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changes in SUMO: formatting and fixes for lots of lots of small problems

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This commit is contained in:
krasimir
2010-06-06 11:06:44 +00:00
parent ae79d4e4b2
commit 455d955841
41 changed files with 56990 additions and 61448 deletions
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23
examples/SUMO/Basic.gf
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@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
--# -path=.:englishExtended:common:prelude:abstract
abstract Basic = open Conjunction in {
cat Class;
abstract Basic = {
cat
Class;
El Class;
Ind Class;
SubClassC (c1,c2 : Class) (Var c2 -> Formula);
@@ -19,24 +21,19 @@ inhz : (c : Class) -> Inherits c c;
inhs : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> (p : Var c2 -> Formula) -> SubClassC c1 c2 p -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits c1 c3;
inhsC : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> SubClass c1 c2 -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits c1 c3;
-- coercion from Var to El
data
var : (c1 , c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Var c1 -> El c2 ;
-- coercion from Ind to El
data
el : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Ind c1 -> El c2;
-- class-forming operations
data
both : Class -> Class -> Class ;
either : Class -> Class -> Class ;
-- first-order logic operations for Formula
data
not : Formula -> Formula;
@@ -45,7 +42,6 @@ or : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
impl : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
equiv : Formula -> Formula -> Formula;
-- quantification over instances of a Class
data
exists : (c : Class) -> (Var c -> Formula) -> Formula;
@@ -53,7 +49,6 @@ forall : (c : Class) -> (Var c -> Formula) -> Formula;
-- axioms for both
data
-- (both c1 c2) is subclass of c1 and of c2
bothL : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits (both c1 c2) c1 ;
bothR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits (both c1 c2) c2 ;
@@ -63,7 +58,6 @@ bothC : (c1, c2, c3 : Class) -> Inherits c3 c1 -> Inherits c3 c2 -> Inherits c3
-- axioms for either
data
-- (either c1 c2) is superclass of c1 and of c2
eitherL : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 (either c1 c2);
eitherR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c2 (either c1 c2);
@@ -71,9 +65,9 @@ eitherR : (c1, c2 : Class) -> Inherits c2 (either c1 c2);
-- relationship with other subclasses
eitherC : (c1,c2,c3 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c3 -> Inherits c2 c3 -> Inherits (either c1 c2) c3 ;
-- Desc category
data desc : (c1,c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Desc c2 ;
data
desc : (c1,c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Desc c2 ;
fun descClass : (c : Class) -> Desc c -> Class ;
def descClass _ (desc c _ _) = c ;
@@ -88,16 +82,11 @@ fun desc2desc : (c1,c2 : Class) -> Inherits c1 c2 -> Desc c1 -> Desc c2 ;
--def plusInh _ _ _ inhz inh2 = inh2 ;
-- plusInh _ _ _ (inhs _ _ _ sc inh1) inh2 = inhs ? ? ? sc (plusInh ? ? ? inh1 inh2) ;
-- statements
data
subClassStm : (c1,c2 : Class) -> SubClass c1 c2 -> Stmt ;
subClassCStm : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (p : Var c2 -> Formula) -> SubClassC c1 c2 p -> Stmt ;
instStm : (c : Class) -> Ind c -> Stmt ;
formStm : Formula -> Stmt ;
};

73
examples/SUMO/BasicEng.gf
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@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
--# -path=.:englishExtended:abstract:common:
concrete BasicEng of Basic = CatEng - [Text] ** open DictLangEng, ParadigmsEng, ResEng, Coordination, Prelude, ParamBasic, NounEng in {
lincat
Class = CN ;
El = NP ;
@@ -13,27 +14,28 @@ lincat
[El] = [NP];
[Class] = [CN];
Stmt = StmtS ;
lin
BaseClass = {s1,s2 = \\_,_ => "";
g = Neutr;
lock_ListCN=<>};
ConsClass xs x = ConsCN xs x ;
BaseEl c = {s1,s2 = \\_ => "";
a = agrP3 Sg;
lock_ListNP=<>};
ConsEl c xs x = ConsNP xs x ;
and f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "and" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
or f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "or" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
not f1 = {s = \\f,c => case c of
{Neg => f1.s ! f ! Pos ;
Pos => f1.s ! Indep ! Neg };
not f1 = {s = \\f,c => case c of {
Neg => f1.s ! f ! Pos ;
Pos => f1.s ! Indep ! Neg
};
flag = f1.flag;
lock_PolSentence = <>};
lock_PolSentence = <>
};
