changes in SUMO: formatting and fixes for lots of lots of small problems

examples/SUMO/Basic.gf

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 --# -path=.:englishExtended:common:prelude:abstract
-abstract Basic = open Conjunction in {
-cat Class;
+abstract Basic = {
+
+cat
+  Class;
   El Class;
   Ind Class;
   SubClassC (c1,c2 : Class) (Var c2 -> Formula);
@@ -19,24 +21,19 @@ inhz : (c : Class) -> Inherits c c;
   inhs : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> (p : Var c2 -> Formula) -> SubClassC c1 c2 p -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits c1 c3;
   inhsC : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> SubClass c1 c2 -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits c1 c3;
 
-
 -- coercion from Var to El
-
 data 
   var : (c1 , c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Var c1 -> El c2 ;
 
-
 -- coercion from Ind to El 
 data 
   el : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Ind c1 -> El c2;
 
-
 -- class-forming operations
 data 
   both : Class -> Class -> Class ;
   either : Class -> Class -> Class ;
 
-
 -- first-order logic operations for Formula
 data 
   not : Formula -> Formula;
@@ -45,7 +42,6 @@ or : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
   impl : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
   equiv : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
 
-
 -- quantification over instances of a Class
 data
   exists : (c : Class) -> (Var c -> Formula) -> Formula;
@@ -53,7 +49,6 @@ forall : (c : Class) -> (Var c -> Formula) -> Formula;
 
 -- axioms for both
 data 
-
   -- (both c1 c2) is subclass of c1 and of c2
   bothL : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits (both c1 c2) c1 ;
   bothR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits (both c1 c2) c2 ; 
@@ -63,7 +58,6 @@ bothC : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> Inherits c3 c1 -> Inherits c3 c2 -> Inherits c3
 
  -- axioms for either 
 data 
-
   -- (either c1 c2) is superclass of c1 and of c2
   eitherL : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 (either c1 c2);
   eitherR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c2 (either c1 c2);
@@ -71,9 +65,9 @@ eitherR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c2 (either c1 c2);
   -- relationship with other subclasses
   eitherC : (c1,c2,c3 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c3 -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits (either c1 c2) c3 ; 
 
-
 -- Desc category
-data desc : (c1,c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Desc c2 ;
+data
+  desc : (c1,c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Desc c2 ;
 
 fun descClass : (c : Class) -> Desc c -> Class ;
 def descClass _ (desc c _ _) = c ;
@@ -88,16 +82,11 @@ fun desc2desc : (c1,c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Desc c1 -> Desc c2 ;
 --def plusInh _ _ _ inhz                 inh2 = inh2 ;
 --    plusInh _ _ _ (inhs _ _ _ sc inh1) inh2 = inhs ? ? ? sc (plusInh ? ? ? inh1 inh2) ;
 
-
-
 -- statements 
-
 data 
   subClassStm : (c1,c2 : Class) -> SubClass c1 c2 -> Stmt ;
   subClassCStm : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (p : Var c2 -> Formula) -> SubClassC c1 c2 p -> Stmt ;
   instStm : (c : Class) -> Ind c -> Stmt ;
   formStm : Formula -> Stmt ;
 
-
-
 };

examples/SUMO/BasicEng.gf

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:englishExtended:abstract:common:
 concrete BasicEng of Basic = CatEng - [Text] ** open DictLangEng, ParadigmsEng, ResEng, Coordination, Prelude, ParamBasic, NounEng in {
+
 lincat 
   Class = CN ;
   El = NP ;
@@ -13,27 +14,28 @@ lincat
   [El] = [NP];
   [Class] = [CN];
   Stmt = StmtS ;
+
 lin 
   BaseClass = {s1,s2 = \\_,_ => "";   
                g  =  Neutr;
                lock_ListCN=<>};  
   ConsClass xs x = ConsCN xs x ;   
   
- 
   BaseEl c = {s1,s2 = \\_ => "";
               a = agrP3 Sg;
               lock_ListNP=<>};
          
   ConsEl c xs x = ConsNP xs x ;     
 
- 
   and f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "and" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
   or f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "or" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
-not f1 = {s = \\f,c => case c of
-                       {Neg  => f1.s ! f ! Pos ; 
-                        Pos  => f1.s ! Indep ! Neg }; 
+  not f1 = {s = \\f,c => case c of {
+                           Neg  => f1.s ! f ! Pos ; 
+                           Pos  => f1.s ! Indep ! Neg
+                         }; 
             flag = f1.flag;  
-          lock_PolSentence = <>};
+            lock_PolSentence = <>
+           };
   impl f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => "if" ++ f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "then" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
 
   equiv f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "is" ++ "equivalent" ++ "to" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS;
@@ -43,54 +45,55 @@ el c1 c2 i e = e;
   var c1 c2 i e = UsePN e;
 
   exists C f = let np = DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) C 
-                 in 
-                {s = \\form,c => case <form, f.flag> of 
-                           { <Indep, ExistS _> => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
+               in { s = \\form,c => case <form, f.flag> of {
+                                      <Indep, ExistS _>    => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
                                       <Attrib, ExistS One> => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
                                       <Attrib, ExistS _>   => "," ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
                                       <Indep,_>            => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ; 
-                             _      => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c }; 
-              flag = case f.flag of 
-                       {ExistS _   => ExistS Many;
-                        _        => ExistS One };
-              lock_PolSentence=<>};
+                                      _                    => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c
+                                    }; 
+                    flag = case f.flag of {
+                             ExistS _   => ExistS Many;
+                             _        => ExistS One
+                           };
+                    lock_PolSentence=<>
+                  };
               
-forall C f = {s = \\form, c => case <form,f.flag> of
-                         {<Indep,ForallS _> => "for" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++  f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
+  forall C f = { s = \\form, c => case <form,f.flag> of {
+                                    <Indep,ForallS _>    => "for" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++  f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
                                     <Attrib,ForallS One> => "," ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
                                     <Attrib, ForallS _>  => "," ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ; 
                                     <Indep,ExistS _>     => "for" ++"every"++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
                                     <Indep,_>            => "for" ++"every"++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "we"++"have" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
                                     <Attrib,ExistS _>    => "and" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Indep ! c;
                                      _                    => "and" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "we" ++ "have" ++ "that" ++f.s ! Indep ! c             };                         
-              flag = case f.flag of 
-                        {ForallS _   => ForallS Many;
-                         _         => ForallS One };
-              lock_PolSentence=<>};              
+                 flag = case f.flag of {
+                          ForallS _   => ForallS Many;
+                          _           => ForallS One
+                        };
+                 lock_PolSentence=<>
+               };
  
   both c1 c2 = { s = \\c,n => c1.s ! c ! n ++ "and" ++ c2.s ! c ! n;
-             g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>};
-
+                 g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>
+               };
 
   either c1 c2 = { s = \\c,n => c1.s ! c ! n ++ "or" ++ c2.s ! c ! n;
-                g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>};         
+                   g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>
+                 };
 
   desc c1 c2 i = c2 ;
   descClass c dc = c;                
   desc2desc c1 c2 i d = d;                
 
-subClassStm c1 c2 sc = ss (c1. s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is" ++ "a" ++ "subclass" ++ "of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom) ;
-instStm c i = ss (i.s ! Nom ++ "is" ++ "an" ++ "instance" ++ "of" ++ c.s ! Sg ! Nom) ;
-formStm f = ss (f.s ! Indep ! Pos) ;
-subClassCStm c1 c2 constr sc= ss (c1.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is" ++ "a" ++ "subclass" ++ "of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "where" ++ constr.s ! Indep ! Pos) ;
-
--- lindef 
-
-lindef Ind = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
-                    
-lindef El = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ; 
-                    
-lindef Class = \x -> {s = \\_,_ => x; g = Neutr; lock_CN =<>};         
+  subClassStm c1 c2 sc = lin StmtS (ss (c1. s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is a subclass of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom)) ;
+  instStm c i = lin StmtS (ss (i.s ! Nom ++ "is an instance of" ++ c.s ! Sg ! Nom)) ;
+  formStm f = lin StmtS (ss (f.s ! Indep ! Pos)) ;
+  subClassCStm c1 c2 constr sc= lin StmtS (ss (c1.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is a subclass of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "where" ++ constr.s ! Indep ! Pos)) ;
 
+lindef
+  Ind = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
+  El = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ; 
+  Class = \x -> {s = \\_,_ => x; g = Neutr; lock_CN =<>};         
 
 };

examples/SUMO/Communications.gf

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-abstract Communications = open Merge, Geography, Mid_level_ontology in{
-
-
-
+abstract Communications = MidLevelOntology, Geography ** {
 
   --  An AMRadioStation is an 
   -- engineeringSubcomponent of an AMRadioSystem.
@@ -20,21 +17,17 @@ fun AMRadioSystem_Class : SubClass AMRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
   fun ArtificialSatellite : Class ;
   fun ArtificialSatellite_Class : SubClass ArtificialSatellite (both EngineeringComponent Satellite) ;
 
-
   -- A BroadcastingStation is
   -- an engineeringSubcomponent of either a TelevisionSystem or
   -- a RadioStation.
   fun BroadcastingStation : Class ;
   fun BroadcastingStation_Class : SubClass BroadcastingStation (both CommunicationDevice (both EngineeringComponent StationaryArtifact)) ;
 
-
   -- A CableTelevisionSystem
   -- is a CommunicationSystem for cable television.
   fun CableTelevisionSystem : Class ;
   fun CableTelevisionSystem_Class : SubClass CableTelevisionSystem CommunicationSystem ;
 
-fun CommunicationDevice_EngineeringComponent : SubClass CommunicationDevice EngineeringComponent ;
-
   -- Relatively low power broadcasting
   -- devices designed for voice communication among specialized groups
   -- in which each receiver also has the power to transmit, unlike
@@ -51,7 +44,6 @@ fun CommunicationRadio_Class : SubClass CommunicationRadio CommunicationDevice ;
   fun CommunicationSatellite : Class ;
   fun CommunicationSatellite_Class : SubClass CommunicationSatellite (both ArtificialSatellite CommunicationDevice) ;
 
-
   -- An Eutelsat is one type of 
   -- CommunicationSatellite.
   fun Eutelsat : Class ;
@@ -82,10 +74,8 @@ fun Intelsat_Class : SubClass Intelsat CommunicationSatellite ;
   -- for the rapid delivery of information between computers.
   fun Internet : Ind CommunicationSystem ;
 
-
--- An InternetServiceProvider
--- serves as an engineeringSubcomponent of the Internet for a given
--- area.
+  -- An InternetServiceProvider serves as an engineeringSubcomponent of
+  -- the Internet for a given area.
   fun InternetServiceProvider : Class ;
   fun InternetServiceProvider_Class : SubClass InternetServiceProvider CommunicationSystem ;
 
@@ -93,7 +83,6 @@ fun InternetServiceProvider_Class : SubClass InternetServiceProvider Communicati
   -- uses the Internet.
   fun InternetUser : Ind SocialRole ;
 
-
   -- An Intersputnik is one type of 
   -- CommunicationSatellite.
   fun Intersputnik : Class ;
@@ -144,8 +133,6 @@ fun ShortwaveRadioSystem_Class : SubClass ShortwaveRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
   fun TelephoneSystem : Class ;
   fun TelephoneSystem_Class : SubClass TelephoneSystem CommunicationSystem ;
 
-fun TelevisionReceiver_EngineeringComponent : SubClass TelevisionReceiver EngineeringComponent ;
-
   -- A TelevisionStation is an 
   -- engineeringSubcomponent of a TelevisionSystem.
   fun TelevisionStation : Class ;
@@ -159,13 +146,12 @@ fun TelevisionSystem_Class : SubClass TelevisionSystem CommunicationSystem ;
   -- The expression
   -- (communicationSatelliteForArea ?AREA ?SATELLITE ?INTEGER) means that 
   -- ?INTEGER number of CommunicationSatellites of the type ?SATELLITE serve
--- as an engineeringSubcomponent of a TelephoneSystem of the GeopoliticalArea
--- ?AREA.
+  -- as an engineeringSubcomponent of a TelephoneSystem of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
   fun communicationSatelliteForArea: El GeopoliticalArea -> Desc Satellite -> El Integer -> Formula ;-- replaced-- 
 
-
   -- (internetCountryCode ?AREA ?CODE)
   -- relates a GeopoliticalArea to the SymbolicString ?CODE used to
   -- identify the ?AREA on internet websites.
   fun internetCountryCode : El GeopoliticalArea -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
+
 }

examples/SUMO/CountriesAndRegionsEng.gf

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 --# -path=.:englishExtended
-concrete CountriesAndRegionsEng of CountriesAndRegions = BasicEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng  in {
+concrete CountriesAndRegionsEng of CountriesAndRegions = MidLevelOntologyEng, GeographyEng, GovernmentEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng  in {
   
 lin 
   NewJersey = UsePN (mkPN "New Jersey") ;

examples/SUMO/EconomyEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+concrete EconomyEng of Economy = MidLevelOntologyEng ** open DictLangEng, DictEng, ParadigmsEng in {
+
+lin
+  Apple = UseN apple_N ;
+  Avocado = UseN avocado_N ;
+  Coconut = UseN coconut_N ;
+  DateFruit = ApposCN (UseN date_N) (MassNP (UseN fruit_N)) ;
+  Fodder = UseN fodder_N ;
+  Hay = UseN hay_N ;
+  Opium = UseN opium_N ;
+  Pea = UseN pea_N ;
+
+}

