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changes in SUMO: formatting and fixes for lots of lots of small problems

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This commit is contained in:
krasimir
2010-06-06 11:06:44 +00:00
parent ae79d4e4b2
commit 455d955841
41 changed files with 56990 additions and 61448 deletions
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107
examples/SUMO/Basic.gf
View File

@@ -1,79 +1,73 @@
--# -path=.:englishExtended:common:prelude:abstract
abstract Basic = open Conjunction in {
cat Class;
El Class;
Ind Class;
SubClassC (c1,c2 : Class) (Var c2 -> Formula);
SubClass (c1,c2 : Class);
Inherits Class Class ;
[El Class];
[Class];
Formula;
Desc Class;
Var Class;
Stmt ;
abstract Basic = {
cat
Class;
El Class;
Ind Class;
SubClassC (c1,c2 : Class) (Var c2 -> Formula);
SubClass (c1,c2 : Class);
Inherits Class Class ;
[El Class];
[Class];
Formula;
Desc Class;
Var Class;
Stmt ;
-- inheritance between classes
data
inhz : (c : Class) -> Inherits c c;
inhs : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> (p : Var c2 -> Formula) -> SubClassC c1 c2 p -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits c1 c3;
inhsC : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> SubClass c1 c2 -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits c1 c3;
inhz : (c : Class) -> Inherits c c;
inhs : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> (p : Var c2 -> Formula) -> SubClassC c1 c2 p -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits c1 c3;
inhsC : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> SubClass c1 c2 -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits c1 c3;
-- coercion from Var to El
data
var : (c1 , c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Var c1 -> El c2 ;
var : (c1 , c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Var c1 -> El c2 ;
-- coercion from Ind to El
data
el : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Ind c1 -> El c2;
el : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Ind c1 -> El c2;
-- class-forming operations
data
both : Class -> Class -> Class ;
either : Class -> Class -> Class ;
both : Class -> Class -> Class ;
either : Class -> Class -> Class ;
-- first-order logic operations for Formula
data
not : Formula -> Formula;
and : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
or : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
impl : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
equiv : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
not : Formula -> Formula;
and : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
or : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
impl : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
equiv : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
-- quantification over instances of a Class
data
exists : (c : Class) -> (Var c -> Formula) -> Formula;
forall : (c : Class) -> (Var c -> Formula) -> Formula;
exists : (c : Class) -> (Var c -> Formula) -> Formula;
forall : (c : Class) -> (Var c -> Formula) -> Formula;
-- axioms for both
data
-- (both c1 c2) is subclass of c1 and of c2
bothL : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits (both c1 c2) c1 ;
bothR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits (both c1 c2) c2 ;
-- (both c1 c2) is subclass of c1 and of c2
bothL : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits (both c1 c2) c1 ;
bothR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits (both c1 c2) c2 ;
-- relationship with other subclasses
bothC : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> Inherits c3 c1 -> Inherits c3 c2 -> Inherits c3 (both c1 c2);
-- relationship with other subclasses
bothC : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> Inherits c3 c1 -> Inherits c3 c2 -> Inherits c3 (both c1 c2);
-- axioms for either
-- axioms for either
data
-- (either c1 c2) is superclass of c1 and of c2
eitherL : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 (either c1 c2);
eitherR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c2 (either c1 c2);
-- (either c1 c2) is superclass of c1 and of c2
eitherL : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 (either c1 c2);
eitherR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c2 (either c1 c2);
-- relationship with other subclasses
eitherC : (c1,c2,c3 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c3 -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits (either c1 c2) c3 ;
-- relationship with other subclasses
eitherC : (c1,c2,c3 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c3 -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits (either c1 c2) c3 ;
-- Desc category
data desc : (c1,c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Desc c2 ;
data
desc : (c1,c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Desc c2 ;
fun descClass : (c : Class) -> Desc c -> Class ;
def descClass _ (desc c _ _) = c ;
@@ -88,16 +82,11 @@ fun desc2desc : (c1,c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Desc c1 -> Desc c2 ;
--def plusInh _ _ _ inhz inh2 = inh2 ;
-- plusInh _ _ _ (inhs _ _ _ sc inh1) inh2 = inhs ? ? ? sc (plusInh ? ? ? inh1 inh2) ;
-- statements
data
subClassStm : (c1,c2 : Class) -> SubClass c1 c2 -> Stmt ;
subClassCStm : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (p : Var c2 -> Formula) -> SubClassC c1 c2 p -> Stmt ;
instStm : (c : Class) -> Ind c -> Stmt ;
formStm : Formula -> Stmt ;
subClassStm : (c1,c2 : Class) -> SubClass c1 c2 -> Stmt ;
subClassCStm : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (p : Var c2 -> Formula) -> SubClassC c1 c2 p -> Stmt ;
instStm : (c : Class) -> Ind c -> Stmt ;
formStm : Formula -> Stmt ;
};
};

165
examples/SUMO/BasicEng.gf
View File

@@ -1,96 +1,99 @@
--# -path=.:englishExtended:abstract:common:
concrete BasicEng of Basic = CatEng - [Text] ** open DictLangEng, ParadigmsEng, ResEng, Coordination, Prelude, ParamBasic, NounEng in{
concrete BasicEng of Basic = CatEng - [Text] ** open DictLangEng, ParadigmsEng, ResEng, Coordination, Prelude, ParamBasic, NounEng in {
lincat
Class = CN ;
El = NP ;
Ind = NP ;
Var = PN ;
SubClass = {} ;
SubClassC = {} ;
Inherits = {} ;
Desc = CN ;
Formula = PolSentence;
[El] = [NP];
[Class] = [CN];
Stmt = StmtS ;
lin
BaseClass = {s1,s2 = \\_,_ => "";
g = Neutr;
lock_ListCN=<>};
ConsClass xs x = ConsCN xs x ;
Class = CN ;
El = NP ;
Ind = NP ;
Var = PN ;
SubClass = {} ;
SubClassC = {} ;
Inherits = {} ;
Desc = CN ;
Formula = PolSentence;
[El] = [NP];
[Class] = [CN];
Stmt = StmtS ;
lin
BaseClass = {s1,s2 = \\_,_ => "";
g = Neutr;
lock_ListCN=<>};
ConsClass xs x = ConsCN xs x ;
BaseEl c = {s1,s2 = \\_ => "";
a = agrP3 Sg;
lock_ListNP=<>};
BaseEl c = {s1,s2 = \\_ => "";
a = agrP3 Sg;
lock_ListNP=<>};
ConsEl c xs x = ConsNP xs x ;
ConsEl c xs x = ConsNP xs x ;
and f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "and" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
or f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "or" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
not f1 = {s = \\f,c => case c of
{Neg => f1.s ! f ! Pos ;
Pos => f1.s ! Indep ! Neg };
flag = f1.flag;
lock_PolSentence = <>};
impl f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => "if" ++ f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "then" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
and f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "and" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
or f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "or" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
not f1 = {s = \\f,c => case c of {
Neg => f1.s ! f ! Pos ;
Pos => f1.s ! Indep ! Neg
};
flag = f1.flag;
lock_PolSentence = <>
};
impl f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => "if" ++ f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "then" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
equiv f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "is" ++ "equivalent" ++ "to" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS;
lock_PolSentence = <>};
equiv f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "is" ++ "equivalent" ++ "to" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS;
lock_PolSentence = <>};
el c1 c2 i e = e;
var c1 c2 i e = UsePN e;
el c1 c2 i e = e;
var c1 c2 i e = UsePN e;
exists C f = let np = DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) C
in
{s = \\form,c => case <form, f.flag> of
{ <Indep, ExistS _> => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib, ExistS One> => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib, ExistS _> => "," ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Indep,_> => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
_ => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c };
flag = case f.flag of
{ExistS _ => ExistS Many;
_ => ExistS One };
lock_PolSentence=<>};
exists C f = let np = DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) C
in { s = \\form,c => case <form, f.flag> of {
<Indep, ExistS _> => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib, ExistS One> => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib, ExistS _> => "," ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Indep,_> => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
_ => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c
};
flag = case f.flag of {
ExistS _ => ExistS Many;
_ => ExistS One
};
lock_PolSentence=<>
};
forall C f = {s = \\form, c => case <form,f.flag> of
{<Indep,ForallS _> => "for" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib,ForallS One> => "," ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib, ForallS _> => "," ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Indep,ExistS _> => "for" ++"every"++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
<Indep,_> => "for" ++"every"++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "we"++"have" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
<Attrib,ExistS _> => "and" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Indep ! c;
_ => "and" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "we" ++ "have" ++ "that" ++f.s ! Indep ! c };
flag = case f.flag of
{ForallS _ => ForallS Many;
_ => ForallS One };
lock_PolSentence=<>};
forall C f = { s = \\form, c => case <form,f.flag> of {
<Indep,ForallS _> => "for" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib,ForallS One> => "," ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib, ForallS _> => "," ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Indep,ExistS _> => "for" ++"every"++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
<Indep,_> => "for" ++"every"++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "we"++"have" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
<Attrib,ExistS _> => "and" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Indep ! c;
_ => "and" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "we" ++ "have" ++ "that" ++f.s ! Indep ! c };
flag = case f.flag of {
ForallS _ => ForallS Many;
_ => ForallS One
};
lock_PolSentence=<>
};
both c1 c2 = {s = \\c,n => c1.s ! c ! n ++ "and" ++ c2.s ! c ! n;
g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>};
both c1 c2 = { s = \\c,n => c1.s ! c ! n ++ "and" ++ c2.s ! c ! n;
g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>
};
either c1 c2 = {s = \\c,n => c1.s ! c ! n ++ "or" ++ c2.s ! c ! n;
g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>};
either c1 c2 = { s = \\c,n => c1.s ! c ! n ++ "or" ++ c2.s ! c ! n;
g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>
};
desc c1 c2 i = c2 ;
descClass c dc = c;
desc2desc c1 c2 i d = d;
desc c1 c2 i = c2 ;
descClass c dc = c;
desc2desc c1 c2 i d = d;
subClassStm c1 c2 sc = ss (c1. s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is" ++ "a" ++ "subclass" ++ "of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom) ;
instStm c i = ss (i.s ! Nom ++ "is" ++ "an" ++ "instance" ++ "of" ++ c.s ! Sg ! Nom) ;
formStm f = ss (f.s ! Indep ! Pos) ;
subClassCStm c1 c2 constr sc= ss (c1.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is" ++ "a" ++ "subclass" ++ "of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "where" ++ constr.s ! Indep ! Pos) ;
subClassStm c1 c2 sc = lin StmtS (ss (c1. s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is a subclass of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom)) ;
instStm c i = lin StmtS (ss (i.s ! Nom ++ "is an instance of" ++ c.s ! Sg ! Nom)) ;
formStm f = lin StmtS (ss (f.s ! Indep ! Pos)) ;
subClassCStm c1 c2 constr sc= lin StmtS (ss (c1.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is a subclass of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "where" ++ constr.s ! Indep ! Pos)) ;
-- lindef
lindef
Ind = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
El = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
Class = \x -> {s = \\_,_ => x; g = Neutr; lock_CN =<>};
lindef Ind = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
lindef El = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
lindef Class = \x -> {s = \\_,_ => x; g = Neutr; lock_CN =<>};
};
};