impl f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => "if" ++ f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "then" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS; lock_PolSentence = <>};
equiv f1 f2 = {s = \\f,c => f1.s ! Indep ! c ++ "is" ++ "equivalent" ++ "to" ++ f2.s ! Indep ! c; flag = NothingS;
@@ -43,54 +45,55 @@ el c1 c2 i e = e;
var c1 c2 i e = UsePN e;
exists C f = let np = DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) C
in
{s = \\form,c => case <form, f.flag> of
{ <Indep, ExistS _> => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
in { s = \\form,c => case <form, f.flag> of {
<Indep, ExistS _> => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib, ExistS One> => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib, ExistS _> => "," ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Indep,_> => "there" ++ "exists" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
_ => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c };
flag = case f.flag of
{ExistS _ => ExistS Many;
_ => ExistS One };
lock_PolSentence=<>};
_ => "and" ++ np.s ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "such" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c
};
flag = case f.flag of {
ExistS _ => ExistS Many;
_ => ExistS One
};
lock_PolSentence=<>
};
forall C f = {s = \\form, c => case <form,f.flag> of
{<Indep,ForallS _> => "for" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
forall C f = { s = \\form, c => case <form,f.flag> of {
<Indep,ForallS _> => "for" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib,ForallS One> => "," ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Attrib, ForallS _> => "," ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Attrib ! c ;
<Indep,ExistS _> => "for" ++"every"++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
<Indep,_> => "for" ++"every"++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "we"++"have" ++ "that" ++ f.s ! Indep ! c ;
<Attrib,ExistS _> => "and" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ f.s ! Indep ! c;
_ => "and" ++ "every" ++ C.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ f.$0 ++ "we" ++ "have" ++ "that" ++f.s ! Indep ! c };
flag = case f.flag of
{ForallS _ => ForallS Many;
_ => ForallS One };
lock_PolSentence=<>};
flag = case f.flag of {
ForallS _ => ForallS Many;
_ => ForallS One
};
lock_PolSentence=<>
};
both c1 c2 = { s = \\c,n => c1.s ! c ! n ++ "and" ++ c2.s ! c ! n;
g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>};
g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>
};
either c1 c2 = { s = \\c,n => c1.s ! c ! n ++ "or" ++ c2.s ! c ! n;
g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>};
g = c2.g; lock_CN = <>
};
desc c1 c2 i = c2 ;
descClass c dc = c;
desc2desc c1 c2 i d = d;
subClassStm c1 c2 sc = ss (c1. s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is" ++ "a" ++ "subclass" ++ "of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom) ;
instStm c i = ss (i.s ! Nom ++ "is" ++ "an" ++ "instance" ++ "of" ++ c.s ! Sg ! Nom) ;
formStm f = ss (f.s ! Indep ! Pos) ;
subClassCStm c1 c2 constr sc= ss (c1.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is" ++ "a" ++ "subclass" ++ "of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "where" ++ constr.s ! Indep ! Pos) ;
-- lindef
lindef Ind = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
lindef El = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
lindef Class = \x -> {s = \\_,_ => x; g = Neutr; lock_CN =<>};
subClassStm c1 c2 sc = lin StmtS (ss (c1. s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is a subclass of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom)) ;
instStm c i = lin StmtS (ss (i.s ! Nom ++ "is an instance of" ++ c.s ! Sg ! Nom)) ;
formStm f = lin StmtS (ss (f.s ! Indep ! Pos)) ;
subClassCStm c1 c2 constr sc= lin StmtS (ss (c1.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "is a subclass of" ++ c2.s ! Sg ! Nom ++ "where" ++ constr.s ! Indep ! Pos)) ;
lindef
Ind = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
El = \x -> {s = \\_ => x; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;
Class = \x -> {s = \\_,_ => x; g = Neutr; lock_CN =<>};
};

24
examples/SUMO/Communications.gf
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@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
abstract Communications = open Merge, Geography, Mid_level_ontology in{
abstract Communications = MidLevelOntology, Geography ** {
-- An AMRadioStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of an AMRadioSystem.