examples/SUMO/Elements.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,929 @@
+abstract Elements = Merge ** {
+
+  --  Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to 
+  -- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a 
+  -- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in 
+  -- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and 
+  -- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a 
+  -- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.
+  fun Actinium : Class ;
+  fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group 
+  -- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin 
+  -- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many 
+  -- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 
+  -- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. 
+  -- Oersted.
+  fun Aluminum : Class ;
+  fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, 
+  -- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable 
+  -- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T. 
+  -- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding 
+  -- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles.
+  fun Americium : Class ;
+  fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. 
+  -- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black 
+  -- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints, 
+  -- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. 
+  -- First reported by Tholden in 1450.
+  fun Antimony : Class ;
+  fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the 
+  -- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord 
+  -- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
+  fun Argon : Class ;
+  fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three 
+  -- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated 
+  -- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been 
+  -- the first to isolate the element in 1250.
+  fun Arsenic : Class ;
+  fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally 
+  -- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the 
+  -- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear 
+  -- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the 
+  -- University of California.
+  fun Astatine : Class ;
+  fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group 
+  -- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely 
+  -- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by 
+  -- Humphry Davy.
+  fun Barium : Class ;
+  fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. 
+  -- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247, 
+  -- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg 
+  -- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha 
+  -- particles.
+  fun Berkelium : Class ;
+  fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic 
+  -- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows 
+  -- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and 
+  -- A.A. Bussy in 1828.
+  fun Beryllium : Class ;
+  fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs 
+  -- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal 
+  -- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth 
+  -- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air 
+  -- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that 
+  -- it was different from lead.
+  fun Bismuth : Class ;
+  fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There 
+  -- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron 
+  -- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad 
+  -- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. 
+  -- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was 
+  -- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J. 
+  -- Thenard.
+  fun Boron : Class ;
+  fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room 
+  -- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. 
+  -- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and 
+  -- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
+  fun Bromine : Class ;
+  fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the 
+  -- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically 
+  -- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered 
+  -- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.
+  fun Cadmium : Class ;
+  fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to 
+  -- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid 
+  -- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. 
+  -- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold 
+  -- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the 
+  -- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline 
+  -- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses 
+  -- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some 
+  -- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by 
+  -- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically. 
+  -- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum. 
+  -- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium 
+  -- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even 
+  -- more toxic.
+  fun Caesium : Class ;
+  fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of 
+  -- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, 
+  -- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
+  fun Calcium : Class ;
+  fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. 
+  -- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years. 
+  -- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which 
+  -- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron} 
+  -- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. 
+  -- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.
+  fun Californium : Class ;
+  fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic 
+  -- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and 
+  -- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon 
+  -- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon 
+  -- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, 
+  -- and a wide variety of other elements.
+  fun Carbon : Class ;
+  fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive 
+  -- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The 
+  -- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. 
+  -- Klaproth in 1803.
+  fun Cerium : Class ;
+  fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas. 
+  -- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly 
+  -- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by 
+  -- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 
+  -- 1810.
+  fun Chlorine : Class ;
+  fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Hard silvery transition element. Used in 
+  -- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
+  fun Chromium : Class ;
+  fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites 
+  -- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. 
+  -- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially 
+  -- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer 
+  -- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
+  fun Cobalt : Class ;
+  fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans 
+  -- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, 
+  -- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist 
+  -- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
+  fun Copper : Class ;
+  fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs 
+  -- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of 
+  -- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 
+  -- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding 
+  -- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.
+  fun Curium : Class ;
+  fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre. 
+  -- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at 
+  -- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving 
+  -- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven 
+  -- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the 
+  -- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a 
+  -- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It 
+  -- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its 
+  -- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.
+  fun Dysprosium : Class ;
+  fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Appearance is unknown, however it is most 
+  -- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic 
+  -- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest 
+  -- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by 
+  -- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb 
+  -- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were 
+  -- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient 
+  -- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.
+  fun Einsteinium : Class ;
+  fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial 
+  -- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It 
+  -- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. 
+  -- Mosander in 1843.
+  fun Erbium : Class ;
+  fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of 
+  -- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William 
+  -- Crookes.
+  fun Europium : Class ;
+  fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs 
+  -- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a 
+  -- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates 
+  -- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952.
+  fun Fermium : Class ;
+  fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging 
+  -- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most 
+  -- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, 
+  -- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was 
+  -- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
+  fun Fluorine : Class ;
+  fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the 
+  -- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes 
+  -- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was 
+  -- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.
+  fun Francium : Class ;
+  fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to 
+  -- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron 
+  -- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. 
+  -- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.
+  fun Gadolinium : Class ;
+  fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 
+  -- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71. 
+  -- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives. 
+  -- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals 
+  -- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de 
+  -- Boisbaudran in 1875.
+  fun Gallium : Class ;
+  fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to 
+  -- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic 
+  -- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 
+  -- by Winkler.
+  fun Germanium : Class ;
+  fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and 
+  -- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five 
+  -- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of 
+  -- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, 
+  -- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical 
+  -- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold 
+  -- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the 
+  -- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, 
+  -- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.
+  fun Gold : Class ;
+  fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. 
+  -- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a 
+  -- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally 
+  -- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.
+  fun Hafnium : Class ;
+  fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element. 
+  -- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all 
+  -- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no 
+  -- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
+  fun Helium : Class ;
+  fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white 
+  -- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It 
+  -- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and 
+  -- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural 
+  -- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being 
+  -- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal 
+  -- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per 
+  -- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium 
+  -- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium 
+  -- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to 
+  -- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is 
+  -- a fire hazard.
+  fun Holmium : Class ;
+  fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element. 
+  -- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and 
+  -- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. 
+  -- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
+  fun Hydrogen : Class ;
+  fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the 
+  -- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a 
+  -- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 
+  -- 1863 by Reich and Richter.
+  fun Indium : Class ;
+  fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 
+  -- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace 
+  -- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in 
+  -- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive 
+  -- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. 
+  -- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.
+  fun Iodine : Class ;
+  fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition 
+  -- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly 
+  -- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by 
+  -- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes 
+  -- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a 
+  -- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other 
+  -- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature 
+  -- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. 
+  -- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from 
+  -- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally 
+  -- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should 
+  -- be considered highly toxic.
+  fun Iridium : Class ;
+  fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition 
+  -- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the 
+  -- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in 
+  -- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces 
+  -- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
+  fun Iron : Class ;
+  fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble 
+  -- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted 
+  -- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but 
+  -- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, 
+  -- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive 
+  -- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission 
+  -- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with 
+  -- {fluorine}.
+  fun Krypton : Class ;
+  fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) 
+  -- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and 
+  -- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth 
+  -- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable, 
+  -- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other 
+  -- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids 
+  -- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should 
+  -- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.
+  fun Lanthanum : Class ;
+  fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely 
+  -- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth 
+  -- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262 
+  -- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium, 
+  -- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by 
+  -- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding 
+  -- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature, 
+  -- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the 
+  -- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would 
+  -- pose a radiation hazard.
+  fun Lawrencium : Class ;
+  fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to 
+  -- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets 
+  -- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and 
+  -- fusible alloys.
+  fun Lead : Class ;
+  fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of 
+  -- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
+  fun Lithium : Class ;
+  fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is 
+  -- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth 
+  -- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult 
+  -- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. 
+  -- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are 
+  -- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable 
+  -- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium 
+  -- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was 
+  -- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The 
+  -- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.
+  fun Lutetium : Class ;
+  fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of 
+  -- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living 
+  -- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very 
+  -- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and 
+  -- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen 
+  -- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
+  fun Magnesium : Class ;
+  fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Grey brittle metallic transition element. 
+  -- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated. 
+  -- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
+  fun Manganese : Class ;
+  fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation 
+  -- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used 
+  -- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy 
+  -- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor 
+  -- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist.
+  fun Meitnerium : Class ;
+  fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. 
+  -- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a 
+  -- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert 
+  -- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been 
+  -- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri 
+  -- Mendeleev.
+  fun Mendelevium : Class ;
+  fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to 
+  -- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific 
+  -- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace 
+  -- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury 
+  -- compounds.
+  fun Mercury : Class ;
+  fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition 
+  -- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. 
+  -- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and 
+  -- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500 
+  -- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has 
+  -- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered 
+  -- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 
+  -- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos 
+  -- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known 
+  -- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly 
+  -- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.
+  fun Molybdenum : Class ;
+  fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to 
+  -- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only 
+  -- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial 
+  -- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to 
+  -- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the 
+  -- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some 
+  -- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's 
+  -- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets 
+  -- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 
+  -- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and 
+  -- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means 
+  -- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence 
+  -- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye 
+  -- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.
+  fun Neodymium : Class ;
+  fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the 
+  -- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and 
+  -- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a 
+  -- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. 
+  -- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir 
+  -- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
+  fun Neon : Class ;
+  fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, 
+  -- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a 
+  -- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The 
+  -- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 
+  -- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M. 
+  -- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.
+  fun Neptunium : Class ;
+  fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition 
+  -- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
+  fun Nickel : Class ;
+  fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition 
+  -- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase 
+  -- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees 
+  -- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by 
+  -- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.
+  fun Niobium : Class ;
+  fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to 
+  -- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere 
+  -- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial 
+  -- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. 
+  -- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in 
+  -- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
+  fun Nitrogen : Class ;
+  fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs 
+  -- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being 
+  -- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty 
+  -- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been 
+  -- proposed as an alternative name.
+  fun Nobelium : Class ;
+  fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found 
+  -- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
+  fun Osmium : Class ;
+  fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging 
+  -- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element 
+  -- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the 
+  -- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid 
+  -- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, 
+  -- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found 
+  -- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 
+  -- 1774.
+  fun Oxygen : Class ;
+  fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft white ductile transition element. Found 
+  -- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal 
+  -- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 
+  -- by W.H. Wollaston.
+  fun Palladium : Class ;
+  fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of 
+  -- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element 
+  -- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
+  fun Phosphorus : Class ;
+  fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is 
+  -- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric 
+  -- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. 
+  -- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum. 
+  -- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable 
+  -- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, 
+  -- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution 
+  -- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. 
+  -- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the 
+  -- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de 
+  -- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word 
+  -- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health 
+  -- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be 
+  -- considered highly toxic.
+  fun Platinum : Class ;
+  fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic 
+  -- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with 
+  -- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is 
+  -- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is 
+  -- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is 
+  -- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by 
+  -- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 
+  -- 1940.
+  fun Plutonium : Class ;
+  fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to 
+  -- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of 
+  -- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in 
+  -- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of 
+  -- pitchblende.
+  fun Polonium : Class ;
+  fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 
+  -- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and 
+  -- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its 
+  -- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
+  fun Potassium : Class ;
+  fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive. 
+  -- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in 
+  -- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.
+  fun Praseodymium : Class ;
+  fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a 
+  -- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but 
+  -- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. 
+  -- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148 
+  -- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. 
+  -- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 
+  -- 1947.
+  fun Promethium : Class ;
+  fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the 
+  -- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4 
+  -- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical 
+  -- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto 
+  -- Hahn.
+  fun Protactinium : Class ;
+  fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs 
+  -- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a 
+  -- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from 
+  -- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.
+  fun Radium : Class ;
+  fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to 
+  -- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222 
+  -- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of 
+  -- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy. 
+  -- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been 
+  -- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.
+  fun Radon : Class ;
+  fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery_white metallic transition element. 
+  -- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum 
+  -- alloys are superconducting.
+  fun Rhenium : Class ;
+  fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found 
+  -- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, 
+  -- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.
+  fun Rhodium : Class ;
+  fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 
+  -- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is 
+  -- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other 
+  -- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered 
+  -- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.
+  fun Rubidium : Class ;
+  fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Hard white metallic transition element. Found 
+  -- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in 
+  -- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and 
+  -- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.
+  fun Ruthenium : Class ;
+  fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and 
+  -- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed 
+  -- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. 
+  -- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. 
+  -- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces 
+  -- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by 
+  -- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 
+  -- 1879.
+  fun Samarium : Class ;
+  fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to 
+  -- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are 
+  -- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, 
+  -- isolated by Nilson in 1879.
+  fun Scandium : Class ;
+  fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the 
+  -- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles 
+  -- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
+  fun Selenium : Class ;
+  fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the 
+  -- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's 
+  -- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive 
+  -- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 
+  -- 1823 by Berzelius.
+  fun Silicon : Class ;
+  fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- White lustrous soft metallic transition element. 
+  -- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery, 
+  -- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.
+  fun Silver : Class ;
+  fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 
+  -- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing 
+  -- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. 
+  -- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
+  fun Sodium : Class ;
+  fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to 
+  -- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is 
+  -- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years. 
+  -- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry 
+  -- Davy.
+  fun Strontium : Class ;
+  fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 
+  -- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, 
+  -- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many 
+  -- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.
+  fun Sulphur : Class ;
+  fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element. 
+  -- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a 
+  -- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. 
+  -- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and 
+  -- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.
+  fun Tantalum : Class ;
+  fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can 
+  -- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made 
+  -- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them 
+  -- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6 
+  -- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used 
+  -- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and 
+  -- manganese.
+  fun Technetium : Class ;
+  fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight 
+  -- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and 
+  -- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}. 
+  -- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.
+  fun Tellurium : Class ;
+  fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery metallic element belonging to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen 
+  -- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.
+  fun Terbium : Class ;
+  fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white 
+  -- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn 
+  -- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut 
+  -- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, 
+  -- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium 
+  -- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity 
+  -- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared 
+  -- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name 
+  -- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and 
+  -- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.
+  fun Thallium : Class ;
+  fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to 
+  -- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. 
+  -- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear 
+  -- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and 
+  -- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.
+  fun Thorium : Class ;
+  fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the 
+  -- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial 
+  -- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered 
+  -- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.
+  fun Thulium : Class ;
+  fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 
+  -- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which 
+  -- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine 
+  -- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.
+  fun Tin : Class ;
+  fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- White metallic transition element. Occurs in 
+  -- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys. 
+  -- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by 
+  -- Gregor in 1789.
+  fun Titanium : Class ;
+  fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- White or grey metallic transition element, 
+  -- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be 
+  -- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de 
+  -- Elhuyer in 1783.
+  fun Tungsten : Class ;
+  fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in 
+  -- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany.
+  fun Unnildecium : Class ;
+  fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the 
+  -- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. 
+  -- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and 
+  -- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.
+  fun Unnilhexium : Class ;
+  fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive transition metal.
+  fun Unniloctium : Class ;
+  fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life 
+  -- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven 
+  -- isotopes have been discovered.
+  fun Unnilpentium : Class ;
+  fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected 
+  -- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260 
+  -- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) 
+  -- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in 
+  -- 1964.
+  fun Unnilquadium : Class ;
+  fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of 
+  -- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear 
+  -- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists 
+  -- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.
+  fun Unnilseptium : Class ;
+  fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- White radioactive metallic element belonging to 
+  -- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234. 
+  -- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. 
+  -- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.
+  fun Uranium : Class ;
+  fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good 
+  -- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It 
+  -- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes 
+  -- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337 
+  -- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding 
+  -- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a 
+  -- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of 
+  -- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, 
+  -- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was 
+  -- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from 
+  -- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic 
+  -- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and 
+  -- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and 
+  -- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung 
+  -- cancer if inhaled.
+  fun Vanadium : Class ;
+  fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on 
+  -- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven 
+  -- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas 
+  -- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found 
+  -- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.
+  fun Xenon : Class ;
+  fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. 
+  -- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in 
+  -- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.
+  fun Ytterbium : Class ;
+  fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the 
+  -- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89, 
+  -- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the 
+  -- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in 
+  -- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
+  fun Yttrium : Class ;
+  fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple 
+  -- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes 
+  -- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and 
+  -- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
+  fun Zinc : Class ;
+  fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ;
+
+  -- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five 
+  -- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear 
+  -- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, 
+  -- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.
+  fun Zirconium : Class ;
+  fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+}

examples/SUMO/ElementsEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+--# -path=.:englishExtended
+concrete ElementsEng of Elements = MergeEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng  in {
+
+lin 
+  Hydrogen = UseN (mkN "Hydrogen") ;
+  Helium = UseN (mkN "Helium") ;
+  Lithium = UseN (mkN "Lithium") ;
+  Beryllium = UseN (mkN "Beryllium") ;
+  Boron = UseN (mkN "Boron") ;
+  Carbon = UseN (mkN "Carbon") ;
+  Nitrogen = UseN (mkN "Nitrogen") ;
+  Oxygen = UseN (mkN "Oxygen") ;
+  Fluorine = UseN (mkN "Fluorine") ;
+  Neon = UseN (mkN "Neon") ;
+  Sodium = UseN (mkN "Sodium") ;
+  Magnesium = UseN (mkN "Magnesium") ;
+  Aluminum = UseN (mkN "Aluminum") ;
+  Silicon = UseN (mkN "Silicon") ;
+  Phosphorus = UseN (mkN "Phosphorus") ;
+  Sulphur = UseN (mkN "Sulphur") ;
+  Chlorine = UseN (mkN "Chlorine") ;
+  Argon = UseN (mkN "Argon") ;
+  Potassium = UseN (mkN "Potassium") ;
+  Calcium = UseN (mkN "Calcium") ;
+  Scandium = UseN (mkN "Scandium") ;
+  Titanium = UseN (mkN "Titanium") ;
+  Vanadium = UseN (mkN "Vanadium") ;
+  Chromium = UseN (mkN "Chromium") ;
+  Manganese = UseN (mkN "Manganese") ;
+  Iron = UseN (mkN "Iron") ;
+  Cobalt = UseN (mkN "Cobalt") ;
+  Nickel = UseN (mkN "Nickel") ;
+  Copper = UseN (mkN "Copper") ;
+  Zinc = UseN (mkN "Zinc") ;
+  Gallium = UseN (mkN "Gallium") ;
+  Germanium = UseN (mkN "Germanium") ;
+  Arsenic = UseN (mkN "Arsenic") ;
+  Selenium = UseN (mkN "Selenium") ;
+  Bromine = UseN (mkN "Bromine") ;
+  Krypton = UseN (mkN "Krypton") ;
+  Rubidium = UseN (mkN "Rubidium") ;
+  Strontium = UseN (mkN "Strontium") ;
+  Yttrium = UseN (mkN "Yttrium") ;
+  Zirconium = UseN (mkN "Zirconium") ;
+  Niobium = UseN (mkN "Niobium") ;
+  Molybdenum = UseN (mkN "Molybdenum") ;
+  Technetium = UseN (mkN "Technetium") ;
+  Ruthenium = UseN (mkN "Ruthenium") ;
+  Rhodium = UseN (mkN "Rhodium") ;
+  Palladium = UseN (mkN "Palladium") ;
+  Silver = UseN (mkN "Silver") ;
+  Cadmium = UseN (mkN "Cadmium") ;
+  Indium = UseN (mkN "Indium") ;
+  Tin = UseN (mkN "Tin") ;
+  Antimony = UseN (mkN "Antimony") ;
+  Tellurium = UseN (mkN "Tellurium") ;
+  Iodine = UseN (mkN "Iodine") ;
+  Xenon = UseN (mkN "Xenon") ;
+  Caesium = UseN (mkN "Caesium") ;
+  Barium = UseN (mkN "Barium") ;
+  Lanthanum = UseN (mkN "Lanthanum") ;
+  Cerium = UseN (mkN "Cerium") ;
+  Praseodymium = UseN (mkN "Praseodymium") ;
+  Neodymium = UseN (mkN "Neodymium") ;
+  Promethium = UseN (mkN "Promethium") ;
+  Samarium = UseN (mkN "Samarium") ;
+  Europium = UseN (mkN "Europium") ;
+  Gadolinium = UseN (mkN "Gadolinium") ;
+  Terbium = UseN (mkN "Terbium") ;
+  Dysprosium = UseN (mkN "Dysprosium") ;
+  Holmium = UseN (mkN "Holmium") ;
+  Erbium = UseN (mkN "Erbium") ;
+  Thulium = UseN (mkN "Thulium") ;
+  Ytterbium = UseN (mkN "Ytterbium") ;
+  Lutetium = UseN (mkN "Lutetium") ;
+  Hafnium = UseN (mkN "Hafnium") ;
+  Tantalum = UseN (mkN "Tantalum") ;
+  Tungsten = UseN (mkN "Tungsten") ;
+  Rhenium = UseN (mkN "Rhenium") ;
+  Osmium = UseN (mkN "Osmium") ;
+  Iridium = UseN (mkN "Iridium") ;
+  Platinum = UseN (mkN "Platinum") ;
+  Gold = UseN (mkN "Gold") ;
+  Mercury = UseN (mkN "Mercury") ;
+  Thallium = UseN (mkN "Thallium") ;
+  Lead = UseN (mkN "Lead") ;
+  Bismuth = UseN (mkN "Bismuth") ;
+  Polonium = UseN (mkN "Polonium") ;
+  Astatine = UseN (mkN "Astatine") ;
+  Radon = UseN (mkN "Radon") ;
+  Francium = UseN (mkN "Francium") ;
+  Radium = UseN (mkN "Radium") ;
+  Actinium = UseN (mkN "Actinium") ;
+  Thorium = UseN (mkN "Thorium") ;
+  Protactinium = UseN (mkN "Protactinium") ;
+  Uranium = UseN (mkN "Uranium") ;
+  Neptunium = UseN (mkN "Neptunium") ;
+  Plutonium = UseN (mkN "Plutonium") ;
+  Americium = UseN (mkN "Americium") ;
+  Curium = UseN (mkN "Curium") ;
+  Berkelium = UseN (mkN "Berkelium") ;
+  Californium = UseN (mkN "Californium") ;
+  Einsteinium = UseN (mkN "Einsteinium") ;
+  Fermium = UseN (mkN "Fermium") ;
+  Mendelevium = UseN (mkN "Mendelevium") ;
+  Nobelium = UseN (mkN "Nobelium") ;
+  Lawrencium = UseN (mkN "Lawrencium") ;
+  Unnilquadium = UseN (mkN "Unnilquadium") ;
+  Unnilpentium = UseN (mkN "Unnilpentium") ;
+  Unnilhexium = UseN (mkN "Unnilhexium") ;
+  Unnilseptium = UseN (mkN "Unnilseptium") ;
+  Unniloctium = UseN (mkN "Unniloctium") ;
+  Meitnerium = UseN (mkN "Meitnerium") ;
+  Unnildecium = UseN (mkN "Unnildecium") ;
+
+}

examples/SUMO/EngineeringEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+concrete EngineeringEng of Engineering = MidLevelOntologyEng ** open DictLangEng, DictEng, ParadigmsEng in {
+
+lin
+  Battery = UseN battery_N ;
+  Rotor = UseN rotor_N ;
+
+}

examples/SUMO/FinancialOntology.gf

@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-abstract FinancialOntology = open Merge, Mid_level_ontology in {
-
-
-
+abstract FinancialOntology = MidLevelOntology ** {
 
   -- The highest rating given by bond rating agencies
   fun AAA_Rating : Ind FinancialRating ;
 
-
   -- All_or_none order (AON) is a type of option order 
   -- which requires that the order be executed completely or not at all. An AON 
   -- order may be either a day order or a GTC order.
@@ -29,7 +25,6 @@ fun ATMSlot_Class : SubClass ATMSlot Hole ;
   -- associated with the Asset.
   fun AccountFn : El FinancialAsset -> Ind FinancialAccount ;
 
-
   fun Active : Ind StatusAttribute ;
 
   -- An InterestBearingAccount in which 
@@ -41,11 +36,11 @@ fun AdjustableRateAccount_Class : SubClass AdjustableRateAccount InterestBearing
 
   fun AmericanExpressCard : Class ;
   fun AmericanExpressCard_Class : SubClass AmericanExpressCard CreditCard ;
+
   -- An option that can be exercised at any time 
   -- prior to its expiration date
   fun AmericanStyleOption : Ind Option ;
 
-
   -- A contract sold by an insurance company designed to provide 
   -- payments to the holder at specified intervals, usually after retirement. FixedAnnuities 
   -- guarantee a certain payment amount, while VariableAnnuities do not, but do have the 
@@ -64,7 +59,6 @@ fun AssetAllocation_Class : SubClass AssetAllocation FinancialTransaction ;
   fun AuthorizationOfTransaction : Class ;
   fun AuthorizationOfTransaction_Class : SubClass AuthorizationOfTransaction (both ControllingAnAccount (both FinancialService RegulatoryProcess)) ;
 
