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updating gfdoc with Dan and Rus

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aarne
2006-05-26 15:33:51 +00:00
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26
lib/index.html
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@@ -7,20 +7,9 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1>GF Grammar Libraries</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: Aarne Ranta &lt;aarne (at) cs.chalmers.se&gt;</I><BR>
Last update: Fri Mar 10 11:32:28 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:05 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">The resource grammar library</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">The prelude library</A>
</UL>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<P>
One of the main ideas of
<A HREF="..">GF</A>
@@ -31,7 +20,6 @@ can be reused in new grammars. The slides
<A HREF="resource-1.0/doc/gslt-sem-2006.html">Grammars as Software Libraries</A>
give some introduction to this idea.
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H2>The resource grammar library</H2>
<P>
This library covers basic linguistic structures of
@@ -39,17 +27,15 @@ different languages.
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="resource-1.0/doc">Version 1.0</A> (still beta, but already recommended).
Covers English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Norwegian,
Spanish, and Swedish.
Covers Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Norwegian,
Russian, Spanish, and Swedish.
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="resource/">Version 0.9</A> (current "official" version).
Also covers Danish and Russian, but not German.
<A HREF="resource/">Version 0.9</A>.
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="resource-0.6/">Version 0.6</A>. Old version with 7 languages.
</P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>The prelude library</H2>
<P>
The <A HREF="prelude/">prelude</A>
@@ -68,6 +54,6 @@ of predefined (hard-coded) functions.
for strings, tables, records, booleans.
</P>
<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.0 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -\-toc -thtml index.txt -->
<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.3 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
<!-- cmdline: txt2tags index.txt -->
</BODY></HTML>

7
lib/index.txt
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@@ -25,11 +25,10 @@ This library covers basic linguistic structures of
different languages.
[Version 1.0 resource-1.0/doc] (still beta, but already recommended).
Covers English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Norwegian,
Spanish, and Swedish.
Covers Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Norwegian,
Russian, Spanish, and Swedish.
[Version 0.9 resource/] (current "official" version).
Also covers Danish and Russian, but not German.
[Version 0.9 resource/].
[Version 0.6 resource-0.6/]. Old version with 7 languages.

2
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adjective.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Adjectives and adjectival phrases</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:10 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:26 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>

2
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adverb.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Adverbs and adverbial phrases</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:10 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:26 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>

22
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Cat.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The category system</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:11 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:27 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>
@@ -39,7 +39,24 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>The category system</H1>
<P>
The category system is central to the library in the sense
that the other modules (<CODE>Adjective</CODE>, <CODE>Adverb</CODE>, <CODE>Noun</CODE>, <CODE>Verb</CODE> etc)
communicate through it. This means that a e.g. a function using
<CODE>NP</CODE>s in <CODE>Verb</CODE> need not know how <CODE>NP</CODE>s are constructed in <CODE>Noun</CODE>:
it is enough that both <CODE>Verb</CODE> and <CODE>Noun</CODE> use the same type <CODE>NP</CODE>,
which is given here in <CODE>Cat</CODE>.
</P>
<P>
Some categories are inherited from <A HREF="Common.html">Common</A>.
The reason they are defined there is that they have the same
implementation in all languages in the resource (typically,
just a string). These categories are
<CODE>AdA, AdN, AdV, Adv, Ant, CAdv, IAdv, PConj, Phr</CODE>,
<CODE>Pol, SC, Tense, Text, Utt, Voc</CODE>.
</P>
<P>
Moreover, the list categories <CODE>ListAdv, ListAP, ListNP, ListS</CODE>
are defined on <CODE>Conjunction</CODE> and only used locally there.
</P>
<PRE>
abstract Cat = Common ** {
@@ -154,7 +171,8 @@ Constructed in <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A>.
<A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H2>Words of open classes</H2>
<P>
These are constructed in <A HREF="Lexicon.html">Lexicon</A> and in additional lexicon modules.