268
examples/SUMO/Communications.gf
View File

@@ -1,171 +1,157 @@
abstract Communications = open Merge, Geography, Mid_level_ontology in{
abstract Communications = MidLevelOntology, Geography ** {
-- An AMRadioStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of an AMRadioSystem.
fun AMRadioStation : Class ;
fun AMRadioStation_Class : SubClass AMRadioStation RadioStation ;
-- An AMRadioSystem consists of Radios,
-- AMRadioStations, and other components that work together to make
-- AM radio broadcasting possible in a given area.
fun AMRadioSystem : Class ;
fun AMRadioSystem_Class : SubClass AMRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
-- An ArtificialSatellite is a Device
-- that orbits the earth in space and performs various functions such as
-- aiding in communication, photographing the earth's surface, and others.
fun ArtificialSatellite : Class ;
fun ArtificialSatellite_Class : SubClass ArtificialSatellite (both EngineeringComponent Satellite) ;
-- An AMRadioStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of an AMRadioSystem.
fun AMRadioStation : Class ;
fun AMRadioStation_Class : SubClass AMRadioStation RadioStation ;
-- A BroadcastingStation is
-- an engineeringSubcomponent of either a TelevisionSystem or
-- a RadioStation.
fun BroadcastingStation : Class ;
fun BroadcastingStation_Class : SubClass BroadcastingStation (both CommunicationDevice (both EngineeringComponent StationaryArtifact)) ;
-- An AMRadioSystem consists of Radios,
-- AMRadioStations, and other components that work together to make
-- AM radio broadcasting possible in a given area.
fun AMRadioSystem : Class ;
fun AMRadioSystem_Class : SubClass AMRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
-- A CableTelevisionSystem
-- is a CommunicationSystem for cable television.
fun CableTelevisionSystem : Class ;
fun CableTelevisionSystem_Class : SubClass CableTelevisionSystem CommunicationSystem ;
-- An ArtificialSatellite is a Device
-- that orbits the earth in space and performs various functions such as
-- aiding in communication, photographing the earth's surface, and others.
fun ArtificialSatellite : Class ;
fun ArtificialSatellite_Class : SubClass ArtificialSatellite (both EngineeringComponent Satellite) ;
-- Relatively low power broadcasting
-- devices designed for voice communication among specialized groups
-- in which each receiver also has the power to transmit, unlike
-- broadcast radio where most components transmitting or receiving on
-- a given frequency or set of frequencies are receivers only. This
-- includes unlicensed walkie_talkies, public safety radios, military
-- communication systems and CB radios.
fun CommunicationRadio : Class ;
fun CommunicationRadio_Class : SubClass CommunicationRadio CommunicationDevice ;
-- A CommunicationSatellite is an
-- ArtificialSatellite that serves as one engineeringSubcomponent of a
-- CommunicationSystem.
fun CommunicationSatellite : Class ;
fun CommunicationSatellite_Class : SubClass CommunicationSatellite (both ArtificialSatellite CommunicationDevice) ;
-- A BroadcastingStation is
-- an engineeringSubcomponent of either a TelevisionSystem or
-- a RadioStation.
fun BroadcastingStation : Class ;
fun BroadcastingStation_Class : SubClass BroadcastingStation (both CommunicationDevice (both EngineeringComponent StationaryArtifact)) ;
-- An Eutelsat is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Eutelsat : Class ;
fun Eutelsat_Class : SubClass Eutelsat CommunicationSatellite ;
-- A FMRadioStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of an FMRadioSystem.
fun FMRadioStation : Class ;
fun FMRadioStation_Class : SubClass FMRadioStation RadioStation ;
-- A CableTelevisionSystem
-- is a CommunicationSystem for cable television.
fun CableTelevisionSystem : Class ;
fun CableTelevisionSystem_Class : SubClass CableTelevisionSystem CommunicationSystem ;
-- A FMRadioSystem consists of Radios,
-- FMRadioStations, and other components that work together to make
-- FM radio broadcasting possible in a given area.
fun FMRadioSystem : Class ;
fun FMRadioSystem_Class : SubClass FMRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
fun CommunicationDevice_EngineeringComponent : SubClass CommunicationDevice EngineeringComponent ;
-- An Inmarsat is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Inmarsat : Class ;
fun Inmarsat_Class : SubClass Inmarsat CommunicationSatellite ;
-- Relatively low power broadcasting
-- devices designed for voice communication among specialized groups
-- in which each receiver also has the power to transmit, unlike
-- broadcast radio where most components transmitting or receiving on
-- a given frequency or set of frequencies are receivers only. This
-- includes unlicensed walkie_talkies, public safety radios, military
-- communication systems and CB radios.
fun CommunicationRadio : Class ;
fun CommunicationRadio_Class : SubClass CommunicationRadio CommunicationDevice ;
-- An Intelsat is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Intelsat : Class ;
fun Intelsat_Class : SubClass Intelsat CommunicationSatellite ;
-- A CommunicationSatellite is an
-- ArtificialSatellite that serves as one engineeringSubcomponent of a
-- CommunicationSystem.
fun CommunicationSatellite : Class ;
fun CommunicationSatellite_Class : SubClass CommunicationSatellite (both ArtificialSatellite CommunicationDevice) ;
-- The Internet is a CommunicationSystem
-- for the rapid delivery of information between computers.
fun Internet : Ind CommunicationSystem ;
-- An InternetServiceProvider serves as an engineeringSubcomponent of
-- the Internet for a given area.
fun InternetServiceProvider : Class ;
fun InternetServiceProvider_Class : SubClass InternetServiceProvider CommunicationSystem ;
-- An Eutelsat is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Eutelsat : Class ;
fun Eutelsat_Class : SubClass Eutelsat CommunicationSatellite ;
-- An InternetUser is an individual who
-- uses the Internet.
fun InternetUser : Ind SocialRole ;
-- A FMRadioStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of an FMRadioSystem.
fun FMRadioStation : Class ;
fun FMRadioStation_Class : SubClass FMRadioStation RadioStation ;
-- An Intersputnik is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Intersputnik : Class ;
fun Intersputnik_Class : SubClass Intersputnik CommunicationSatellite ;
-- A FMRadioSystem consists of Radios,
-- FMRadioStations, and other components that work together to make
-- FM radio broadcasting possible in a given area.
fun FMRadioSystem : Class ;
fun FMRadioSystem_Class : SubClass FMRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
-- A MainTelephoneLine is one
-- engineeringSubcomponent of a TelephoneSystem used for voice communication
-- or computer data transfer.
fun MainTelephoneLine : Class ;
fun MainTelephoneLine_Class : SubClass MainTelephoneLine CommunicationDevice ;
-- An Inmarsat is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Inmarsat : Class ;
fun Inmarsat_Class : SubClass Inmarsat CommunicationSatellite ;
-- A Telephone that can be used without
-- connection to a MainTelephoneLine.
fun MobileCellPhone : Class ;
fun MobileCellPhone_Class : SubClass MobileCellPhone Telephone ;
-- An Intelsat is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Intelsat : Class ;
fun Intelsat_Class : SubClass Intelsat CommunicationSatellite ;
-- An Orbita is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Orbita : Class ;
fun Orbita_Class : SubClass Orbita CommunicationSatellite ;
-- The Internet is a CommunicationSystem
-- for the rapid delivery of information between computers.
fun Internet : Ind CommunicationSystem ;
-- A RadioStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of a RadioSystem.
fun RadioStation : Class ;
fun RadioStation_Class : SubClass RadioStation BroadcastingStation ;
-- A RadioSystem consists of Radios,
-- RadioStations, and other components that work together to make
-- radio broadcasting possible in a given area.
fun RadioSystem : Class ;
fun RadioSystem_Class : SubClass RadioSystem CommunicationSystem ;
-- An InternetServiceProvider
-- serves as an engineeringSubcomponent of the Internet for a given
-- area.
fun InternetServiceProvider : Class ;
fun InternetServiceProvider_Class : SubClass InternetServiceProvider CommunicationSystem ;
-- A ShortwaveRadioStation
-- is an engineeringSubcomponent of a ShortwaveRadioSystem.
fun ShortwaveRadioStation : Class ;
fun ShortwaveRadioStation_Class : SubClass ShortwaveRadioStation RadioStation ;
-- An InternetUser is an individual who
-- uses the Internet.
fun InternetUser : Ind SocialRole ;
-- A ShortwaveRadioSystem consists
-- of Radios, ShortwaveRadioStations, and other components that work
-- together to make shortwave radio broadcasting possible in a given area.
fun ShortwaveRadioSystem : Class ;
fun ShortwaveRadioSystem_Class : SubClass ShortwaveRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
-- A TelephoneSystem consists of a complete
-- interconnection of Telephones, MainTelephoneLines, and other components
-- that work together to make telephonic communication possible from point to
-- point in a given area.
fun TelephoneSystem : Class ;
fun TelephoneSystem_Class : SubClass TelephoneSystem CommunicationSystem ;
-- An Intersputnik is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Intersputnik : Class ;
fun Intersputnik_Class : SubClass Intersputnik CommunicationSatellite ;
-- A TelevisionStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of a TelevisionSystem.
fun TelevisionStation : Class ;
fun TelevisionStation_Class : SubClass TelevisionStation BroadcastingStation ;
-- A MainTelephoneLine is one
-- engineeringSubcomponent of a TelephoneSystem used for voice communication
-- or computer data transfer.
fun MainTelephoneLine : Class ;
fun MainTelephoneLine_Class : SubClass MainTelephoneLine CommunicationDevice ;
-- A system for Broadcasting and
-- receiving television signals.
fun TelevisionSystem : Class ;
fun TelevisionSystem_Class : SubClass TelevisionSystem CommunicationSystem ;
-- A Telephone that can be used without
-- connection to a MainTelephoneLine.
fun MobileCellPhone : Class ;
fun MobileCellPhone_Class : SubClass MobileCellPhone Telephone ;
-- The expression
-- (communicationSatelliteForArea ?AREA ?SATELLITE ?INTEGER) means that
-- ?INTEGER number of CommunicationSatellites of the type ?SATELLITE serve
-- as an engineeringSubcomponent of a TelephoneSystem of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
fun communicationSatelliteForArea: El GeopoliticalArea -> Desc Satellite -> El Integer -> Formula ;-- replaced--
-- An Orbita is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Orbita : Class ;
fun Orbita_Class : SubClass Orbita CommunicationSatellite ;
-- (internetCountryCode ?AREA ?CODE)
-- relates a GeopoliticalArea to the SymbolicString ?CODE used to
-- identify the ?AREA on internet websites.
fun internetCountryCode : El GeopoliticalArea -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
-- A RadioStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of a RadioSystem.
fun RadioStation : Class ;
fun RadioStation_Class : SubClass RadioStation BroadcastingStation ;
-- A RadioSystem consists of Radios,
-- RadioStations, and other components that work together to make
-- radio broadcasting possible in a given area.
fun RadioSystem : Class ;
fun RadioSystem_Class : SubClass RadioSystem CommunicationSystem ;
-- A ShortwaveRadioStation
-- is an engineeringSubcomponent of a ShortwaveRadioSystem.
fun ShortwaveRadioStation : Class ;
fun ShortwaveRadioStation_Class : SubClass ShortwaveRadioStation RadioStation ;
-- A ShortwaveRadioSystem consists
-- of Radios, ShortwaveRadioStations, and other components that work
-- together to make shortwave radio broadcasting possible in a given area.
fun ShortwaveRadioSystem : Class ;
fun ShortwaveRadioSystem_Class : SubClass ShortwaveRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
-- A TelephoneSystem consists of a complete
-- interconnection of Telephones, MainTelephoneLines, and other components
-- that work together to make telephonic communication possible from point to
-- point in a given area.
fun TelephoneSystem : Class ;
fun TelephoneSystem_Class : SubClass TelephoneSystem CommunicationSystem ;
fun TelevisionReceiver_EngineeringComponent : SubClass TelevisionReceiver EngineeringComponent ;
-- A TelevisionStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of a TelevisionSystem.
fun TelevisionStation : Class ;
fun TelevisionStation_Class : SubClass TelevisionStation BroadcastingStation ;
-- A system for Broadcasting and
-- receiving television signals.
fun TelevisionSystem : Class ;
fun TelevisionSystem_Class : SubClass TelevisionSystem CommunicationSystem ;
-- The expression
-- (communicationSatelliteForArea ?AREA ?SATELLITE ?INTEGER) means that
-- ?INTEGER number of CommunicationSatellites of the type ?SATELLITE serve
-- as an engineeringSubcomponent of a TelephoneSystem of the GeopoliticalArea
-- ?AREA.
fun communicationSatelliteForArea: El GeopoliticalArea -> Desc Satellite -> El Integer -> Formula ;-- replaced--
-- (internetCountryCode ?AREA ?CODE)
-- relates a GeopoliticalArea to the SymbolicString ?CODE used to
-- identify the ?AREA on internet websites.
fun internetCountryCode : El GeopoliticalArea -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
}

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concrete EconomyEng of Economy = MidLevelOntologyEng ** open DictLangEng, DictEng, ParadigmsEng in {
lin
Apple = UseN apple_N ;
Avocado = UseN avocado_N ;
Coconut = UseN coconut_N ;
DateFruit = ApposCN (UseN date_N) (MassNP (UseN fruit_N)) ;
Fodder = UseN fodder_N ;
Hay = UseN hay_N ;
Opium = UseN opium_N ;
Pea = UseN pea_N ;
}