-
   -- Transactions which occur through computer 
   -- networks and which do not require direct management.
   fun AutomaticTransaction : Class ;
@@ -73,7 +67,6 @@ fun AutomaticTransaction_Class : SubClass AutomaticTransaction FinancialTransact
   -- A mid_range rating given by bond rating agencies.
   fun B_Rating : Ind FinancialRating ;
 
-
   -- A long_term loan, often a mortgage, that has 
   -- one large payment (the balloon payment) due upon maturity. Often done 
   -- when refinancing or a major cash flow event is anticipated.
@@ -118,7 +111,6 @@ fun BlueChipStock_Class : SubClass BlueChipStock Stock ;
   fun Bond : Class ;
   fun Bond_Class : SubClass Bond (both FinancialInstrument Investment) ;
 
-
   -- Stock in a short sale.
   fun BorrowedStock : Class ;
   fun BorrowedStock_Class : SubClass BorrowedStock Stock ;
@@ -143,7 +135,6 @@ fun BrokerLoan_Class : SubClass BrokerLoan Loan ;
   -- a securities brokerage.
   fun BrokerageAccount : Ind InvestmentAccount ;
 
-
   -- An attribute describing the opinion that a stock, or the 
   -- market in general, will rise in price __ a positive or optimistic outlook.
   fun Bullish : Class ;
@@ -160,9 +151,9 @@ fun ButterflySpread_Class : SubClass ButterflySpread SpreadOption ;
   -- A mid_range rating given by bond rating agencies.
   fun C_Rating : Ind FinancialRating ;
 
-
   fun Call : Class ;
   fun Call_Class : SubClass Call FinancialTransaction ;
+
   -- An option contract that gives the holder the 
   -- right to buy a certain quantity (usually 100 shares) of an underlying 
   -- security from the writer of the option, at a specified price (the strike 
@@ -181,11 +172,11 @@ fun CallableLoan_Class : SubClass CallableLoan Loan ;
 
   fun CancellingAnOrder : Class ;
   fun CancellingAnOrder_Class : SubClass CancellingAnOrder FinancialTransaction ;
+
   -- Circulating paper money
   fun Cash : Class ;
   fun Cash_Class : SubClass Cash (both FinancialAsset FinancialInstrument) ;
 
-
   -- CDs (certificates of deposit) are bank, credit union or savings 
   -- and loan instruments that allow the depositor to lock in an interest rate for a specific period of 
   -- time (e.g. six months, one year, five years). If the money is withdrawn from the CD before the CD 
@@ -207,7 +198,6 @@ fun CheckingAccount_Class : SubClass CheckingAccount DepositAccount ;
   -- shut or closed.
   fun ClosedService : Ind ServiceAttribute ;
 
-
   -- An activity of closing a financial account
   fun ClosingAnAccount : Class ;
   fun ClosingAnAccount_Class : SubClass ClosingAnAccount FinancialTransaction ;
@@ -242,7 +232,6 @@ fun ConsumerPriceIndex_Class : SubClass ConsumerPriceIndex InflationIndex ;
   -- something is promised in return, i.e. a reciprocal promise.
   fun Contract : Class ; --  make subclass with Promise 
 
-
   -- An activity of controlling a financial account
   fun ControllingAnAccount : Class ;
   fun ControllingAnAccount_Class : SubClass ControllingAnAccount FinancialTransaction ;
@@ -267,7 +256,6 @@ fun CorporateAccount_Class : SubClass CorporateAccount FinancialAccount ;
   fun CorporateBond : Class ;
   fun CorporateBond_Class : SubClass CorporateBond (both Bond TaxableInvestment) ;
 
-
   -- An unregistered, negotiable bond on which interest and principal 
   -- are payable to the holder, regardless of whom it was originally issued to. The coupons are 
   -- attached to the bond, and each coupon represents a single interest payment. The holder submits 
@@ -303,11 +291,9 @@ fun CreditUnion_Class : SubClass CreditUnion FinancialOrganization ;
   -- currency linked to the account.
   fun CurrencyFn : El FinancialAccount -> Ind FinancialInstrument ;
 
-
   -- The lowest rating given by bond rating agencies.
   fun D_Rating : Ind FinancialRating ;
 
-
   -- A bank loan to a broker for the purchase of securities pending delivery 
   -- through clearing later the same day.
   fun DayLoan : Class ;
@@ -360,6 +346,7 @@ fun DirectRollover_Class : SubClass DirectRollover Rollover ;
 
   fun DiscoverCard : Class ;
   fun DiscoverCard_Class : SubClass DiscoverCard CreditCard ;
+
   -- A taxable payment declared by a company's board of directors 
   -- and given to its shareHolders out of the company's current or retained earnings. 
   -- Usually quarterly. Usually given as cash, but it can also take the form of Stock or 
@@ -392,6 +379,7 @@ fun EnteringAPin_Class : SubClass EnteringAPin AuthorizationOfTransaction ;
 
   fun EnteringAPing : Class ;
   fun EnteringAPing_Class : SubClass EnteringAPing ContentDevelopment ;
+
   -- An option on shares of an individual common stock.
   fun EquityOption : Class ;
   fun EquityOption_Class : SubClass EquityOption Option ;
@@ -400,7 +388,6 @@ fun EquityOption_Class : SubClass EquityOption Option ;
   -- a specified period of time just prior to its expiration.
   fun EuropeanStyleOption : Ind Option ;
 
-
   -- A short_term loan which is continually renewed rather than repaid.
   fun EvergreenLoan : Class ;
   fun EvergreenLoan_Class : SubClass EvergreenLoan Loan ;
@@ -410,7 +397,6 @@ fun EvergreenLoan_Class : SubClass EvergreenLoan Loan ;
   -- underlying stock. In the case of a put, the option owner sells the underlying stock.
   fun ExerciseAnOption : Ind FinancialTransaction ;
 
-
   -- A class of expired BankCards.
   fun ExpiredCard : Class ;
   fun ExpiredCard_Class : SubClass ExpiredCard BankCard ;
@@ -448,6 +434,7 @@ fun FaxMachine_Class : SubClass FaxMachine Device ;
 
   fun FederalHousingAdministration : Class ;
   fun FederalHousingAdministration_Class : SubClass FederalHousingAdministration Government ;
+
   -- Execute an order or buy or sell a security 
   -- or commodity.
   fun FillingAnOrder : Class ;
@@ -456,7 +443,6 @@ fun FillingAnOrder_Class : SubClass FillingAnOrder FinancialTransaction ;
   -- A financial agreement between two or more parties
   fun FinancialContract : Class ;
 
-
   -- Failure to make required debt payments on a timely basis 
   -- or to comply with other conditions of an obligation or agreement.
   fun FinancialDefault : Class ;
@@ -519,16 +505,13 @@ fun GrowthStock_Class : SubClass GrowthStock Stock ;
   -- converted to cash.
   fun HighLiquidity : Ind LiquidityAttribute ;
 
-
   -- An Attribute that characterizes investments which are likely 
   -- to lose their principal.
   fun HighRisk : Ind RiskAttribute ;
 
-
   -- An Attribute that characterizes accounts that are very profitable.
   fun HighYield : Ind YieldAttribute ;
 
-
   -- Immediate or cancel Order is a type of option order 
   -- which gives the trading crowd one opportunity to take the other side of the 
   -- trade. After being announced, the order will be either partially or totally 
@@ -572,7 +555,6 @@ fun IndexedLoan_Class : SubClass IndexedLoan Loan ;
   fun IndividualRetirementAccount : Class ;
   fun IndividualRetirementAccount_Class : SubClass IndividualRetirementAccount (both PensionPlan (both PersonalAccount SavingsAccount)) ;
 
-
   -- The overall general upward price movement of 
   -- goods and services in an economy, usually as measured by the Consumer 
   -- Price Index and the Producer Price Index.
@@ -600,7 +582,6 @@ fun InterestOnlyLoan_Class : SubClass InterestOnlyLoan Loan ;
   fun InterestRate : Class ;
   fun InterestRate_Class : SubClass InterestRate (both ConstantQuantity EconomicIndicator) ;
 
-
   -- A subclass of FinancialTransactions within 
   -- one FinancialOrganization.
   fun InternalTransfer : Class ;
@@ -687,13 +668,11 @@ fun LongStraddle_Class : SubClass LongStraddle Straddle ;
   -- converted to cash.
   fun LowLiquidity : Ind LiquidityAttribute ;
 
-
   fun LowRisk : Ind RiskAttribute ;
 
   -- An Attribute that characterizes accounts that are not very profitable.
   fun LowYield : Ind YieldAttribute ;
 
-
   -- A Market_not_held order is a type of market order 
   -- which allows the investor to give discretion to the floor broker regarding 
   -- the price and/or time at which a trade is executed.
@@ -710,7 +689,6 @@ fun MOCOrder_Class : SubClass MOCOrder FinancialOrder ;
   -- One who directs a business or other enterprise.
   fun Manager : Ind Position ;
 
-
   -- An order to buy or sell security at the best prices available.
   fun MarketOrder : Class ;
   fun MarketOrder_Class : SubClass MarketOrder FinancialOrder ;
@@ -729,6 +707,7 @@ fun MarketValueWeightedIndex_Class : SubClass MarketValueWeightedIndex Index ;
 
   fun MasterCard : Class ;
   fun MasterCard_Class : SubClass MasterCard CreditCard ;
+
   -- MoneyMarket is for borrowing and lending money for three years 
   -- or less. The securities in a money market can be U.S. government bonds, TreasuryBills and commercial 
   -- paper from banks and companies.
@@ -751,7 +730,6 @@ fun MortgageBond_Class : SubClass MortgageBond CorporateBond ;
   fun MunicipalBond : Class ;
   fun MunicipalBond_Class : SubClass MunicipalBond (both Bond TaxFreeInvestment) ;
 
-
   -- An open_ended fund operated by an investment company which 
   -- raises money from shareholders and invests in a group of assets, in accordance with a stated 
   -- set of objectives. Benefits include diversification and professional money management. Shares 
@@ -764,7 +742,6 @@ fun MutualFundAccount_Class : SubClass MutualFundAccount InvestmentAccount ;
   -- system.
   fun NASDAQ : Ind Organization ;
 
-
   -- A market_value weighted index of all common stocks 
   -- listed on NASDAQ.
   fun NASDAQCompositeIndex : Class ;
@@ -804,7 +781,6 @@ fun OCOOrder_Class : SubClass OCOOrder FinancialOrder ;
   -- are ready to transact business.
   fun OpenService : Ind ServiceAttribute ;
 
-
   -- An activity of opening a financial account
   fun OpeningAnAccount : Class ;
   fun OpeningAnAccount_Class : SubClass OpeningAnAccount FinancialTransaction ;
@@ -848,6 +824,7 @@ fun PerformanceBond_Class : SubClass PerformanceBond Bond ;
 
   fun PerformanceMeasure : Class ;
   fun PerformanceMeasure_Class : SubClass PerformanceMeasure PhysicalQuantity ;
+
   -- This is the class of personal accounts, as opposed to 
   -- CorporateAccounts.
   fun PersonalAccount : Class ;
@@ -859,6 +836,7 @@ fun PiggybankLoan_Class : SubClass PiggybankLoan Loan ;
 
   fun PlacingAnOrder : Class ;
   fun PlacingAnOrder_Class : SubClass PlacingAnOrder FinancialTransaction ;
+
   -- CapitalStock which provides a specific Dividend 
   -- that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes 
   -- precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Usually does not carry 
@@ -881,7 +859,6 @@ fun PriceWeightedIndex_Class : SubClass PriceWeightedIndex Index ;
   fun ProcessingACheck : Class ;
   fun ProcessingACheck_Class : SubClass ProcessingACheck (both AuthorizationOfTransaction ControllingAnAccount) ;
 
-
   -- An inflationary indicator published by the U.S. Bureau 
   -- of Labor Statistics to evaluate wholesale price levels in the economy.
   fun ProducerPriceIndex : Class ;
@@ -898,12 +875,10 @@ fun PutOption_Class : SubClass PutOption Option ;
   fun RealEstate : Class ;
   fun RealEstate_Class : SubClass RealEstate (both CorpuscularObject (both FinancialAsset Region)) ;
 
-
   -- A written acknowledgment that a specified article, 
   -- sum of money, or shipment of merchandise has been received.
   fun Receipt : Ind FinancialInstrument ;
 
-
   -- Paying off an existing loan with the proceeds from a new loan, using 
   -- the same property as collateral.
   fun Refinancing : Class ;
@@ -940,13 +915,13 @@ fun RothIRAAccount_Class : SubClass RothIRAAccount IndividualRetirementAccount ;
 
   fun SARSEPPlan : Class ;
   fun SARSEPPlan_Class : SubClass SARSEPPlan DefinedContributionPlan ;
+
   -- An account in a bank on which interest is usually paid and from 
   -- which withdrawals can be made usually only by presentation of a passbook or by written authorization 
   -- on a prescribed form.
   fun SavingsAccount : Class ;
   fun SavingsAccount_Class : SubClass SavingsAccount (both DepositAccount InterestBearingAccount) ;
 
-
   -- A federally or state chartered FinancialOrganization 
   -- that takes Deposits from individuals, funds Mortgages, and pays Dividends.
   fun SavingsAndLoans : Class ;
@@ -980,6 +955,7 @@ fun SecuredBond_Class : SubClass SecuredBond Bond ;
 
   fun SecuredLoan : Class ;
   fun SecuredLoan_Class : SubClass SecuredLoan Loan ;
+
   -- An investment instrument, other than an insurance policy or 
   -- FixedAnnuity insurance policy or fixed annuity issued by a corporation, government, 
   -- or other organization which offers evidence of debt or equity.
@@ -1001,7 +977,6 @@ fun ServiceContract_Class : SubClass ServiceContract Contract ;
   fun Share : Class ;
   fun Share_Class : SubClass Share (both CurrencyMeasure Security) ;
 
-
   -- Borrowing a security (or commodity futures 
   -- contract) from a broker and selling it, with the understanding that it 
   -- must later be bought back (hopefully at a lower price) and returned to the 
@@ -1071,8 +1046,10 @@ fun Straddle_Class : SubClass Straddle OptionStrategy ;
 
   fun TaxFreeInvestment : Class ;
   fun TaxFreeInvestment_Class : SubClass TaxFreeInvestment Investment ;
+
   fun TaxableInvestment : Class ;
   fun TaxableInvestment_Class : SubClass TaxableInvestment Investment ;
+
   -- The instrument, such as a deed, that constitutes evidence 
   -- of a legal right of possession or control.
   fun Title : Class ;
@@ -1097,11 +1074,11 @@ fun TreasuryBond_Class : SubClass TreasuryBond Bond ;
 
   fun UnsecuredLoan : Class ;
   fun UnsecuredLoan_Class : SubClass UnsecuredLoan Loan ;
+
   -- To change data in a file or database
   fun Update : Class ;
   fun Update_Class : SubClass Update (both ContentDevelopment FinancialTransaction) ;
 
-
   -- A stock market transaction (or sometimes, a quote) 
   -- at a price higher than the preceding one for the same security.
   fun Uptick : Class ;
@@ -1133,6 +1110,7 @@ fun VerifyingCardCode_Class : SubClass VerifyingCardCode AuthorizationOfTransact
 
   fun VisaCard : Class ;
   fun VisaCard_Class : SubClass VisaCard CreditCard ;
+
   -- An activity of money being transferred from a customer's 
   -- account at a financial institution.
   fun Withdrawal : Class ;
@@ -1153,12 +1131,10 @@ fun ZeroCouponBond_Class : SubClass ZeroCouponBond Bond ;
   -- FinancialAccount opened in the FinancialOrganization ?Bank.
   fun accountAt : El FinancialAccount -> El FinancialOrganization -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (accountHolder ?Account ?Agent) means that ?Agent 
   -- is the account holder of the FinancialAccount ?Account.
   fun accountHolder : El FinancialAccount -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun accountNumber : El FinancialAccount -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
 
   -- (accountStatus ?Account ?Status) holds if 
@@ -1166,91 +1142,71 @@ fun accountNumber : El FinancialAccount -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
   -- New or Pending.
   fun accountStatus : El FinancialAccount -> El StatusAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The accumulated coupon interest, paid to the seller of a 
   -- bond by the buyer unless the bond is in default.
   fun accruedInterest : El Bond -> El Interest -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun administrator : El FinancialAccount -> El Position -> Formula ;
 