These are constructed in <A HREF="Lexicon.html">Lexicon</A> and in
additional lexicon modules.
</P>
<PRE>
V ; -- one-place verb e.g. "sleep"

11
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Common.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Infrastructure with common implementations.</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:11 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:27 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
<H1>Infrastructure with common implementations.</H1>
<P>
This module defines the categories that uniformly have the linearization
<CODE>{s : Str}</CODE> in all languages. They are given lock fields that guarantee
grammatical correctness via type checking.
<CODE>{s : Str}</CODE> in all languages.
Moreover, this module defines the abstract parameters of tense, polarity, and
anteriority, which are used in <A HREF="Phrase.html">Phrase</A> to generate different
forms of sentences. Together they give 2 x 4 x 4 = 16 sentence forms.
@@ -92,12 +91,12 @@ Many adverbs are constructed in <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A>.
Ant ; -- anteriority: simultaneous, anterior
fun
PPos, PNeg : Pol ; -- I sleep/don't sleep
PPos, PNeg : Pol ; -- I sleep/don't sleep
TPres : Tense ;
ASimul : Ant ;
TPast, TFut, TCond : Tense ; -- I slept/will sleep/would sleep --# notpresent
AAnter : Ant ; -- I have slept --# notpresent
TPast, TFut, TCond : Tense ; -- I slept/will sleep/would sleep --# notpresent
AAnter : Ant ; -- I have slept --# notpresent
}
</PRE>

2
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Coordination</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:11 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:27 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>

2
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Idiom.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Idiomatic expressions</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:11 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:27 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>

2
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Lang.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The Main Module of the Resource Grammar</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:11 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:27 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>

2
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Mathematical.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The Mathematics API to the Resource Grammar</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:15 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:31 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>

2
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Multi.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Multimodal additions to the resource grammar library</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:16 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:32 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>

2
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Noun.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The construction of nouns, noun phrases, and determiners</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:12 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:28 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>

2
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Numeral.html
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Numerals</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Wed May 24 18:29:12 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:28 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>

473
lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsDan.html Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<FONT SIZE="4">
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Danish Lexical Paradigms</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adjectives</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Two-place adjectives</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Prepositions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Verbs with a particle</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Deponent verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc18">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc19">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<P>
Author:
Last update: Fri May 26 17:33:30 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P>
<P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../scandinavian:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Danish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2003
</P>
<P>
This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
</P>
<P>
Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
</P>
<P>
The main difference with <CODE>MorphoDan.gf</CODE> is that the types
referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
</P>
<P>
The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
separate module <CODE>IrregularEng</CODE>, which covers all irregularly inflected
words.
</P>
<PRE>
resource ParadigmsDan =
open
(Predef=Predef),
Prelude,
CommonScand,
ResDan,
MorphoDan,
CatDan in {
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2>
<P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
</P>
<PRE>
oper
Gender : Type ;
utrum : Gender ;
neutrum : Gender ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
To abstract over number names, we define the following.
</P>
<PRE>
Number : Type ;
singular : Number ;
plural : Number ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
To abstract over case names, we define the following.
</P>
<PRE>
Case : Type ;
nominative : Case ;
genitive : Case ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Prepositions used in many-argument functions are just strings.
</P>
<PRE>
Preposition : Type = Str ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2>
<P>
Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the
last letter of the second form (if <I>n</I>, then <CODE>utrum</CODE>, otherwise <CODE>neutrum</CODE>).
</P>
<PRE>
mkN : (dreng,drengen,drenger,drengene : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The regular function takes the singular indefinite form
and computes the other forms and the gender by a heuristic.
The heuristic is that all nouns are <CODE>utrum</CODE> with the
plural ending <I>er///</I>r//.
</P>
<PRE>
regN : Str -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Giving gender manually makes the heuristic more reliable.
