`` Structural.html].
<pre>
Adv ; -- verb-phrase-modifying adverb e.g. "in the house"
AdV ; -- adverb directly attached to verb e.g. "always"
AdA ; -- adjective-modifying adverb e.g. "very"
AdN ; -- numeral-modifying adverb e.g. "more than"
IAdv ; -- interrogative adverb e.g. "why"
CAdv ; -- comparative adverb e.g. "more"
</pre>
<h2> Tense, polarity, and anteriority</h2>
<pre>
Temp ; -- temporal and aspectual features e.g. past anterior
Tense ; -- tense e.g. present, past, future
Pol ; -- polarity e.g. positive, negative
Ant ; -- anteriority e.g. simultaneous, anterior
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Conjunction: Coordination</h1>
Coordination is defined for many different categories; here is
a sample. The rules apply to <b>lists</b> of two or more elements,
and define two general patterns:
- ordinary conjunction: X,...X and X
- distributed conjunction: both X,...,X and X
<p>
<p>
<tt>VP</tt> conjunctions are not covered here, because their applicability
depends on language. Some special cases are defined in
[``Extra`` ../abstract/Extra.gf].
<pre>
abstract Conjunction = Cat ** {
</pre>
<h2> Rules</h2>
<pre>
fun
ConjS : Conj -> [S] -> S ; -- "he walks and she runs"
ConjRS : Conj -> [RS] -> RS ; -- "who walks and whose mother runs"
ConjAP : Conj -> [AP] -> AP ; -- "cold and warm"
ConjNP : Conj -> [NP] -> NP ; -- "she or we"
ConjAdv : Conj -> [Adv] -> Adv ; -- "here or there"
ConjIAdv : Conj -> [IAdv] -> IAdv ; -- "where and with whom"
ConjCN : Conj -> [CN] -> CN ; -- "man and woman"
</pre>
<h2> Categories</h2>
These categories are only used in this module.
<pre>
cat
[S]{2} ;
[RS]{2} ;
[Adv]{2} ;
[NP]{2} ;
[AP]{2} ;
[IAdv]{2} ;
[CN] {2} ;
</pre>
<h2> List constructors</h2>
The list constructors are derived from the list notation and therefore
not given explicitly. But here are their type signatures:
<pre>
-- BaseC : C -> C -> [C] ; -- for C = S, AP, NP, Adv
-- ConsC : C -> [C] -> [C] ;
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> More syntax rules</h1>
This module defines syntax rules that are not implemented in all
languages, but in more than one, so that it makes sense to offer a
common API.
<pre>
abstract Extra = Cat ** {
fun
GenNP : NP -> Quant ; -- this man's
GenIP : IP -> IQuant ; -- whose
GenRP : Num -> CN -> RP ; -- whose car
ComplBareVS : VS -> S -> VP ; -- know you go
StrandRelSlash : RP -> ClSlash -> RCl ; -- that he lives in
EmptyRelSlash : ClSlash -> RCl ; -- he lives in
StrandQuestSlash : IP -> ClSlash -> QCl ; -- whom does John live with
</pre>
<tt>VP</tt> conjunction, which has different fragments implemented in
different languages - never a full <tt>VP</tt>, though.
<pre>
cat
VPI ;
[VPI] {2} ;
fun
MkVPI : VP -> VPI ;
ConjVPI : Conj -> [VPI] -> VPI ;
ComplVPIVV : VV -> VPI -> VP ;
-- new 4/12/2009
cat
VPS ;
[VPS] {2} ;
fun
MkVPS : Temp -> Pol -> VP -> VPS ;
ConjVPS : Conj -> [VPS] -> VPS ;
PredVPS : NP -> VPS -> S ;
-- 9/4/2010
fun
ProDrop : Pron -> Pron ; -- unstressed subject pronoun becomes []: "(io) sono stanco"
ICompAP : AP -> IComp ; -- "how old"
IAdvAdv : Adv -> IAdv ; -- "how often"
CompIQuant : IQuant -> IComp ; -- which (is it) [agreement to NP]
PrepCN : Prep -> CN -> Adv ; -- by accident [Prep + CN without article]
-- fronted/focal constructions, only for main clauses
cat
Foc ;
fun
FocObj : NP -> ClSlash -> Foc ; -- her I love
FocAdv : Adv -> Cl -> Foc ; -- today I will sleep
FocAdV : AdV -> Cl -> Foc ; -- never will I sleep
FocAP : AP -> NP -> Foc ; -- green was the tree
FocNeg : Cl -> Foc ; -- not is he here
FocVP : VP -> NP -> Foc ; -- love her I do
FocVV : VV -> VP -> NP -> Foc ; -- to love her I want
UseFoc : Temp -> Pol -> Foc -> Utt ;
fun
PartVP : VP -> AP ; -- (the man) looking at Mary
EmbedPresPart : VP -> SC ; -- looking at Mary (is fun)
</pre>
this is a generalization of Verb.PassV2 and should replace it in the future.
<pre>
PassVPSlash : VPSlash -> VP ; -- be forced to sleep
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Grammar: the Main Module of the Resource Grammar</h1>
This grammar is a collection of the different grammar modules,
To test the resource, import [``Lang`` Lang.html], which also contains
a lexicon.
<pre>
abstract Grammar =
Noun,
Verb,
Adjective,
Adverb,
Numeral,
Sentence,
Question,
Relative,
Conjunction,
Phrase,
Text,
Structural,
Idiom,
Tense,
Transfer
;
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Idiom: Idiomatic Expressions</h1>
<pre>
abstract Idiom = Cat ** {
</pre>
This module defines constructions that are formed in fixed ways,
often different even in closely related languages.
<pre>
fun
ImpersCl : VP -> Cl ; -- it is hot
GenericCl : VP -> Cl ; -- one sleeps
CleftNP : NP -> RS -> Cl ; -- it is I who did it
CleftAdv : Adv -> S -> Cl ; -- it is here she slept
ExistNP : NP -> Cl ; -- there is a house
ExistIP : IP -> QCl ; -- which houses are there
ProgrVP : VP -> VP ; -- be sleeping
ImpPl1 : VP -> Utt ; -- let's go
ImpP3 : NP -> VP -> Utt ; -- let John walk
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Lang: a Test Module for the Resource Grammar</h1>
This grammar is for testing the resource as included in the
language-independent API, consisting of a grammar and a lexicon.
The grammar without a lexicon is [``Grammar`` Grammar.html],
which may be more suitable to open in applications.