   -- (administratorStatus ?Administrator ?Status) 
   -- holds is ?Status describes the status of the administrator.
   fun administratorStatus : El Position -> El StatusAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- An amount (usually income) after taxes 
   -- have been subtracted.
   fun afterTaxIncome : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El OrganizationalProcess -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (agreementActive ?Agreement ?Date) holds if 
   -- ?Agreement is in force at the time specified by ?Date.
   fun agreementActive : El Contract -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (agreementMember ?Agreement ?Agent) means that 
   -- ?Agent is one of the participants of the Agreement.
   fun agreementMember : El Contract -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (agreementPeriod ?Agreement ?Period) holds if 
   -- ?Period specifies a Time interval during which ?Agreement is in force.
   fun agreementPeriod : El Contract -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (amountCharged ?Fee ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the amount of 
   -- the fee charged.
   fun amountCharged : El ChargingAFee -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (amountDue ?ACCOUNT ?AMOUNT ?DATE) means ?DATE is the 
   -- date on which the amount of Money ?AMOUNT of a particular ?ACCOUNT is due and payable
   fun amountDue : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun appraisedValue : El Collateral -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
   -- (askPrice ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent offers to sell 
   -- ?Obj for the amount of ?Money.
   fun askPrice : El Object -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Agent -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- A term that describes an option with a strike 
   -- price that is equal to the current market price of the underlying stock.
   fun atTheMoney : El Option -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (availableBalance ?Account ?Day ?Amount) means 
--- that ?Amount is the balance which is available for withdrawal from the FinancialAccount 
--- ?Account.
+  -- (availableBalance ?Account ?Day ?Amount) means that ?Amount is 
+  -- the balance which is available for withdrawal from the FinancialAccount ?Account.
   fun availableBalance : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (availableCash ?Account ?Day ?Cash) holds if 
--- ?Cash is a cash amount available for withdrawal from the FinancialAccount 
--- ?Account.
+  -- (availableCash ?Account ?Day ?Cash) holds if ?Cash is 
+  -- a cash amount available for withdrawal from the FinancialAccount ?Account.
   fun availableCash : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (bankAccount ?Type ?Bank) holds if ?Type is a 
   -- type of the financial accounts offered by the bank.
   fun bankAccount: Desc FinancialAccount -> El Bank_FinancialOrganization -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- Income before taxes are deducted
   fun beforeTaxIncome : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El OrganizationalProcess -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- A standard by which something can be measured or judged.
   fun benchmark : El Abstract -> El PerformanceMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (bidPrice ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent offers to buy 
--- ?Obj for the amount of ?Money.
+  -- (bidPrice ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent offers to buy ?Obj for the amount of ?Money.
   fun bidPrice : El Object -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Agent -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- A measure of the quality and safety of a bond,
   -- based on the issuer's financial condition. More specifically, an
   -- evaluation from a rating service indicating the likelihood that a debt
@@ -1258,151 +1214,113 @@ fun bidPrice : El Object -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Agent -> Formula ;
   -- Typically, AAA is highest (best), and D is lowest (worst).
   fun bondRating : El Bond -> El FinancialRating -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (borrower ?Loan ?Agent) means that ?Agent is a borrower of the ?Loan
   fun borrower : El Loan -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (buyingPowerAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds 
--- if ?Amount is the buying power amount of the FinancialAccount ?Account on the Day 
--- ?Day.
+  -- (buyingPowerAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is
+  -- the buying power amount of the FinancialAccount ?Account on the Day ?Day.
   fun buyingPowerAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
--- Date, prior to maturity, on which a callable bond 
--- may be redeemed.
+  -- Date, prior to maturity, on which a callable bond may be redeemed.
   fun callDate : El Bond -> El Day -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (cardAccount ?Card ?Account) means that ?Account is 
   -- the FinancialAccount linked to a BankCard ?Card.
   fun cardAccount : El BankCard -> El FinancialAccount -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (cardCode ?Code ?Card) means that ?Code represents 
   -- the account number of the BankCard ?Card.
   fun cardCode : El ContentBearingObject -> El BankCard -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (checkAccount ?Check ?Account) means that ?Account 
   -- is the FinancialAccount from which the amount specifed on the check is paid.
   fun checkAccount : El Check -> El FinancialAccount -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun checkNumber : El Check -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula;
 
   -- (closingPrice ?Stock ?Amount ?Day) means that the closing 
   -- price of the Stock ?Stock on the Day ?Day was ?Amount.
   fun closingPrice : El Stock -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Day -> Formula ;
 
-
--- The total monetary value an employee 
--- receives during a certain time period.
+  -- The total monetary value an employee receives during a certain time period.
   fun compensationPackage : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (compoundInterest ?Account ?Amount ?Time) means 
   -- that ?Amount is the interest which is calculated not only on the initial principal 
   -- but also the accumulated interest of prior periods. Compound interest can be 
   -- calculated annually, semi_annually, quartely, monthly, or daily.
   fun compoundInterest : El FinancialAccount -> El Interest -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun confirmationNumber : El FinancialTransaction -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
 
   -- (couponInterest ?BOND ?INTEREST) means that ?INTEREST is 
   -- the periodic interest payment made to bondholders during the life of the ?BOND.
   fun couponInterest : El Bond -> El Interest -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (creditLimit ?ACCOUNT ?AMNT) holds if ?AMNT is the 
   -- maximum amount of credit that a bank or other lender will extend to a customer.
   fun creditLimit : El CreditAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (creditRanking ?Agent ?Rating) holds if 
--- ?Rating is a FinancialRating based on financial analysis by a credit 
--- bureau, of one's financial history, specifically as it relates to one's 
--- ability to meet debt obligations. Lenders use this information to decide 
--- whether to approve a loan.
+  -- (creditRanking ?Agent ?Rating) holds if ?Rating is a FinancialRating 
+  -- based on financial analysis by a credit bureau, of one's financial history,
+  -- specifically as it relates to one's ability to meet debt obligations.
+  -- Lenders use this information to decide whether to approve a loan.
   fun creditRanking : El CognitiveAgent -> El FinancialRating -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (creditsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) 
--- holds if ?Amount is the amount credited to the FinancialAccount ?Account during 
--- the time period ?Period.
+  -- (creditsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Amount is the amount credited to 
+  -- the FinancialAccount ?Account during the time period ?Period.
   fun creditsPerPeriod : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (currentAccountBalance ?Account ?Date ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the balance of the FinancialAccount ?Account as of the date 
--- ?Date.
+  -- (currentAccountBalance ?Account ?Date ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the balance of 
+  -- the FinancialAccount ?Account as of the date ?Date.
   fun currentAccountBalance : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (currentInterestRate ?Account ?Day ?Rate) 
--- means that ?Rate is the interest rate of the Account on a specific day ?Day.
+  -- (currentInterestRate ?Account ?Day ?Rate) means that ?Rate is the interest rate of 
+  -- the Account on a specific day ?Day.
   fun currentInterestRate : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El InterestRate -> Formula ;
 
-
--- A very general relation that exists whenever there
--- is a FinancialTransaction between the two Agents such that the first is
--- the destination of the FinancialTransaction and the second is the
--- agent.
+  -- A very general relation that exists whenever there is a FinancialTransaction between 
+  -- the two Agents such that the first is the destination of the FinancialTransaction and 
+  -- the second is the agent.
   fun customer : El CognitiveAgent -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (customerRepresentative 
--- ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2 ?ORG) means that ?PERSON1 acts as a representative 
+  -- (customerRepresentative ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2 ?ORG) means that ?PERSON1 acts as a representative 
   -- of Organization ?ORG in a SocialInteraction involving ?PERSON2.
   fun customerRepresentative : El CognitiveAgent -> El CognitiveAgent -> El Organization -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (dailyLimit ?Account ?TransactionType ?Amount) 
--- means that ?Amount is the daily limit of the ?Account for the type of 
--- FinancialTransactions ?TransactionType.
+  -- (dailyLimit ?Account ?TransactionType ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the daily limit of 
+  -- the ?Account for the type of FinancialTransactions ?TransactionType.
   fun dailyLimit: El FinancialAccount -> Desc FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (dateOfStatement ?Statement ?Date) holds if 
--- ?Date is the date when BankStatement was issued.
+  -- (dateOfStatement ?Statement ?Date) holds if ?Date is the date when BankStatement was issued.
   fun dateOfStatement : El BankStatement -> El Day -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (dayPhone ?Phone ?Agent) means that ?Phone is a phone 
   -- number corresponding to the location where ?Agent can be reached during the day.
   fun dayPhone : El SymbolicString -> El Agent -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The part of the purchase price paid in cash up front, 
   -- reducing the amount of the loan or mortgage.
   fun downPayment : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- Legal date an agreement or document goes into force.
   fun effectiveDate : El Contract -> El Day -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (emailAddress ?Address ?Agent) means that ?Address is 
   -- an electronic address of the location where ?Agent can be reached.
   fun emailAddress : El SymbolicString -> El Agent -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- An individual's contribution to his/her 
   -- own retirement plan, often tax_deferred.
   fun employeeContribution : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (eveningPhone ?Phone ?Agent) means that ?Phone 
--- is a phone number corresponidng to the location where ?Agent can be reached 
--- during the evening.
+  -- (eveningPhone ?Phone ?Agent) means that ?Phone is a phone number 
+  -- corresponidng to the location where ?Agent can be reached during the evening.
   fun eveningPhone : El SymbolicString -> El Agent -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (expirationDate ?Contract ?Date) means that 
--- ?Date is the date on which ?Contract expires.
+  -- (expirationDate ?Contract ?Date) means that ?Date is the date on which ?Contract expires.
   fun expirationDate : El Contract -> El Day -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The nominal dollar amount assigned to a security by the issuer. 
   -- For an equity security, par is usually a very small amount that bears no relationship to 
   -- its market price, except for preferred stock, in which case par is used to calculate dividend 
@@ -1411,112 +1329,88 @@ fun expirationDate : El Contract -> El Day -> Formula ;
   -- 10,000).
   fun faceValue : El Collateral -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun finalPrice : El Stock -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
   -- (financialResponseTo ?Response ?Request) means that 
   -- ?Response is a FinancialResponse to the FinancialRequest ?Request.
   fun financialResponseTo : El FinancialResponse -> El FinancialRequest -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (fixedInterestRate ?Account ?Rate) holds if 
--- ?Rate is the interest rate that does not change during the entire term of the 
--- account.
+  -- (fixedInterestRate ?Account ?Rate) holds if ?Rate is the interest rate that
+  -- does not change during the entire term of the account.
   fun fixedInterestRate : El FinancialAccount -> El InterestRate -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- A minimum amount that a lender is willing to loan
   fun floorLoan : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- A call option is in the money if the stock 
   -- price is above the strike price. A put option is in the money if the 
   -- stock price is below the strike price.
   fun inTheMoney : El Option -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (incomeOf ?Agent ?Money ?Period) means that 
   -- ?Money is the amount of money or its equivalent received during a period 
   -- of time in exchange for labor or services, from the sale of goods or 
   -- property, or as profit from financial investments
   fun income : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (incomeEarned ?Agent ?Money ?Action) means 
--- that ?Agent earned the amount of money ?Money from performing ?Action. Note 
--- that incomeEarned denotes that amount of money made before taxes are 
--- deducted.
+  -- (incomeEarned ?Agent ?Money ?Action) means that ?Agent earned
+  -- the amount of money ?Money from performing ?Action. Note that incomeEarned
+  -- denotes that amount of money made before taxes are deducted.
   fun incomeEarned : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El OrganizationalProcess -> Formula ;
 
-
--- The percentage increase in the price of goods and services, 
--- usually annually.
+  -- The percentage increase in the price of goods and services, usually annually.
   fun inflationRate : El Inflation -> El RealNumber -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The annually percentage increase 
   -- in the price of goods and services for the given Nation.
   fun inflationRateInCountry : El Nation -> El RealNumber -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (insured ?Contract ?Org) means that ?Contract is insured 
   -- by the ?Organization.
   fun insured : El Contract -> El Organization -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (interestEarned ?Account ?Interest ?Period) means 
--- that ?Interest is the amount earned on the FinancialAccount ?Account, for the 
--- duration ?Period.
+  -- (interestEarned ?Account ?Interest ?Period) means that ?Interest is 
+  -- the amount earned on the FinancialAccount ?Account, for the duration ?Period.
   fun interestEarned : El FinancialAccount -> El Interest -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (interestRatePerPeriod ?ACCOUNT ?RATE ?TIME) means that ?RATE is the interest 
   -- per the period TIME divided by principal amount, expressed as a percentage
   fun interestRatePerPeriod : El FinancialAccount -> El InterestRate -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (issuedBy ?Instrument ?Agent) means that a 
   -- FinancialInstrument ?Instrument is produced and offered by ?Agent.
   fun issuedBy : El FinancialInstrument -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (lastStatement ?Account ?Statement) means that 
   -- ?Statement is the most recent monthly report sent to a debtor or bank depositor.
   fun lastStatement : El FinancialAccount -> El BankStatement -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (lastStatementBalance ?Account ?Amount) 
--- holds if ?Amount is the balance shown on the last statement.
+  -- (lastStatementBalance ?Account ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is the balance 
+  -- shown on the last statement.
   fun lastStatementBalance : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (lender ?Loan ?Agent) means that ?Agent is a private, public or 
   -- institutional entity that put up the funds for the ?Loan.
   fun lender : El Loan -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (limitPrice ?Order ?Money) means that ?Money is the limit price 
   -- for the limit order ?Order. If ?Order is a buy order, then ?Money specifies the maximum price
   -- to be paid. If ?Order is a sell order, then ?Money specifies the minimum price to be paid.
   fun limitPrice : El LimitOrder -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- Degree to which accounts can be easily converted to cash.
   fun liquidity : El FinancialAccount -> El LiquidityAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun listedOn : El Stock -> El Organization -> Formula ;
 
   -- (loanFeeAmount ?Loan ?Amount) means that 
   -- ?Amount is the fee amount of the Loan ?Loan.
   fun loanFeeAmount : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (loanForPurchase ?ACCOUNT ?PRODUCT) means that ?ACCOUNT is a 
   -- loan to finance the purchase of ?PRODUCT.
   fun loanForPurchase : El Loan -> El Object -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun loanInterest : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
   -- (marginBalanceAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) 
@@ -1524,149 +1418,111 @@ fun loanInterest : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
   -- on the Day ?Day.
   fun marginBalanceAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun marketValueAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
   -- The date on which the principal amount of the account 
   -- becomes due and payable.
   fun maturityDate : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (minimumBalance ?Account ?ActivityType ?Amount) 
   -- means that ?Amount is the mimimum amount required by the type of 
   -- FinancialTransaction ?ActivityType.
   fun minimumBalance: El FinancialAccount -> Desc FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The smallest amount which can be paid on a revolving 
   -- charge account to avoid a penalty.
   fun minimumPayment : El LiabilityAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (monthlyIncome ?Agent ?Money) means that 
--- ?Money is the amount of money received during one month period
+  -- (monthlyIncome ?Agent ?Money) means that ?Money is the amount of money received 
+  -- during one month period
   fun monthlyIncome : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
--- The amount due the supplier after commissions 
--- have been deducted.
+  -- The amount due the supplier after commissions have been deducted.
   fun netAmount : El Investment -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- Total assets minus total liabilities of an individual or company.
   fun netWorth : El CognitiveAgent -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Day -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (optionHolder ?Option ?Agent) means that 
--- ?Agent is the holder of the option.
+  -- (optionHolder ?Option ?Agent) means that ?Agent is the holder of the option.
   fun optionHolder : El Option -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (optionSeller ?Option ?Agent) means that 
--- ?Agent is the writer of the option.
+  -- (optionSeller ?Option ?Agent) means that ?Agent is the writer of the option.
   fun optionSeller : El Option -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (orderFor ?Order ?Transaction ?Security) means that the content of ?Order 
   -- is to realize an instance of ?Transaction where ?Security is the patient of ?Transaction.
   fun orderFor: El FinancialTransaction -> Desc FinancialTransaction -> El Security -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (originalBalance ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means that 
--- ?BALANCE is the balance of the account at the time the account is opened.
+  -- (originalBalance ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means that ?BALANCE is 
+  -- the balance of the account at the time the account is opened.
   fun originalBalance : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- A call option is out of the money if the 
   -- stock price is below its strike price. A put option is out of the money 
   -- if the stock price is above its strike price.
   fun outOfTheMoney : El Option -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The amount by which withdrawals exceed deposits.
   fun overdraft : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Day -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (paymentsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) 
--- holds if ?Amount is the amount paid on the FinancialAccount ?Account during the 
--- time period ?Period.
+  -- (paymentsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Amount is 
+  -- the amount paid on the FinancialAccount ?Account during the time period ?Period.
   fun paymentsPerPeriod : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (periodicPayment ?Pay ?Amount ?Period) holds if 
--- ?Pay is one of the periodic payments for the amount ?Amount.
+  -- (periodicPayment ?Pay ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Pay is one of the periodic payments for the amount ?Amount.
   fun periodicPayment : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (phoneNumber ?Phone ?Agent) holds if ?Phone is 
--- a phone number corresponding to the Telephone ?Phone.
+  -- (phoneNumber ?Phone ?Agent) holds if ?Phone is a phone number corresponding to the Telephone ?Phone.
   fun phoneNumber : El SymbolicString -> El Telephone -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (pin ?PIN ?Card) means that ?PIN is a personal identification 
--- number linked to the ?Card.
+  -- (pin ?PIN ?Card) means that ?PIN is a personal identification number linked to the ?Card.
   fun pin : El SymbolicString -> El BankCard -> Formula ;
 
-
--- The maximum amount of money the Agent can lose by choosing 
--- this type of Investment.
+  -- The maximum amount of money the Agent can lose by choosing this type of Investment.
   fun potentialLoss : El CognitiveAgent -> El Investment -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- Total price of an option.
   fun premium : El Option -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (price ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent pays the amount of 
   -- money ?Money for ?Obj.
   fun price : El Physical -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Agent -> Formula ;
 
-
--- The interest rate that commercial banks charge 
--- their most creditworthy borrowers, such as large corporations. The prime rate is 
--- a lagging indicator.
+  -- The interest rate that commercial banks charge their most creditworthy borrowers, 
+  -- such as large corporations. The prime rate is a lagging indicator.
   fun primeInterestRate : El Day -> El InterestRate -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (principalAmount ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means 
--- that ?BALANCE is the amount borrowed, or the part of the amount borrowed 
--- which remains unpaid (excluding interest).
+  -- (principalAmount ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means that ?BALANCE is the amount borrowed,
+  -- or the part of the amount borrowed which remains unpaid (excluding interest).
   fun principalAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The positive gain from an investment or business operation after 
   -- subtracting for all expenses.
   fun profit : El FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (purchasesPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) 
   -- holds if ?Amount is the amount of purchases added to the FinancialAccount ?Account 
   -- during the time period ?Period.
   fun purchasesPerPeriod : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- Relates an instance of Investing to the level of risk associated 
   -- with the investment.
   fun riskLevel : El Investment -> El RiskAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun riskTolerance : El Investor -> El RiskAttribute -> Formula ;
 
   -- Assets pledged by a borrower to secure a loan 
   -- or other credit, and subject to seizure in the event of FinancialDefault.
   fun securedBy : El FinancialAccount -> El Collateral -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- A charge to the customer levied by a FinancialOrganization 
   -- for a FinancialTransaction, such as OpeningAnAccount or UsingAnAccount.
   fun serviceFee : El FinancialOrganization -> El FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (shareHolder ?Stock ?Agent) means that ?Agent possesses 
   -- shares of Stock in a corporation or mutual fund.
   fun shareHolder : El Share -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun shareOf : El Share -> El Organization -> Formula ;
 
   -- (marketvalueAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds 
@@ -1676,65 +1532,55 @@ fun shareOf : El Share -> El Organization -> Formula ;
   -- on the Day ?Day.
   fun shortBalanceAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (signedBy ?Instrument ?Agent) means that ?Instrument 
   -- has been signed by ?Agent.
   fun signedBy : El Certificate -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (simpleInterest ?Account ?Amount ?Time) means 
   -- that ?Amount is the interest calculated on a principal sum, not compounded on 
   -- earned interest, for the duration ?Time.
   fun simpleInterest : El FinancialAccount -> El Interest -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun splitFor : El StockSplit -> El Integer -> El Integer -> Formula ;
 