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abstract Elements = Merge ** {
-- Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to
-- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a
-- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in
-- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and
-- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a
-- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.
fun Actinium : Class ;
fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group
-- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin
-- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many
-- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up
-- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C.
-- Oersted.
fun Aluminum : Class ;
fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
-- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable
-- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T.
-- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding
-- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles.
fun Americium : Class ;
fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms.
-- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black
-- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints,
-- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens.
-- First reported by Tholden in 1450.
fun Antimony : Class ;
fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ;
-- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the
-- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord
-- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
fun Argon : Class ;
fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three
-- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated
-- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been
-- the first to isolate the element in 1250.
fun Arsenic : Class ;
fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally
-- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the
-- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear
-- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the
-- University of California.
fun Astatine : Class ;
fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group
-- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely
-- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by
-- Humphry Davy.
fun Barium : Class ;
fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247,
-- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg
-- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha
-- particles.
fun Berkelium : Class ;
fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic
-- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows
-- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and
-- A.A. Bussy in 1828.
fun Beryllium : Class ;
fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs
-- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal
-- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth
-- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air
-- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that
-- it was different from lead.
fun Bismuth : Class ;
fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ;
-- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There
-- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron
-- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad
-- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature.
-- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was
-- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J.
-- Thenard.
fun Boron : Class ;
fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ;
-- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room
-- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine.
-- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and
-- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
fun Bromine : Class ;
fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the
-- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically
-- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered
-- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.
fun Cadmium : Class ;
fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to
-- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid
-- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope.
-- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold
-- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the
-- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline
-- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses
-- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some
-- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by
-- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically.
-- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum.
-- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium
-- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even
-- more toxic.
fun Caesium : Class ;
fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of
-- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium,
-- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
fun Calcium : Class ;
fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years.
-- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which
-- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron}
-- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine.
-- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.
fun Californium : Class ;
fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic
-- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and
-- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon
-- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon
-- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself,
-- and a wide variety of other elements.
fun Carbon : Class ;
fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive
-- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The
-- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H.
-- Klaproth in 1803.
fun Cerium : Class ;
fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas.
-- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly
-- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by
-- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in
-- 1810.
fun Chlorine : Class ;
fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard silvery transition element. Used in
-- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
fun Chromium : Class ;
fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites
-- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use.
-- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially
-- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer
-- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
fun Cobalt : Class ;
fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ;
-- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans
-- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable,
-- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist
-- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
fun Copper : Class ;
fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs
-- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of
-- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in
-- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding
-- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.
fun Curium : Class ;
fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre.
-- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at
-- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving
-- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven
-- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the
-- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a
-- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It
-- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its
-- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.
fun Dysprosium : Class ;
fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Appearance is unknown, however it is most
-- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic
-- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest
-- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by
-- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb
-- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were
-- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient
-- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.
fun Einsteinium : Class ;
fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial
-- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It
-- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G.
-- Mosander in 1843.
fun Erbium : Class ;
fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of
-- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William
-- Crookes.
fun Europium : Class ;
fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a
-- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates
-- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952.
fun Fermium : Class ;
fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ;
-- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging
-- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most
-- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous,
-- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was
-- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
fun Fluorine : Class ;
fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the
-- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes
-- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was
-- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.
fun Francium : Class ;
fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to
-- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron
-- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics.
-- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.
fun Gadolinium : Class ;
fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13
-- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71.
-- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives.
-- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals
-- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de
-- Boisbaudran in 1875.
fun Gallium : Class ;
fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to
-- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic
-- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886
-- by Winkler.
fun Germanium : Class ;
fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and
-- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five
-- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of
-- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry,
-- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical
-- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold
-- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the
-- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic,
-- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.
fun Gold : Class ;
fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element.
-- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a
-- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally
-- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.
fun Hafnium : Class ;
fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element.
-- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all
-- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no
-- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
fun Helium : Class ;
fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white
-- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It
-- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and
-- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural
-- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being
-- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal
-- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per
-- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium
-- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium
-- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to
-- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is
-- a fire hazard.
fun Holmium : Class ;
fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element.
-- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and
-- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements.
-- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
fun Hydrogen : Class ;
fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the
-- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a
-- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in
-- 1863 by Reich and Richter.
fun Indium : Class ;
fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group
-- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace
-- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in
-- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive
-- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen.
-- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.
fun Iodine : Class ;
fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition
-- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly
-- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by
-- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes
-- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a
-- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other
-- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature
-- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum.
-- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from
-- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally
-- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should
-- be considered highly toxic.
fun Iridium : Class ;
fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition
-- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the
-- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in
-- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces
-- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
fun Iron : Class ;
fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble
-- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted
-- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but
-- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes,
-- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive
-- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission
-- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with
-- {fluorine}.
fun Krypton : Class ;
fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ;
-- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden)
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and
-- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth
-- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable,
-- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other
-- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids
-- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should
-- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.
fun Lanthanum : Class ;
fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely
-- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth
-- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262
-- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium,
-- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by
-- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding
-- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature,
-- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the
-- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would
-- pose a radiation hazard.
fun Lawrencium : Class ;
fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to
-- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets
-- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and
-- fusible alloys.
fun Lead : Class ;
fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ;
-- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of
-- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
fun Lithium : Class ;
fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is
-- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth
-- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult
-- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements.
-- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are
-- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable
-- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium
-- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was
-- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The
-- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.
fun Lutetium : Class ;
fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of
-- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living
-- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very
-- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and
-- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen
-- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
fun Magnesium : Class ;
fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey brittle metallic transition element.
-- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated.
-- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
fun Manganese : Class ;
fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation
-- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used
-- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy
-- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor
-- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist.
fun Meitnerium : Class ;
fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a
-- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert
-- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been
-- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri
-- Mendeleev.
fun Mendelevium : Class ;
fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to
-- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific
-- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace
-- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury
-- compounds.
fun Mercury : Class ;
fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition
-- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids.
-- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and
-- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500
-- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has
-- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered
-- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in
-- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos
-- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known
-- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly
-- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.
fun Molybdenum : Class ;
fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to
-- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only
-- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial
-- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to
-- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the
-- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some
-- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's
-- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets
-- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885
-- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and
-- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means
-- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence
-- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye
-- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.
fun Neodymium : Class ;
fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the
-- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and
-- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a
-- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps.
-- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir
-- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
fun Neon : Class ;
fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
-- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a
-- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The
-- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through
-- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M.
-- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.
fun Neptunium : Class ;
fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition
-- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
fun Nickel : Class ;
fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition
-- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase
-- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees
-- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by
-- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.
fun Niobium : Class ;
fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to
-- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere
-- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial
-- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air.
-- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in
-- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
fun Nitrogen : Class ;
fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being
-- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty
-- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been
-- proposed as an alternative name.
fun Nobelium : Class ;
fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
fun Osmium : Class ;
fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging
-- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element
-- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the
-- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid
-- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding,
-- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found
-- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in
-- 1774.
fun Oxygen : Class ;
fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft white ductile transition element. Found
-- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal
-- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803
-- by W.H. Wollaston.
fun Palladium : Class ;
fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of
-- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element
-- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
fun Phosphorus : Class ;
fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ;
-- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is
-- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric
-- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis.
-- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum.
-- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable
-- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry,
-- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution
-- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer.
-- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the
-- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de
-- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word
-- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health
-- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be
-- considered highly toxic.
fun Platinum : Class ;
fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic
-- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with
-- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is
-- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is
-- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is
-- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by
-- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in
-- 1940.
fun Plutonium : Class ;
fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to
-- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of
-- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in
-- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of
-- pitchblende.
fun Polonium : Class ;
fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group
-- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and
-- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its
-- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
fun Potassium : Class ;
fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive.
-- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in
-- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.
fun Praseodymium : Class ;
fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a
-- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but
-- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste.
-- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148
-- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation.
-- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in
-- 1947.
fun Promethium : Class ;
fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the
-- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4
-- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical
-- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto
-- Hahn.
fun Protactinium : Class ;
fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a
-- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from
-- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.
fun Radium : Class ;
fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to
-- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222
-- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of
-- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy.
-- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been
-- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.
fun Radon : Class ;
fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white metallic transition element.
-- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum
-- alloys are superconducting.
fun Rhenium : Class ;
fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids,
-- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.
fun Rhodium : Class ;
fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1
-- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is
-- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other
-- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered
-- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.
fun Rubidium : Class ;
fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in
-- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and
-- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.
fun Ruthenium : Class ;
fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and
-- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed
-- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber.
-- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses.
-- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces
-- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by
-- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in
-- 1879.
fun Samarium : Class ;
fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to
-- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are
-- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev,
-- isolated by Nilson in 1879.
fun Scandium : Class ;
fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the
-- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles
-- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
fun Selenium : Class ;
fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the
-- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's
-- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive
-- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in
-- 1823 by Berzelius.
fun Silicon : Class ;
fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ;
-- White lustrous soft metallic transition element.
-- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery,
-- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.
fun Silver : Class ;
fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1
-- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing
-- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil.
-- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
fun Sodium : Class ;
fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to
-- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is
-- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years.
-- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry
-- Davy.
fun Strontium : Class ;
fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16
-- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms,
-- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many
-- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.
fun Sulphur : Class ;
fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element.
-- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a
-- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive.
-- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and
-- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.
fun Tantalum : Class ;
fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can
-- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made
-- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them
-- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6
-- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used
-- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and
-- manganese.
fun Technetium : Class ;
fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight
-- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and
-- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}.
-- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.
fun Tellurium : Class ;
fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen
-- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.
fun Terbium : Class ;
fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white
-- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn
-- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut
-- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes,
-- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium
-- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity
-- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared
-- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name
-- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and
-- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.
fun Thallium : Class ;
fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to
-- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US.
-- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear
-- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and
-- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.
fun Thorium : Class ;
fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial
-- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered
-- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.
fun Thulium : Class ;
fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group
-- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which
-- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine
-- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.
fun Tin : Class ;
fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ;
-- White metallic transition element. Occurs in
-- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys.
-- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by
-- Gregor in 1789.
fun Titanium : Class ;
fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White or grey metallic transition element,
-- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be
-- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de
-- Elhuyer in 1783.
fun Tungsten : Class ;
fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in
-- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany.
fun Unnildecium : Class ;
fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the
-- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974.
-- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and
-- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.
fun Unnilhexium : Class ;
fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transition metal.
fun Unniloctium : Class ;
fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life
-- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven
-- isotopes have been discovered.
fun Unnilpentium : Class ;
fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected
-- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260
-- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.)
-- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in
-- 1964.
fun Unnilquadium : Class ;
fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of
-- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear
-- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists
-- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.
fun Unnilseptium : Class ;
fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White radioactive metallic element belonging to
-- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234.
-- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons.
-- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.
fun Uranium : Class ;
fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good
-- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It
-- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes
-- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337
-- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding
-- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a
-- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of
-- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820,
-- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was
-- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from
-- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic
-- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and
-- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and
-- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung
-- cancer if inhaled.
fun Vanadium : Class ;
fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on
-- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven
-- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas
-- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found
-- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.
fun Xenon : Class ;
fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids.
-- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in
-- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.
fun Ytterbium : Class ;
fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the
-- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89,
-- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the
-- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in
-- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
fun Yttrium : Class ;
fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple
-- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes
-- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and
-- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
fun Zinc : Class ;
fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five
-- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear
-- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth,
-- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.
fun Zirconium : Class ;
fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ;
}