@@ -20,21 +17,17 @@ fun AMRadioSystem_Class : SubClass AMRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
fun ArtificialSatellite : Class ;
fun ArtificialSatellite_Class : SubClass ArtificialSatellite (both EngineeringComponent Satellite) ;
-- A BroadcastingStation is
-- an engineeringSubcomponent of either a TelevisionSystem or
-- a RadioStation.
fun BroadcastingStation : Class ;
fun BroadcastingStation_Class : SubClass BroadcastingStation (both CommunicationDevice (both EngineeringComponent StationaryArtifact)) ;
-- A CableTelevisionSystem
-- is a CommunicationSystem for cable television.
fun CableTelevisionSystem : Class ;
fun CableTelevisionSystem_Class : SubClass CableTelevisionSystem CommunicationSystem ;
fun CommunicationDevice_EngineeringComponent : SubClass CommunicationDevice EngineeringComponent ;
-- Relatively low power broadcasting
-- devices designed for voice communication among specialized groups
-- in which each receiver also has the power to transmit, unlike
@@ -51,7 +44,6 @@ fun CommunicationRadio_Class : SubClass CommunicationRadio CommunicationDevice ;
fun CommunicationSatellite : Class ;
fun CommunicationSatellite_Class : SubClass CommunicationSatellite (both ArtificialSatellite CommunicationDevice) ;
-- An Eutelsat is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Eutelsat : Class ;
@@ -82,10 +74,8 @@ fun Intelsat_Class : SubClass Intelsat CommunicationSatellite ;
-- for the rapid delivery of information between computers.
fun Internet : Ind CommunicationSystem ;
-- An InternetServiceProvider
-- serves as an engineeringSubcomponent of the Internet for a given
-- area.
-- An InternetServiceProvider serves as an engineeringSubcomponent of
-- the Internet for a given area.
fun InternetServiceProvider : Class ;
fun InternetServiceProvider_Class : SubClass InternetServiceProvider CommunicationSystem ;
@@ -93,7 +83,6 @@ fun InternetServiceProvider_Class : SubClass InternetServiceProvider Communicati
-- uses the Internet.
fun InternetUser : Ind SocialRole ;
-- An Intersputnik is one type of
-- CommunicationSatellite.
fun Intersputnik : Class ;
@@ -144,8 +133,6 @@ fun ShortwaveRadioSystem_Class : SubClass ShortwaveRadioSystem RadioSystem ;
fun TelephoneSystem : Class ;
fun TelephoneSystem_Class : SubClass TelephoneSystem CommunicationSystem ;
fun TelevisionReceiver_EngineeringComponent : SubClass TelevisionReceiver EngineeringComponent ;
-- A TelevisionStation is an
-- engineeringSubcomponent of a TelevisionSystem.
fun TelevisionStation : Class ;
@@ -159,13 +146,12 @@ fun TelevisionSystem_Class : SubClass TelevisionSystem CommunicationSystem ;
-- The expression
-- (communicationSatelliteForArea ?AREA ?SATELLITE ?INTEGER) means that
-- ?INTEGER number of CommunicationSatellites of the type ?SATELLITE serve
-- as an engineeringSubcomponent of a TelephoneSystem of the GeopoliticalArea
-- ?AREA.