   -- (statementAccount ?Statement ?Account) means 
   -- that ?Account is the account of the BankStatement ?Statement.
   fun statementAccount : El BankStatement -> El FinancialAccount -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (statementInterest ?Statement ?Amount) holds 
   -- if ?Amount is the interest amount as shown on the BankStatement ?Statement.
   fun statementInterest : El BankStatement -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (statementPeriod ?Statement ?Period) means that 
   -- ?Period is the time period of the BankStatement ?Statement.
   fun statementPeriod : El BankStatement -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- A unique symbol assigned to a security. NYSE and 
   -- AMEX listed stocks have symbols of three characters or less. NASDAQ_listed 
   -- securities have four or five characters.
   fun stockSymbol : El Stock -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The specified price on an option contract at 
   -- which the contract may be exercised, whereby a call option buyer can buy 
   -- the underlier or a put option buyer can sell the underlier.
   fun strikePrice : El FinancialInstrument -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- Income whose taxes can be postponed 
   -- until a later date. Examples include IRA, 401(k), Keogh Plan, annuity, 
   -- Savings Bond and Employee Stock Ownership Plan.
   fun taxDeferredIncome : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El OrganizationalProcess -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (underlier ?Option ?Instrument) means that 
   -- ?Instrument is a security which is subject to delivery upon exercise of 
   -- ?Option.
   fun underlier : El Option -> El FinancialInstrument -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The annual rate of return on an investment, expressed as a 
   -- percentage. For bonds and notes, it is the coupon rate divided by the market price.
   fun yield : El Investment -> El FunctionQuantity -> Formula ;
 
-
--- A profit obtained from an investment. yieldLevel Relates a FinancialAccount to the yield level (i.e. the type of profit) 
---which can be expected from the account.
+  -- A profit obtained from an investment. yieldLevel Relates a FinancialAccount to
+  -- the yield level (i.e. the type of profit) which can be expected from the account.
   fun yieldLevel : El FinancialAccount -> El YieldAttribute -> Formula ;
+
 }

examples/SUMO/HigherOrder.gf

@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:englishExtended
-abstract HigherOrder = Merge ** {
-
-fun SingleValuedRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> Formula) -> Formula;
-def SingleValuedRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x)) (f (var c c ? y))) (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))));
-
-fun AntisymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def AntisymmetricRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))) (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))));
-
-fun IntentionalRelation : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> inScopeOfInterest (var c1 CognitiveAgent ? x) (var c2 Entity ? y)));
--- assume binary predicate, since it is mostly used for that
-
-fun ReflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def ReflexiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x));
-
-fun SymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def SymmetricRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c(\y -> impl (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))));
-
-fun EquivalenceRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def EquivalenceRelation c f = and (and (ReflexiveRelation c f) (SymmetricRelation c f)) (TransitiveRelation c f);
-
-fun TransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def TransitiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c(\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z)))));
-
-fun IrreflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def IrreflexiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x)));
-
-fun AsymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def AsymmetricRelation c f = and (AntisymmetricRelation c f) (IrreflexiveRelation c f);
-
-fun PropositionalAttitude : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def PropositionalAttitude c f = (AsymmetricRelation c f);
-
-fun ObjectAttitude : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def ObjectAttitude c1 c2 f = IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f ;
-
-fun IntransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def IntransitiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c(\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))))));
-
-fun PartialOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def PartialOrderingRelation c f = and (and (TransitiveRelation c f) (AntisymmetricRelation c f)) (ReflexiveRelation c f);
-
-fun TrichotomizingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def TrichotomizingRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y ->
-or
-(or
-(and
-(and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))
-(not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))))
-(not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))))
-(and
-(and (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)))
-(equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))
-(not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)))))
-(and
-(and (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))
-(not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))))
-(not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))))));
-
-fun TotalOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def TotalOrderingRelation c f = and (PartialOrderingRelation c f) (TrichotomizingRelation c f) ;
-
-fun OneToOneFunction : (c1, c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ;
-def OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = forall c1(\x -> 
-                                forall c1(\y -> impl (not(equal (var c1 Entity ? x) (var c1 Entity ? y))) (not (equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x))) (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y)))))));
-                                                         
-fun SequenceFunction : (c : Class) -> (El Integer -> Ind c) -> Formula ;
-def SequenceFunction c f = OneToOneFunction Integer c f ;
-
-fun AssociativeFunction : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ;
-def AssociativeFunction c f = forall c(\x -> 
-                               forall c(\y ->
-                                forall c(\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) (el c c ? (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))))) (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z))))));
-
-fun CommutativeFunction : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ;
-def CommutativeFunction c1 c2 f = forall c1 (\x -> 
-                                   forall c1 (\y ->
-                                    equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c1 c1 ? y))) (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y) (var c1 c1 ? y)))));
-
-fun identityElement : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> El c -> Formula ;
-def identityElement c f elem = forall c(\x -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) elem)) (var c Entity ? x));
-
-fun distributes : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ;
-def distributes c f g = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (g (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z))) (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (g (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))) (el c c ? (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))))))));
- 
-fun inverse : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def inverse c f g = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> equiv (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))));                                     
-
-fun subRelation2El : (c1,c2,c3,c4 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> (El c3 -> El c4 -> Formula) -> Formula ;
-def subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> impl (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c2 c2 ? y)) (g (var c1 c3 ? x) (var c2 c4 ? y))));
-
-fun KappaFn : (c : Class) -> (Ind c -> Formula) -> Class ;
-
-
-
-
-};

examples/SUMO/HigherOrderEng.gf

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:englishExtended
-concrete HigherOrderEng of HigherOrder = BasicEng ** open DictLangEng, DictEng, ParadigmsEng, ResEng, ParamBasic in {
- 
-lin
-
-
-AsymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA asymmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
-EquivalenceRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN equivalence_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N))))))) ;
-IntransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intransitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
--- OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdvCN (UseN one_N) (PrepNP to_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt (NumCard (NumNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01))))))) (UseN function_N)))))))) ;
-PartialOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA partial_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
-SequenceFunction c f = mkPolSent(PredVP  f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sequence_N) (MassNP (UseN function_N))))))) ;
-ReflexiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA reflexive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
-SymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA symmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
-TotalOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA total_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
-TransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA transitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
-IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intentional_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
-subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sub_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
-identityElement c f elem = mkPolSent (PredVP elem (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN identity_N) (MassNP (UseN element_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep f))) ;
-inverse c f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN inverse_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
-};

examples/SUMO/MergeEng.gf

@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ GraphPathFn ob1 ob2 = AdvCN (UseN path_N) (PrepNP between_Prep (ConjNP and_Conj
   HourFn ob1 ob2 = AdvCN (ApposCN (UseN hour_N) ob1) (PrepNP part_Prep (MassNP ob2)) ;
   IntersectionFn ob1 ob2 = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN intersection_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP ob1 ob2))) ;
   IntervalFn ob1 ob2 = AdvCN (AdvCN (UseN interval_N) (PrepNP from_Prep ob1)) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2) ;
-KappaFn ob1 ob2 = ApposCN (AdvCN (AdvCN (UseN class_N) (PrepNP part_Prep ob1)) where_Adv) (sentToNoun ob2) ;
+  KappaFn c ob2 = ApposCN (AdvCN (AdvCN (UseN class_N) (PrepNP part_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumPl) c))) where_Adv) (sentToNoun ob2) ;
   ListConcatenateFn ob1 ob2 = AdvNP (AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN concatenation_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob1)) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2) ;
   ListOrderFn ob1 ob2 = AdvNP (AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN element_N)) (PrepNP with_Prep (MassNP (ApposCN (UseN number_N) ob2)))) (PrepNP in_Prep ob1) ;
   LogFn ob1 ob2 = AdvNP (AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN logarithm_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob1)) (PrepNP in_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN base_N) ob2))) ;
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ mutualAcquaintance ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP ob1 ob2)
   needs ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a need_V2) ob2)) ;
   parallel ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompAP (PositA parallel_A))) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2))) ;
   parent ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN parent_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-partialOrderingOn ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA partial_A) (UseN ordering_N))))) (PrepNP on_Prep ob2))) ;
+  partialOrderingOn c p = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun p) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA partial_A) (UseN ordering_N))))) (PrepNP on_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) c)))) ;
   pathLength ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN length_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN path_N) ob2))))) ;
   possesses ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a possess_V2) ob2)) ;
   precondition ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (MassNP ob1) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN precondition_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (MassNP ob2)))) ;
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ property ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuan
   publishes ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a publish_V2) (MassNP ob2))) ;
   radius ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN radius_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
   refers ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseV refer_V) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2))) ;
-reflexiveOn ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompAP (PositA reflexive_A))) (PrepNP on_Prep ob2))) ;
+  reflexiveOn c p = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun p) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompAP (PositA reflexive_A))) (PrepNP on_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) c)))) ;
   relatedEvent ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP ob1 ob2)) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumPl) (AdjCN (PositA (VerbToParticipeA relate_V)) (UseN event_N)))))) ;
   relatedInternalConcept ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP ob1 ob2)) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumPl) (AdjCN (PositA (VerbToParticipeA relate_V)) (AdjCN (PositA internal_A) (UseN concept_N))))))) ;
   relative ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN relative_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ successorAttribute ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetC
   systemPart ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN part_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
   temporalPart ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA temporal_A) (UseN part_N))))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
   time ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN time_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-totalOrderingOn ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA total_A) (UseN ordering_N))))) (PrepNP on_Prep ob2))) ;
+  totalOrderingOn c p = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun p) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA total_A) (UseN ordering_N))))) (PrepNP on_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) c)))) ;
   traverses ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a traverse_V2) ob2)) ;
   uses ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a use_V2) ob2)) ;
   version ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (MassNP ob1) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN version_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (MassNP ob2)))) ;
@@ -982,7 +982,21 @@ synonymousExternalConcept ob1 ob2 ob3 = mkPolSent (PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (Base
   greaterThanByQuality ob1 ob2 ob3 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (AdvVP (AdvVP (UseV (mkV "have")) more_Adv) (PrepNP part_Prep (PPartNP ob3 compare_V2))) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2))) ;
   prefers ob1 ob2 ob3 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a prefer_V2) (sentToNoun ob2)) (PrepNP to_Prep (sentToNoun ob3)))) ;
   
-
+  --relations
+  AsymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA asymmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
+  EquivalenceRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN equivalence_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N))))))) ;
+  IntransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intransitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
+  -- OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdvCN (UseN one_N) (PrepNP to_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt (NumCard (NumNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01))))))) (UseN function_N)))))))) ;
+  PartialOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA partial_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
+  SequenceFunction c f = mkPolSent(PredVP  f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sequence_N) (MassNP (UseN function_N))))))) ;
+  ReflexiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA reflexive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
+  SymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA symmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
+  TotalOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA total_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
+  TransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA transitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
+  IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intentional_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
+  subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sub_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
+  identityElement c f elem = mkPolSent (PredVP elem (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN identity_N) (MassNP (UseN element_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep f))) ;
+  inverse c f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN inverse_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
 
   --others
   toInt x = {s = \\c => x.s; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;

examples/SUMO/Mid_level_ontologyFre.gf

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:french:romance:abstract:prelude:common
-concrete Mid_level_ontologyFre of Mid_level_ontology = MergeFre ** open DictLangFre, ParadigmsFre, LexiconFre, ExtraLexiconFre  in{
-
-lin
-
--- individual instances :
-
-Student = MassNP (UseN student_N) ;
-Teacher = MassNP (UseN teacher_N) ;
-
-
--- subclasses 
-Apple = UseN apple_N ;
-ArtSchool = ApposCN (UseN art_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
-Beer = UseN beer_N ;
-BirdEgg = ApposCN (UseN bird_N) (MassNP (UseN egg_N)) ;
-Boy = UseN boy_N ;
-Closing = UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 close_V2) ;
-DaySchool = ApposCN (UseN day_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
-Eye = UseN eye_N ;
-Girl = UseN girl_N ;
-Grass = UseN grass_N ;
-Head = UseN head_N ;
-Heart = UseN heart_N ;
-Knee = UseN knee_N ;
-Milk = UseN milk_N ;
-Restaurant = UseN restaurant_N ;
-
--- unary functions :
-
-FirstFn ob = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuantOrd DefArt NumSg (OrdNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01)))))) (UseN element_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob) ;
-
-
---bespeak_V2
-speaksLanguage ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a speak_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN language_N) ob2)))) ;
-student ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN student_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-teacher ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN teacher_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-friend ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN friend_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-cousin ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN cousin_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-fears ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a fear_V2) (sentToNoun ob2))) ;
-
- };

examples/SUMO/Mid_level_ontologyRon.gf

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:romanian:abstract:prelude:common
-concrete Mid_level_ontologyRon of Mid_level_ontology = MergeRon ** open DictLangRon, ParadigmsRon, LexiconRon, ExtraLexiconRon  in{
-
-lin
-
--- individual instances :
-
-Student = MassNP (UseN student_N) ;
-Teacher = MassNP (UseN teacher_N) ;
-
-
--- subclasses 
-Apple = UseN apple_N ;
-ArtSchool = ApposCN (UseN art_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
-Beer = UseN beer_N ;
-BirdEgg = ApposCN (UseN bird_N) (MassNP (UseN egg_N)) ;
-Boy = UseN boy_N ;
-Closing = UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 close_V2) ;
-DaySchool = ApposCN (UseN day_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
-Eye = UseN eye_N ;
-Girl = UseN girl_N ;
-Grass = UseN grass_N ;
-Head = UseN head_N ;
-Heart = UseN heart_N ;
-Knee = UseN knee_N ;
-Milk = UseN milk_N ;
-Restaurant = UseN restaurant_N ;
-
--- unary functions :
-
-FirstFn ob = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuantOrd DefArt NumSg (OrdNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01)))))) (UseN element_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob) ;
---LastFn ob = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA last_A) (UseN element_N))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob);
-
-
---bespeak_V2
-speaksLanguage ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a speak_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN language_N) ob2)))) ;
-student ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN student_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-teacher ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN teacher_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-friend ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN friend_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-cousin ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN cousin_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
-fears ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a fear_V2) (sentToNoun ob2))) ;
-
- };

examples/SUMO/Military.gf

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-abstract Military = open Merge, Mid_level_ontology in {
-
-
-
+abstract Military = MidLevelOntology ** {
 
   --  A modern nation_states' air forces 
   -- (the whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.
@@ -13,7 +10,6 @@ fun AirForce_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass AirForce_BranchOfService MilitaryO
   -- males of military age in the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
   fun AvailableForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
 
-
   -- In military terminology, a battalion consists of 
   -- two to six companies typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. The 
   -- nomenclature varies by nationality and by branch of arms, e.g. some 
@@ -90,7 +86,6 @@ fun FieldGradeOfficerRank_Class : SubClass FieldGradeOfficerRank CommissionedOff
   -- of being a member of the military.
   fun FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
 
-
   -- Admirals (Navy), Generals (Army) and 
   -- Marshals who typically command units that are expected to operate 
   -- independently for extended periods of time (brigades and larger, fleets of 
@@ -98,12 +93,10 @@ fun FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
   fun FlagOfficerRank : Class ;
   fun FlagOfficerRank_Class : SubClass FlagOfficerRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
 
--- Military operations conducted to 
--- distribute food to the friendly force. (from FM 100_40)
+  -- Military operations conducted to distribute food to the friendly force. (from FM 100_40)
   fun FoodDistributionOperation : Class ;
   fun FoodDistributionOperation_Class : SubClass FoodDistributionOperation (both Getting (both Giving MilitaryOperation)) ;
 
-
   -- A MilitaryUnit composed primarily of Soldiers 
   -- who fight on foot, i.e. without the use of heavy artillery.
   fun InfantryUnit : Class ;
@@ -140,9 +133,8 @@ fun MilitaryOperation_Class : SubClass MilitaryOperation MilitaryProcess ;
   fun MilitaryPlatform : Class ;
   fun MilitaryPlatform_Class : SubClass MilitaryPlatform TransportationDevice ;
 
--- The class of Positions in a Military. Rank
--- is usually commensurate with degrees of power, prestige and
--- pay.
+  -- The class of Positions in a Military. Rank is usually commensurate
+  -- with degrees of power, prestige and pay.
   fun MilitaryRank : Class ;
   fun MilitaryRank_Class : SubClass MilitaryRank SkilledOccupation ;
 
@@ -150,7 +142,6 @@ fun MilitaryRank_Class : SubClass MilitaryRank SkilledOccupation ;
   fun MilitarySupplyTruck : Class ;
   fun MilitarySupplyTruck_Class : SubClass MilitarySupplyTruck (both MilitarySupportVehicle Truck) ;
 
-
   -- Vehicles meant to be used for support, rather
   -- than combat in a military context.
   fun MilitarySupportVehicle : Class ;
@@ -199,13 +190,11 @@ fun Platoon_Class : SubClass Platoon MilitaryUnit ;
   fun PrivateRank : Class ;
   fun PrivateRank_Class : SubClass PrivateRank EnlistedSoldierRank ;
 
--- (equal 
--- (ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn ?AREA ?YEAR) ?COUNT) means that in the
+  -- (equal (ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn ?AREA ?YEAR) ?COUNT) means that in the
   -- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, there are ?COUNT number of male individuals who for 
   -- that year ?YEAR come to be of militaryAge.
   fun ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> El Year -> Ind Integer ;
 
-
   -- Military operations conducted to protect the friendly 
   -- force by providing early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the force 
   -- being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, and to 
@@ -219,16 +208,13 @@ fun SecurityOperation_Class : SubClass SecurityOperation MilitaryOperation ;
   fun SeniorNCORank : Class ;
   fun SeniorNCORank_Class : SubClass SeniorNCORank NonCommissionedOfficerRank ;
 
--- Any Soldier who is tasked with
--- carrying the colors of his/her unit in Battles and parades.
+  -- Any Soldier who is tasked with carrying the colors of his/her unit in Battles and parades.
   fun StandardBearer : Class ;
   fun StandardBearer_Class : SubClass StandardBearer Soldier ;
 
--- Any Soldier who served during the
--- American Civil War
+  -- Any Soldier who served during the American Civil War
   fun USCivilWarSoldier : Ind Soldier ;
 