</P>
<PRE>
regGenN : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
This function takes the singular indefinite and definite forms; the
gender is computed from the definite form.
</P>
<PRE>
mk2N : (bil,bilen : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
This function takes the singular indefinite and definite and the plural
indefinite
</P>
<PRE>
mk3N : (bil,bilen,biler : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P>
All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
such as <I>fotboll</I>.
</P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P>
Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN2 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N2 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The most common preposition is <I>av</I>, and the following is a
shortcut for regular, <CODE>nonhuman</CODE> relational nouns with <I>av</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
regN2 : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; N2 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Use the function <CODE>mkPreposition</CODE> or see the section on prepositions below to
form other prepositions.
</P>
<P>
Three-place relational nouns (<I>the connection from x to y</I>) need two prepositions.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
</P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P>
Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
</P>
<PRE>
regPN : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; PN ; -- John, John's
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. <I>Bank</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
nounPN : N -&gt; PN ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular
genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
</P>
<PRE>
mkNP : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Number -&gt; Gender -&gt; NP ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P>
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need three forms:
</P>
<PRE>
mkA : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
For regular adjectives, the other forms are derived.
</P>
<PRE>
regA : Str -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
In most cases, two forms are enough.
</P>
<PRE>
mk2A : (stor,stort : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
</P>
<PRE>
mkA2 : A -&gt; Preposition -&gt; A2 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Comparison adjectives may need as many as five forms.
</P>
<PRE>
mkADeg : (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The regular pattern works for many adjectives, e.g. those ending
with <I>ig</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
regADeg : Str -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Just the comparison forms can be irregular.
</P>
<PRE>
irregADeg : (tung,tyngre,tyngst : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Sometimes just the positive forms are irregular.
</P>
<PRE>
mk3ADeg : (galen,galet,galna : Str) -&gt; A ;
mk2ADeg : (bred,bredt : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
If comparison is formed by <I>mer, //mest</I>, as in general for//
long adjective, the following pattern is used:
</P>
<PRE>
compoundADeg : A -&gt; A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. <I>always</I>).
</P>
<PRE>
mkAdv : Str -&gt; Adv ;
mkAdV : Str -&gt; AdV ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
</P>
<PRE>
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H2>Prepositions</H2>
<P>
A preposition is just a string.
</P>
<PRE>
mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2>
<P>
The worst case needs six forms.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV : (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The 'regular verb' function is the first conjugation.
</P>
<PRE>
regV : (snakke : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The almost regular verb function needs the infinitive and the preteritum.
</P>
<PRE>
mk2V : (leve,levde : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module <CODE>IrregDan</CODE>.
In practice, it is enough to give three forms, as in school books.
</P>
<PRE>
irregV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</H3>
<P>
By default, the auxiliary is <I>have</I>. This function changes it to <I>være</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
vaereV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Verbs with a particle</H3>
<P>
The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
</P>
<PRE>
partV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Deponent verbs</H3>
<P>
Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>hoppas</I>, some as
reflexive e.g. <I>ångra sig</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
depV : V -&gt; V ;
reflV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV2 : V -&gt; Preposition -&gt; V2 ;
dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc17"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
the first one or both can be absent.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV3 : V -&gt; Str -&gt; Str -&gt; V3 ; -- speak, with, about
dirV3 : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,to
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,_
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc18"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV0 : V -&gt; V0 ;
mkVS : V -&gt; VS ;
mkV2S : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V2S ;
mkVV : V -&gt; VV ;
mkV2V : V -&gt; Str -&gt; Str -&gt; V2V ;
mkVA : V -&gt; VA ;
mkV2A : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V2A ;
mkVQ : V -&gt; VQ ;
mkV2Q : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V2Q ;
mkAS : A -&gt; AS ;
mkA2S : A -&gt; Str -&gt; A2S ;
mkAV : A -&gt; AV ;
mkA2V : A -&gt; Str -&gt; A2V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
</P>
<PRE>
V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc19"></A>
<H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2>
<P>
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
hidden from the document.