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--# -path=.:englishExtended
concrete ElementsEng of Elements = MergeEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng in {
lin
Hydrogen = UseN (mkN "Hydrogen") ;
Helium = UseN (mkN "Helium") ;
Lithium = UseN (mkN "Lithium") ;
Beryllium = UseN (mkN "Beryllium") ;
Boron = UseN (mkN "Boron") ;
Carbon = UseN (mkN "Carbon") ;
Nitrogen = UseN (mkN "Nitrogen") ;
Oxygen = UseN (mkN "Oxygen") ;
Fluorine = UseN (mkN "Fluorine") ;
Neon = UseN (mkN "Neon") ;
Sodium = UseN (mkN "Sodium") ;
Magnesium = UseN (mkN "Magnesium") ;
Aluminum = UseN (mkN "Aluminum") ;
Silicon = UseN (mkN "Silicon") ;
Phosphorus = UseN (mkN "Phosphorus") ;
Sulphur = UseN (mkN "Sulphur") ;
Chlorine = UseN (mkN "Chlorine") ;
Argon = UseN (mkN "Argon") ;
Potassium = UseN (mkN "Potassium") ;
Calcium = UseN (mkN "Calcium") ;
Scandium = UseN (mkN "Scandium") ;
Titanium = UseN (mkN "Titanium") ;
Vanadium = UseN (mkN "Vanadium") ;
Chromium = UseN (mkN "Chromium") ;
Manganese = UseN (mkN "Manganese") ;
Iron = UseN (mkN "Iron") ;
Cobalt = UseN (mkN "Cobalt") ;
Nickel = UseN (mkN "Nickel") ;
Copper = UseN (mkN "Copper") ;
Zinc = UseN (mkN "Zinc") ;
Gallium = UseN (mkN "Gallium") ;
Germanium = UseN (mkN "Germanium") ;
Arsenic = UseN (mkN "Arsenic") ;
Selenium = UseN (mkN "Selenium") ;
Bromine = UseN (mkN "Bromine") ;
Krypton = UseN (mkN "Krypton") ;
Rubidium = UseN (mkN "Rubidium") ;
Strontium = UseN (mkN "Strontium") ;
Yttrium = UseN (mkN "Yttrium") ;
Zirconium = UseN (mkN "Zirconium") ;
Niobium = UseN (mkN "Niobium") ;
Molybdenum = UseN (mkN "Molybdenum") ;
Technetium = UseN (mkN "Technetium") ;
Ruthenium = UseN (mkN "Ruthenium") ;
Rhodium = UseN (mkN "Rhodium") ;
Palladium = UseN (mkN "Palladium") ;
Silver = UseN (mkN "Silver") ;
Cadmium = UseN (mkN "Cadmium") ;
Indium = UseN (mkN "Indium") ;
Tin = UseN (mkN "Tin") ;
Antimony = UseN (mkN "Antimony") ;
Tellurium = UseN (mkN "Tellurium") ;
Iodine = UseN (mkN "Iodine") ;
Xenon = UseN (mkN "Xenon") ;
Caesium = UseN (mkN "Caesium") ;
Barium = UseN (mkN "Barium") ;
Lanthanum = UseN (mkN "Lanthanum") ;
Cerium = UseN (mkN "Cerium") ;
Praseodymium = UseN (mkN "Praseodymium") ;
Neodymium = UseN (mkN "Neodymium") ;
Promethium = UseN (mkN "Promethium") ;
Samarium = UseN (mkN "Samarium") ;
Europium = UseN (mkN "Europium") ;
Gadolinium = UseN (mkN "Gadolinium") ;
Terbium = UseN (mkN "Terbium") ;
Dysprosium = UseN (mkN "Dysprosium") ;
Holmium = UseN (mkN "Holmium") ;
Erbium = UseN (mkN "Erbium") ;
Thulium = UseN (mkN "Thulium") ;
Ytterbium = UseN (mkN "Ytterbium") ;
Lutetium = UseN (mkN "Lutetium") ;
Hafnium = UseN (mkN "Hafnium") ;
Tantalum = UseN (mkN "Tantalum") ;
Tungsten = UseN (mkN "Tungsten") ;
Rhenium = UseN (mkN "Rhenium") ;
Osmium = UseN (mkN "Osmium") ;
Iridium = UseN (mkN "Iridium") ;
Platinum = UseN (mkN "Platinum") ;
Gold = UseN (mkN "Gold") ;
Mercury = UseN (mkN "Mercury") ;
Thallium = UseN (mkN "Thallium") ;
Lead = UseN (mkN "Lead") ;
Bismuth = UseN (mkN "Bismuth") ;
Polonium = UseN (mkN "Polonium") ;
Astatine = UseN (mkN "Astatine") ;
Radon = UseN (mkN "Radon") ;
Francium = UseN (mkN "Francium") ;
Radium = UseN (mkN "Radium") ;
Actinium = UseN (mkN "Actinium") ;
Thorium = UseN (mkN "Thorium") ;
Protactinium = UseN (mkN "Protactinium") ;
Uranium = UseN (mkN "Uranium") ;
Neptunium = UseN (mkN "Neptunium") ;
Plutonium = UseN (mkN "Plutonium") ;
Americium = UseN (mkN "Americium") ;
Curium = UseN (mkN "Curium") ;
Berkelium = UseN (mkN "Berkelium") ;
Californium = UseN (mkN "Californium") ;
Einsteinium = UseN (mkN "Einsteinium") ;
Fermium = UseN (mkN "Fermium") ;
Mendelevium = UseN (mkN "Mendelevium") ;
Nobelium = UseN (mkN "Nobelium") ;
Lawrencium = UseN (mkN "Lawrencium") ;
Unnilquadium = UseN (mkN "Unnilquadium") ;
Unnilpentium = UseN (mkN "Unnilpentium") ;
Unnilhexium = UseN (mkN "Unnilhexium") ;
Unnilseptium = UseN (mkN "Unnilseptium") ;
Unniloctium = UseN (mkN "Unniloctium") ;
Meitnerium = UseN (mkN "Meitnerium") ;
Unnildecium = UseN (mkN "Unnildecium") ;
}

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concrete EngineeringEng of Engineering = MidLevelOntologyEng ** open DictLangEng, DictEng, ParadigmsEng in {
lin
Battery = UseN battery_N ;
Rotor = UseN rotor_N ;
}

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--# -path=.:englishExtended
abstract HigherOrder = Merge ** {
fun SingleValuedRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> Formula) -> Formula;
def SingleValuedRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x)) (f (var c c ? y))) (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))));
fun AntisymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def AntisymmetricRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))) (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))));
fun IntentionalRelation : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> inScopeOfInterest (var c1 CognitiveAgent ? x) (var c2 Entity ? y)));
-- assume binary predicate, since it is mostly used for that
fun ReflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def ReflexiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x));
fun SymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def SymmetricRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c(\y -> impl (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))));
fun EquivalenceRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def EquivalenceRelation c f = and (and (ReflexiveRelation c f) (SymmetricRelation c f)) (TransitiveRelation c f);
fun TransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def TransitiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c(\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z)))));
fun IrreflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def IrreflexiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x)));
fun AsymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def AsymmetricRelation c f = and (AntisymmetricRelation c f) (IrreflexiveRelation c f);
fun PropositionalAttitude : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def PropositionalAttitude c f = (AsymmetricRelation c f);
fun ObjectAttitude : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def ObjectAttitude c1 c2 f = IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f ;
fun IntransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def IntransitiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c(\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))))));
fun PartialOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def PartialOrderingRelation c f = and (and (TransitiveRelation c f) (AntisymmetricRelation c f)) (ReflexiveRelation c f);
fun TrichotomizingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def TrichotomizingRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y ->
or
(or
(and
(and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))
(not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))))
(not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))))
(and
(and (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)))
(equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))
(not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)))))
(and
(and (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))
(not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))))
(not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))))));
fun TotalOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def TotalOrderingRelation c f = and (PartialOrderingRelation c f) (TrichotomizingRelation c f) ;
fun OneToOneFunction : (c1, c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ;
def OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = forall c1(\x ->
forall c1(\y -> impl (not(equal (var c1 Entity ? x) (var c1 Entity ? y))) (not (equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x))) (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y)))))));
fun SequenceFunction : (c : Class) -> (El Integer -> Ind c) -> Formula ;
def SequenceFunction c f = OneToOneFunction Integer c f ;
fun AssociativeFunction : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ;
def AssociativeFunction c f = forall c(\x ->
forall c(\y ->
forall c(\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) (el c c ? (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))))) (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z))))));
fun CommutativeFunction : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ;
def CommutativeFunction c1 c2 f = forall c1 (\x ->
forall c1 (\y ->
equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c1 c1 ? y))) (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y) (var c1 c1 ? y)))));
fun identityElement : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> El c -> Formula ;
def identityElement c f elem = forall c(\x -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) elem)) (var c Entity ? x));
fun distributes : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ;
def distributes c f g = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (g (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z))) (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (g (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))) (el c c ? (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))))))));
fun inverse : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def inverse c f g = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> equiv (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))));
fun subRelation2El : (c1,c2,c3,c4 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> (El c3 -> El c4 -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> impl (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c2 c2 ? y)) (g (var c1 c3 ? x) (var c2 c4 ? y))));
fun KappaFn : (c : Class) -> (Ind c -> Formula) -> Class ;
};

21
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--# -path=.:englishExtended
concrete HigherOrderEng of HigherOrder = BasicEng ** open DictLangEng, DictEng, ParadigmsEng, ResEng, ParamBasic in {
lin
AsymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA asymmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
EquivalenceRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN equivalence_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N))))))) ;
IntransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intransitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
-- OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdvCN (UseN one_N) (PrepNP to_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt (NumCard (NumNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01))))))) (UseN function_N)))))))) ;
PartialOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA partial_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
SequenceFunction c f = mkPolSent(PredVP f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sequence_N) (MassNP (UseN function_N))))))) ;
ReflexiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA reflexive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
SymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA symmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
TotalOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA total_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
TransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA transitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intentional_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sub_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
identityElement c f elem = mkPolSent (PredVP elem (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN identity_N) (MassNP (UseN element_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep f))) ;
inverse c f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN inverse_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
};

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examples/SUMO/Mid_level_ontologyFre.gf
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--# -path=.:french:romance:abstract:prelude:common
concrete Mid_level_ontologyFre of Mid_level_ontology = MergeFre ** open DictLangFre, ParadigmsFre, LexiconFre, ExtraLexiconFre in{
lin
-- individual instances :
Student = MassNP (UseN student_N) ;
Teacher = MassNP (UseN teacher_N) ;
-- subclasses
Apple = UseN apple_N ;
ArtSchool = ApposCN (UseN art_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
Beer = UseN beer_N ;
BirdEgg = ApposCN (UseN bird_N) (MassNP (UseN egg_N)) ;
Boy = UseN boy_N ;
Closing = UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 close_V2) ;
DaySchool = ApposCN (UseN day_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
Eye = UseN eye_N ;
Girl = UseN girl_N ;
Grass = UseN grass_N ;
Head = UseN head_N ;
Heart = UseN heart_N ;
Knee = UseN knee_N ;
Milk = UseN milk_N ;
Restaurant = UseN restaurant_N ;
-- unary functions :
FirstFn ob = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuantOrd DefArt NumSg (OrdNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01)))))) (UseN element_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob) ;
--bespeak_V2
speaksLanguage ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a speak_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN language_N) ob2)))) ;
student ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN student_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
teacher ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN teacher_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
friend ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN friend_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
cousin ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN cousin_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
fears ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a fear_V2) (sentToNoun ob2))) ;
};

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examples/SUMO/Mid_level_ontologyRon.gf
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--# -path=.:romanian:abstract:prelude:common
concrete Mid_level_ontologyRon of Mid_level_ontology = MergeRon ** open DictLangRon, ParadigmsRon, LexiconRon, ExtraLexiconRon in{
lin
-- individual instances :
Student = MassNP (UseN student_N) ;
Teacher = MassNP (UseN teacher_N) ;
-- subclasses
Apple = UseN apple_N ;
ArtSchool = ApposCN (UseN art_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
Beer = UseN beer_N ;
BirdEgg = ApposCN (UseN bird_N) (MassNP (UseN egg_N)) ;
Boy = UseN boy_N ;
Closing = UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 close_V2) ;
DaySchool = ApposCN (UseN day_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
Eye = UseN eye_N ;
Girl = UseN girl_N ;
Grass = UseN grass_N ;
Head = UseN head_N ;
Heart = UseN heart_N ;
Knee = UseN knee_N ;
Milk = UseN milk_N ;
Restaurant = UseN restaurant_N ;
-- unary functions :
FirstFn ob = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuantOrd DefArt NumSg (OrdNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01)))))) (UseN element_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob) ;
--LastFn ob = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA last_A) (UseN element_N))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob);
--bespeak_V2
speaksLanguage ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a speak_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN language_N) ob2)))) ;
student ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN student_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
teacher ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN teacher_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
friend ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN friend_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
cousin ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN cousin_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
fears ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a fear_V2) (sentToNoun ob2))) ;
};