<pre>
abstract Lang =
Grammar,
Lexicon
** {
flags startcat=Phr ;
} ;
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1></h1>
<pre>
abstract Lexicon = Cat ** {
fun
add_V3 : V3 ;
airplane_N : N ;
alas_Interj : Interj ;
already_Adv : Adv ;
animal_N : N ;
answer_V2S : V2S ;
apartment_N : N ;
apple_N : N ;
art_N : N ;
ashes_N : N ;
ask_V2Q : V2Q ;
baby_N : N ;
back_N : N ;
bad_A : A ;
bank_N : N ;
bark_N : N ;
beautiful_A : A ;
become_VA : VA ;
beer_N : N ;
beg_V2V : V2V ;
belly_N : N ;
big_A : A ;
bike_N : N ;
bird_N : N ;
bite_V2 : V2 ;
black_A : A ;
blood_N : N ;
blow_V : V ;
blue_A : A ;
boat_N : N ;
bone_N : N ;
book_N : N ;
boot_N : N ;
boss_N : N ;
boy_N : N ;
bread_N : N ;
break_V2 : V2 ;
breast_N : N ;
breathe_V : V ;
broad_A : A ;
brother_N2 : N2 ;
brown_A : A ;
burn_V : V ;
butter_N : N ;
buy_V2 : V2 ;
camera_N : N ;
cap_N : N ;
car_N : N ;
carpet_N : N ;
cat_N : N ;
ceiling_N : N ;
chair_N : N ;
cheese_N : N ;
child_N : N ;
church_N : N ;
city_N : N ;
clean_A : A ;
clever_A : A ;
close_V2 : V2 ;
cloud_N : N ;
coat_N : N ;
cold_A : A ;
come_V : V ;
computer_N : N ;
correct_A : A ;
country_N : N ;
count_V2 : V2 ;
cousin_N : N ;
cow_N : N ;
cut_V2 : V2 ;
day_N : N ;
die_V : V ;
dig_V : V ;
dirty_A : A ;
distance_N3 : N3 ;
doctor_N : N ;
dog_N : N ;
door_N : N ;
do_V2 : V2 ;
drink_V2 : V2 ;
dry_A : A ;
dull_A : A ;
dust_N : N ;
ear_N : N ;
earth_N : N ;
easy_A2V : A2 ;
eat_V2 : V2 ;
egg_N : N ;
empty_A : A ;
enemy_N : N ;
eye_N : N ;
factory_N : N ;
fall_V : V ;
far_Adv : Adv ;
father_N2 : N2 ;
fat_N : N ;
fear_VS : VS ;
fear_V2 : V2 ;
feather_N : N ;
fight_V2 : V2 ;
find_V2 : V2 ;
fingernail_N : N ;
fire_N : N ;
fish_N : N ;
float_V : V ;
floor_N : N ;
flower_N : N ;
flow_V : V ;
fly_V : V ;
fog_N : N ;
foot_N : N ;
forest_N : N ;
forget_V2 : V2 ;
freeze_V : V ;
fridge_N : N ;
friend_N : N ;
fruit_N : N ;
full_A : A ;
fun_AV : A ;
garden_N : N ;
girl_N : N ;
give_V3 : V3 ;
glove_N : N ;
gold_N : N ;
good_A : A ;
go_V : V ;
grammar_N : N ;
grass_N : N ;
green_A : A ;
guts_N : N ;
hair_N : N ;
hand_N : N ;
harbour_N : N ;
hate_V2 : V2 ;
hat_N : N ;
head_N : N ;
heart_N : N ;
hear_V2 : V2 ;
heavy_A : A ;
hill_N : N ;
hit_V2 : V2 ;
hold_V2 : V2 ;
hope_VS : VS ;
horn_N : N ;
horse_N : N ;
hot_A : A ;
house_N : N ;
hunt_V2 : V2 ;
husband_N : N ;
ice_N : N ;
important_A : A ;
industry_N : N ;
iron_N : N ;
john_PN : PN ;
jump_V : V ;
kill_V2 : V2 ;
king_N : N ;
knee_N : N ;
know_V2 : V2 ;
know_VQ : VQ ;
know_VS : VS ;
lake_N : N ;
lamp_N : N ;
language_N : N ;
laugh_V : V ;
leaf_N : N ;
learn_V2 : V2 ;
leather_N : N ;
leave_V2 : V2 ;
left_Ord : Ord ;
leg_N : N ;
lie_V : V ;
like_V2 : V2 ;
listen_V2 : V2 ;
liver_N : N ;
live_V : V ;
long_A : A ;
lose_V2 : V2 ;
louse_N : N ;
love_N : N ;
love_V2 : V2 ;
man_N : N ;
married_A2 : A2 ;
meat_N : N ;
milk_N : N ;
moon_N : N ;
mother_N2 : N2 ;
mountain_N : N ;
mouth_N : N ;
music_N : N ;
name_N : N ;
narrow_A : A ;
near_A : A ;
neck_N : N ;
new_A : A ;
newspaper_N : N ;
night_N : N ;
nose_N : N ;
now_Adv : Adv ;
number_N : N ;
oil_N : N ;
old_A : A ;
open_V2 : V2 ;
paint_V2A : V2A ;
paper_N : N ;
paris_PN : PN ;
peace_N : N ;
pen_N : N ;
person_N : N ;
planet_N : N ;
plastic_N : N ;
play_V2 : V2 ;
play_V : V ;
policeman_N : N ;
priest_N : N ;
probable_AS : A ;
pull_V2 : V2 ;
push_V2 : V2 ;
put_V2 : V2 ;
queen_N : N ;
question_N : N ;
radio_N : N ;
rain_N : N ;
rain_V0 : V ;
read_V2 : V2 ;
ready_A : A ;
reason_N : N ;
red_A : A ;
religion_N : N ;
restaurant_N : N ;
right_Ord : Ord ;
river_N : N ;
road_N : N ;
rock_N : N ;
roof_N : N ;
root_N : N ;
rope_N : N ;
rotten_A : A ;
round_A : A ;
rubber_N : N ;
rub_V2 : V2 ;
rule_N : N ;
run_V : V ;
salt_N : N ;
sand_N : N ;
say_VS : VS ;
school_N : N ;
science_N : N ;
scratch_V2 : V2 ;
sea_N : N ;
seed_N : N ;
seek_V2 : V2 ;
see_V2 : V2 ;
sell_V3 : V3 ;
send_V3 : V3 ;
sew_V : V ;
sharp_A : A ;
sheep_N : N ;
ship_N : N ;
shirt_N : N ;
shoe_N : N ;
shop_N : N ;
short_A : A ;
silver_N : N ;
sing_V : V ;
sister_N : N ;
sit_V : V ;
skin_N : N ;
sky_N : N ;
sleep_V : V ;
small_A : A ;
smell_V : V ;
smoke_N : N ;
smooth_A : A ;
snake_N : N ;
snow_N : N ;
sock_N : N ;
song_N : N ;
speak_V2 : V2 ;
spit_V : V ;
split_V2 : V2 ;
squeeze_V2 : V2 ;
stab_V2 : V2 ;
stand_V : V ;
star_N : N ;
steel_N : N ;
stick_N : N ;
stone_N : N ;
stop_V : V ;
stove_N : N ;
straight_A : A ;
student_N : N ;
stupid_A : A ;
suck_V2 : V2 ;
sun_N : N ;
swell_V : V ;
swim_V : V ;
switch8off_V2 : V2 ;
switch8on_V2 : V2 ;
table_N : N ;
tail_N : N ;
talk_V3 : V3 ;
teacher_N : N ;
teach_V2 : V2 ;
television_N : N ;
thick_A : A ;
thin_A : A ;
think_V : V ;
throw_V2 : V2 ;
tie_V2 : V2 ;
today_Adv : Adv ;
tongue_N : N ;
tooth_N : N ;
train_N : N ;
travel_V : V ;
tree_N : N ;
turn_V : V ;
ugly_A : A ;
uncertain_A : A ;
understand_V2 : V2 ;
university_N : N ;
village_N : N ;
vomit_V : V ;
wait_V2 : V2 ;
walk_V : V ;
warm_A : A ;
war_N : N ;
wash_V2 : V2 ;
watch_V2 : V2 ;
water_N : N ;
wet_A : A ;
white_A : A ;
wide_A : A ;
wife_N : N ;
wind_N : N ;
window_N : N ;
wine_N : N ;