</P>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<FONT SIZE="4">
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Russian Lexical Paradigms</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Verbs</A>
</UL>
</UL>
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Produced by
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(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P>
<P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude:../common
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Russian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Janna Khegai 2003--2005
</P>
<P>
This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
</P>
<P>
Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
</P>
<P>
The main difference with <CODE>MorphoEng.gf</CODE> is that the types
referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
</P>
<P>
The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
separate module <CODE>IrregularEng</CODE>, which covers all irregularly inflected
words.
</P>
<P>
The following modules are presupposed:
</P>
<PRE>
resource ParadigmsRus = open
(Predef=Predef),
Prelude,
MorphoRus,
CatRus,
NounRus
in {
flags coding=utf8 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2>
<P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
</P>
<PRE>
oper
Gender : Type ;
masculine : Gender ;
feminine : Gender ;
neuter : Gender ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
To abstract over case names, we define the following.
</P>
<PRE>
Case : Type ;
nominative : Case ;
genitive : Case ;
dative : Case ;
accusative : Case ;
instructive : Case ;
prepositional : Case ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
In some (written in English) textbooks accusative case
is put on the second place. However, we follow the case order
standard for Russian textbooks.
To abstract over number names, we define the following.
</P>
<PRE>
Number : Type ;
singular : Number ;
plural : Number ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2>
<P>
Best case: indeclinabe nouns: <I>кофе</I>, <I>пальто</I>, <I>ВУЗ</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
Animacy: Type ;
animate: Animacy;
inanimate: Animacy;
mkIndeclinableNoun: Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Animacy -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Worst case - give six singular forms:
Nominative, Genetive, Dative, Accusative, Instructive and Prepositional;
corresponding six plural forms and the gender.
May be the number of forms needed can be reduced,
but this requires a separate investigation.
Animacy parameter (determining whether the Accusative form is equal
to the Nominative or the Genetive one) is actually of no help,
since there are a lot of exceptions and the gain is just one form less.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -&gt; Gender -&gt; Animacy -&gt; N ;
-- мужчина, мужчины, мужчине, мужчину, мужчиной, мужчине
-- мужчины, мужчин, мужчинам, мужчин, мужчинами, мужчинах
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Here are some common patterns. The list is far from complete.
Feminine patterns.
</P>
<PRE>
nMashina : Str -&gt; N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"машин-ой"
nEdinica : Str -&gt; N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"единиц-ей"
nZhenchina : Str -&gt; N ; -- feminine, animate, ending with "-a"
nNoga : Str -&gt; N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "г_к_х-a"
nMalyariya : Str -&gt; N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ия"
nTetya : Str -&gt; N ; -- feminine, animate, ending with "-я"
nBol : Str -&gt; N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ь"(soft sign)
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Neuter patterns.
</P>
<PRE>
nObezbolivauchee : Str -&gt; N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-ee"
nProizvedenie : Str -&gt; N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-e"
nChislo : Str -&gt; N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-o"
nZhivotnoe : Str -&gt; N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ень"
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Masculine patterns.
Ending with consonant:
</P>
<PRE>
nPepel : Str -&gt; N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ел"- "пеп-ла"
nBrat: Str -&gt; N ; -- animate, брат-ья
nStul: Str -&gt; N ; -- same as above, but inanimate
nMalush : Str -&gt; N ; -- малышей
nPotolok : Str -&gt; N ; -- потол-ок - потол-ка
-- the next four differ in plural nominative and/or accusative form(s) :
nBank: Str -&gt; N ; -- банк-и (Nom=Acc)
nStomatolog : Str -&gt; N ; -- same as above, but animate
nAdres : Str -&gt; N ; -- адрес-а (Nom=Acc)
nTelefon : Str -&gt; N ; -- телефон-ы (Nom=Acc)
nNol : Str -&gt; N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ь" (soft sign)
nUroven : Str -&gt; N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ень"
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common is with Genitive.