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examples/SUMO/Military.gf
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abstract Military = open Merge, Mid_level_ontology in {
-- A modern nation_states' air forces
-- (the whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.
fun AirForce_BranchOfService : Class ;
fun AirForce_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass AirForce_BranchOfService MilitaryOrganization ;
-- (AvailableForMilitaryServiceMaleFn
-- ?AREA) denotes the Integer that represents the count of the population of
-- males of military age in the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
fun AvailableForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
-- In military terminology, a battalion consists of
-- two to six companies typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. The
-- nomenclature varies by nationality and by branch of arms, e.g. some
-- armies organize their infantry into battalions, but call battalion_sized
-- cavalry, reconnaissance, or tank units a squadron or a regiment instead.
-- There may even be subtle distinctions within a nation's branches of arms,
-- such a distinction between a tank battalion and an armored squadron,
-- depending on how the unit's operational role is perceived to fit into the
-- army's historical organization. A battalion is potentially the smallest
-- military unit capable of independent operations (i.e. not attached to a
-- higher command), but is usually part of a regiment or a brigade or both,
-- depending on the organizational model used by that service. Battalions
-- are ordinarily homogeneous with respect to type (e.g. an infantry
-- battalion or a tank battalion), although there are occasional
-- exceptions. (from Wikipedia)
fun Battalion : Class ;
fun Battalion_Class : SubClass Battalion MilitaryUnit ;
-- Brigade is a term from military science which
-- refers to a group of several battalions (typically two to four), and
-- directly attached supporting units (normally including at least an
-- artillery battery and additional logistic support). A brigade is smaller
-- than a division and roughly equal to or a little larger than a regiment.
-- Strength typically ranges between 1,500 and 3,500 personnel. (from Wikipedia)
fun Brigade : Class ;
fun Brigade_Class : SubClass Brigade MilitaryUnit ;
-- In military organizations, an officer
-- is a member of the service who holds a position of responsibility.
-- Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power
-- and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and
-- responsibilities of a specific office or position. Commissioned officers
-- are typically the only persons in a military able to exercise command
-- (according to the most technical definition of the word) over a military
-- unit. Non_commissioned officers in positions of authority can be said to
-- have control or charge rather than command per se, although the use of the
-- word command to describe any use of authority is widespread and often
-- official. (from Wikipedia)
fun CommissionedOfficerRank : Class ;
fun CommissionedOfficerRank_Class : SubClass CommissionedOfficerRank MilitaryRank ;
-- The ranks of junior officers are the
-- three or four lowest ranks of officers, possibily complicated by the
-- status of trainee officers. Their units are generally not expected to
-- operate independently for any significant length of time. Typical ranks
-- for this level are captains, who typically lead companies and smaller
-- units Lieutenant. Company grade officers will also fill staff roles in
-- some units. (from Wikipedia)
fun CompanyGradeRank : Class ;
fun CompanyGradeRank_Class : SubClass CompanyGradeRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- A company is a military unit, typically
-- consisting of 100_200 soldiers. Most companies are formed of three or
-- four platoons although the exact number may vary by country, unit type and
-- structure. (from Wikipedia)
fun Company_Military : Class ;
fun Company_Military_Class : SubClass Company_Military MilitaryUnit ;
-- Soldiers who are enlisted in some
-- military and have no command.
fun EnlistedSoldierRank : Class ;
fun EnlistedSoldierRank_Class : SubClass EnlistedSoldierRank MilitaryRank ;
-- Senior officers who typically
-- command units that can be expected to operate independently for short
-- periods of time (battalions and regiments, large warships). Field Grade
-- officers also commonly fill staff positions. (from Wikipedia)
fun FieldGradeOfficerRank : Class ;
fun FieldGradeOfficerRank_Class : SubClass FieldGradeOfficerRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- (FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn
-- ?AREA) denotes the Integer that represents the count of the population of
-- males of military age in the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA that is also capable
-- of being a member of the military.
fun FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
-- Admirals (Navy), Generals (Army) and
-- Marshals who typically command units that are expected to operate
-- independently for extended periods of time (brigades and larger, fleets of
-- ships). (from Wikipedia)
fun FlagOfficerRank : Class ;
fun FlagOfficerRank_Class : SubClass FlagOfficerRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- Military operations conducted to
-- distribute food to the friendly force. (from FM 100_40)
fun FoodDistributionOperation : Class ;
fun FoodDistributionOperation_Class : SubClass FoodDistributionOperation (both Getting (both Giving MilitaryOperation)) ;
-- A MilitaryUnit composed primarily of Soldiers
-- who fight on foot, i.e. without the use of heavy artillery.
fun InfantryUnit : Class ;
fun InfantryUnit_Class : SubClass InfantryUnit MilitaryUnit ;
-- Ranks with grade E5 or E6.
fun JuniorNCORank : Class ;
fun JuniorNCORank_Class : SubClass JuniorNCORank NonCommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- Modern nation_states' marine units (the
-- whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.
fun Marines_BranchOfService : Class ;
fun Marines_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass Marines_BranchOfService MilitaryOrganization ;
-- A Convoy of MilitaryVehicles, travelling to the same
-- at least intermediate destination, in relatively close proximity.
fun MilitaryConvoy : Class ;
fun MilitaryConvoy_Class : SubClass MilitaryConvoy Convoy ;
-- Trucks used by a military to transport food.
fun MilitaryFoodTruck : Class ;
fun MilitaryFoodTruck_Class : SubClass MilitaryFoodTruck MilitarySupportVehicle ;
-- A MilitaryOperation is distinguished
-- from the broader class of MilitaryProcess in that it is planned in
-- advance.
fun MilitaryOperation : Class ;
fun MilitaryOperation_Class : SubClass MilitaryOperation MilitaryProcess ;
-- Military platforms. These are usually mobile
-- entities which can carry military equipment such as Weapons and
-- communications equipment. Often, as with a tank outfitted with a gun, a
-- MilitaryPlatform carrying some Weapon comprises a WeaponSystem.
fun MilitaryPlatform : Class ;
fun MilitaryPlatform_Class : SubClass MilitaryPlatform TransportationDevice ;
-- The class of Positions in a Military. Rank
-- is usually commensurate with degrees of power, prestige and
-- pay.
fun MilitaryRank : Class ;
fun MilitaryRank_Class : SubClass MilitaryRank SkilledOccupation ;
-- Trucks used by a military to transport supplies.
fun MilitarySupplyTruck : Class ;
fun MilitarySupplyTruck_Class : SubClass MilitarySupplyTruck (both MilitarySupportVehicle Truck) ;
-- Vehicles meant to be used for support, rather
-- than combat in a military context.
fun MilitarySupportVehicle : Class ;
fun MilitarySupportVehicle_Class : SubClass MilitarySupportVehicle MilitaryVehicle ;
fun MilitaryVehicle_MilitaryPlatform : SubClass MilitaryVehicle MilitaryPlatform ;
-- Modern nation_states' naval air
-- forces (the whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.
fun NavalAirForce_BranchOfService : Class ;
fun NavalAirForce_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass NavalAirForce_BranchOfService MilitaryOrganization ;
-- MilitaryOrganizations that are sea forces.
fun Navy_BranchOfService : Class ;
fun Navy_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass Navy_BranchOfService MilitaryOrganization ;
-- Non_commissioned officers, or NCOs, in
-- positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than
-- command per se, although the use of the word command to describe any use
-- of authority is widespread and often official. This is distinguished from
-- the official responsibility for command entrusted to a
-- CommissionedOfficer. NCOs are enlisted positions. (from Wikipedia)
fun NonCommissionedOfficerRank : Class ;
fun NonCommissionedOfficerRank_Class : SubClass NonCommissionedOfficerRank EnlistedSoldierRank ;
-- A MilitaryUnit, the purpose of which is
-- to prevent violent actions but providing deterrent to such actions through
-- the threat of overwhelming retaliation.
fun PeacekeepingUnit : Class ;
fun PeacekeepingUnit_Class : SubClass PeacekeepingUnit MilitaryUnit ;
-- Platoon is a term from military science. In an
-- army, a platoon is a unit of thirty to forty soldiers typically commanded
-- by a Lieutenant assisted by a non_commissioned officer. A platoon is
-- formed by at least two squads (usually 3 or 4) and is smaller than a
-- company (typically there are 3 or 4 platoons per company). Most platoons
-- are infantry platoons, some carry other designations such as mortar or
-- heavy weapons platoons. A platoon is the smallest military unit led by a
-- commissioned officer. (from Wikipedia)
fun Platoon : Class ;
fun Platoon_Class : SubClass Platoon MilitaryUnit ;
-- The lowest group of ranks in the military
-- (Grade E1 through E4). These Soldiers usually have no authority
-- based on their ranks.
fun PrivateRank : Class ;
fun PrivateRank_Class : SubClass PrivateRank EnlistedSoldierRank ;
-- (equal
-- (ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn ?AREA ?YEAR) ?COUNT) means that in the
-- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, there are ?COUNT number of male individuals who for
-- that year ?YEAR come to be of militaryAge.
fun ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> El Year -> Ind Integer ;
abstract Military = MidLevelOntology ** {
-- A modern nation_states' air forces
-- (the whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.
fun AirForce_BranchOfService : Class ;
fun AirForce_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass AirForce_BranchOfService MilitaryOrganization ;
-- (AvailableForMilitaryServiceMaleFn
-- ?AREA) denotes the Integer that represents the count of the population of
-- males of military age in the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
fun AvailableForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
-- In military terminology, a battalion consists of
-- two to six companies typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. The
-- nomenclature varies by nationality and by branch of arms, e.g. some
-- armies organize their infantry into battalions, but call battalion_sized
-- cavalry, reconnaissance, or tank units a squadron or a regiment instead.
-- There may even be subtle distinctions within a nation's branches of arms,
-- such a distinction between a tank battalion and an armored squadron,
-- depending on how the unit's operational role is perceived to fit into the
-- army's historical organization. A battalion is potentially the smallest
-- military unit capable of independent operations (i.e. not attached to a
-- higher command), but is usually part of a regiment or a brigade or both,
-- depending on the organizational model used by that service. Battalions
-- are ordinarily homogeneous with respect to type (e.g. an infantry
-- battalion or a tank battalion), although there are occasional
-- exceptions. (from Wikipedia)
fun Battalion : Class ;
fun Battalion_Class : SubClass Battalion MilitaryUnit ;
-- Brigade is a term from military science which
-- refers to a group of several battalions (typically two to four), and
-- directly attached supporting units (normally including at least an
-- artillery battery and additional logistic support). A brigade is smaller
-- than a division and roughly equal to or a little larger than a regiment.
-- Strength typically ranges between 1,500 and 3,500 personnel. (from Wikipedia)
fun Brigade : Class ;
fun Brigade_Class : SubClass Brigade MilitaryUnit ;
-- In military organizations, an officer
-- is a member of the service who holds a position of responsibility.
-- Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power
-- and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and
-- responsibilities of a specific office or position. Commissioned officers
-- are typically the only persons in a military able to exercise command
-- (according to the most technical definition of the word) over a military
-- unit. Non_commissioned officers in positions of authority can be said to
-- have control or charge rather than command per se, although the use of the
-- word command to describe any use of authority is widespread and often
-- official. (from Wikipedia)
fun CommissionedOfficerRank : Class ;
fun CommissionedOfficerRank_Class : SubClass CommissionedOfficerRank MilitaryRank ;
-- The ranks of junior officers are the
-- three or four lowest ranks of officers, possibily complicated by the
-- status of trainee officers. Their units are generally not expected to
-- operate independently for any significant length of time. Typical ranks
-- for this level are captains, who typically lead companies and smaller
-- units Lieutenant. Company grade officers will also fill staff roles in
-- some units. (from Wikipedia)
fun CompanyGradeRank : Class ;
fun CompanyGradeRank_Class : SubClass CompanyGradeRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- A company is a military unit, typically
-- consisting of 100_200 soldiers. Most companies are formed of three or
-- four platoons although the exact number may vary by country, unit type and
-- structure. (from Wikipedia)
fun Company_Military : Class ;
fun Company_Military_Class : SubClass Company_Military MilitaryUnit ;
-- Soldiers who are enlisted in some
-- military and have no command.
fun EnlistedSoldierRank : Class ;
fun EnlistedSoldierRank_Class : SubClass EnlistedSoldierRank MilitaryRank ;
-- Senior officers who typically
-- command units that can be expected to operate independently for short
-- periods of time (battalions and regiments, large warships). Field Grade
-- officers also commonly fill staff positions. (from Wikipedia)
fun FieldGradeOfficerRank : Class ;
fun FieldGradeOfficerRank_Class : SubClass FieldGradeOfficerRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- (FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn
-- ?AREA) denotes the Integer that represents the count of the population of
-- males of military age in the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA that is also capable
-- of being a member of the military.
fun FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
-- Admirals (Navy), Generals (Army) and
-- Marshals who typically command units that are expected to operate
-- independently for extended periods of time (brigades and larger, fleets of
-- ships). (from Wikipedia)
fun FlagOfficerRank : Class ;
fun FlagOfficerRank_Class : SubClass FlagOfficerRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- Military operations conducted to distribute food to the friendly force. (from FM 100_40)
fun FoodDistributionOperation : Class ;
fun FoodDistributionOperation_Class : SubClass FoodDistributionOperation (both Getting (both Giving MilitaryOperation)) ;
-- A MilitaryUnit composed primarily of Soldiers
-- who fight on foot, i.e. without the use of heavy artillery.
fun InfantryUnit : Class ;
fun InfantryUnit_Class : SubClass InfantryUnit MilitaryUnit ;
-- Ranks with grade E5 or E6.
fun JuniorNCORank : Class ;
fun JuniorNCORank_Class : SubClass JuniorNCORank NonCommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- Modern nation_states' marine units (the
-- whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.
fun Marines_BranchOfService : Class ;
fun Marines_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass Marines_BranchOfService MilitaryOrganization ;
-- A Convoy of MilitaryVehicles, travelling to the same
-- at least intermediate destination, in relatively close proximity.
fun MilitaryConvoy : Class ;
fun MilitaryConvoy_Class : SubClass MilitaryConvoy Convoy ;
-- Trucks used by a military to transport food.
fun MilitaryFoodTruck : Class ;
fun MilitaryFoodTruck_Class : SubClass MilitaryFoodTruck MilitarySupportVehicle ;
-- A MilitaryOperation is distinguished
-- from the broader class of MilitaryProcess in that it is planned in
-- advance.
fun MilitaryOperation : Class ;
fun MilitaryOperation_Class : SubClass MilitaryOperation MilitaryProcess ;
-- Military platforms. These are usually mobile
-- entities which can carry military equipment such as Weapons and
-- communications equipment. Often, as with a tank outfitted with a gun, a
-- MilitaryPlatform carrying some Weapon comprises a WeaponSystem.
fun MilitaryPlatform : Class ;
fun MilitaryPlatform_Class : SubClass MilitaryPlatform TransportationDevice ;
-- The class of Positions in a Military. Rank is usually commensurate
-- with degrees of power, prestige and pay.
fun MilitaryRank : Class ;
fun MilitaryRank_Class : SubClass MilitaryRank SkilledOccupation ;
-- Trucks used by a military to transport supplies.
fun MilitarySupplyTruck : Class ;
fun MilitarySupplyTruck_Class : SubClass MilitarySupplyTruck (both MilitarySupportVehicle Truck) ;
-- Vehicles meant to be used for support, rather
-- than combat in a military context.
fun MilitarySupportVehicle : Class ;
fun MilitarySupportVehicle_Class : SubClass MilitarySupportVehicle MilitaryVehicle ;
fun MilitaryVehicle_MilitaryPlatform : SubClass MilitaryVehicle MilitaryPlatform ;
-- Modern nation_states' naval air
-- forces (the whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.
fun NavalAirForce_BranchOfService : Class ;
fun NavalAirForce_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass NavalAirForce_BranchOfService MilitaryOrganization ;
-- MilitaryOrganizations that are sea forces.
fun Navy_BranchOfService : Class ;
fun Navy_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass Navy_BranchOfService MilitaryOrganization ;
-- Non_commissioned officers, or NCOs, in
-- positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than
-- command per se, although the use of the word command to describe any use
-- of authority is widespread and often official. This is distinguished from
-- the official responsibility for command entrusted to a
-- CommissionedOfficer. NCOs are enlisted positions. (from Wikipedia)
fun NonCommissionedOfficerRank : Class ;
fun NonCommissionedOfficerRank_Class : SubClass NonCommissionedOfficerRank EnlistedSoldierRank ;
-- A MilitaryUnit, the purpose of which is
-- to prevent violent actions but providing deterrent to such actions through
-- the threat of overwhelming retaliation.
fun PeacekeepingUnit : Class ;
fun PeacekeepingUnit_Class : SubClass PeacekeepingUnit MilitaryUnit ;
-- Platoon is a term from military science. In an
-- army, a platoon is a unit of thirty to forty soldiers typically commanded
-- by a Lieutenant assisted by a non_commissioned officer. A platoon is
-- formed by at least two squads (usually 3 or 4) and is smaller than a
-- company (typically there are 3 or 4 platoons per company). Most platoons
-- are infantry platoons, some carry other designations such as mortar or
-- heavy weapons platoons. A platoon is the smallest military unit led by a
-- commissioned officer. (from Wikipedia)
fun Platoon : Class ;
fun Platoon_Class : SubClass Platoon MilitaryUnit ;
-- The lowest group of ranks in the military
-- (Grade E1 through E4). These Soldiers usually have no authority
-- based on their ranks.
fun PrivateRank : Class ;
fun PrivateRank_Class : SubClass PrivateRank EnlistedSoldierRank ;
-- (equal (ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn ?AREA ?YEAR) ?COUNT) means that in the
-- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, there are ?COUNT number of male individuals who for
-- that year ?YEAR come to be of militaryAge.
fun ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> El Year -> Ind Integer ;
-- Military operations conducted to protect the friendly
-- force by providing early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the force