wing_N : N ;
win_V2 : V2 ;
wipe_V2 : V2 ;
woman_N : N ;
wonder_VQ : VQ ;
wood_N : N ;
worm_N : N ;
write_V2 : V2 ;
year_N : N ;
yellow_A : A ;
young_A : A ;
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Noun: Nouns, noun phrases, and determiners</h1>
<pre>
abstract Noun = Cat ** {
</pre>
<h2> Noun phrases</h2>
The three main types of noun phrases are
- common nouns with determiners
- proper names
- pronouns
<p>
<p>
<pre>
fun
DetCN : Det -> CN -> NP ; -- the man
UsePN : PN -> NP ; -- John
UsePron : Pron -> NP ; -- he
</pre>
Pronouns are defined in the module [``Structural`` Structural.html].
A noun phrase already formed can be modified by a <tt>Predet</tt>erminer.
<pre>
PredetNP : Predet -> NP -> NP; -- only the man
</pre>
A noun phrase can also be postmodified by the past participle of a
verb, by an adverb, or by a relative clause
<pre>
PPartNP : NP -> V2 -> NP ; -- the man seen
AdvNP : NP -> Adv -> NP ; -- Paris today
RelNP : NP -> RS -> NP ; -- Paris, which is here
</pre>
Determiners can form noun phrases directly.
<pre>
DetNP : Det -> NP ; -- these five
</pre>
<h2> Determiners</h2>
The determiner has a fine-grained structure, in which a 'nucleus'
quantifier and an optional numeral can be discerned.
<pre>
DetQuant : Quant -> Num -> Det ; -- these five
DetQuantOrd : Quant -> Num -> Ord -> Det ; -- these five best
</pre>
Whether the resulting determiner is singular or plural depends on the
cardinal.
All parts of the determiner can be empty, except <tt>Quant</tt>, which is
the <i>kernel</i> of a determiner. It is, however, the <tt>Num</tt> that determines
the inherent number.
<pre>
NumSg : Num ;
NumPl : Num ;
NumCard : Card -> Num ;
</pre>
<tt>Card</tt> consists of either digits or numeral words.
<pre>
data
NumDigits : Digits -> Card ; -- 51
NumNumeral : Numeral -> Card ; -- fifty-one
</pre>
The construction of numerals is defined in [Numeral Numeral.html].
A <tt>Card</tt> can be modified by certain adverbs.
<pre>
fun
AdNum : AdN -> Card -> Card ; -- almost 51
</pre>
An <tt>Ord</tt> consists of either digits or numeral words.
Also superlative forms of adjectives behave syntactically like ordinals.
<pre>
OrdDigits : Digits -> Ord ; -- 51st
OrdNumeral : Numeral -> Ord ; -- fifty-first
OrdSuperl : A -> Ord ; -- warmest
</pre>
Definite and indefinite noun phrases are sometimes realized as
neatly distinct words (Spanish <i>un, unos ; el, los</i>) but also without
any particular word (Finnish; Swedish definites).
<pre>
IndefArt : Quant ;
DefArt : Quant ;
</pre>
Nouns can be used without an article as mass nouns. The resource does
not distinguish mass nouns from other common nouns, which can result
in semantically odd expressions.
<pre>
MassNP : CN -> NP ; -- (beer)
</pre>
Pronouns have possessive forms. Genitives of other kinds
of noun phrases are not given here, since they are not possible
in e.g. Romance languages. They can be found in <tt>Extra</tt> modules.
<pre>
PossPron : Pron -> Quant ; -- my (house)
</pre>
Other determiners are defined in [Structural Structural.html].
<h2> Common nouns</h2>
Simple nouns can be used as nouns outright.
<pre>
UseN : N -> CN ; -- house
</pre>
Relational nouns take one or two arguments.
<pre>
ComplN2 : N2 -> NP -> CN ; -- mother of the king
ComplN3 : N3 -> NP -> N2 ; -- distance from this city (to Paris)
</pre>
Relational nouns can also be used without their arguments.
The semantics is typically derivative of the relational meaning.
<pre>
UseN2 : N2 -> CN ; -- mother
Use2N3 : N3 -> N2 ; -- distance (from this city)
Use3N3 : N3 -> N2 ; -- distance (to Paris)
</pre>
Nouns can be modified by adjectives, relative clauses, and adverbs
(the last rule will give rise to many 'PP attachment' ambiguities
when used in connection with verb phrases).
<pre>
AdjCN : AP -> CN -> CN ; -- big house
RelCN : CN -> RS -> CN ; -- house that John bought
AdvCN : CN -> Adv -> CN ; -- house on the hill
</pre>
Nouns can also be modified by embedded sentences and questions.
For some nouns this makes little sense, but we leave this for applications
to decide. Sentential complements are defined in [Verb Verb.html].
<pre>
SentCN : CN -> SC -> CN ; -- question where she sleeps
</pre>
<h2> Apposition</h2>
This is certainly overgenerating.
<pre>
ApposCN : CN -> NP -> CN ; -- city Paris (, numbers x and y)
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Numerals</h1>
This grammar defines numerals from 1 to 999999.
The implementations are adapted from the
[numerals library http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/examples/numerals/]
which defines numerals for 88 languages.
The resource grammar implementations add to this inflection (if needed)
and ordinal numbers.
<p>
<b>Note</b> 1. Number 1 as defined
in the category <tt>Numeral</tt> here should not be used in the formation of
noun phrases, and should therefore be removed. Instead, one should use
[Structural Structural.html]<tt>.one_Quant</tt>. This makes the grammar simpler
because we can assume that numbers form plural noun phrases.