</P>
<PRE>
mkFun : N -&gt; Prep -&gt; N2 ;
mkN2 : N -&gt; N2 ;
mkN3 : N -&gt; Prep -&gt; Prep -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Proper names.
</P>
<PRE>
mkPN : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Animacy -&gt; PN ; -- "Иван", "Маша"
nounPN : N -&gt; PN ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
On the top level, it is maybe <CODE>CN</CODE> that is used rather than <CODE>N</CODE>, and
<CODE>NP</CODE> rather than <CODE>PN</CODE>.
</P>
<PRE>
mkCN : N -&gt; CN ;
mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Animacy -&gt; NP ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P>
Non-comparison (only positive degree) one-place adjectives need 28 (4 by 7)
forms in the worst case:
Masculine | Feminine | Neutral | Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative Inanimate
Accusative Animate
Instructive
Prepositional
Notice that 4 short forms, which exist for some adjectives are not included
in the current description, otherwise there would be 32 forms for
positive degree.
mkA : ( : Str) -&gt; A ;
Invariable adjective is a special case.
</P>
<PRE>
adjInvar : Str -&gt; A ; -- khaki, mini, hindi, netto
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Some regular patterns depending on the ending.
</P>
<PRE>
AStaruyj : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; A ; -- ending with "-ый"
AMalenkij : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; A ; -- ending with "-ий", Gen - "маленьк-ого"
AKhoroshij : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; A ; -- ending with "-ий", Gen - "хорош-его"
AMolodoj : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; A ; -- ending with "-ой",
-- plural - молод-ые"
AKakoj_Nibud : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Str -&gt; A ; -- ending with "-ой",
-- plural - "как-ие"
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments.
</P>
<PRE>
mkA2 : A -&gt; Str -&gt; Case -&gt; A2 ; -- "делим на"
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Comparison adjectives need a positive adjective
(28 forms without short forms).
Taking only one comparative form (non-syntaxic) and
only one superlative form (syntaxic) we can produce the
comparison adjective with only one extra argument -
non-syntaxic comparative form.
Syntaxic forms are based on the positive forms.
mkADeg : A -&gt; Str -&gt; ADeg ;
On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
just to use a one-place adjective.
ap : A -&gt; IsPostfixAdj -&gt; AP ;
</P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. <I>always</I>).
</P>
<PRE>
mkAdv : Str -&gt; Adv ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2>
<P>
In our lexicon description (<I>Verbum</I>) there are 62 forms:
2 (Voice) by { 1 (infinitive) + [2(number) by 3 (person)](imperative) +
[ [2(Number) by 3(Person)](present) + [2(Number) by 3(Person)](future) +
4(GenNum)(past) ](indicative)+ 4 (GenNum) (subjunctive) }
Participles (Present and Past) and Gerund forms are not included,
since they fuction more like Adjectives and Adverbs correspondingly
rather than verbs. Aspect regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb.
Notice, that some forms are never used for some verbs. Actually,
the majority of verbs do not have many of the forms.
</P>
<PRE>
Voice: Type;
Aspect: Type;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Tense : Type;
</P>
<PRE>
Bool: Type;
Conjugation: Type ;
first: Conjugation; -- "гуля-Ешь, гуля-Ем"
firstE: Conjugation; -- Verbs with vowel "ё": "даёшь" (give), "пьёшь" (drink)
second: Conjugation; -- "вид-Ишь, вид-Им"
mixed: Conjugation; -- "хоч-Ешь - хот-Им"
dolzhen: Conjugation; -- irregular
true: Bool;
false: Bool;
active: Voice ;
passive: Voice ;
imperfective: Aspect;
perfective: Aspect ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
present : Tense ;
past : Tense ;
The worst case need 6 forms of the present tense in indicative mood
(<I>я бегу</I>, <I>ты бежишь</I>, <I>он бежит</I>, <I>мы бежим</I>, <I>вы бежите</I>, <I>они бегут</I>),
a past form (singular, masculine: <I>я бежал</I>), an imperative form
(singular, second person: <I>беги</I>), an infinitive (<I>бежать</I>).