-- as an engineeringSubcomponent of a TelephoneSystem of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
fun communicationSatelliteForArea: El GeopoliticalArea -> Desc Satellite -> El Integer -> Formula ;-- replaced--
-- (internetCountryCode ?AREA ?CODE)
-- relates a GeopoliticalArea to the SymbolicString ?CODE used to
-- identify the ?AREA on internet websites.
fun internetCountryCode : El GeopoliticalArea -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
}

819
examples/SUMO/CountriesAndRegions.gf
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2
examples/SUMO/CountriesAndRegionsEng.gf
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
--# -path=.:englishExtended
concrete CountriesAndRegionsEng of CountriesAndRegions = BasicEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng in {
concrete CountriesAndRegionsEng of CountriesAndRegions = MidLevelOntologyEng, GeographyEng, GovernmentEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng in {
lin
NewJersey = UsePN (mkPN "New Jersey") ;

355
examples/SUMO/Economy.gf
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13
examples/SUMO/EconomyEng.gf Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
concrete EconomyEng of Economy = MidLevelOntologyEng ** open DictLangEng, DictEng, ParadigmsEng in {
lin
Apple = UseN apple_N ;
Avocado = UseN avocado_N ;
Coconut = UseN coconut_N ;
DateFruit = ApposCN (UseN date_N) (MassNP (UseN fruit_N)) ;
Fodder = UseN fodder_N ;
Hay = UseN hay_N ;
Opium = UseN opium_N ;
Pea = UseN pea_N ;
}

929
examples/SUMO/Elements.gf Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,929 @@
abstract Elements = Merge ** {
-- Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to
-- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a
-- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in
-- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and
-- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a
-- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.
fun Actinium : Class ;
fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group
-- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin
-- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many
-- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up
-- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C.
-- Oersted.
fun Aluminum : Class ;
fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
-- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable
-- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T.
-- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding
-- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles.
fun Americium : Class ;
fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms.
-- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black
-- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints,
-- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens.
-- First reported by Tholden in 1450.
fun Antimony : Class ;
fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ;
-- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the
-- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord
-- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
fun Argon : Class ;
fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three
-- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated
-- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been
-- the first to isolate the element in 1250.
fun Arsenic : Class ;
fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally
-- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the
-- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear
-- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the
-- University of California.
fun Astatine : Class ;
fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group
-- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely
-- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by
-- Humphry Davy.
fun Barium : Class ;
fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247,
-- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg
-- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha
-- particles.
fun Berkelium : Class ;
fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic
-- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows
-- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and
-- A.A. Bussy in 1828.
fun Beryllium : Class ;
fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs
-- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal
-- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth
-- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air
-- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that
-- it was different from lead.
fun Bismuth : Class ;
fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ;
-- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There
-- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron
-- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad
-- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature.
-- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was
-- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J.
-- Thenard.
fun Boron : Class ;
fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ;
-- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room
-- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine.
-- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and
-- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
fun Bromine : Class ;
fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the
-- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically
-- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered
-- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.
fun Cadmium : Class ;
fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to
-- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid
-- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope.
-- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold
-- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the
-- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline
-- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses
-- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some
-- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by
-- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically.
-- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum.
-- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium
-- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even
-- more toxic.
fun Caesium : Class ;
fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of
-- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium,
-- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
fun Calcium : Class ;
fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years.
-- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which
-- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron}
-- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine.
-- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.
fun Californium : Class ;
fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic
-- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and
-- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon
-- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon
-- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself,
-- and a wide variety of other elements.
fun Carbon : Class ;
fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive
-- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The
-- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H.
-- Klaproth in 1803.
fun Cerium : Class ;
fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas.
-- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly
-- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by
-- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in
-- 1810.
fun Chlorine : Class ;
fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard silvery transition element. Used in
-- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
fun Chromium : Class ;
fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites
-- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use.
-- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially
-- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer
-- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
fun Cobalt : Class ;
fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ;
-- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans
-- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable,
-- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist
-- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
fun Copper : Class ;
fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs
-- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of
-- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in
-- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding
-- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.
fun Curium : Class ;
fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre.
-- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at
-- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving
-- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven
-- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the
-- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a
-- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It
-- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its
-- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.
fun Dysprosium : Class ;
fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Appearance is unknown, however it is most
-- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic
-- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest
-- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by
-- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb
-- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were
-- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient
-- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.
fun Einsteinium : Class ;
fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial
-- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It
-- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G.
-- Mosander in 1843.
fun Erbium : Class ;
fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of
-- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William
-- Crookes.
fun Europium : Class ;
fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a
-- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates
-- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952.
fun Fermium : Class ;
fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ;
-- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging
-- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most
-- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous,
-- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was
-- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
fun Fluorine : Class ;
fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the
-- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes
-- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was
-- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.
fun Francium : Class ;
fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to
-- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron
-- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics.
-- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.
fun Gadolinium : Class ;
fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13
-- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71.
-- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives.
-- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals
-- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de
-- Boisbaudran in 1875.
fun Gallium : Class ;
fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to
-- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic
-- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886
-- by Winkler.
fun Germanium : Class ;
fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and
-- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five
-- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of
-- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry,
-- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical
-- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold
-- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the
-- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic,
-- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.
fun Gold : Class ;
fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element.
-- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a
-- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally
-- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.
fun Hafnium : Class ;
fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element.
-- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all
-- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no
-- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
fun Helium : Class ;
fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white
-- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It
-- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and
-- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural
-- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being
-- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal
-- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per
-- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium
-- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium
-- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to
-- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is
-- a fire hazard.
fun Holmium : Class ;
fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element.
-- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and
-- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements.
-- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
fun Hydrogen : Class ;
fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the
-- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a
-- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in
-- 1863 by Reich and Richter.
fun Indium : Class ;
fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group
-- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace
-- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in
-- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive
-- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen.
-- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.
fun Iodine : Class ;
fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition
-- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly
-- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by
-- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes
-- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a
-- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other
-- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature
-- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum.
-- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from
-- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally
-- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should
-- be considered highly toxic.
fun Iridium : Class ;
fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition
-- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the
-- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in
-- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces
-- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
fun Iron : Class ;
fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble
-- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted
-- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but
-- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes,
-- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive
-- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission
-- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with
-- {fluorine}.
fun Krypton : Class ;
fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ;
-- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden)
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and
-- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth
-- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable,
-- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other
-- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids
-- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should
-- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.
fun Lanthanum : Class ;
fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely
-- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth
-- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262
-- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium,
-- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by
-- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding
-- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature,
-- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the
-- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would
-- pose a radiation hazard.
fun Lawrencium : Class ;
fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to
-- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets
-- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and
-- fusible alloys.
fun Lead : Class ;
fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ;
-- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of
-- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
fun Lithium : Class ;
fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is
-- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth
-- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult
-- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements.
-- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are
-- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable
-- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium
-- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was
-- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The
-- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.
fun Lutetium : Class ;
fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of
-- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living
-- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very
-- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and
-- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen
-- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
fun Magnesium : Class ;
fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey brittle metallic transition element.
-- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated.
-- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
fun Manganese : Class ;
fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation
-- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used
-- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy
-- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor
-- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist.
fun Meitnerium : Class ;
fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a
-- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert
-- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been
-- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri
-- Mendeleev.
fun Mendelevium : Class ;
fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to
-- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific
-- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace
-- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury
-- compounds.
fun Mercury : Class ;
fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition
-- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids.
-- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and
-- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500
-- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has
-- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered
-- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in
-- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos
-- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known
-- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly
-- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.
fun Molybdenum : Class ;
fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to
-- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only
-- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial
-- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to
-- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the
-- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some
-- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's
-- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets
-- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885
-- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and
-- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means
-- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence
-- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye
-- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.
fun Neodymium : Class ;
fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the
-- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and
-- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a
-- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps.
-- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir
-- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
fun Neon : Class ;
fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
-- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a
-- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The
-- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through
-- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M.
-- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.
fun Neptunium : Class ;
fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition
-- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
fun Nickel : Class ;
fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition
-- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase
-- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees
-- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by
-- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.
fun Niobium : Class ;
fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to
-- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere
-- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial
-- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air.
-- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in
-- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
fun Nitrogen : Class ;
fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being
-- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty
-- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been
-- proposed as an alternative name.
fun Nobelium : Class ;
fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
fun Osmium : Class ;
fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging
-- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element
-- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the
-- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid
-- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding,
-- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found
-- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in
-- 1774.
fun Oxygen : Class ;
fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft white ductile transition element. Found
-- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal
-- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803
-- by W.H. Wollaston.
fun Palladium : Class ;
fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of
-- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element
-- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
fun Phosphorus : Class ;
fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ;
-- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is
-- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric
-- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis.
-- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum.
-- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable
-- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry,
-- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution
-- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer.
-- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the
-- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de
-- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word
-- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health
-- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be
-- considered highly toxic.
fun Platinum : Class ;
fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic
-- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with
-- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is
-- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is
-- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is
-- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by
-- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in
-- 1940.
fun Plutonium : Class ;
fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to
-- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of
-- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in
-- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of
-- pitchblende.
fun Polonium : Class ;
fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group
-- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and
-- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its
-- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
fun Potassium : Class ;
fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive.
-- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in
-- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.
fun Praseodymium : Class ;
fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a
-- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but
-- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste.
-- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148
-- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation.
-- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in
-- 1947.
fun Promethium : Class ;
fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the
-- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4
-- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical
-- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto
-- Hahn.
fun Protactinium : Class ;
fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a
-- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from
-- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.
fun Radium : Class ;
fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to
-- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222
-- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of
-- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy.
-- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been
-- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.
fun Radon : Class ;
fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white metallic transition element.
-- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum
-- alloys are superconducting.
fun Rhenium : Class ;
fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids,
-- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.
fun Rhodium : Class ;
fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1
-- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is
-- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other
-- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered
-- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.
fun Rubidium : Class ;
fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in
-- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and
-- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.
fun Ruthenium : Class ;
fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and
-- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed
-- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber.
-- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses.
-- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces
-- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by
-- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in
-- 1879.
fun Samarium : Class ;
fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to
-- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are
-- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev,
-- isolated by Nilson in 1879.
fun Scandium : Class ;
fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the
-- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles
-- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
fun Selenium : Class ;
fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the
-- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's
-- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive
-- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in
-- 1823 by Berzelius.
fun Silicon : Class ;
fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ;
-- White lustrous soft metallic transition element.
-- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery,
-- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.
fun Silver : Class ;
fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1
-- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing
-- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil.
-- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
fun Sodium : Class ;
fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to
-- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is
-- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years.
-- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry
-- Davy.
fun Strontium : Class ;
fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16
-- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms,
-- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many
-- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.
fun Sulphur : Class ;
fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element.
-- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a
-- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive.
-- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and
-- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.
fun Tantalum : Class ;
fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can
-- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made
-- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them
-- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6
-- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used
-- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and
-- manganese.
fun Technetium : Class ;
fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight
-- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and
-- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}.
-- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.
fun Tellurium : Class ;
fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen
-- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.
fun Terbium : Class ;
fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white
-- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn
-- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut
-- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes,
-- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium
-- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity
-- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared
-- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name
-- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and
-- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.
fun Thallium : Class ;
fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to
-- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US.
-- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear
-- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and
-- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.
fun Thorium : Class ;
fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial
-- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered
-- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.
fun Thulium : Class ;
fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group
-- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which
-- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine
-- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.
fun Tin : Class ;
fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ;
-- White metallic transition element. Occurs in
-- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys.
-- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by
-- Gregor in 1789.
fun Titanium : Class ;
fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White or grey metallic transition element,
-- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be
-- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de
-- Elhuyer in 1783.
fun Tungsten : Class ;
fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in
-- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany.
fun Unnildecium : Class ;
fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the
-- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974.
-- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and
-- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.
fun Unnilhexium : Class ;
fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transition metal.
fun Unniloctium : Class ;
fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life
-- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven
-- isotopes have been discovered.
fun Unnilpentium : Class ;
fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected
-- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260
-- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.)
-- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in
-- 1964.
fun Unnilquadium : Class ;
fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of
-- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear
-- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists
-- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.
fun Unnilseptium : Class ;
fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White radioactive metallic element belonging to
-- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234.
-- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons.
-- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.
fun Uranium : Class ;
fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good
-- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It
-- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes
-- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337
-- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding
-- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a
-- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of
-- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820,
-- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was
-- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from
-- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic
-- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and
-- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and
-- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung
-- cancer if inhaled.
fun Vanadium : Class ;
fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on
-- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven
-- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas
-- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found
-- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.
fun Xenon : Class ;
fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids.
-- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in
-- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.
fun Ytterbium : Class ;
fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the
-- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89,
-- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the
-- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in
-- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
fun Yttrium : Class ;
fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple
-- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes
-- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and
-- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
fun Zinc : Class ;
fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five
-- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear
-- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth,
-- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.
fun Zirconium : Class ;
fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ;
}

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--# -path=.:englishExtended
concrete ElementsEng of Elements = MergeEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng in {
lin
Hydrogen = UseN (mkN "Hydrogen") ;
Helium = UseN (mkN "Helium") ;
Lithium = UseN (mkN "Lithium") ;
Beryllium = UseN (mkN "Beryllium") ;
Boron = UseN (mkN "Boron") ;
Carbon = UseN (mkN "Carbon") ;
Nitrogen = UseN (mkN "Nitrogen") ;
Oxygen = UseN (mkN "Oxygen") ;
Fluorine = UseN (mkN "Fluorine") ;
Neon = UseN (mkN "Neon") ;
Sodium = UseN (mkN "Sodium") ;
Magnesium = UseN (mkN "Magnesium") ;
Aluminum = UseN (mkN "Aluminum") ;
Silicon = UseN (mkN "Silicon") ;
Phosphorus = UseN (mkN "Phosphorus") ;
Sulphur = UseN (mkN "Sulphur") ;
Chlorine = UseN (mkN "Chlorine") ;
Argon = UseN (mkN "Argon") ;
Potassium = UseN (mkN "Potassium") ;
Calcium = UseN (mkN "Calcium") ;
Scandium = UseN (mkN "Scandium") ;
Titanium = UseN (mkN "Titanium") ;
Vanadium = UseN (mkN "Vanadium") ;
Chromium = UseN (mkN "Chromium") ;
Manganese = UseN (mkN "Manganese") ;
Iron = UseN (mkN "Iron") ;
Cobalt = UseN (mkN "Cobalt") ;
Nickel = UseN (mkN "Nickel") ;
Copper = UseN (mkN "Copper") ;
Zinc = UseN (mkN "Zinc") ;
Gallium = UseN (mkN "Gallium") ;
Germanium = UseN (mkN "Germanium") ;
Arsenic = UseN (mkN "Arsenic") ;
Selenium = UseN (mkN "Selenium") ;
Bromine = UseN (mkN "Bromine") ;
Krypton = UseN (mkN "Krypton") ;
Rubidium = UseN (mkN "Rubidium") ;
Strontium = UseN (mkN "Strontium") ;
Yttrium = UseN (mkN "Yttrium") ;
Zirconium = UseN (mkN "Zirconium") ;
Niobium = UseN (mkN "Niobium") ;
Molybdenum = UseN (mkN "Molybdenum") ;
Technetium = UseN (mkN "Technetium") ;
Ruthenium = UseN (mkN "Ruthenium") ;
Rhodium = UseN (mkN "Rhodium") ;
Palladium = UseN (mkN "Palladium") ;
Silver = UseN (mkN "Silver") ;
Cadmium = UseN (mkN "Cadmium") ;
Indium = UseN (mkN "Indium") ;
Tin = UseN (mkN "Tin") ;
Antimony = UseN (mkN "Antimony") ;
Tellurium = UseN (mkN "Tellurium") ;
Iodine = UseN (mkN "Iodine") ;
Xenon = UseN (mkN "Xenon") ;
Caesium = UseN (mkN "Caesium") ;
Barium = UseN (mkN "Barium") ;
Lanthanum = UseN (mkN "Lanthanum") ;
Cerium = UseN (mkN "Cerium") ;
Praseodymium = UseN (mkN "Praseodymium") ;