<p>
<b>Note</b> 2. The implementations introduce spaces between
parts of a numeral, which is often incorrect - more work on
(un)lexing is needed to solve this problem.
<pre>
abstract Numeral = Cat [Numeral,Digits] ** {
cat
Digit ; -- 2..9
Sub10 ; -- 1..9
Sub100 ; -- 1..99
Sub1000 ; -- 1..999
Sub1000000 ; -- 1..999999
data
num : Sub1000000 -> Numeral ;
n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9 : Digit ;
pot01 : Sub10 ; -- 1
pot0 : Digit -> Sub10 ; -- d * 1
pot110 : Sub100 ; -- 10
pot111 : Sub100 ; -- 11
pot1to19 : Digit -> Sub100 ; -- 10 + d
pot0as1 : Sub10 -> Sub100 ; -- coercion of 1..9
pot1 : Digit -> Sub100 ; -- d * 10
pot1plus : Digit -> Sub10 -> Sub100 ; -- d * 10 + n
pot1as2 : Sub100 -> Sub1000 ; -- coercion of 1..99
pot2 : Sub10 -> Sub1000 ; -- m * 100
pot2plus : Sub10 -> Sub100 -> Sub1000 ; -- m * 100 + n
pot2as3 : Sub1000 -> Sub1000000 ; -- coercion of 1..999
pot3 : Sub1000 -> Sub1000000 ; -- m * 1000
pot3plus : Sub1000 -> Sub1000 -> Sub1000000 ; -- m * 1000 + n
</pre>
Numerals as sequences of digits have a separate, simpler grammar
<pre>
cat
Dig ; -- single digit 0..9
data
IDig : Dig -> Digits ; -- 8
IIDig : Dig -> Digits -> Digits ; -- 876
D_0, D_1, D_2, D_3, D_4, D_5, D_6, D_7, D_8, D_9 : Dig ;
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Phrase: Phrases and Utterances</h1>
<pre>
abstract Phrase = Cat ** {
</pre>
When a phrase is built from an utterance it can be prefixed
with a phrasal conjunction (such as <i>but</i>, <i>therefore</i>)
and suffixing with a vocative (typically a noun phrase).
<pre>
fun
PhrUtt : PConj -> Utt -> Voc -> Phr ; -- but come here, my friend
</pre>
Utterances are formed from sentences, questions, and imperatives.
<pre>
UttS : S -> Utt ; -- John walks
UttQS : QS -> Utt ; -- is it good
UttImpSg : Pol -> Imp -> Utt; -- (don't) love yourself
UttImpPl : Pol -> Imp -> Utt; -- (don't) love yourselves
UttImpPol : Pol -> Imp -> Utt ; -- (don't) sleep (polite)
</pre>
There are also 'one-word utterances'. A typical use of them is
as answers to questions.
<b>Note</b>. This list is incomplete. More categories could be covered.
Moreover, in many languages e.g. noun phrases in different cases
can be used.
<pre>
UttIP : IP -> Utt ; -- who
UttIAdv : IAdv -> Utt ; -- why
UttNP : NP -> Utt ; -- this man
UttAdv : Adv -> Utt ; -- here
UttVP : VP -> Utt ; -- to sleep
UttCN : CN -> Utt ; -- house
UttCard : Card -> Utt ; -- five
UttAP : AP -> Utt ; -- fine
UttInterj : Interj -> Utt ; -- alas
</pre>
The phrasal conjunction is optional. A sentence conjunction
can also be used to prefix an utterance.
<pre>
NoPConj : PConj ;
PConjConj : Conj -> PConj ; -- and
</pre>
The vocative is optional. Any noun phrase can be made into vocative,
which may be overgenerating (e.g. <i>I</i>).
<pre>
NoVoc : Voc ;
VocNP : NP -> Voc ; -- my friend
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Question: Questions and Interrogative Pronouns</h1>
<pre>
abstract Question = Cat ** {
</pre>
A question can be formed from a clause ('yes-no question') or
with an interrogative.
<pre>
fun
QuestCl : Cl -> QCl ; -- does John walk
QuestVP : IP -> VP -> QCl ; -- who walks
QuestSlash : IP -> ClSlash -> QCl ; -- whom does John love
QuestIAdv : IAdv -> Cl -> QCl ; -- why does John walk
QuestIComp : IComp -> NP -> QCl ; -- where is John
</pre>
Interrogative pronouns can be formed with interrogative
determiners, with or without a noun.
<pre>
IdetCN : IDet -> CN -> IP ; -- which five songs
IdetIP : IDet -> IP ; -- which five
</pre>
They can be modified with adverbs.
<pre>
AdvIP : IP -> Adv -> IP ; -- who in Paris
</pre>
Interrogative quantifiers have number forms and can take number modifiers.
<pre>
IdetQuant : IQuant -> Num -> IDet ; -- which (five)
</pre>
Interrogative adverbs can be formed prepositionally.
<pre>
PrepIP : Prep -> IP -> IAdv ; -- with whom
</pre>
They can be modified with other adverbs.
<pre>
AdvIAdv : IAdv -> Adv -> IAdv ; -- where in Paris
</pre>
Interrogative complements to copulas can be both adverbs and
pronouns.
<pre>
CompIAdv : IAdv -> IComp ; -- where (is it)
CompIP : IP -> IComp ; -- who (is it)
</pre>
More <tt>IP</tt>, <tt>IDet</tt>, and <tt>IAdv</tt> are defined in <tt>Structural</tt>.
Wh questions with two or more question words require a new, special category.
<pre>
cat
QVP ; -- buy what where
fun
ComplSlashIP : VPSlash -> IP -> QVP ; -- buys what
AdvQVP : VP -> IAdv -> QVP ; -- lives where
AddAdvQVP : QVP -> IAdv -> QVP ; -- buys what where
QuestQVP : IP -> QVP -> QCl ; -- who buys what where
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Relative clauses and pronouns</h1>
<pre>
abstract Relative = Cat ** {
fun
</pre>
The simplest way to form a relative clause is from a clause by
a pronoun similar to <i>such that</i>.
<pre>
RelCl : Cl -> RCl ; -- such that John loves her
</pre>
The more proper ways are from a verb phrase
(formed in [``Verb`` Verb.html]) or a sentence
with a missing noun phrase (formed in [``Sentence`` Sentence.html]).
<pre>
RelVP : RP -> VP -> RCl ; -- who loves John
RelSlash : RP -> ClSlash -> RCl ; -- whom John loves
</pre>
Relative pronouns are formed from an 'identity element' by prefixing
or suffixing (depending on language) prepositional phrases or genitives.