Inherent aspect should also be specified.
</P>
<PRE>
mkVerbum : Aspect -&gt; (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Common conjugation patterns are two conjugations:
first - verbs ending with <I>-ать/-ять</I> and second - <I>-ить/-еть</I>.
Instead of 6 present forms of the worst case, we only need
a present stem and one ending (singular, first person):
<I>я люб-лю</I>, <I>я жд-у</I>, etc. To determine where the border
between stem and ending lies it is sufficient to compare
first person from with second person form:
<I>я люб-лю</I>, <I>ты люб-ишь</I>. Stems shoud be the same.
So the definition for verb <I>любить</I> looks like:
mkRegVerb Imperfective Second <I>люб</I> <I>лю</I> <I>любил</I> <I>люби</I> <I>любить</I>;
</P>
<PRE>
mkRegVerb :Aspect -&gt; Conjugation -&gt; (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
For writing an application grammar one usualy doesn't need
the whole inflection table, since each verb is used in
a particular context that determines some of the parameters
(Tense and Voice while Aspect is fixed from the beginning) for certain usage.
The <I>V</I> type, that have these parameters fixed.
We can extract the <I>V</I> from the lexicon.
mkV: Verbum -&gt; Voice -&gt; V ;
mkPresentV: Verbum -&gt; Voice -&gt; V ;
Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice that
a particle can be included in a <CODE>V</CODE>.
</P>
<PRE>
mkTV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; Case -&gt; V2 ; -- "войти в дом"; "в", accusative
mkV3 : V -&gt; Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Case -&gt; Case -&gt; V3 ; -- "сложить письмо в конверт"
tvDir : V -&gt; V2 ; -- "видеть", "любить"
tvDirDir : V -&gt; V3 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
hidden from the document.
</P>
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Phrases and utterances</H1>
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1>GF Resource Grammar Library v. 1.0</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Author: Aarne Ranta &lt;aarne (at) cs.chalmers.se&gt;</I><BR>
Last update: Tue Mar 21 16:36:57 2006
Last update: Fri May 26 17:32:59 2006
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Authors</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">License</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Scope</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Quick start</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">The language independent ground API</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">The language-dependent APIs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Special-purpose APIs</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Using the library</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">The compiled version</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Linking applications to libraries</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Using the libraries as top-level grammars</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Example applications</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Brozeage</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Tram</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Animals</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Known bugs and missing components</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">More reading</A>
</UL>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<P>
The GF Resource Grammar Library defines the basic grammar of
ten languages:
@@ -55,15 +23,15 @@ with a new version of GF itself, since the grammars use new features
not available in GF 2.4.
</P>
<P>
V. 1.0 is not yet available for Russian and Danish: for them,
we refer to <A HREF="../../resource/">v. 0.9</A>.
<B>New</B>. V. 1.0 is now (26 May) available Russian and Danish.
But the modules still need some testing, especially the Danish
lexicon (corrections welcome!).
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H2>Authors</H2>
<P>
Inger Andersson and Therese Soderberg (Spanish morphology),
Nicolas Barth and Sylvain Pogodalla (French verb list),
Janna Khegai (Russian modules, forthcoming),
Janna Khegai (Russian modules),
Bjorn Bringert (many Swadesh lexica),
Carlos Gonzalia (Spanish cardinals),
Harald Hammarstrom (German morphology),
@@ -82,22 +50,22 @@ Lauri Carlson,
Gloria Casanellas,
Karin Cavallin,
Robin Cooper,
Ali El Dada,
Hans-Joachim Daniels,
Elisabet Engdahl,
Markus Forsberg,
Kristofer Johannisson,
Anni Laine,
Saara Myllyntausta,
Wanjiku Ng'ang'a,
Jordi Saludes.