-- being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, and to
-- develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force.
-- Security operations orient on the force or facility to be protected, rather than on the
-- enemy. (from FM 100_40).
fun SecurityOperation : Class ;
fun SecurityOperation_Class : SubClass SecurityOperation MilitaryOperation ;
-- Ranks with grade E7 through E9.
fun SeniorNCORank : Class ;
fun SeniorNCORank_Class : SubClass SeniorNCORank NonCommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- Any Soldier who is tasked with carrying the colors of his/her unit in Battles and parades.
fun StandardBearer : Class ;
fun StandardBearer_Class : SubClass StandardBearer Soldier ;
-- Any Soldier who served during the American Civil War
fun USCivilWarSoldier : Ind Soldier ;
-- The class of Positions in the USMilitary.
fun USMilitaryRank : Class ;
fun USMilitaryRank_Class : SubClass USMilitaryRank MilitaryRank ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Airman Basic in the Air Force, Private in the USArmy,
-- Private in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman Recruit in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE1 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Airman in the Air Force, Private in the USArmy,
-- Private First Class in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman Apprentice in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE2 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Airman First Class in the Air Force, Private First Class in the USArmy,
-- Lance Corporal in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE3 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Senior Airman in the Air Force, Specialist or Corporal in the USArmy,
-- Corporal in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 3rd Class in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE4 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Staff Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant in the USArmy,
-- Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 2nd Class in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE5 : Ind (both JuniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Technical Sergeant in the Air Force, Staff Sergeant in the USArmy,
-- Staff Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 1st Class in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE6 : Ind (both JuniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant First Class in the USArmy,
-- Gunnery Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Chief Petty Officer in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE7 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Senior Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the USArmy,
-- Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Senior Chief Petty Officer in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE8 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously
-- called Chief Master Sergeant or Command Chief Master Sergeant or Chief
-- Master Sergeant of the Air Force in the Air Force, Sergeant Major or
-- Command Sergeant Major or Sergeant Major of the Army in the USArmy,
-- Master Gunnery Sergeant or Sergeant Major or Sergeant Major of the Marine
-- Corps in the USMarineCorps, and Master Chief Petty Officer or Command
-- Master Chief Petty Officer or Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy in
-- the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE9 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A special USMilitaryRank above E9 that marks usually the end of
-- carrier of non_commissioned officers.
fun USMilitaryRankE9special : Ind (both USMilitaryRank SeniorNCORank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO1 : Ind (both CompanyGradeRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO10 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO2 : Ind (both CompanyGradeRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO3 : Ind (both CompanyGradeRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO4 : Ind (both FieldGradeOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO5 : Ind (both FieldGradeOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO6 : Ind (both FieldGradeOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO7 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO8 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO9 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankSpecial : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO1 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO2 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank CommissionedOfficerRank)) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO3 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank CommissionedOfficerRank)) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO4 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank CommissionedOfficerRank)) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO5 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank CommissionedOfficerRank)) ;
-- Any Soldier who served
-- during the American Revolutionary War
fun USRevolutionaryWarSoldier : Ind Soldier ;
-- In the United States military, a
-- warrant officer was originally, and strictly, a highly skilled,
-- single_track specialty officer. But as many chief warrant officers assume
-- positions as officer in charge or department head, along with the high
-- number of bachelor's and master’s degrees held within the community, their
-- contribution and expertise as a community is ever_increasing. There are
-- no 'warrant officers' per se in the U.S. Navy, but rather the term 'chief
-- warrant officer' is correct. In the U.S. Navy, a sailor must be in one
-- of the top three enlisted ranks to be eligible to become a Chief Warrant
-- Officer. In the U.S. Army, a person can progress to the warrant officer
-- rank at a grade lower than E_7 thus having a longer career and greater
-- opportunity to serve and grow. In the U.S. Marine Corps, after serving
-- at least eight years of enlisted service, and reaching the grade of E_5
-- (sergeant), an enlisted Marine can apply for the Warrant Officer program.
-- Upon the initial appointment to WO1 a warrant is given by the secretary of
-- the service, and upon promotion to chief warrant officer (CW2 and above)
-- they are commissioned by the President of the United States, take the same
-- oath and receive the same commission and charges as commissioned officers,
-- thus deriving their authority from the same source.
fun USWarrantOfficerRank : Class ;
fun USWarrantOfficerRank_Class : SubClass USWarrantOfficerRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- (betweenOnPath ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3 ?PATH)
-- means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 on the path
-- ?PATH. Note that this is a more specialized relation of between since any
-- object that is between others with respect to a particular path is also
-- simply between them.
fun betweenOnPath : El Object -> El Object -> El Object -> Formula ;
-- The typical MilitaryRank of
-- the leader of an instance of the given MilitaryEchelon.
fun commandRankOfEchelon: Desc MilitaryUnit -> El MilitaryRank -> Formula ;
-- (fitForMilitaryService ?AGENT ?PROCESS)
-- means that ?AGENT is capable of carrying out the MilitaryProcess ?PROCESS as
-- the agent of the ?PROCESS.
fun fitForMilitaryService: El CognitiveAgent -> Desc MilitaryProcess -> Formula ;
-- (militaryAge ?AREA ?AGE) means that in the
-- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, a person must be ?AGE or older in order to be a
-- member of the military of the ?AREA.
fun militaryAge : El GeopoliticalArea -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP ?AREA ?FRACTION) means
-- that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is
-- ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area.
fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP : El GeopoliticalArea -> El RationalNumber -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?FRACTION ?PERIOD)
-- means that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA
-- was ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area during the
-- TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.
fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El RationalNumber -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresInUSDollars ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the
-- estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT
-- in UnitedStatesDollars. Note: This predicate was created to represent
-- data from the CIA World Fact Book, which calculates ?AMOUNT by multiplying
-- estimated percentage of ?AREA's budget spent on defense by its gross
-- domestic product (GDP) expressed in U.S. dollars. Note that this GDP is
-- calculated by the exchange rate method rather than by
-- PPPBasedEconomicValuation. Military expenditures data is approximate.
fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollars : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means
-- that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA was
-- ?AMOUNT in UnitedStatesDollars during the TimeInterval indicated by
-- ?PERIOD. Note: This predicate was created to represent data from the CIA
-- World Fact Book, which calculates ?AMOUNT by multiplying estimated defense
-- spending of an ?AREA in percentage terms by the gross domestic product (GDP)
-- for ?PERIOD. Note that for this figure, GDP is calculated by the exchange
-- rate method rather than by PPPBasedEconomicValuation. In any case,
-- military expenditures data should be treated as only approximate.
fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (militaryOfArea ?MILITARY ?AREA)
-- denotes that ?MILITARY is a MilitaryOrganization serving in defense of
-- the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
fun militaryOfArea : El MilitaryOrganization -> El GeopoliticalArea -> Formula ;
-- A subEchelon is a relationship between
-- named organizational unit types in which a unit of one type is a
-- subOrganization of the other.
fun subEchelon: Desc MilitaryUnit -> Desc MilitaryUnit -> Formula ;
-- Military operations conducted to protect the friendly
-- force by providing early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the force
-- being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, and to
-- develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force.
-- Security operations orient on the force or facility to be protected, rather than on the
-- enemy. (from FM 100_40).
fun SecurityOperation : Class ;
fun SecurityOperation_Class : SubClass SecurityOperation MilitaryOperation ;
-- Ranks with grade E7 through E9.
fun SeniorNCORank : Class ;
fun SeniorNCORank_Class : SubClass SeniorNCORank NonCommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- Any Soldier who is tasked with
-- carrying the colors of his/her unit in Battles and parades.
fun StandardBearer : Class ;
fun StandardBearer_Class : SubClass StandardBearer Soldier ;
-- Any Soldier who served during the
-- American Civil War
fun USCivilWarSoldier : Ind Soldier ;
-- The class of Positions in the USMilitary.
fun USMilitaryRank : Class ;
fun USMilitaryRank_Class : SubClass USMilitaryRank MilitaryRank ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Airman Basic in the Air Force, Private in the USArmy,
-- Private in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman Recruit in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE1 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Airman in the Air Force, Private in the USArmy,
-- Private First Class in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman Apprentice in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE2 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Airman First Class in the Air Force, Private First Class in the USArmy,
-- Lance Corporal in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE3 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Senior Airman in the Air Force, Specialist or Corporal in the USArmy,
-- Corporal in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 3rd Class in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE4 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Staff Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant in the USArmy,
-- Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 2nd Class in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE5 : Ind (both JuniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Technical Sergeant in the Air Force, Staff Sergeant in the USArmy,
-- Staff Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 1st Class in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE6 : Ind (both JuniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant First Class in the USArmy,
-- Gunnery Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Chief Petty Officer in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE7 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Senior Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the USArmy,
-- Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Senior Chief Petty Officer in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE8 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously
-- called Chief Master Sergeant or Command Chief Master Sergeant or Chief
-- Master Sergeant of the Air Force in the Air Force, Sergeant Major or
-- Command Sergeant Major or Sergeant Major of the Army in the USArmy,
-- Master Gunnery Sergeant or Sergeant Major or Sergeant Major of the Marine
-- Corps in the USMarineCorps, and Master Chief Petty Officer or Command
-- Master Chief Petty Officer or Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy in
-- the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE9 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A special USMilitaryRank
-- above E9 that marks usually the end of carrier of non_commissioned
-- officers.
fun USMilitaryRankE9special : Ind (both USMilitaryRank SeniorNCORank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO1 : Ind (both CompanyGradeRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO10 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO2 : Ind (both CompanyGradeRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO3 : Ind (both CompanyGradeRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO4 : Ind (both FieldGradeOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO5 : Ind (both FieldGradeOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO6 : Ind (both FieldGradeOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO7 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO8 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO9 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankSpecial : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO1 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO2 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank CommissionedOfficerRank)) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO3 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank CommissionedOfficerRank)) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO4 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank CommissionedOfficerRank)) ;
fun USMilitaryRankWO5 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank CommissionedOfficerRank)) ;
-- Any Soldier who served
-- during the American Revolutionary War
fun USRevolutionaryWarSoldier : Ind Soldier ;
-- In the United States military, a
-- warrant officer was originally, and strictly, a highly skilled,
-- single_track specialty officer. But as many chief warrant officers assume
-- positions as officer in charge or department head, along with the high
-- number of bachelor's and master’s degrees held within the community, their
-- contribution and expertise as a community is ever_increasing. There are
-- no 'warrant officers' per se in the U.S. Navy, but rather the term 'chief
-- warrant officer' is correct. In the U.S. Navy, a sailor must be in one
-- of the top three enlisted ranks to be eligible to become a Chief Warrant
-- Officer. In the U.S. Army, a person can progress to the warrant officer
-- rank at a grade lower than E_7 thus having a longer career and greater
-- opportunity to serve and grow. In the U.S. Marine Corps, after serving
-- at least eight years of enlisted service, and reaching the grade of E_5
-- (sergeant), an enlisted Marine can apply for the Warrant Officer program.
-- Upon the initial appointment to WO1 a warrant is given by the secretary of
-- the service, and upon promotion to chief warrant officer (CW2 and above)
-- they are commissioned by the President of the United States, take the same
-- oath and receive the same commission and charges as commissioned officers,
-- thus deriving their authority from the same source.
fun USWarrantOfficerRank : Class ;
fun USWarrantOfficerRank_Class : SubClass USWarrantOfficerRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- (betweenOnPath ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3 ?PATH)
-- means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 on the path
-- ?PATH. Note that this is a more specialized relation of between since any
-- object that is between others with respect to a particular path is also
-- simply between them.
fun betweenOnPath : El Object -> El Object -> El Object -> Formula ;
-- The typical MilitaryRank of
-- the leader of an instance of the given MilitaryEchelon.
fun commandRankOfEchelon: Desc MilitaryUnit -> El MilitaryRank -> Formula ;
-- (fitForMilitaryService ?AGENT ?PROCESS)
-- means that ?AGENT is capable of carrying out the MilitaryProcess ?PROCESS as
-- the agent of the ?PROCESS.
fun fitForMilitaryService: El CognitiveAgent -> Desc MilitaryProcess -> Formula ;
-- (militaryAge ?AREA ?AGE) means that in the
-- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, a person must be ?AGE or older in order to be a
-- member of the military of the ?AREA.
fun militaryAge : El GeopoliticalArea -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP ?AREA ?FRACTION) means
-- that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is
-- ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area.
fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP : El GeopoliticalArea -> El RationalNumber -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?FRACTION ?PERIOD)
-- means that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA
-- was ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area during the
-- TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.
fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El RationalNumber -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresInUSDollars ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the
-- estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT
-- in UnitedStatesDollars. Note: This predicate was created to represent
-- data from the CIA World Fact Book, which calculates ?AMOUNT by multiplying
-- estimated percentage of ?AREA's budget spent on defense by its gross
-- domestic product (GDP) expressed in U.S. dollars. Note that this GDP is
-- calculated by the exchange rate method rather than by
-- PPPBasedEconomicValuation. Military expenditures data is approximate.
fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollars : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means
-- that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA was
-- ?AMOUNT in UnitedStatesDollars during the TimeInterval indicated by
-- ?PERIOD. Note: This predicate was created to represent data from the CIA
-- World Fact Book, which calculates ?AMOUNT by multiplying estimated defense
-- spending of an ?AREA in percentage terms by the gross domestic product (GDP)
-- for ?PERIOD. Note that for this figure, GDP is calculated by the exchange
-- rate method rather than by PPPBasedEconomicValuation. In any case,
-- military expenditures data should be treated as only approximate.
fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (militaryOfArea ?MILITARY ?AREA)
-- denotes that ?MILITARY is a MilitaryOrganization serving in defense of
-- the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
fun militaryOfArea : El MilitaryOrganization -> El GeopoliticalArea -> Formula ;
-- A subEchelon is a relationship between
-- named organizational unit types in which a unit of one type is a
-- subOrganization of the other.
fun subEchelon: Desc MilitaryUnit -> Desc MilitaryUnit -> Formula ;
}