<pre>
IdRP : RP ; -- which
FunRP : Prep -> NP -> RP -> RP ; -- the mother of whom
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Sentence: Sentences, Clauses, and Imperatives</h1>
<pre>
abstract Sentence = Cat ** {
</pre>
<h2> Clauses</h2>
The <tt>NP VP</tt> predication rule form a clause whose linearization
gives a table of all tense variants, positive and negative.
Clauses are converted to <tt>S</tt> (with fixed tense) with the
<tt>UseCl</tt> function below.
<pre>
data
PredVP : NP -> VP -> Cl ; -- John walks
</pre>
Using an embedded sentence as a subject is treated separately.
This can be overgenerating. E.g. <i>whether you go</i> as subject
is only meaningful for some verb phrases.
<pre>
PredSCVP : SC -> VP -> Cl ; -- that she goes is good
</pre>
<h2> Clauses missing object noun phrases</h2>
This category is a variant of the 'slash category' <tt>S/NP</tt> of
GPSG and categorial grammars, which in turn replaces
movement transformations in the formation of questions
and relative clauses. Except <tt>SlashV2</tt>, the construction
rules can be seen as special cases of function composition, in
the style of CCG.
<b>Note</b> the set is not complete and lacks e.g. verbs with more than 2 places.
<pre>
SlashVP : NP -> VPSlash -> ClSlash ; -- (whom) he sees
AdvSlash : ClSlash -> Adv -> ClSlash ; -- (whom) he sees today
SlashPrep : Cl -> Prep -> ClSlash ; -- (with whom) he walks
SlashVS : NP -> VS -> SSlash -> ClSlash ; -- (whom) she says that he loves
</pre>
<h2> Imperatives</h2>
An imperative is straightforwardly formed from a verb phrase.
It has variation over positive and negative, singular and plural.
To fix these parameters, see [Phrase Phrase.html].
<pre>
ImpVP : VP -> Imp ; -- love yourselves
</pre>
<h2> Embedded sentences</h2>
Sentences, questions, and infinitival phrases can be used as
subjects and (adverbial) complements.
<pre>
EmbedS : S -> SC ; -- that she goes
EmbedQS : QS -> SC ; -- who goes
EmbedVP : VP -> SC ; -- to go
</pre>
<h2> Sentences</h2>
These are the 2 x 4 x 4 = 16 forms generated by different
combinations of tense, polarity, and
anteriority, which are defined in [``Common`` Common.html].
<pre>
fun
UseCl : Temp -> Pol -> Cl -> S ;
UseQCl : Temp -> Pol -> QCl -> QS ;
UseRCl : Temp -> Pol -> RCl -> RS ;
UseSlash : Temp -> Pol -> ClSlash -> SSlash ;
</pre>
An adverb can be added to the beginning of a sentence, either with comma (<i>externally</i>)
or without:
<pre>
AdvS : Adv -> S -> S ; -- then I will go home
ExtAdvS : Adv -> S -> S ; -- next week, I will go home
</pre>
This covers subjunctive clauses, but they can also be added to the end.
<pre>
SSubjS : S -> Subj -> S -> S ; -- I go home if she comes
</pre>
A sentence can be modified by a relative clause referring to its contents.
<pre>
RelS : S -> RS -> S ; -- she sleeps, which is good
</pre>
-- A sentence can also be post-modified by a subjunct sentence.
-- ModSubjS : S -> Subj -> S -> S ; -- she sleeps, because she is old
-- cf. Adverb.SubjS
<pre>
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Structural: Structural Words</h1>
Here we have some words belonging to closed classes and appearing
in all languages we have considered.
Sometimes more distinctions are needed, e.g. <tt>we_Pron</tt> in Spanish
should be replaced by masculine and feminine variants, found in
[``ExtraSpa`` ../spanish/ExtraSpa.gf].
<pre>
abstract Structural = Cat ** {
fun
</pre>
This is an alphabetical list of structural words
<pre>
above_Prep : Prep ;
after_Prep : Prep ;
all_Predet : Predet ;
almost_AdA : AdA ;
almost_AdN : AdN ;
although_Subj : Subj ;
always_AdV : AdV ;
and_Conj : Conj ;
because_Subj : Subj ;
before_Prep : Prep ;
behind_Prep : Prep ;
between_Prep : Prep ;
both7and_DConj : Conj ; -- both...and
</pre>
-b both7and_DConj : DConj ;
<pre>
but_PConj : PConj ;
by8agent_Prep : Prep ; -- by (agent)
by8means_Prep : Prep ; -- by (means of)
can8know_VV : VV ; -- can (capacity)
can_VV : VV ; -- can (possibility)
during_Prep : Prep ;
either7or_DConj : Conj ; -- either...or
</pre>
-b either7or_DConj : DConj ;
<pre>
every_Det : Det ;
everybody_NP : NP ; -- everybody
everything_NP : NP ;
everywhere_Adv : Adv ;
</pre>
- first_Ord : Ord ; DEPRECATED
<pre>
few_Det : Det ;
for_Prep : Prep ;
from_Prep : Prep ;
he_Pron : Pron ;
here_Adv : Adv ;
here7to_Adv : Adv ; -- to here
here7from_Adv : Adv ; -- from here
how_IAdv : IAdv ;
how8many_IDet : IDet ;
how8much_IAdv : IAdv ;
i_Pron : Pron ;
if_Subj : Subj ;
in8front_Prep : Prep ; -- in front of
in_Prep : Prep ;
it_Pron : Pron ;
less_CAdv : CAdv ;
many_Det : Det ;
more_CAdv : CAdv ;
most_Predet : Predet ;
much_Det : Det ;
must_VV : VV ;
</pre>
-b no_Phr : Phr ;
<pre>
no_Utt : Utt ;
on_Prep : Prep ;
</pre>
- one_Quant : QuantSg ; DEPRECATED
<pre>
only_Predet : Predet ;
or_Conj : Conj ;
otherwise_PConj : PConj ;
part_Prep : Prep ;
please_Voc : Voc ;
possess_Prep : Prep ; -- of (possessive)
quite_Adv : AdA ;
she_Pron : Pron ;
so_AdA : AdA ;
someSg_Det : Det ;
somePl_Det : Det ;
somebody_NP : NP ;
something_NP : NP ;
somewhere_Adv : Adv ;
that_Quant : Quant ;
that_Subj : Subj ;
there_Adv : Adv ;
there7to_Adv : Adv ; -- to there
there7from_Adv : Adv ; -- from there
therefore_PConj : PConj ;
they_Pron : Pron ;
this_Quant : Quant ;
through_Prep : Prep ;
to_Prep : Prep ;
too_AdA : AdA ;
under_Prep : Prep ;
very_AdA : AdA ;
want_VV : VV ;
we_Pron : Pron ;
whatPl_IP : IP ; -- what (plural)
whatSg_IP : IP ; -- what (singular)
when_IAdv : IAdv ;
when_Subj : Subj ;
where_IAdv : IAdv ;
which_IQuant : IQuant ;
whoPl_IP : IP ; -- who (plural)
whoSg_IP : IP ; -- who (singular)
why_IAdv : IAdv ;
with_Prep : Prep ;
without_Prep : Prep ;
</pre>
-b yes_Phr : Phr ;
<pre>
yes_Utt : Utt ;
youSg_Pron : Pron ; -- you (singular)
youPl_Pron : Pron ; -- you (plural)
youPol_Pron : Pron ; -- you (polite)
no_Quant : Quant ;
not_Predet : Predet ;
if_then_Conj : Conj ;
at_least_AdN : AdN ;
at_most_AdN : AdN ;
nobody_NP : NP ;
nothing_NP : NP ;
except_Prep : Prep ;
as_CAdv : CAdv ;
have_V2 : V2 ;
fun language_title_Utt : Utt ;
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Symbolic expressions</h1>
<b>Note</b>. This module is not automatically included in the main
grammar [Lang Lang.html].