</P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>License</H2>
<P>
The GF Resource Grammar Library is open-source software licensed under
GNU General Public License. See the file <A HREF="../LICENSE">LICENSE</A> for more
details.
</P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Scope</H2>
<P>
Coverage, for each language:
@@ -127,7 +95,6 @@ Presentation:
<LI>example collections
</UL>
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Quick start</H2>
<P>
Go to the main directory, compile the grammars, and run a test.
@@ -160,7 +127,6 @@ Do for instance
<P>
For more examples, see the <A HREF="clt2006.html">Overview slides</A>.
</P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>The language independent ground API</H3>
<P>
This API is accessible by both <CODE>present</CODE> and <CODE>alltenses</CODE>.
@@ -193,27 +159,28 @@ The documentation of the individual modules:
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/Lang.html">Lang</A>: the main module comprising all the others
</UL>
<A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>The language-dependent APIs</H3>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsDan.html">ParadigmsDan</A>: Danish lexical paradigms
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsEng.html">ParadigmsEng</A>: English lexical paradigms
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsFin.html">ParadigmsFin</A>: Finnish lexical paradigms
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsFre.html">ParadigmsFre</A>: French lexical paradigms
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsIta.html">ParadigmsIta</A>: Italian lexical paradigms
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsGer.html">ParadigmsGer</A>: German lexical paradigms
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsNor.html">ParadigmsNor</A>: Norwegian lexical paradigms
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsRus.html">ParadigmsRus</A>: Russian lexical paradigms
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsSpa.html">ParadigmsSpa</A>: Spanish lexical paradigms
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/ParadigmsSwe.html">ParadigmsSwe</A>: Swedish lexical paradigms
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/IrregDan.gf">IrregDan</A>: Danish irregular verbs (very incomplete)
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/IrregEng.gf">IrregEng</A>: English irregular verbs
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/IrregFre.gf">IrregFre</A>: French irregular verbs
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/IrregNor.gf">IrregNor</A>: Norwegian irregular verbs
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/IrregNor.gf">IrregNor</A>: Norwegian irregular verbs (very incomplete)
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/IrregSwe.gf">IrregSwe</A>: Swedish irregular verbs
</UL>
<A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Special-purpose APIs</H3>
<H4>Present</H4>
<P>
@@ -225,8 +192,7 @@ sufficient for many applications.
</P>
<H4>Multimodal</H4>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/Multimodal.html">Multimodal</A>: main module for multimodal dialogue systems
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/Demonstrative.html">Demonstrative</A>: demonstrative noun phrases and adverbs
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/Multi.html">Multi</A>: main module for multimodal dialogue systems
</UL>
<H4>Mathematical</H4>
@@ -236,9 +202,7 @@ sufficient for many applications.