-
   -- The class of Positions in the USMilitary.
   fun USMilitaryRank : Class ;
   fun USMilitaryRank_Class : SubClass USMilitaryRank MilitaryRank ;
@@ -238,49 +224,41 @@ fun USMilitaryRank_Class : SubClass USMilitaryRank MilitaryRank ;
   -- Private in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman Recruit in the USNavy.
   fun USMilitaryRankE1 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
-
   -- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
   -- Airman in the Air Force, Private in the USArmy, 
   -- Private First Class in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman Apprentice in the USNavy.
   fun USMilitaryRankE2 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
-
   -- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
   -- Airman First Class in the Air Force, Private First Class in the USArmy, 
   -- Lance Corporal in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman in the USNavy.
   fun USMilitaryRankE3 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
-
   -- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
   -- Senior Airman in the Air Force, Specialist or Corporal in the USArmy, 
   -- Corporal in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 3rd Class in the USNavy.
   fun USMilitaryRankE4 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
-
   -- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
   -- Staff Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant in the USArmy, 
   -- Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 2nd Class in the USNavy.
   fun USMilitaryRankE5 : Ind (both JuniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
-
   -- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
   -- Technical Sergeant in the Air Force, Staff Sergeant in the USArmy, 
   -- Staff Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 1st Class in the USNavy.
   fun USMilitaryRankE6 : Ind (both JuniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
-
   -- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
   -- Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant First Class in the USArmy, 
   -- Gunnery Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Chief Petty Officer in the USNavy.
   fun USMilitaryRankE7 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
-
   -- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
   -- Senior Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the USArmy, 
   -- Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Senior Chief Petty Officer in the USNavy.
   fun USMilitaryRankE8 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
-
   -- A USMilitaryRank that is variously 
   -- called Chief Master Sergeant or Command Chief Master Sergeant or Chief 
   -- Master Sergeant of the Air Force in the Air Force, Sergeant Major or 
@@ -291,13 +269,10 @@ fun USMilitaryRankE8 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
   -- the USNavy.
   fun USMilitaryRankE9 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
-
--- A special USMilitaryRank
--- above E9 that marks usually the end of carrier of non_commissioned
--- officers.
+  -- A special USMilitaryRank above E9 that marks usually the end of
+  -- carrier of non_commissioned officers.
   fun USMilitaryRankE9special : Ind (both USMilitaryRank SeniorNCORank) ;
 
-
   fun USMilitaryRankO1 : Ind (both CompanyGradeRank USMilitaryRank) ;
 
   fun USMilitaryRankO10 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
@@ -334,7 +309,6 @@ fun USMilitaryRankWO5 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank Comm
   -- during the American Revolutionary War
   fun USRevolutionaryWarSoldier : Ind Soldier ;
 
-
   -- In the United States military, a 
   -- warrant officer was originally, and strictly, a highly skilled, 
   -- single_track specialty officer. But as many chief warrant officers assume 
@@ -364,37 +338,31 @@ fun USWarrantOfficerRank_Class : SubClass USWarrantOfficerRank CommissionedOffic
   -- simply between them.
   fun betweenOnPath : El Object -> El Object -> El Object -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The typical MilitaryRank of
   -- the leader of an instance of the given MilitaryEchelon.
   fun commandRankOfEchelon: Desc MilitaryUnit -> El MilitaryRank -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (fitForMilitaryService ?AGENT ?PROCESS)
   -- means that ?AGENT is capable of carrying out the MilitaryProcess ?PROCESS as
   -- the agent of the ?PROCESS.
   fun fitForMilitaryService: El CognitiveAgent -> Desc MilitaryProcess -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (militaryAge ?AREA ?AGE) means that in the 
   -- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, a person must be ?AGE or older in order to be a
   -- member of the military of the ?AREA.
   fun militaryAge : El GeopoliticalArea -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP ?AREA ?FRACTION) means 
   -- that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is 
   -- ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area.
   fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP : El GeopoliticalArea -> El RationalNumber -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?FRACTION ?PERIOD) 
   -- means that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA 
   -- was ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area during the
   -- TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.
   fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El RationalNumber -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (militaryExpendituresInUSDollars ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the 
   -- estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT 
   -- in UnitedStatesDollars. Note: This predicate was created to represent 
@@ -405,7 +373,6 @@ fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El Ration
   -- PPPBasedEconomicValuation. Military expenditures data is approximate.
   fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollars : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means 
   -- that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA was 
   -- ?AMOUNT in UnitedStatesDollars during the TimeInterval indicated by 
@@ -417,15 +384,14 @@ fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollars : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure
   -- military expenditures data should be treated as only approximate.
   fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (militaryOfArea ?MILITARY ?AREA) 
   -- denotes that ?MILITARY is a MilitaryOrganization serving in defense of 
   -- the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
   fun militaryOfArea : El MilitaryOrganization -> El GeopoliticalArea -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- A subEchelon is a relationship between
   -- named organizational unit types in which a unit of one type is a
   -- subOrganization of the other.
   fun subEchelon: Desc MilitaryUnit -> Desc MilitaryUnit -> Formula ;
+
 }

examples/SUMO/QoSontology.gf

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-abstract QoSontology = open Merge, Mid_level_ontology, engineering in {
-
-
-
+abstract QoSontology = MidLevelOntology, Engineering ** {
 
   --  To exit a function or application without saving 
   -- any data that has been changed.
@@ -19,7 +16,6 @@ fun AbstractionLevelAttribute_Class : SubClass AbstractionLevelAttribute TimingR
   -- physical address of the ComputerFile ?FILE.
   fun AddressFn : El ComputerFile -> Ind PhysicalAddress ;
 
-
   -- An instance of the class 
   -- RealtimeSystem has Initiation_DesignPattern if it consists of 
   -- sensors connected to a software module that filters data from the 
@@ -53,7 +49,6 @@ fun BerkeleySoftwareDistribution_Class : SubClass BerkeleySoftwareDistribution O
   -- transfer in a communications system.
   fun BitsPerSecond : Class ;
 
-
   -- A network in which all nodes are connected 
   -- to a single wire (the bus) that has two endpoints. Ethernet 10Base_2 
   -- and 10Base_5 networks, for example, are bus networks. Other common 
@@ -66,12 +61,10 @@ fun BusNetwork_Class : SubClass BusNetwork LAN ;
   fun CPU : Class ;
   fun CPU_Class : SubClass CPU (both ComputerComponent ComputerHardware) ;
 
-
   -- (CPUUtilizationFn ?PROGRAM) refers to 
   -- the percentage of time the CPU is used by an application ?PROGRAM.
   fun CPUUtilizationFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind ConstantQuantity ;
 
-
   -- A subclass of 
   -- TimingRequirementAttribute, which includes
   -- MultipleRequirement_Complexity and SingleRequirement_Complexity.
@@ -135,7 +128,6 @@ fun ComputerInputDevice_Class : SubClass ComputerInputDevice ComputerHardware ;
   fun ComputerMemory : Class ;
   fun ComputerMemory_Class : SubClass ComputerMemory (both ComputerComponent ComputerHardware) ;
 
-
   -- The network includes the network 
   -- operating system in the client and server machines, the cables 
   -- connecting them and all supporting hardware in between such as 
@@ -143,7 +135,6 @@ fun ComputerMemory_Class : SubClass ComputerMemory (both ComputerComponent Compu
   fun ComputerNetwork : Class ;
   fun ComputerNetwork_Class : SubClass ComputerNetwork (both ComputationalSystem RealtimeSystem) ;
 
-
   -- Any peripheral that presents 
   -- output from the computer, such as a screen or printer.
   fun ComputerOutputDevice : Class ;
@@ -231,8 +222,7 @@ fun ConsoleApplication_Class : SubClass ConsoleApplication ComputerProgram ;
   fun ContinuousPath : Class ;
   fun ContinuousPath_Class : SubClass ContinuousPath ComputerPathAttribute ;
 
--- Encoding data to take up less storage 
--- space.
+  -- Encoding data to take up less storage space.
   fun DataCompression : Class ;
   fun DataCompression_Class : SubClass DataCompression ComputerProcess ;
 
@@ -265,7 +255,6 @@ fun Database_Class : SubClass Database ComputerData ;
   -- or the acceptance of its outputs by another function.
   fun Dependent_TaskRelation : Ind TaskRelationAttribute ;
 
-
   -- This is a subclass of 
   -- RealtimeSystemAttribute, which includes Guidance_DesignPattern, 
   -- Initiation_DesignPattern, and Assessment_DesignPattern.
@@ -299,15 +288,13 @@ fun DynamicDataStream_Class : SubClass DynamicDataStream ComputerPathAttribute ;
   fun EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute : Class ;
   fun EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute_Class : SubClass EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute RelationalAttribute ;
 
--- An instant in time that is arbitrarily selected as a point 
--- of reference.
+  -- An instant in time that is arbitrarily selected as a point of reference.
   fun Epoch : Class ;
   fun Epoch_Class : SubClass Epoch TimePoint ;
 
   -- Able to be run in its current format.
   fun Executable : Ind RelationalAttribute ;
 
-
   -- The class of all messages to a resource 
   -- management program from one of its processes.
   fun Feedback : Class ;
@@ -352,7 +339,6 @@ fun Guidance_DesignPattern_Class : SubClass Guidance_DesignPattern DesignPattern
   fun HardDiskDrive : Class ;
   fun HardDiskDrive_Class : SubClass HardDiskDrive (both ComputerComponent ComputerHardware) ;
 
-
   -- An attribute that applies to a 
   -- RealtimeSystem just in case all deadlines are met.
   fun Hard_Strictness : Class ;
@@ -367,22 +353,18 @@ fun Hard_Strictness_Class : SubClass Hard_Strictness StrictnessAttribute ;
   fun HardwareSystem : Class ;
   fun HardwareSystem_Class : SubClass HardwareSystem (both ComputationalSystem (both ComputerHardware RealtimeSystem)) ;
 
-
   -- Used to indicate that a ComputationalSystem 
   -- has a high priority.
   fun HighPriority : Ind PriorityAttribute ;
 
-
   -- An attribute which applies to a computer that ceases to 
   -- operate due to hardware or software failure.
   fun HostDown : Ind ComputerStatus ;
 
-
   -- An attribute which applies to a computer that is 
   -- functional, operating properly, and ready to receive work requests.
   fun HostReady : Ind ComputerStatus ;
 
-
   -- An attribute that applies to a 
   -- RealtimeSystem just in case the strictness of the system is a 
   -- combination of Hard/Firm/Soft_Strictness with Importance_Strictness 
@@ -429,7 +411,6 @@ fun Independent_TaskRelation_Class : SubClass Independent_TaskRelation TaskRelat
   -- characteristics.
   fun InitialProfileFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind ProcessState ;
 
-
   -- An instance of the class 
   -- RealtimeSystem has Initiation_DesignPattern if it consists of 
   -- one software module and the actuators it commands. The design pattern 
@@ -445,8 +426,7 @@ fun InitialProfileFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind ProcessState ;
   fun Initiation_DesignPattern : Class ;
   fun Initiation_DesignPattern_Class : SubClass Initiation_DesignPattern DesignPatternAttribute ;
 
--- The attribute 
--- Instrument_AbstractionLevel is the lowest level of abstraction, 
+  -- The attribute Instrument_AbstractionLevel is the lowest level of abstraction, 
   -- which can be used to describe a real_time system or subsystem.
   fun Instrument_AbstractionLevel : Class ;
   fun Instrument_AbstractionLevel_Class : SubClass Instrument_AbstractionLevel AbstractionLevelAttribute ;
@@ -465,7 +445,6 @@ fun LAN_Class : SubClass LAN ComputerNetwork ;
   -- has a low priority.
   fun LowPriority : Ind PriorityAttribute ;
 
-
   -- Each element of MeasuringPerformance 
   -- is an event of measuring the performance of an instance of ComputerComponent, 
   -- performed by a MonitoringProgram.
@@ -559,14 +538,12 @@ fun Packet_Class : SubClass Packet ComputerData ;
   -- transferred in a second.
   fun PacketsPerSecond : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ;
 
-
   -- The attribute which denotes that 
   -- the path importance is defined by the dynamic library procedure 
   -- pathImportanceFunction. This functions passes arguments for priority 
   -- and current time and returns an integer that represents importance.
   fun PathImportanceFunction : Ind ComputerPathAttribute ;
 
-
   -- An instance of the class 
   -- RealtimeSystem is described as a system with Periodic_SystemBehavior 
   -- when it is activated at regular intervals.
@@ -594,7 +571,6 @@ fun PriorityAttribute_Class : SubClass PriorityAttribute RelationalAttribute ;
   -- its goal.
   fun ProcessFailure : Ind ProcessStatus ;
 
-
   -- The class of all the information required 
   -- for a ComputerProgram to run on a processor. It is a vector that 
   -- contains a pointer to the next program instruction to be executed as well 
@@ -613,7 +589,6 @@ fun ProcessStatus_Class : SubClass ProcessStatus RelationalAttribute ;
   -- its goal.
   fun ProcessSuccess : Ind ProcessStatus ;
 
-
   -- A function to be performed.
   fun ProcessTask : Class ;
   fun ProcessTask_Class : SubClass ProcessTask Abstract ;
@@ -646,7 +621,6 @@ fun RealtimeSystemAttribute_Class : SubClass RealtimeSystemAttribute RelationalA
   -- a program can be restarted on the same host.
   fun ReplicationsOnSameHostOK : Ind SoftwareAttribute ;
 
-
   -- This attribute applies 
   -- to real_time systems that are designed and implemented so that the system 
   -- can adapt under the control of a resource allocation manager like Desiderata.
@@ -662,7 +636,6 @@ fun ResourceManagementProgram_Class : SubClass ResourceManagementProgram Compute
   -- can be restarted.
   fun Restartable : Ind SoftwareAttribute ;
 
-
   -- To use the same resource again.
   fun ReusingAResource : Class ;
   fun ReusingAResource_Class : SubClass ReusingAResource ComputerProcess ;
@@ -679,13 +652,11 @@ fun SatisfyingRequirements_Class : SubClass SatisfyingRequirements ProcessTask ;
   -- applications or devices for greater scalability.
   fun ScalabilityCombining : Ind SoftwareAttribute ;
 
-
   -- The attribute which denotes that 
   -- a program can split its output stream to different succeeding 
   -- applications or devices for greater scalability.
   fun ScalabilitySplitting : Ind SoftwareAttribute ;
 
-
   -- The attribute which denotes that the path is 
   -- scalable, i.e. the applications in the path can be replicated to meet 
   -- realtime QoS requirements.
@@ -715,7 +686,6 @@ fun ShutdownBlock_Class : SubClass ShutdownBlock ComputerProgram ;
   -- ShutdownBlock which contains the instructions to end ?PROGRAM.
   fun ShutdownFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind ShutdownBlock ;
 
-
   -- An attribute that describes 
   -- instances of RealtimeSystems which require a single timing requirement,
   -- either a bound for completion time for systems with 
@@ -752,7 +722,6 @@ fun SoftwareAttribute_Class : SubClass SoftwareAttribute RelationalAttribute ;
   fun SoftwareSystem : Class ;
   fun SoftwareSystem_Class : SubClass SoftwareSystem (both ComputationalSystem RealtimeSystem) ;
 
-
   -- The class of all instances of Solaris , a 
   -- unix_based operating system for Sun SPARC computers. It includes the 
   -- Open Look and Motif graphical user interfaces, OpenWindows (the Sun 
@@ -776,7 +745,6 @@ fun StartupBlock_Class : SubClass StartupBlock ComputerProgram ;
   -- StartupBlock which contains the instructions to start the ?Program.
   fun StartupFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind StartupBlock ;
 
-
   -- The attribute which denotes that 
   -- the time between data or groups of data changes according to no 
   -- discernible pattern.
@@ -865,7 +833,6 @@ fun UniformResourceName_Class : SubClass UniformResourceName UniformResourceIden
   -- January 1, 1970.
   fun UnixEpoch : Ind Epoch ;
 
-
   -- An established relationship between a user and a 
   -- computer, network or information service. User accounts require a username and 
   -- password, and new user accounts are given a default set of permissions.
@@ -915,86 +882,69 @@ fun abstractionLevel : El RealtimeSystem -> El AbstractionLevelAttribute -> Form
   -- of a ComputerNetwork ?NET, measured in bits per second.
   fun bandwidthOf : El ComputerNetwork -> El BitsPerSecond -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (batchInterArrival ?PATH ?TIME) 
   -- holds if ?TIME is the maximum allowable time between processing of a 
   -- particular element of a continuous or quasicontinuous path's data 
   -- stream in successive cycles.
   fun batchInterArrival : El ComputerPath -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (batchLatency ?PATH ?TIME)holds if ?TIME 
   -- is the maximum allowed latency for all cycles of a quasicontinuous path.
   fun batchLatency : El ComputerPath -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (benchmarkPerformance ?SYSTEM 
   -- ?TEST ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER is a benchmark for measuring the performance 
   -- of an instance of a ComputationalSystem.
   fun benchmarkPerformance : El ComputationalSystem -> El MonitoringProgram -> El Quantity -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (collectRate ?System ?Period) holds if ?Period is 
   -- the period at which ComputationalSystem ?System collects data.
   fun collectRate : El ComputationalSystem -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (commandLineArguments ?PROGRAM 
--- ?LIST) means that the application ?PROGRAM requires command line 
+  -- (commandLineArguments ?PROGRAM ?LIST) means that the application ?PROGRAM requires command line 
   -- arguments, as specified in ?LIST.
   fun commandLineArguments : El ComputerProgram -> El List -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (complexity ?System ?Attribute) holds if 
   -- ?Attribute is a TimingRequirementAttribute which describes the 
   -- RealtimeSystem ?System.
   fun complexity : El RealtimeSystem -> El TimingRequirementAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (componentDataID ?TIME ?COMPONENT ?INSTANCE 
   -- ?UNIT ?NUMBER) holds if ?INSTANCE is an instance of ?COMPONENT, identified by 
   -- IDNumber ?NUMBER, and whose performance is measured by a UnitOfMeasure_ComputerPerformance ?UNIT. The timestamp ?TIME identifies the time when this 
   -- information was created.
   fun componentDataID: El TimePosition -> Desc ComputerComponent -> El ComputerComponent -> El UnitOfMeasure -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (computerResponseTo ?Response ?Request) means that 
   -- ?Response is a ComputerResponse to the UserRequest ?Request.
   fun computerResponseTo : El ComputerResponse -> El UserRequest -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (computerRunning ?Process ?Computer) 
   -- means that the ComputerProcess ?Process is running on ?Computer.
   fun computerRunning : El ComputerProcess -> El Computer -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (criticalityLevel ?PROGRAM ?INTEGER) 
   -- holds just in case ?INTEGER indicates the relative priority of ?PROGRAM 
   -- with respect to other applications within the SoftwareSystem.
   fun criticalityLevel : El ComputerProgram -> El Integer -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (dataID ?PROGRAM ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER is a small 
   -- number associated with an instance of MonitoringProgram.
   fun dataID : El MonitoringProgram -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
 