<pre>
abstract Symbol = Cat, PredefAbs ** {
</pre>
<h2> Noun phrases with symbols and numbers</h2>
<pre>
fun
SymbPN : Symb -> PN ; -- x
IntPN : Int -> PN ; -- 27
FloatPN : Float -> PN ; -- 3.14159
NumPN : Card -> PN ;
CNNumNP : CN -> Card -> NP ; -- level five ; level 5
CNSymbNP : Det -> CN -> [Symb] -> NP ; -- (the) (2) numbers x and y
</pre>
<h2> Sentence consisting of a formula</h2>
<pre>
SymbS : Symb -> S ; -- A
</pre>
<h2> Symbols as numerals</h2>
<pre>
SymbNum : Symb -> Card ; -- n
SymbOrd : Symb -> Ord ; -- n'th
</pre>
<h2> Symbol lists</h2>
A symbol list has at least two elements. The last two are separated
by a conjunction (<i>and</i> in English), the others by commas.
This produces <i>x, y and z</i>, in English.
<pre>
cat
Symb ;
[Symb]{2} ;
fun
MkSymb : String -> Symb ;
</pre>
<h2> Obsolescent</h2>
<pre>
CNIntNP : CN -> Int -> NP ; -- level 53 (covered by CNNumNP)
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Common: Structures with Common Implementations.</h1>
This module defines the abstract parameters of tense, polarity, and
anteriority, which are used in [``Phrase`` Phrase.html] to generate different
forms of sentences. Together they give 4 x 2 x 2 = 16 sentence forms.
These tenses are defined for all languages in the library. More tenses
can be defined in the language extensions, e.g. the <i>passe simple</i> of
Romance languages in [``ExtraRomance`` ../romance/ExtraRomance.gf].
<pre>
abstract Tense = Common ** {
fun
TTAnt : Tense -> Ant -> Temp ;
PPos, PNeg : Pol ; -- I sleep/don't sleep
TPres : Tense ;
ASimul : Ant ;
TPast, TFut, TCond : Tense ; -- I slept/will sleep/would sleep --# notpresent
AAnter : Ant ; -- I have slept --# notpresent
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> Text: Texts</h1>
Texts are built from an empty text by adding <tt>Phr</tt>ases,
using as constructors the punctuation marks <i>.</i>, <i>?</i>, and <i>!</i>.
Any punctuation mark can be attached to any kind of phrase.
<pre>
abstract Text = Common ** {
fun
TEmpty : Text ; --
TFullStop : Phr -> Text -> Text ; -- John walks. ...
TQuestMark : Phr -> Text -> Text ; -- Are they here? ...
TExclMark : Phr -> Text -> Text ; -- Let's go! ...
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<body>
<i> Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</i>
<p>
<h1> The construction of verb phrases</h1>
<pre>
abstract Verb = Cat ** {
flags coding = utf8 ;
</pre>
<h2> Complementization rules</h2>
Verb phrases are constructed from verbs by providing their
complements. There is one rule for each verb category.
<pre>
data
UseV : V -> VP ; -- sleep
ComplVV : VV -> VP -> VP ; -- want to run
ComplVS : VS -> S -> VP ; -- say that she runs
ComplVQ : VQ -> QS -> VP ; -- wonder who runs
ComplVA : VA -> AP -> VP ; -- they become red
SlashV2a : V2 -> VPSlash ; -- love (it)
Slash2V3 : V3 -> NP -> VPSlash ; -- give it (to her)
Slash3V3 : V3 -> NP -> VPSlash ; -- give (it) to her
SlashV2V : V2V -> VP -> VPSlash ; -- beg (her) to go
SlashV2S : V2S -> S -> VPSlash ; -- answer (to him) that it is good
SlashV2Q : V2Q -> QS -> VPSlash ; -- ask (him) who came
SlashV2A : V2A -> AP -> VPSlash ; -- paint (it) red
ComplSlash : VPSlash -> NP -> VP ; -- love it
SlashVV : VV -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ; -- want to buy
SlashV2VNP : V2V -> NP -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ; -- beg me to buy
</pre>
<h2> Other ways of forming verb phrases</h2>
Verb phrases can also be constructed reflexively and from
copula-preceded complements.
<pre>
ReflVP : VPSlash -> VP ; -- love himself
UseComp : Comp -> VP ; -- be warm
</pre>
Passivization of two-place verbs is another way to use
them. In many languages, the result is a participle that
is used as complement to a copula (<i>is used</i>), but other
auxiliary verbs are possible (Ger. <i>wird angewendet</i>, It.
<i>viene usato</i>), as well as special verb forms (Fin. <i>käytetään</i>,
Swe. <i>används</i>).
<p>
<b>Note</b>. the rule can be overgenerating, since the <tt>V2</tt> need not
take a direct object.
<pre>
PassV2 : V2 -> VP ; -- be loved
</pre>
Adverbs can be added to verb phrases. Many languages make
a distinction between adverbs that are attached in the end
vs. next to (or before) the verb.
<pre>
AdvVP : VP -> Adv -> VP ; -- sleep here
AdVVP : AdV -> VP -> VP ; -- always sleep
AdvVPSlash : VPSlash -> Adv -> VPSlash ; -- use (it) here
AdVVPSlash : AdV -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ; -- always use (it)
</pre>
<b>Agents of passives</b> are constructed as adverbs with the
preposition [Structural Structural.html]<tt>.8agent_Prep</tt>.
<h2> Complements to copula</h2>
Adjectival phrases, noun phrases, and adverbs can be used.
<pre>
CompAP : AP -> Comp ; -- (be) small
CompNP : NP -> Comp ; -- (be) the man
CompAdv : Adv -> Comp ; -- (be) here
CompCN : CN -> Comp ; -- (be) a man/men
</pre>
Copula alone
<pre>
UseCopula : VP ; -- be
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.org">
<TITLE>More modules in the GF Resource Grammar Library</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<CENTER>
<H1>More modules in the GF Resource Grammar Library</H1>
</CENTER>
<P>
<A HREF="../synopsis.html">back to synopsis</A>
</P>
<H2>Extra syntax modules</H2>
<P>
These modules give language-specific extra constructs not available via the common API.