<LI><A HREF="gfdoc/Symbol.html">Symbol</A>: symbols and numbers in text
</UL>
<A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Using the library</H2>
<A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>The compiled version</H3>
<P>
The simplest way to get the library is to install the precompiled version
@@ -256,10 +220,10 @@ library. Use one (or several) of the following packages instead:
<LI><CODE>lib/alltenses</CODE> the complete ground-API library with all forms
<LI><CODE>lib/present</CODE> a pruned ground-API library with present tense only
<LI><CODE>lib/mathematical</CODE> special-purpose API for mathematical applications
<LI><CODE>lib/multimodal</CODE> special-purpose API for multimodal dialogue applications
<LI><CODE>lib/multimodal</CODE> the complete ground-API with demonstratives for
multimodal dialogue applications
</UL>
<A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H3>Linking applications to libraries</H3>
<P>
Notice, however, that both special-purpose APIs share modules with
@@ -268,10 +232,10 @@ Notice, however, that both special-purpose APIs share modules with
</P>
<P>
It is advisable to use the bare package names in paths pointing to the
libraries. Here is an example, from <CODE>examples/tram</CODE>:
libraries. Here is an example, from <CODE>examples/dialogue/LightsEng.gf</CODE>:
</P>
<PRE>
--# -path=.:present:multimodal:mathematical:prelude
--# -path=.:alltenses:multimodal:prelude
</PRE>
<P>
To reach these directories from anywhere, set the environment variable
@@ -282,7 +246,6 @@ I have the following line in my <CODE>.bashrc</CODE> file:
export GF_LIB_PATH=/home/aarne/GF/lib
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H3>Using the libraries as top-level grammars</H3>
<P>
If you have done <CODE>make</CODE> in <CODE>lib/resource-1.0</CODE>, you will have
@@ -309,20 +272,18 @@ much faster than the former. The <CODE>-mcfg</CODE> flag (multiple context-free
must be used:
</P>
<PRE>
p -lang=LangEng -mcfg "this man is old"
p -lang=LangEng -mcfg -parser=topdown "this man is old"
</PRE>
<P>
Parsing with the <CODE>-mcfg</CODE> flag takes a few extra seconds the first time during
each session, but gets faster at later runs.
</P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H2>Example applications</H2>
<P>
These applications are meand to serve as starting points for
new applications, showing how the libraries can be used in
typical situations.
</P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Brozeage</H3>
<P>
The <A HREF="../../../examples/bronzeage">examples/bronzeage</A>
@@ -330,16 +291,14 @@ grammar set implements a language fragment
based on the Swadesh list of 200 words. It is useful for
things like language training.
</P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Tram</H3>
<H3>Dialogue</H3>
<P>
The <A HREF="../../../examples/tram">examples/tram</A>
grammar set implements the user grammar of a
multimodal dialogue system concerning public transport.
The <A HREF="../../../examples/dialogue">examples/dialogue</A>
grammar set implements the user grammars of some
multimodal dialogue system.
Its purpose is to serve as a prototype for applications in the
TALK project.
</P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Animals</H3>
<P>
The <A HREF="../../../examples/animal">examples/animal</A>
@@ -347,7 +306,6 @@ grammar set implements some queries about animals.
Its purpose is to serve as a prototype for example-based
grammar writing.
</P>
<A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H2>Known bugs and missing components</H2>
<P>
This bugs should be fixed before the final release of v. 1.0.
@@ -356,7 +314,7 @@ This bugs should be fixed before the final release of v. 1.0.
Danish
</P>
<UL>
<LI>API 1.0 not implemented
<LI>the lexicon and chosen inflections are only partially verified
</UL>
<P>
@@ -370,8 +328,7 @@ English
Finnish
</P>
<UL>
<LI>no possessive suffixes
<LI>wrong cases in passive constructions
<LI>wrong cases in some passive constructions
</UL>
<P>
@@ -400,14 +357,15 @@ Italian
Norwegian
</P>
<UL>
<LI>word order in compound verbs sometimes wrong
<LI>the lexicon and chosen inflections are only partially verified
</UL>
<P>
Russian
</P>
<UL>
<LI>API 1.0 not implemented
<LI>some functions missing
<LI>regular paradigms are missing
</UL>
<P>
@@ -419,12 +377,8 @@ Spanish
<P>
Swedish
-
</P>
<UL>
<LI>word order in compound verbs sometimes wrong
</UL>
<A NAME="toc17"></A>
<H2>More reading</H2>
<P>
<A HREF="gslt-sem-2006.html">Grammars as Software Libraries</A>. Slides
@@ -449,9 +403,10 @@ Slides showing how the method is used.
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/slides/talk-edin2005.pdf">Multimodal Resource Grammars</A>.
Slides showing how to use the multimodal resource library.
Slides showing how to use the multimodal resource library. N.B. the library
examples are from <CODE>multimodal/old</CODE>, which is a reduced-size API.
</P>
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