-
--- The data being processed during a 
--- ComputerProcess.
+  -- The data being processed during a ComputerProcess.
   fun dataProcessed : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerData -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (dataStreamSlack ?PATH ?N) means that 
   -- a continuous or quasicontinuous path ?PATH should be able to process ?N 
   -- additional data items at any time.
   fun dataStreamSlack : El ComputerPath -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (defaultNetwork ?SYSTEM ?NET) holds if 
   -- ?NET is the default network of the HardwareSystem ?SYSTEM.
   fun defaultNetwork : El HardwareSystem -> El ComputerNetwork -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- if the dependency type is StartupBlock, 
   -- then (dependencyDelay ?PROGRAM ?TIME) means that the application 
   -- ?PROGRAM can only be started after a dependency delay of ?TIME after the 
@@ -1004,351 +954,276 @@ fun defaultNetwork : El HardwareSystem -> El ComputerNetwork -> Formula ;
   -- is stopped.
   fun dependencyDelay : El ComputerProgram -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (dependencyType ?PROGRAM ?TYPE) means 
   -- that ?PROGRAM has a dependency type ?TYPE, where ?TYPE can be either 
   -- StartupBlock or ShutdownBlock.
   fun dependencyType: El ComputerProgram -> Desc ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (designPattern ?System ?Attribute) holds 
   -- if ?Attribute is a DesignPatternAttribute which describes the 
   -- RealtimeSystem ?System.
   fun designPattern : El RealtimeSystem -> El DesignPatternAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (directoryOf ?FILE ?DIRECTORY) means that 
   -- the ComputerFile ?FILE is in the ComputerDirectory ?DIRECTORY.
   fun directoryOf : El ComputerFile -> El ComputerDirectory -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (environmentAttributes ?Program 
--- ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is an EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute 
+  -- (environmentAttributes ?Program ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is an EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute 
   -- which describes the ComputerProgram ?Program.
   fun environmentAttributes : El ComputerProgram -> El EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (formOfAdaptation ?System ?Attribute) 
   -- holds if ?Attribute is a FormOfAdaptationAttribute which describes the 
   -- RealtimeSystem ?System.
   fun formOfAdaptation : El RealtimeSystem -> El FormOfAdaptationAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- Granularity is a sub_property of the 
   -- timing requirements property of real_time systems. Granularity is 
   -- defined by how a timing requirement is specified in units of time.
   fun granularity : El RealtimeSystem -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (hardwareType ?TYPE ?COMPUTER) means that 
   -- TYPE represents the computer vendor model name, as well as the version 
   -- of the product.
   fun hardwareType : El SymbolicString -> El Computer -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (hasAccount ?User ?Account) holds if ?User is 
   -- assigned the UserAccount ?Account.
   fun hasAccount : El ComputerUser -> El UserAccount -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (hasDependency ?PROGRAM1 ?PROGRAM2) 
   -- holds if ?PROGRAM1 is dependent on the application ?PROGRAM2.
   fun hasDependency : El ComputerProgram -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (heartBeatRate ?Program ?Period) holds if 
   -- ?Period is the period at which the ComputerProgram ?Program sends its heartbeat 
   -- to a monitoring process.
   fun heartBeatRate : El ComputerProgram -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- Interference on an analog line caused by a variation 
   -- of a signal from its reference timing slots. Jitter can cause problems in the receipt 
   -- of data and any subsequent processing of that data.
   fun hostJitter : El Computer -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (hostOf ?SYSTEM ?COMPUTER) means that ?COMPUTER 
   -- is the host of the computational system ?SYSTEM.
   fun hostOf : El ComputationalSystem -> El Computer -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (hostStatus ?Computer ?Status) means that ?Status 
   -- describes the status of the Computer, such as HostDown, HostReady.
   fun hostStatus : El Computer -> El ComputerStatus -> Formula ;
 
-
--- The degree of sharpness of a displayed or printed 
--- image.
+  -- The degree of sharpness of a displayed or printed image.
   fun imageResolution : El ImageFile -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (ipAddressOf ?HOST ?ADDRESS) holds if ?ADDRESS is the IPAddress of 
   -- the computer ?HOST.
   fun ipAddressOf : El Computer -> El IPAddress -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- In performance measurement, the current use of a 
   -- system as a percentage of total capacity.
   fun load : El ComputerComponent -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (maximumReplications ?PROGRAM ?INTEGER) means that 
   -- ?INTEGER represents the maximum number of copies of this application which can be run 
   -- during a process.
   fun maximumReplications : El ComputerProgram -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (memorySize ?System ?Size) holds if 
--- ?Size is the required memory size for the ComputationalSystem 
--- ?System.
+  -- ?Size is the required memory size for the ComputationalSystem ?System.
   fun memorySize : El ComputationalSystem -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (minimumReplications ?PROGRAM 
--- ?INTEGER) means that ?INTEGER represents the minimum copies of the 
--- application ?PROGRAM required to be survivable, where a program is 
+  -- (minimumReplications ?PROGRAM ?INTEGER) means that ?INTEGER represents 
+  -- the minimum copies of the application ?PROGRAM required to be survivable, where a program is 
   -- survivable if the failure of one or more resources does not result 
   -- in the failure of the program. Either long MTTF for the system as a 
   -- whole or short MTTR when failure occurs would improve the survivability
   -- of a program.
   fun minimumReplications : El ComputerProgram -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (monitorApplicationData ?TIME 
   -- ?APPLICATION) holds if the time stamp ?TIME specifies the time at which 
   -- ?APPLICATION is running.
   fun monitorApplicationData : El TimePosition -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (monitorComponentData ?TIME ?ID 
   -- ?NUMBER) holds if at time ?TIME, a component with the IDNumber ?ID 
   -- has a performance of a value ?NUMBER.
   fun monitorComponentData : El TimePosition -> El SymbolicString -> El RealNumber -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (monitorConnectivityData ?TIME 
   -- ?IPADDRESS) is a relation between a timestamp ?TIME and an ?IP address.
   fun monitorConnectivityData : El TimePosition -> El IPAddress -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (numberOfCPUs ?COMPUTER ?INTEGER) means 
   -- that the number of CPUs for the host ?COMPUTER is equal to INTEGER.
   fun numberOfCPUs : El Computer -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (password ?Password ?User) means that ?Password is 
   -- the password the ComputerUser uses while logging onto a computer system.
   fun password : El ComputerUser -> El ComputerPassword -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (performanceResult ?EVENT ?COMPONENT 
--- ?NUMBER) holds if the performance of ?COMPONENT has a value ?NUMBER, 
--- measured by ?EVENT, an instance of MeasuringPerformance.
+  -- (performanceResult ?EVENT ?COMPONENT ?NUMBER) holds if the performance of
+  -- ?COMPONENT has a value ?NUMBER, measured by ?EVENT, an instance of MeasuringPerformance.
   fun performanceResult : El MeasuringPerformance -> El ComputerComponent -> El RealNumber -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (portNumber ?PROGRAM ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER identifies a protocol 
   -- port, i.e. a TCP_IP software abstraction used to distinguish different applications providing 
   -- services within a single destination computer. The different ports on a host are identified by a 
   -- positive 16_bit number.
   fun portNumber : El ComputerProgram -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (priority ?SYSTEM ?QUANTITY) means that the 
   -- priority of the ?SYSTEM is characterized by a PriorityAttribute, such 
   -- as HighPriority or LowPriority.
   fun priority : El ComputationalSystem -> El PriorityAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (processAborted ?Abort ?Process) means 
   -- that the ComputerProcess ?Process is aborted as the result of ?Abort.
   fun processAborted : El Abort -> El ComputerProcess -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (processID ?PROCESS ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER is a unique number 
   -- generated by the operating system and used to refer to the ComputerProcess ?PROCESS. There 
   -- is usually no significance to the numbers as they are reused as old processes die and new processes 
   -- are created.
   fun processID : El ComputerProcess -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The arguments of this relation are data 
   -- structures, each of which contains the information necessary for the 
   -- process already loaded by the operating system to execute on a processor.
   fun processList : [El Entity] -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (productModel ?Model ?Product) means that 
   -- ?Model represents the type of the Product ?Product
   fun productModel : El SymbolicString -> El Product -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (programCopy ?File ?Program) means that 
   -- the ComputerFile ?File is one of the copies of the ComputerProgram 
   -- ?Program.
   fun programCopy : El ComputerFile -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (programRunning ?Process ?Program) 
   -- means that the ComputerProcess ?Process is executing the 
   -- ComputerProgram ?Program.
   fun programRunning : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (qoSSlack ?PATH ?MIN ?MAX) holds if ?PATH 
--- has a realtime QoS maximum slack percentage of ?MAX and minimum of 
--- ?MIN.
+  -- has a realtime QoS maximum slack percentage of ?MAX and minimum of ?MIN.
   fun qoSSlack : El ComputerPath -> El ConstantQuantity -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (rMProgram_of ?RM ?SYSTEM) means that 
   -- ?RM is the resource management program of the SoftwareSystem ?SYSTEM.
   fun rMProgram_of : El ResourceManagementProgram -> El SoftwareSystem -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (requestRate ?Request ?Period) means that 
   -- ?Period is the period at which the user sends its ?Request.
   fun requestRate : El UserRequest -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (resourceUsed ?Process ?Resource) means that the 
   -- ComputerProcess ?Process has access to the ComputerResource ?Resource.
   fun resourceUsed : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerResource -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (responseRate ?Response ?Period) means 
   -- that ?Period is the period at which the computer sends its ?Response.
   fun responseRate : El ComputerResponse -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- The time it takes for the computer to comply 
   -- with a user's request, such as looking up a customer record.
   fun responseTime : El UserRequest -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (runningOn ?Program ?Computer) holds if the 
   -- ComputerProgram ?Program is being executed on ?Computer.
   fun runningOn : El ComputerProgram -> El Computer -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (runsOn ?Program ?Computer) means that ?Program 
   -- is capable of running on ?Computer.
   fun runsOn : El ComputerProgram -> El Computer -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (sendRate ?Program ?Period) holds if ?Period is the 
   -- period at which the ComputationalSystem ?System sends data reports.
   fun sendRate : El ComputationalSystem -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (settlingTime ?PROGRAM ?TIME) says that 
--- ?TIME represents seconds to delay after an action was taken with respect 
--- to QoS.
+  -- (settlingTime ?PROGRAM ?TIME) says that ?TIME represents seconds to delay
+  -- after an action was taken with respect to QoS.
   fun settlingTime : El ComputerProgram -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (shutdownOf ?SHUTDOWN ?PROGRAM) holds just 
   -- in case an instance of ShutdownBlock ?SHUTDOWN specifies a set of 
   -- instructions to end ?PROGRAM.
   fun shutdownOf : El ShutdownBlock -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (simpleDeadline ?PATH ?TIME)holds if 
   -- ?TIME is the maximum end_to_end path latency during a cycle of a 
   -- continuous or quasicontinuous path or during the activation of a transient 
   -- path.
   fun simpleDeadline : El ComputerPath -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (slidingWindowSize ?PATH ?N) holds 
   -- if PATH has a realtime QoS sliding window size of ?N measured samples.
   fun slidingWindowSize : El ComputerPath -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (softwarePath ?SYSTEM ?PATH) means that 
   -- ?PATH is a computer path for the instance of SoftwareSystem ?SYSTEM.
   fun softwarePath : El SoftwareSystem -> El ComputerPath -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (standardErrorDevice ?PROGRAM 
--- ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined error channel
--- with which the running version of this program is initialised.
+  -- (standardErrorDevice ?PROGRAM ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined 
+  -- error channel with which the running version of this program is initialised.
   fun standardErrorDevice : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerOutputDevice -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (standardInputDevice ?PROCESS 
--- ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined input channel
--- with which the running version of the program PROCESS is initialised.
+  -- (standardInputDevice ?PROCESS ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is 
+  -- the predefined input channel with which the running version of the program PROCESS is initialised.
   fun standardInputDevice : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerInputDevice -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (standardOutputDevice ?PROGRAM 
--- ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined output channel 
--- with which the running version of this program is initialised.
+  -- (standardOutputDevice ?PROGRAM ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is 
+  -- the predefined output channel with which the running version of this program is initialised.
   fun standardOutputDevice : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerOutputDevice -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (startupOf ?STARTUP ?PROGRAM) holds just in 
--- case an instance of StartupBlock ?STARTUP specifies a set of instructions 
--- to start the ?PROGRAM.
+  -- (startupOf ?STARTUP ?PROGRAM) holds just in case an instance of
+  -- StartupBlock ?STARTUP specifies a set of instructions to start the ?PROGRAM.
   fun startupOf : El StartupBlock -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (startupTimeDelay ?PROGRAM ?TIME) 
   -- says that ?TIME is the time to delay after the previous application 
   -- was started before starting the application ?PROGRAM.
   fun startupTimeDelay : El ComputerProgram -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (stateOfProcess ?PROCESS ?STATE) says 
   -- that ?STATE is a state of the ComputerProcess ?PROCESS.
   fun stateOfProcess : El ComputerProcess -> El ProcessState -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (status ?PROCESS ?STATUS) holds if ?STATUS is the current status of ?PROCESS.
   fun status : El ComputerProcess -> El ProcessStatus -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (strictness ?System ?Attribute) holds if 
--- the StrictnessAttribute ?Attribute describes the RealtimeSystem 
--- ?System.
+  -- the StrictnessAttribute ?Attribute describes the RealtimeSystem ?System.
   fun strictness : El RealtimeSystem -> El StrictnessAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (systemBehavior ?System ?Attribute) 
   -- holds if ?Attribute is a SystemBehaviorAttribute which describes the 
   -- RealtimeSystem ?System.
   fun systemBehavior : El RealtimeSystem -> El SystemBehaviorAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (systemMeasured ?Event ?System) means that 
--- ?Event is an event of measuring the performance of the ComputationalSystem 
--- ?System.
+  -- (systemMeasured ?Event ?System) means that ?Event is an event of measuring
+  -- the performance of the ComputationalSystem ?System.
   fun systemMeasured : El MeasuringPerformance -> El ComputationalSystem -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (task ?Process ?Task) means that ?Task is a function to 
   -- be performed by the ComputerProcess ?Process.
   fun task : El ComputerProcess -> El ProcessTask -> Formula ;
 
-
   -- (taskRelation ?System ?Attribute) holds 
   -- if ?Attribute is a TaskRelationAttribute which describes the 
   -- RealtimeSystem ?System.
   fun taskRelation : El RealtimeSystem -> El TaskRelationAttribute -> Formula ;
 
-
   fun thresholdOf : El Computer -> El PositiveRealNumber -> Formula ;
 
--- (unitMeasuringPerformance ?COMPONENT 
--- ?UNIT) holds in case ?UNIT is an instance of UnitOfMeasure which is used to 
--- measure the performance of ?COMPONENT.
+  -- (unitMeasuringPerformance ?COMPONENT ?UNIT) holds in case ?UNIT is 
+  -- an instance of UnitOfMeasure which is used to measure the performance of ?COMPONENT.
   fun unitMeasuringPerformance : El ComputerComponent -> El UnitOfMeasure -> Formula ;
 
-
--- (userName ?Name ?User) means that ?Name is the name 
--- the ComputerUser uses to identify himself or herself when logging onto a 
--- computer system.
+  -- (userName ?Name ?User) means that ?Name is the name the ComputerUser uses 
+  -- to identify himself or herself when logging onto a computer system.
   fun userName : El ComputerUser -> El UserName -> Formula ;
+
 }

examples/SUMO/SUMO.gf

@@ -2,23 +2,22 @@
 abstract SUMO =
   Basic,
   Merge,
+  Elements,
+  MidLevelOntology,
+  Transportation,
+  Geography,
   Communications,
+  Government,
   CountriesAndRegions,
   Economy,
-  elements,
-  engineering,
+  Engineering,
   FinancialOntology,
-  Geography,
-  Government,
-  Mid_level_ontology,
   Military,
-  mondial,
+  Mondial,
   QoSontology,
-  Transportation,
   WMD,
   WorldAirportsA_K,
-  WorldAirportsL_Z,
-  HigherOrder
+  WorldAirportsL_Z
   ** {
   
 flags startcat = Stmt ;

examples/SUMO/SUMOEng.gf

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
---# -path=.:RGLExt:alltenses:src/english
--- --# -path=.:RGLExt:../../lib/src/abstract:../../lib/src/english:../../lib/src/common
+--# -path=.:RGLExt:alltenses:../../lib/src/english
 concrete SUMOEng of SUMO =
         BasicEng,
-        MergeEng,
-        Mid_level_ontologyEng,
-        mondialEng,
-        elementsEng,
-        HigherOrderEng
+        MidLevelOntologyEng,
+        EconomyEng,
+        EngineeringEng,
+        MondialEng
 
 ** {
 

examples/SUMO/SUMOFre.gf

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 concrete SUMOFre of SUMO =
         MergeFre,
-        Mid_level_ontologyFre
+        MidLevelOntologyFre
         
 
 ** {

examples/SUMO/SUMORon.gf

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 concrete SUMORon of SUMO =
         MergeRon,
-        Mid_level_ontologyRon
+        MidLevelOntologyRon
         
 
 ** {

examples/SUMO/WorldAirportsA_K.gf

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-abstract WorldAirportsA_K = open Merge, Transportation in {
-
-
-
+abstract WorldAirportsA_K = Transportation ** {
 
   fun AMenderesIzmirAirport : Ind Airport ;
 
@@ -8108,4 +8105,5 @@ fun ZiaInternationalDhakaAirport : Ind Airport ;
   fun ZielonaGoraAirport : Ind Airport ;
 
   fun ZilinaAirport : Ind Airport ;
+
 }

examples/SUMO/WorldAirportsL_Z.gf

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-abstract WorldAirportsL_Z = open Merge, Transportation in {
-
-
-
+abstract WorldAirportsL_Z = Transportation ** {
 
   fun ALManghamJrRegionalTXAirport : Ind Airport ;
 