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="../../src/abstract/Extra.gf">common repository</A>
<A HREF="../../src/romance/ExtraRomanceAbs.gf">Romance (Cat, Fre, Ita, Spa)</A>
<A HREF="../../src/scandinavian/ExtraScandAbs.gf">Scandinavian (Dan, Nor, Swe)</A>
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="../../src/afrikaans/ExtraAfrAbs.gf">Afrikaans</A>
<A HREF="../../src/bulgarian/ExtraBulAbs.gf">Bulgarian</A>
<A HREF="../../src/catalan/ExtraCatAbs.gf">Catalan</A>
<A HREF="../../src/danish/ExtraDanAbs.gf">Danish</A>
<A HREF="../../src/dutch/ExtraDutAbs.gf">Dutch</A>
<A HREF="../../src/english/ExtraEngAbs.gf">English</A>
<A HREF="../../src/finnish/ExtraFinAbs.gf">Finnish</A>
<A HREF="../../src/french/ExtraFreAbs.gf">French</A>
<A HREF="../../src/german/ExtraGerAbs.gf">German</A>
<A HREF="../../src/italian/ExtraItaAbs.gf">Italian</A>
<A HREF="../../src/norwegian/ExtraNorAbs.gf">Norwegian</A>
<A HREF="../../src/persian/ExtraPesAbs.gf">Persian</A>
<A HREF="../../src/polish/ExtraPolAbs.gf">Polish</A>
<A HREF="../../src/punjabi/ExtraPnbAbs.gf">Punjabi</A>
<A HREF="../../src/romanian/ExtraRonAbs.gf">Romanian</A>
<A HREF="../../src/russian/ExtraRusAbs.gf">Russian</A>
<A HREF="../../src/spanish/ExtraSpaAbs.gf">Spanish</A>
<A HREF="../../src/swedish/ExtraSweAbs.gf">Swedish</A>
</P>
<H2>Irregular verbs and other words</H2>
<P>
These modules give lists of irregular words, mostly verbs. Their completeness varies.
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="../../src/catalan/IrregCatAbs.gf">Catalan</A>
<A HREF="../../src/danish/IrregDanAbs.gf">Danish</A>
<A HREF="../../src/dutch/IrregDutAbs.gf">Dutch</A>
<A HREF="../../src/english/IrregEngAbs.gf">English</A>
<A HREF="../../src/french/IrregFreAbs.gf">French</A>
<A HREF="../../src/german/IrregGerAbs.gf">German</A>
<A HREF="../../src/norwegian/IrregNorAbs.gf">Norwegian</A>
<A HREF="../../src/spanish/IrregSpaAbs.gf">Spanish</A>
<A HREF="../../src/swedish/IrregSweAbs.gf">Swedish</A>
<A HREF="../../src/turkish/IrregTurAbs.gf">Turkish</A>
</P>
<H2>Large-scale dictionaries</H2>
<P>
These morphological dictionaries are extracted from open source lexica by using the resource grammar paradigms. The figures give the approximate number of lemmas.
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="../../src/bulgarian/DictBulAbs.gf">Bulgarian</A> 53k
<A HREF="../../src/english/DictEngAbs.gf">English</A> 43k
<A HREF="../../src/finnish/DictFinAbs.gf">Finnish</A> 42k
<A HREF="../../src/french/DictFreAbs.gf">French</A> 92k
<A HREF="../../src/swedish/DictSweAbs.gf">Swedish</A> 43k
<A HREF="../../src/turkish/DictTurAbs.gf">Turkish</A> 24k
</P>
<H2>Abstract Syntax Modules</H2>
<P>
These modules are for internal use of resource grammarians, but the comments give some more linguistic explanation of the different constructs.
</P>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="4">
<TR>
<TH>module</TH>
<TH>contents</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Adjective.html">Adjective</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for A, AP</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Adverb.html">Adverb</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for Adv, AdV</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Cat.html">Cat</A></TD>
<TD>lincats of all categories</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Common.html">Common</A></TD>
<TD>default lincats for string categories</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Conjunction.html">Conjunction</A></TD>
<TD>coordination rules</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Extra.html">Extra</A></TD>
<TD>constructs available in some languages only</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Grammar.html">Grammar</A></TD>
<TD>everything except content lexicon</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Idiom.html">Idiom</A></TD>
<TD>idiomatic constructions</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Lang.html">Lang</A></TD>
<TD>everything (Grammar and Lexicon)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Lexicon.html">Lexicon</A></TD>
<TD>content word lexicon</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Noun.html">Noun</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for NP, CN, Det</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Numeral.html">Numeral</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for Numeral and Digits</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Phrase.html">Phrase</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for Phr, Utt</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Question.html">Question</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for QS, QCl, IP</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Relative.html">Relative</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for RS, RCl, RP</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Sentence.html">Sentence</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for S, Cl, SC</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A></TD>
<TD>structural word lexicon</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Symbol.html">Symbol</A></TD>
<TD>mixtures of verbal and symbolic expressions</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Tense.html">Tense</A></TD>
<TD>common API tense system</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Text.html">Text</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for Tex</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Verb.html">Verb</A></TD>
<TD>constructors for VP, VPSlash, Comp</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<H2>The Module Dependency Tree</H2>
<P>
<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC="Syntax.png" BORDER="0" ALT="">
</P>
<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.6 (http://txt2tags.org) -->
<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -thtml sources.txt -->
</BODY></HTML>

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More modules in the GF Resource Grammar Library
[back to synopsis ../synopsis.html]
==Extra syntax modules==
These modules give language-specific extra constructs not available via the common API.
[common repository ../../src/abstract/Extra.gf]
[Romance (Cat, Fre, Ita, Spa) ../../src/romance/ExtraRomanceAbs.gf]
[Scandinavian (Dan, Nor, Swe) ../../src/scandinavian/ExtraScandAbs.gf]
[Afrikaans ../../src/afrikaans/ExtraAfrAbs.gf]
[Bulgarian ../../src/bulgarian/ExtraBulAbs.gf]
[Catalan ../../src/catalan/ExtraCatAbs.gf]
[Danish ../../src/danish/ExtraDanAbs.gf]
[Dutch ../../src/dutch/ExtraDutAbs.gf]
[English ../../src/english/ExtraEngAbs.gf]
[Finnish ../../src/finnish/ExtraFinAbs.gf]
[French ../../src/french/ExtraFreAbs.gf]
[German ../../src/german/ExtraGerAbs.gf]
[Italian ../../src/italian/ExtraItaAbs.gf]
[Norwegian ../../src/norwegian/ExtraNorAbs.gf]
[Persian ../../src/persian/ExtraPesAbs.gf]
[Polish ../../src/polish/ExtraPolAbs.gf]
[Punjabi ../../src/punjabi/ExtraPnbAbs.gf]
[Romanian ../../src/romanian/ExtraRonAbs.gf]
[Russian ../../src/russian/ExtraRusAbs.gf]
[Spanish ../../src/spanish/ExtraSpaAbs.gf]
[Swedish ../../src/swedish/ExtraSweAbs.gf]
==Irregular verbs and other words==
These modules give lists of irregular words, mostly verbs. Their completeness varies.