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examples/SUMO/RGLExt/ExtensionEng.gf
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@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
concrete ExtensionEng of Extension = CatEng ** open MorphoEng, ResEng, ConjunctionEng, StructuralEng, Prelude, ParadigmsEng, Coordination,ParamBasic in {
concrete ExtensionEng of Extension = CatEng ** open MorphoEng, ResEng, ConjunctionEng, StructuralEng, Prelude, ParadigmsEng, Coordination, ParamBasic in {
lincat
@@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ O5 = {s = \\_ => "o5" ;
a = agrP3 Sg};
}
}

19
examples/SUMO/SUMO.gf
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@@ -2,25 +2,24 @@
abstract SUMO =
Basic,
Merge,
Elements,
MidLevelOntology,
Transportation,
Geography,
Communications,
Government,
CountriesAndRegions,
Economy,
elements,
engineering,
Engineering,
FinancialOntology,
Geography,
Government,
Mid_level_ontology,
Military,
mondial,
Mondial,
QoSontology,
Transportation,
WMD,
WorldAirportsA_K,
WorldAirportsL_Z,
HigherOrder
WorldAirportsL_Z
** {
flags startcat = Stmt ;
}
}

12
examples/SUMO/SUMOEng.gf
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@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
--# -path=.:RGLExt:alltenses:src/english
-- --# -path=.:RGLExt:../../lib/src/abstract:../../lib/src/english:../../lib/src/common
--# -path=.:RGLExt:alltenses:../../lib/src/english
concrete SUMOEng of SUMO =
BasicEng,
MergeEng,
Mid_level_ontologyEng,
mondialEng,
elementsEng,
HigherOrderEng
MidLevelOntologyEng,
EconomyEng,
EngineeringEng,
MondialEng
** {

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examples/SUMO/SUMOFre.gf
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@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
concrete SUMOFre of SUMO =
MergeFre,
Mid_level_ontologyFre
MidLevelOntologyFre
** {

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examples/SUMO/SUMORon.gf
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@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
concrete SUMORon of SUMO =
MergeRon,
Mid_level_ontologyRon
MidLevelOntologyRon
** {