@@ -10344,4 +10341,5 @@ fun ZuidLimburgMaastrichtAirport : Ind Airport ;
   fun ZurichKlotenZurichAirport : Ind Airport ;
 
   fun wethersfieldRAFStationEnglandAirport : Ind Airport ;
+
 }

examples/SUMO/elements.gf

@@ -1,931 +0,0 @@
-abstract elements = open Merge in {
-
-
-
-
---  Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to 
--- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a 
--- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in 
--- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and 
--- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a 
--- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.
-fun Actinium : Class ;
-fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group 
--- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin 
--- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many 
--- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 
--- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. 
--- Oersted.
-fun Aluminum : Class ;
-fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, 
--- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable 
--- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T. 
--- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding 
--- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles.
-fun Americium : Class ;
-fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. 
--- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black 
--- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints, 
--- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. 
--- First reported by Tholden in 1450.
-fun Antimony : Class ;
-fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the 
--- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord 
--- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
-fun Argon : Class ;
-fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three 
--- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated 
--- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been 
--- the first to isolate the element in 1250.
-fun Arsenic : Class ;
-fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally 
--- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the 
--- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear 
--- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the 
--- University of California.
-fun Astatine : Class ;
-fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group 
--- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely 
--- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by 
--- Humphry Davy.
-fun Barium : Class ;
-fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. 
--- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247, 
--- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg 
--- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha 
--- particles.
-fun Berkelium : Class ;
-fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic 
--- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows 
--- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and 
--- A.A. Bussy in 1828.
-fun Beryllium : Class ;
-fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs 
--- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal 
--- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth 
--- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air 
--- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that 
--- it was different from lead.
-fun Bismuth : Class ;
-fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There 
--- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron 
--- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad 
--- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. 
--- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was 
--- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J. 
--- Thenard.
-fun Boron : Class ;
-fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room 
--- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. 
--- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and 
--- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
-fun Bromine : Class ;
-fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the 
--- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically 
--- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered 
--- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.
-fun Cadmium : Class ;
-fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to 
--- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid 
--- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. 
--- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold 
--- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the 
--- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline 
--- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses 
--- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some 
--- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by 
--- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically. 
--- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum. 
--- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium 
--- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even 
--- more toxic.
-fun Caesium : Class ;
-fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of 
--- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, 
--- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
-fun Calcium : Class ;
-fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. 
--- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years. 
--- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which 
--- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron} 
--- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. 
--- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.
-fun Californium : Class ;
-fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic 
--- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and 
--- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon 
--- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon 
--- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, 
--- and a wide variety of other elements.
-fun Carbon : Class ;
-fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the 
--- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive 
--- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The 
--- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. 
--- Klaproth in 1803.
-fun Cerium : Class ;
-fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas. 
--- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly 
--- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by 
--- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 
--- 1810.
-fun Chlorine : Class ;
-fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Hard silvery transition element. Used in 
--- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
-fun Chromium : Class ;
-fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites 
--- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. 
--- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially 
--- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer 
--- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
-fun Cobalt : Class ;
-fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans 
--- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, 
--- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist 
--- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
-fun Copper : Class ;
-fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs 
--- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of 
--- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 
--- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding 
--- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.
-fun Curium : Class ;
-fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre. 
--- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at 
--- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving 
--- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven 
--- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the 
--- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a 
--- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It 
--- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its 
--- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.
-fun Dysprosium : Class ;
-fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Appearance is unknown, however it is most 
--- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic 
--- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest 
--- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by 
--- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb 
--- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were 
--- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient 
--- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.
-fun Einsteinium : Class ;
-fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the 
--- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial 
--- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It 
--- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. 
--- Mosander in 1843.
-fun Erbium : Class ;
-fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the 
--- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of 
--- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William 
--- Crookes.
-fun Europium : Class ;
-fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs 
--- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a 
--- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates 
--- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952.
-fun Fermium : Class ;
-fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging 
--- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most 
--- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, 
--- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was 
--- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
-fun Fluorine : Class ;
-fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the 
--- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes 
--- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was 
--- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.
-fun Francium : Class ;
-fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the 
--- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to 
--- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron 
--- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. 
--- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.
-fun Gadolinium : Class ;
-fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 
--- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71. 
--- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives. 
--- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals 
--- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de 
--- Boisbaudran in 1875.
-fun Gallium : Class ;
-fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to 
--- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic 
--- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 
--- by Winkler.
-fun Germanium : Class ;
-fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and 
--- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five 
--- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of 
--- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, 
--- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical 
--- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold 
--- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the 
--- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, 
--- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.
-fun Gold : Class ;
-fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. 
--- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a 
--- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally 
--- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.
-fun Hafnium : Class ;
-fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element. 
--- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all 
--- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no 
--- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
-fun Helium : Class ;
-fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white 
--- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It 
--- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the 
--- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and 
--- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural 
--- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being 
--- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal 
--- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per 
--- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium 
--- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium 
--- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to 
--- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is 
--- a fire hazard.
-fun Holmium : Class ;
-fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element. 
--- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and 
--- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. 
--- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
-fun Hydrogen : Class ;
-fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the 
--- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a 
--- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 
--- 1863 by Reich and Richter.
-fun Indium : Class ;
-fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 
--- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace 
--- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in 
--- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive 
--- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. 
--- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.
-fun Iodine : Class ;
-fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition 
--- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly 
--- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by 
--- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes 
--- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a 
--- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other 
--- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature 
--- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. 
--- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from 
--- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally 
--- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should 
--- be considered highly toxic.
-fun Iridium : Class ;
-fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition 
--- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the 
--- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in 
--- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces 
--- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
-fun Iron : Class ;
-fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble 
--- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted 
--- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but 
--- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, 
--- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive 
--- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission 
--- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with 
--- {fluorine}.
-fun Krypton : Class ;
-fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) 
--- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and 
--- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth 
--- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable, 
--- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other 
--- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids 
--- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should 
--- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.
-fun Lanthanum : Class ;
-fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely 
--- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth 
--- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262 
--- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium, 
--- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by 
--- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding 
--- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature, 
--- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the 
--- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would 
--- pose a radiation hazard.
-fun Lawrencium : Class ;
-fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to 
--- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets 
--- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and 
--- fusible alloys.
-fun Lead : Class ;
-fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of 
--- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
-fun Lithium : Class ;
-fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is 
--- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth 
--- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult 
--- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. 
--- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are 
--- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable 
--- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium 
--- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was 
--- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The 
--- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.
-fun Lutetium : Class ;
-fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of 
--- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living 
--- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very 
--- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and 
--- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen 
--- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
-fun Magnesium : Class ;
-fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Grey brittle metallic transition element. 
--- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated. 
--- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
-fun Manganese : Class ;
-fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation 
--- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used 
--- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy 
--- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor 
--- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist.
-fun Meitnerium : Class ;
-fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. 
--- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a 
--- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert 
--- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been 
--- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri 
--- Mendeleev.
-fun Mendelevium : Class ;
-fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to 
--- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific 
--- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace 
--- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury 
--- compounds.
-fun Mercury : Class ;
-fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition 
--- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. 
--- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and 
--- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500 
--- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has 
--- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered 
--- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 
--- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos 
--- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known 
--- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly 
--- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.
-fun Molybdenum : Class ;
-fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to 
--- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only 
--- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial 
--- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to 
--- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the 
--- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some 
--- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's 
--- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets 
--- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 
--- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and 
--- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means 
--- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence 
--- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye 
--- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.
-fun Neodymium : Class ;
-fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the 
--- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and 
--- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a 
--- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. 
--- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir 
--- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
-fun Neon : Class ;
-fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, 
--- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a 
--- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The 
--- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 
--- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M. 
--- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.
-fun Neptunium : Class ;
-fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition 
--- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
-fun Nickel : Class ;
-fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition 
--- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase 
--- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees 
--- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by 
--- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.
-fun Niobium : Class ;
-fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to 
--- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere 
--- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial 
--- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. 
--- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in 
--- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
-fun Nitrogen : Class ;
-fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs 
--- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being 
--- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty 
--- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been 
--- proposed as an alternative name.
-fun Nobelium : Class ;
-fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found 
--- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
-fun Osmium : Class ;
-fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging 
--- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element 
--- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the 
--- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid 
--- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, 
--- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found 
--- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 
--- 1774.
-fun Oxygen : Class ;
-fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft white ductile transition element. Found 
--- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal 
--- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 
--- by W.H. Wollaston.
-fun Palladium : Class ;
-fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of 
--- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element 
--- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
-fun Phosphorus : Class ;
-fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is 
--- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric 
--- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. 
--- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum. 
--- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable 
--- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, 
--- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution 
--- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. 
--- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the 
--- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de 
--- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word 
--- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health 
--- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be 
--- considered highly toxic.
-fun Platinum : Class ;
-fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic 
--- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with 
--- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is 
--- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is 
--- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is 
--- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by 
--- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 
--- 1940.
-fun Plutonium : Class ;
-fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to 
--- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of 
--- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in 
--- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of 
--- pitchblende.
-fun Polonium : Class ;
-fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 
--- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and 
--- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its 
--- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
-fun Potassium : Class ;
-fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the 
--- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive. 
--- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in 
--- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.
-fun Praseodymium : Class ;
-fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the 
--- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a 
--- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but 
--- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. 
--- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148 
--- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. 
--- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 
--- 1947.
-fun Promethium : Class ;
-fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the 
--- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4 
--- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical 
--- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto 
--- Hahn.
-fun Protactinium : Class ;
-fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs 
--- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a 
--- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from 
--- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.
-fun Radium : Class ;
-fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to 
--- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222 
--- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of 
--- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy. 
--- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been 
--- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.
-fun Radon : Class ;
-fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery_white metallic transition element. 
--- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum 
--- alloys are superconducting.
-fun Rhenium : Class ;
-fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found 
--- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, 
--- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.
-fun Rhodium : Class ;
-fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 
--- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is 
--- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other 
--- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered 
--- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.
-fun Rubidium : Class ;
-fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Hard white metallic transition element. Found 
--- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in 
--- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and 
--- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.
-fun Ruthenium : Class ;
-fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the 
--- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and 
--- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed 
--- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. 
--- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. 
--- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces 
--- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by 
--- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 
--- 1879.
-fun Samarium : Class ;
-fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to 
--- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are 
--- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, 
--- isolated by Nilson in 1879.
-fun Scandium : Class ;
-fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the 
--- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles 
--- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
-fun Selenium : Class ;
-fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the 
--- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's 
--- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive 
--- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 
--- 1823 by Berzelius.
-fun Silicon : Class ;
-fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- White lustrous soft metallic transition element. 
--- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery, 
--- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.
-fun Silver : Class ;
-fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 
--- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing 
--- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. 
--- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
-fun Sodium : Class ;
-fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to 
--- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is 
--- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years. 
--- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry 
--- Davy.
-fun Strontium : Class ;
-fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 
--- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, 
--- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many 
--- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.
-fun Sulphur : Class ;
-fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element. 
--- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a 
--- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. 
--- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and 
--- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.
-fun Tantalum : Class ;
-fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can 
--- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made 
--- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them 
--- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6 
--- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used 
--- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and 
--- manganese.
-fun Technetium : Class ;
-fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight 
--- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and 
--- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}. 
--- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.
-fun Tellurium : Class ;
-fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery metallic element belonging to the 
--- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen 
--- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.
-fun Terbium : Class ;
-fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white 
--- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn 
--- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut 
--- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, 
--- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium 
--- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity 
--- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared 
--- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name 
--- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and 
--- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.
-fun Thallium : Class ;
-fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to 
--- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. 
--- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear 
--- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and 
--- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.
-fun Thorium : Class ;
-fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the 
--- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial 
--- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered 
--- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.
-fun Thulium : Class ;
-fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 
--- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which 
--- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine 
--- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.
-fun Tin : Class ;
-fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- White metallic transition element. Occurs in 
--- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys. 
--- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by 
--- Gregor in 1789.
-fun Titanium : Class ;
-fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- White or grey metallic transition element, 
--- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be 
--- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de 
--- Elhuyer in 1783.
-fun Tungsten : Class ;
-fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in 
--- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany.
-fun Unnildecium : Class ;
-fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the 
--- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. 
--- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and 
--- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.
-fun Unnilhexium : Class ;
-fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive transition metal.
-fun Unniloctium : Class ;
-fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life 
--- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven 
--- isotopes have been discovered.
-fun Unnilpentium : Class ;
-fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected 
--- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260 
--- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) 
--- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in 
--- 1964.
-fun Unnilquadium : Class ;
-fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of 
--- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear 
--- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists 
--- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.
-fun Unnilseptium : Class ;
-fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- White radioactive metallic element belonging to 
--- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234. 
--- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. 
--- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.
-fun Uranium : Class ;
-fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good 
--- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It 
--- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes 
--- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337 
--- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding 
--- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a 
--- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of 
--- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, 
--- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was 
--- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from 
--- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic 
--- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and 
--- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and 
--- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung 
--- cancer if inhaled.
-fun Vanadium : Class ;
-fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on 
--- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven 
--- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas 
--- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found 
--- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.
-fun Xenon : Class ;
-fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. 
--- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in 
--- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.
-fun Ytterbium : Class ;
-fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the 
--- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89, 
--- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the 
--- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in 
--- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
-fun Yttrium : Class ;
-fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple 
--- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes 
--- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and 
--- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
-fun Zinc : Class ;
-fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ;
-
--- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five 
--- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear 
--- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, 
--- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.
-fun Zirconium : Class ;
-fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ;
-}

examples/SUMO/elementsEng.gf

@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:englishExtended
-concrete elementsEng of elements = BasicEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng  in {
-
-lin 
-
-Hydrogen = UseN (mkN "Hydrogen") ;
-Helium = UseN (mkN "Helium") ;
-Lithium = UseN (mkN "Lithium") ;
-Beryllium = UseN (mkN "Beryllium") ;
-Boron = UseN (mkN "Boron") ;
-Carbon = UseN (mkN "Carbon") ;
-Nitrogen = UseN (mkN "Nitrogen") ;
-Oxygen = UseN (mkN "Oxygen") ;
-Fluorine = UseN (mkN "Fluorine") ;
-Neon = UseN (mkN "Neon") ;
-Sodium = UseN (mkN "Sodium") ;
-Magnesium = UseN (mkN "Magnesium") ;
-Aluminum = UseN (mkN "Aluminum") ;
-Silicon = UseN (mkN "Silicon") ;
-Phosphorus = UseN (mkN "Phosphorus") ;
-Sulphur = UseN (mkN "Sulphur") ;
-Chlorine = UseN (mkN "Chlorine") ;
-Argon = UseN (mkN "Argon") ;
-Potassium = UseN (mkN "Potassium") ;
-Calcium = UseN (mkN "Calcium") ;
-Scandium = UseN (mkN "Scandium") ;
-Titanium = UseN (mkN "Titanium") ;
-Vanadium = UseN (mkN "Vanadium") ;
-Chromium = UseN (mkN "Chromium") ;
-Manganese = UseN (mkN "Manganese") ;
-Iron = UseN (mkN "Iron") ;
-Cobalt = UseN (mkN "Cobalt") ;
-Nickel = UseN (mkN "Nickel") ;
-Copper = UseN (mkN "Copper") ;
-Zinc = UseN (mkN "Zinc") ;
-Gallium = UseN (mkN "Gallium") ;
-Germanium = UseN (mkN "Germanium") ;
-Arsenic = UseN (mkN "Arsenic") ;
-Selenium = UseN (mkN "Selenium") ;
-Bromine = UseN (mkN "Bromine") ;
-Krypton = UseN (mkN "Krypton") ;
-Rubidium = UseN (mkN "Rubidium") ;
-Strontium = UseN (mkN "Strontium") ;
-Yttrium = UseN (mkN "Yttrium") ;
-Zirconium = UseN (mkN "Zirconium") ;
-Niobium = UseN (mkN "Niobium") ;
-Molybdenum = UseN (mkN "Molybdenum") ;
-Technetium = UseN (mkN "Technetium") ;
-Ruthenium = UseN (mkN "Ruthenium") ;
-Rhodium = UseN (mkN "Rhodium") ;
-Palladium = UseN (mkN "Palladium") ;
-Silver = UseN (mkN "Silver") ;
-Cadmium = UseN (mkN "Cadmium") ;
-Indium = UseN (mkN "Indium") ;
-Tin = UseN (mkN "Tin") ;
-Antimony = UseN (mkN "Antimony") ;
-Tellurium = UseN (mkN "Tellurium") ;
-Iodine = UseN (mkN "Iodine") ;
-Xenon = UseN (mkN "Xenon") ;
-Caesium = UseN (mkN "Caesium") ;
-Barium = UseN (mkN "Barium") ;
-Lanthanum = UseN (mkN "Lanthanum") ;
-Cerium = UseN (mkN "Cerium") ;
-Praseodymium = UseN (mkN "Praseodymium") ;
-Neodymium = UseN (mkN "Neodymium") ;
-Promethium = UseN (mkN "Promethium") ;
-Samarium = UseN (mkN "Samarium") ;
-Europium = UseN (mkN "Europium") ;
-Gadolinium = UseN (mkN "Gadolinium") ;
-Terbium = UseN (mkN "Terbium") ;
-Dysprosium = UseN (mkN "Dysprosium") ;
-Holmium = UseN (mkN "Holmium") ;
-Erbium = UseN (mkN "Erbium") ;
-Thulium = UseN (mkN "Thulium") ;
-Ytterbium = UseN (mkN "Ytterbium") ;
-Lutetium = UseN (mkN "Lutetium") ;
-Hafnium = UseN (mkN "Hafnium") ;
-Tantalum = UseN (mkN "Tantalum") ;
-Tungsten = UseN (mkN "Tungsten") ;
-Rhenium = UseN (mkN "Rhenium") ;
-Osmium = UseN (mkN "Osmium") ;
-Iridium = UseN (mkN "Iridium") ;
-Platinum = UseN (mkN "Platinum") ;
-Gold = UseN (mkN "Gold") ;
-Mercury = UseN (mkN "Mercury") ;
-Thallium = UseN (mkN "Thallium") ;
-Lead = UseN (mkN "Lead") ;
-Bismuth = UseN (mkN "Bismuth") ;
-Polonium = UseN (mkN "Polonium") ;
-Astatine = UseN (mkN "Astatine") ;
-Radon = UseN (mkN "Radon") ;
-Francium = UseN (mkN "Francium") ;
-Radium = UseN (mkN "Radium") ;
-Actinium = UseN (mkN "Actinium") ;
-Thorium = UseN (mkN "Thorium") ;
-Protactinium = UseN (mkN "Protactinium") ;
-Uranium = UseN (mkN "Uranium") ;
-Neptunium = UseN (mkN "Neptunium") ;
-Plutonium = UseN (mkN "Plutonium") ;
-Americium = UseN (mkN "Americium") ;
-Curium = UseN (mkN "Curium") ;
-Berkelium = UseN (mkN "Berkelium") ;
-Californium = UseN (mkN "Californium") ;
-Einsteinium = UseN (mkN "Einsteinium") ;
-Fermium = UseN (mkN "Fermium") ;
-Mendelevium = UseN (mkN "Mendelevium") ;
-Nobelium = UseN (mkN "Nobelium") ;
-Lawrencium = UseN (mkN "Lawrencium") ;
-Unnilquadium = UseN (mkN "Unnilquadium") ;
-Unnilpentium = UseN (mkN "Unnilpentium") ;
-Unnilhexium = UseN (mkN "Unnilhexium") ;
-Unnilseptium = UseN (mkN "Unnilseptium") ;
-Unniloctium = UseN (mkN "Unniloctium") ;
-Meitnerium = UseN (mkN "Meitnerium") ;
-Unnildecium = UseN (mkN "Unnildecium") ;
-
-};