[Catalan ../../src/catalan/IrregCatAbs.gf]
[Danish ../../src/danish/IrregDanAbs.gf]
[Dutch ../../src/dutch/IrregDutAbs.gf]
[English ../../src/english/IrregEngAbs.gf]
[French ../../src/french/IrregFreAbs.gf]
[German ../../src/german/IrregGerAbs.gf]
[Norwegian ../../src/norwegian/IrregNorAbs.gf]
[Spanish ../../src/spanish/IrregSpaAbs.gf]
[Swedish ../../src/swedish/IrregSweAbs.gf]
[Turkish ../../src/turkish/IrregTurAbs.gf]
==Large-scale dictionaries==
These morphological dictionaries are extracted from open source lexica by using the resource grammar paradigms. The figures give the approximate number of lemmas.
[Bulgarian ../../src/bulgarian/DictBulAbs.gf] 53k
[English ../../src/english/DictEngAbs.gf] 43k
[Finnish ../../src/finnish/DictFinAbs.gf] 42k
[French ../../src/french/DictFreAbs.gf] 92k
[Swedish ../../src/swedish/DictSweAbs.gf] 43k
[Turkish ../../src/turkish/DictTurAbs.gf] 24k
==Abstract Syntax Modules==
These modules are for internal use of resource grammarians, but the comments give some more linguistic explanation of the different constructs.
|| module | contents |
| [Adjective Adjective.html] | constructors for A, AP
| [Adverb Adverb.html] | constructors for Adv, AdV
| [Cat Cat.html] | lincats of all categories
| [Common Common.html] | default lincats for string categories
| [Conjunction Conjunction.html] | coordination rules
| [Extra Extra.html] | constructs available in some languages only
| [Grammar Grammar.html] | everything except content lexicon
| [Idiom Idiom.html] | idiomatic constructions
| [Lang Lang.html] | everything (Grammar and Lexicon)
| [Lexicon Lexicon.html] | content word lexicon
| [Noun Noun.html] | constructors for NP, CN, Det
| [Numeral Numeral.html] | constructors for Numeral and Digits
| [Phrase Phrase.html] | constructors for Phr, Utt
| [Question Question.html] | constructors for QS, QCl, IP
| [Relative Relative.html] | constructors for RS, RCl, RP
| [Sentence Sentence.html] | constructors for S, Cl, SC
| [Structural Structural.html] | structural word lexicon
| [Symbol Symbol.html] | mixtures of verbal and symbolic expressions
| [Tense Tense.html] | common API tense system
| [Text Text.html] | constructors for Tex
| [Verb Verb.html] | constructors for VP, VPSlash, Comp
==The Module Dependency Tree==
[Syntax.png]

16
lib/doc/synopsis-intro.txt
View File

@@ -31,13 +31,10 @@ use the resource modules.
- [Detailed table of contents #toc111].
Many examples in [Chapter 2 #toc5] can be seen in multiple languages by hovering the
mouse over the example, as shown in the following screenshot:
[hovering.png]
Other relevant documents:
- [``status.html`` ./status.html]: the current status of different languages
- [More modules gfdoc/sources.html]: extra modules, dictionaries, and
the internals of the resource grammar
- [The RGL Status Document ./status.html]: the current status of different languages
and the authors of each grammar
- [Resource Grammar Tutorial http://www.grammaticalframework.org/doc/gf-lrec-2010.pdf]
as presented in LREC-2010.
@@ -53,3 +50,10 @@ Other relevant documents:
[PDF http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/old/articles/libraries-kahn.pdf]
Many examples in [Chapter 2 #toc5] can be seen in multiple languages by hovering the
mouse over the example, as shown in the following screenshot:
[hovering.png]

19
lib/doc/synopsis.html
View File

@@ -45,19 +45,14 @@ use the resource modules.
<LI><A HREF="#toc111">Detailed table of contents</A>.
</UL>
<P>
Many examples in <A HREF="#toc5">Chapter 2</A> can be seen in multiple languages by hovering the
mouse over the example, as shown in the following screenshot:
</P>
<P>
<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC="hovering.png" BORDER="0" ALT="">
</P>
<P>
Other relevant documents:
</P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="./status.html"><CODE>status.html</CODE></A>: the current status of different languages
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/sources.html">More modules</A>: extra modules, dictionaries, and
the internals of the resource grammar
<LI><A HREF="./status.html">The RGL Status Document</A>: the current status of different languages
and the authors of each grammar
<LI><A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/doc/gf-lrec-2010.pdf">Resource Grammar Tutorial</A>
as presented in LREC-2010.
@@ -73,6 +68,14 @@ Other relevant documents:
<A HREF="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/old/articles/libraries-kahn.pdf">PDF</A>
</UL>
<P>
Many examples in <A HREF="#toc5">Chapter 2</A> can be seen in multiple languages by hovering the
mouse over the example, as shown in the following screenshot:
</P>
<P>
<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC="hovering.png" BORDER="0" ALT="">
</P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H1>Categories</H1>

2
lib/src/abstract/Tense.gf
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@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
-- forms of sentences. Together they give 4 x 2 x 2 = 16 sentence forms.
-- These tenses are defined for all languages in the library. More tenses
-- can be defined in the language extensions, e.g. the "passé simple" of
-- can be defined in the language extensions, e.g. the "passe simple" of
-- Romance languages in [``ExtraRomance`` ../romance/ExtraRomance.gf].
abstract Tense = Common ** {

6
lib/src/abstract/Verb.gf
View File

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
abstract Verb = Cat ** {
flags coding = utf8 ;
--2 Complementization rules
-- Verb phrases are constructed from verbs by providing their
@@ -41,8 +43,8 @@ abstract Verb = Cat ** {
-- them. In many languages, the result is a participle that
-- is used as complement to a copula ("is used"), but other
-- auxiliary verbs are possible (Ger. "wird angewendet", It.
-- "viene usato"), as well as special verb forms (Fin. "käytetään",
-- Swe. "används").
-- "viene usato"), as well as special verb forms (Fin. "käytetään",
-- Swe. "används").
--
-- *Note*. the rule can be overgenerating, since the $V2$ need not
-- take a direct object.