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abstract elements = open Merge in {
-- Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to
-- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a
-- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in
-- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and
-- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a
-- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.
fun Actinium : Class ;
fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group
-- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin
-- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many
-- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up
-- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C.
-- Oersted.
fun Aluminum : Class ;
fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
-- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable
-- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T.
-- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding
-- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles.
fun Americium : Class ;
fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms.
-- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black
-- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints,
-- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens.
-- First reported by Tholden in 1450.
fun Antimony : Class ;
fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ;
-- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the
-- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord
-- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
fun Argon : Class ;
fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three
-- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated
-- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been
-- the first to isolate the element in 1250.
fun Arsenic : Class ;
fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally
-- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the
-- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear
-- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the
-- University of California.
fun Astatine : Class ;
fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group
-- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely
-- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by
-- Humphry Davy.
fun Barium : Class ;
fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247,
-- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg
-- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha
-- particles.
fun Berkelium : Class ;
fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic
-- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows
-- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and
-- A.A. Bussy in 1828.
fun Beryllium : Class ;
fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs
-- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal
-- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth
-- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air
-- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that
-- it was different from lead.
fun Bismuth : Class ;
fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ;
-- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There
-- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron
-- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad
-- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature.
-- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was
-- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J.
-- Thenard.
fun Boron : Class ;
fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ;
-- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room
-- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine.
-- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and
-- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
fun Bromine : Class ;
fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the
-- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically
-- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered
-- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.
fun Cadmium : Class ;
fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to
-- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid
-- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope.
-- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold
-- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the
-- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline
-- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses
-- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some
-- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by
-- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically.
-- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum.
-- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium
-- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even
-- more toxic.
fun Caesium : Class ;
fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of
-- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium,
-- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
fun Calcium : Class ;
fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years.
-- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which
-- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron}
-- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine.
-- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.
fun Californium : Class ;
fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic
-- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and
-- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon
-- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon
-- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself,
-- and a wide variety of other elements.
fun Carbon : Class ;
fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive
-- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The
-- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H.
-- Klaproth in 1803.
fun Cerium : Class ;
fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas.
-- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly
-- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by
-- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in
-- 1810.
fun Chlorine : Class ;
fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard silvery transition element. Used in
-- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
fun Chromium : Class ;
fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites
-- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use.
-- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially
-- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer
-- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
fun Cobalt : Class ;
fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ;
-- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans
-- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable,
-- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist
-- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
fun Copper : Class ;
fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs
-- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of
-- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in
-- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding
-- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.
fun Curium : Class ;
fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre.
-- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at
-- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving
-- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven
-- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the
-- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a
-- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It
-- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its
-- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.
fun Dysprosium : Class ;
fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Appearance is unknown, however it is most
-- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic
-- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest
-- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by
-- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb
-- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were
-- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient
-- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.
fun Einsteinium : Class ;
fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial
-- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It
-- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G.
-- Mosander in 1843.
fun Erbium : Class ;
fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of
-- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William
-- Crookes.
fun Europium : Class ;
fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a
-- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates
-- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952.
fun Fermium : Class ;
fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ;
-- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging
-- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most
-- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous,
-- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was
-- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
fun Fluorine : Class ;
fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the
-- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes
-- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was
-- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.
fun Francium : Class ;
fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to
-- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron
-- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics.
-- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.
fun Gadolinium : Class ;
fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13
-- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71.
-- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives.
-- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals
-- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de
-- Boisbaudran in 1875.
fun Gallium : Class ;
fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to
-- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic
-- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886
-- by Winkler.
fun Germanium : Class ;
fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and
-- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five
-- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of
-- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry,
-- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical
-- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold
-- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the
-- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic,
-- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.
fun Gold : Class ;
fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element.
-- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a
-- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally
-- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.
fun Hafnium : Class ;
fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element.
-- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all
-- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no
-- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
fun Helium : Class ;
fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white
-- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It
-- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and
-- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural
-- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being
-- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal
-- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per
-- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium
-- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium
-- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to
-- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is
-- a fire hazard.
fun Holmium : Class ;
fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element.
-- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and
-- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements.
-- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
fun Hydrogen : Class ;
fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the
-- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a
-- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in
-- 1863 by Reich and Richter.
fun Indium : Class ;
fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group
-- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace
-- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in
-- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive
-- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen.
-- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.
fun Iodine : Class ;
fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition
-- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly
-- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by
-- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes
-- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a
-- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other
-- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature
-- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum.
-- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from
-- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally
-- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should
-- be considered highly toxic.
fun Iridium : Class ;
fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition
-- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the
-- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in
-- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces
-- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
fun Iron : Class ;
fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble
-- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted
-- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but
-- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes,
-- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive
-- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission
-- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with
-- {fluorine}.
fun Krypton : Class ;
fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ;
-- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden)
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and
-- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth
-- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable,
-- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other
-- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids
-- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should
-- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.
fun Lanthanum : Class ;
fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely
-- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth
-- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262
-- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium,
-- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by
-- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding
-- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature,
-- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the
-- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would
-- pose a radiation hazard.
fun Lawrencium : Class ;
fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to
-- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets
-- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and
-- fusible alloys.
fun Lead : Class ;
fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ;
-- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of
-- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
fun Lithium : Class ;
fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is
-- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth
-- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult
-- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements.
-- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are
-- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable
-- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium
-- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was
-- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The
-- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.
fun Lutetium : Class ;
fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of
-- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living
-- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very
-- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and
-- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen
-- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
fun Magnesium : Class ;
fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey brittle metallic transition element.
-- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated.
-- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
fun Manganese : Class ;
fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation
-- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used
-- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy
-- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor
-- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist.
fun Meitnerium : Class ;
fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a
-- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert
-- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been
-- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri
-- Mendeleev.
fun Mendelevium : Class ;
fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to
-- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific
-- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace
-- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury
-- compounds.
fun Mercury : Class ;
fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition
-- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids.
-- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and
-- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500
-- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has
-- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered
-- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in
-- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos
-- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known
-- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly
-- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.
fun Molybdenum : Class ;
fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to
-- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only
-- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial
-- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to
-- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the
-- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some
-- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's
-- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets
-- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885
-- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and
-- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means
-- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence
-- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye
-- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.
fun Neodymium : Class ;
fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the
-- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and
-- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a
-- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps.
-- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir
-- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
fun Neon : Class ;
fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
-- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a
-- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The
-- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through
-- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M.
-- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.
fun Neptunium : Class ;
fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition
-- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
fun Nickel : Class ;
fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition
-- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase
-- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees
-- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by
-- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.
fun Niobium : Class ;
fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to
-- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere
-- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial
-- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air.
-- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in
-- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
fun Nitrogen : Class ;
fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being
-- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty
-- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been
-- proposed as an alternative name.
fun Nobelium : Class ;
fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
fun Osmium : Class ;
fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging
-- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element
-- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the
-- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid
-- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding,
-- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found
-- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in
-- 1774.
fun Oxygen : Class ;
fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft white ductile transition element. Found
-- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal
-- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803
-- by W.H. Wollaston.
fun Palladium : Class ;
fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of
-- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element
-- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
fun Phosphorus : Class ;
fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ;
-- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is
-- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric
-- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis.
-- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum.
-- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable
-- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry,
-- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution
-- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer.
-- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the
-- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de
-- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word
-- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health
-- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be
-- considered highly toxic.
fun Platinum : Class ;
fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic
-- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with
-- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is
-- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is
-- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is
-- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by
-- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in
-- 1940.
fun Plutonium : Class ;
fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to
-- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of
-- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in
-- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of
-- pitchblende.
fun Polonium : Class ;
fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group
-- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and
-- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its
-- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
fun Potassium : Class ;
fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive.
-- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in
-- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.
fun Praseodymium : Class ;
fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a
-- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but
-- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste.
-- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148
-- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation.
-- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in
-- 1947.
fun Promethium : Class ;
fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the
-- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4
-- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical
-- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto
-- Hahn.
fun Protactinium : Class ;
fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a
-- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from
-- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.
fun Radium : Class ;
fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to
-- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222
-- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of
-- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy.
-- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been
-- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.
fun Radon : Class ;
fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white metallic transition element.
-- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum
-- alloys are superconducting.
fun Rhenium : Class ;
fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids,
-- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.
fun Rhodium : Class ;
fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1
-- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is
-- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other
-- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered
-- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.
fun Rubidium : Class ;
fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in
-- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and
-- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.
fun Ruthenium : Class ;
fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and
-- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed
-- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber.
-- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses.
-- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces
-- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by
-- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in
-- 1879.
fun Samarium : Class ;
fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to
-- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are
-- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev,
-- isolated by Nilson in 1879.
fun Scandium : Class ;
fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the
-- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles
-- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
fun Selenium : Class ;
fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the
-- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's
-- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive
-- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in
-- 1823 by Berzelius.
fun Silicon : Class ;
fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ;
-- White lustrous soft metallic transition element.
-- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery,
-- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.
fun Silver : Class ;
fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1
-- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing
-- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil.
-- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
fun Sodium : Class ;
fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to
-- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is
-- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years.
-- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry
-- Davy.
fun Strontium : Class ;
fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16
-- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms,
-- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many
-- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.
fun Sulphur : Class ;
fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element.
-- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a
-- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive.
-- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and
-- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.
fun Tantalum : Class ;
fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can
-- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made
-- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them
-- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6
-- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used
-- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and
-- manganese.
fun Technetium : Class ;
fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight
-- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and
-- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}.
-- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.
fun Tellurium : Class ;
fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen
-- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.
fun Terbium : Class ;
fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white
-- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn
-- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut
-- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes,
-- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium
-- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity
-- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared
-- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name
-- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and
-- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.
fun Thallium : Class ;
fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to
-- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US.
-- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear
-- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and
-- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.
fun Thorium : Class ;
fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial
-- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered
-- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.
fun Thulium : Class ;
fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group
-- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which
-- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine
-- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.
fun Tin : Class ;
fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ;
-- White metallic transition element. Occurs in
-- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys.
-- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by
-- Gregor in 1789.
fun Titanium : Class ;
fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White or grey metallic transition element,
-- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be
-- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de
-- Elhuyer in 1783.
fun Tungsten : Class ;
fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in
-- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany.
fun Unnildecium : Class ;
fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the
-- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974.
-- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and
-- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.
fun Unnilhexium : Class ;
fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transition metal.
fun Unniloctium : Class ;
fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life
-- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven
-- isotopes have been discovered.
fun Unnilpentium : Class ;
fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected
-- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260
-- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.)
-- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in
-- 1964.
fun Unnilquadium : Class ;
fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of
-- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear
-- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists
-- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.
fun Unnilseptium : Class ;
fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White radioactive metallic element belonging to
-- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234.
-- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons.
-- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.
fun Uranium : Class ;
fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good
-- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It
-- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes
-- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337
-- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding
-- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a
-- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of
-- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820,
-- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was
-- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from
-- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic
-- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and
-- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and
-- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung
-- cancer if inhaled.
fun Vanadium : Class ;
fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on
-- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven
-- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas
-- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found
-- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.
fun Xenon : Class ;
fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids.
-- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in
-- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.
fun Ytterbium : Class ;
fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the
-- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89,
-- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the
-- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in
-- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
fun Yttrium : Class ;
fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple
-- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes
-- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and
-- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
fun Zinc : Class ;
fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five
-- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear
-- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth,
-- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.
fun Zirconium : Class ;
fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ;
}

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examples/SUMO/elementsEng.gf
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--# -path=.:englishExtended
concrete elementsEng of elements = BasicEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng in {
lin
Hydrogen = UseN (mkN "Hydrogen") ;
Helium = UseN (mkN "Helium") ;
Lithium = UseN (mkN "Lithium") ;
Beryllium = UseN (mkN "Beryllium") ;
Boron = UseN (mkN "Boron") ;
Carbon = UseN (mkN "Carbon") ;
Nitrogen = UseN (mkN "Nitrogen") ;
Oxygen = UseN (mkN "Oxygen") ;
Fluorine = UseN (mkN "Fluorine") ;
Neon = UseN (mkN "Neon") ;
Sodium = UseN (mkN "Sodium") ;
Magnesium = UseN (mkN "Magnesium") ;
Aluminum = UseN (mkN "Aluminum") ;
Silicon = UseN (mkN "Silicon") ;
Phosphorus = UseN (mkN "Phosphorus") ;
Sulphur = UseN (mkN "Sulphur") ;
Chlorine = UseN (mkN "Chlorine") ;
Argon = UseN (mkN "Argon") ;
Potassium = UseN (mkN "Potassium") ;
Calcium = UseN (mkN "Calcium") ;
Scandium = UseN (mkN "Scandium") ;
Titanium = UseN (mkN "Titanium") ;
Vanadium = UseN (mkN "Vanadium") ;
Chromium = UseN (mkN "Chromium") ;
Manganese = UseN (mkN "Manganese") ;
Iron = UseN (mkN "Iron") ;
Cobalt = UseN (mkN "Cobalt") ;
Nickel = UseN (mkN "Nickel") ;
Copper = UseN (mkN "Copper") ;
Zinc = UseN (mkN "Zinc") ;
Gallium = UseN (mkN "Gallium") ;
Germanium = UseN (mkN "Germanium") ;
Arsenic = UseN (mkN "Arsenic") ;
Selenium = UseN (mkN "Selenium") ;
Bromine = UseN (mkN "Bromine") ;
Krypton = UseN (mkN "Krypton") ;
Rubidium = UseN (mkN "Rubidium") ;
Strontium = UseN (mkN "Strontium") ;
Yttrium = UseN (mkN "Yttrium") ;
Zirconium = UseN (mkN "Zirconium") ;
Niobium = UseN (mkN "Niobium") ;
Molybdenum = UseN (mkN "Molybdenum") ;
Technetium = UseN (mkN "Technetium") ;
Ruthenium = UseN (mkN "Ruthenium") ;
Rhodium = UseN (mkN "Rhodium") ;
Palladium = UseN (mkN "Palladium") ;
Silver = UseN (mkN "Silver") ;
Cadmium = UseN (mkN "Cadmium") ;
Indium = UseN (mkN "Indium") ;
Tin = UseN (mkN "Tin") ;
Antimony = UseN (mkN "Antimony") ;
Tellurium = UseN (mkN "Tellurium") ;
Iodine = UseN (mkN "Iodine") ;
Xenon = UseN (mkN "Xenon") ;
Caesium = UseN (mkN "Caesium") ;
Barium = UseN (mkN "Barium") ;
Lanthanum = UseN (mkN "Lanthanum") ;
Cerium = UseN (mkN "Cerium") ;
Praseodymium = UseN (mkN "Praseodymium") ;
Neodymium = UseN (mkN "Neodymium") ;
Promethium = UseN (mkN "Promethium") ;
Samarium = UseN (mkN "Samarium") ;
Europium = UseN (mkN "Europium") ;
Gadolinium = UseN (mkN "Gadolinium") ;
Terbium = UseN (mkN "Terbium") ;
Dysprosium = UseN (mkN "Dysprosium") ;
Holmium = UseN (mkN "Holmium") ;
Erbium = UseN (mkN "Erbium") ;
Thulium = UseN (mkN "Thulium") ;
Ytterbium = UseN (mkN "Ytterbium") ;
Lutetium = UseN (mkN "Lutetium") ;
Hafnium = UseN (mkN "Hafnium") ;
Tantalum = UseN (mkN "Tantalum") ;
Tungsten = UseN (mkN "Tungsten") ;
Rhenium = UseN (mkN "Rhenium") ;
Osmium = UseN (mkN "Osmium") ;
Iridium = UseN (mkN "Iridium") ;
Platinum = UseN (mkN "Platinum") ;
Gold = UseN (mkN "Gold") ;
Mercury = UseN (mkN "Mercury") ;
Thallium = UseN (mkN "Thallium") ;
Lead = UseN (mkN "Lead") ;
Bismuth = UseN (mkN "Bismuth") ;
Polonium = UseN (mkN "Polonium") ;
Astatine = UseN (mkN "Astatine") ;
Radon = UseN (mkN "Radon") ;
Francium = UseN (mkN "Francium") ;
Radium = UseN (mkN "Radium") ;
Actinium = UseN (mkN "Actinium") ;
Thorium = UseN (mkN "Thorium") ;
Protactinium = UseN (mkN "Protactinium") ;
Uranium = UseN (mkN "Uranium") ;
Neptunium = UseN (mkN "Neptunium") ;
Plutonium = UseN (mkN "Plutonium") ;
Americium = UseN (mkN "Americium") ;
Curium = UseN (mkN "Curium") ;
Berkelium = UseN (mkN "Berkelium") ;
Californium = UseN (mkN "Californium") ;
Einsteinium = UseN (mkN "Einsteinium") ;
Fermium = UseN (mkN "Fermium") ;
Mendelevium = UseN (mkN "Mendelevium") ;
Nobelium = UseN (mkN "Nobelium") ;
Lawrencium = UseN (mkN "Lawrencium") ;
Unnilquadium = UseN (mkN "Unnilquadium") ;
Unnilpentium = UseN (mkN "Unnilpentium") ;
Unnilhexium = UseN (mkN "Unnilhexium") ;
Unnilseptium = UseN (mkN "Unnilseptium") ;
Unniloctium = UseN (mkN "Unniloctium") ;
Meitnerium = UseN (mkN "Meitnerium") ;
Unnildecium = UseN (mkN "Unnildecium") ;
};

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examples/SUMO/mondial.gf
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examples/SUMO/mondialEng.gf
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