Neodymium = UseN (mkN "Neodymium") ;
Promethium = UseN (mkN "Promethium") ;
Samarium = UseN (mkN "Samarium") ;
Europium = UseN (mkN "Europium") ;
Gadolinium = UseN (mkN "Gadolinium") ;
Terbium = UseN (mkN "Terbium") ;
Dysprosium = UseN (mkN "Dysprosium") ;
Holmium = UseN (mkN "Holmium") ;
Erbium = UseN (mkN "Erbium") ;
Thulium = UseN (mkN "Thulium") ;
Ytterbium = UseN (mkN "Ytterbium") ;
Lutetium = UseN (mkN "Lutetium") ;
Hafnium = UseN (mkN "Hafnium") ;
Tantalum = UseN (mkN "Tantalum") ;
Tungsten = UseN (mkN "Tungsten") ;
Rhenium = UseN (mkN "Rhenium") ;
Osmium = UseN (mkN "Osmium") ;
Iridium = UseN (mkN "Iridium") ;
Platinum = UseN (mkN "Platinum") ;
Gold = UseN (mkN "Gold") ;
Mercury = UseN (mkN "Mercury") ;
Thallium = UseN (mkN "Thallium") ;
Lead = UseN (mkN "Lead") ;
Bismuth = UseN (mkN "Bismuth") ;
Polonium = UseN (mkN "Polonium") ;
Astatine = UseN (mkN "Astatine") ;
Radon = UseN (mkN "Radon") ;
Francium = UseN (mkN "Francium") ;
Radium = UseN (mkN "Radium") ;
Actinium = UseN (mkN "Actinium") ;
Thorium = UseN (mkN "Thorium") ;
Protactinium = UseN (mkN "Protactinium") ;
Uranium = UseN (mkN "Uranium") ;
Neptunium = UseN (mkN "Neptunium") ;
Plutonium = UseN (mkN "Plutonium") ;
Americium = UseN (mkN "Americium") ;
Curium = UseN (mkN "Curium") ;
Berkelium = UseN (mkN "Berkelium") ;
Californium = UseN (mkN "Californium") ;
Einsteinium = UseN (mkN "Einsteinium") ;
Fermium = UseN (mkN "Fermium") ;
Mendelevium = UseN (mkN "Mendelevium") ;
Nobelium = UseN (mkN "Nobelium") ;
Lawrencium = UseN (mkN "Lawrencium") ;
Unnilquadium = UseN (mkN "Unnilquadium") ;
Unnilpentium = UseN (mkN "Unnilpentium") ;
Unnilhexium = UseN (mkN "Unnilhexium") ;
Unnilseptium = UseN (mkN "Unnilseptium") ;
Unniloctium = UseN (mkN "Unniloctium") ;
Meitnerium = UseN (mkN "Meitnerium") ;
Unnildecium = UseN (mkN "Unnildecium") ;
}

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@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
concrete EngineeringEng of Engineering = MidLevelOntologyEng ** open DictLangEng, DictEng, ParadigmsEng in {
lin
Battery = UseN battery_N ;
Rotor = UseN rotor_N ;
}

304
examples/SUMO/FinancialOntology.gf
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@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
abstract FinancialOntology = open Merge, Mid_level_ontology in {
abstract FinancialOntology = MidLevelOntology ** {
-- The highest rating given by bond rating agencies
fun AAA_Rating : Ind FinancialRating ;
-- All_or_none order (AON) is a type of option order
-- which requires that the order be executed completely or not at all. An AON
-- order may be either a day order or a GTC order.
@@ -29,7 +25,6 @@ fun ATMSlot_Class : SubClass ATMSlot Hole ;
-- associated with the Asset.
fun AccountFn : El FinancialAsset -> Ind FinancialAccount ;
fun Active : Ind StatusAttribute ;
-- An InterestBearingAccount in which
@@ -41,11 +36,11 @@ fun AdjustableRateAccount_Class : SubClass AdjustableRateAccount InterestBearing
fun AmericanExpressCard : Class ;
fun AmericanExpressCard_Class : SubClass AmericanExpressCard CreditCard ;
-- An option that can be exercised at any time
-- prior to its expiration date
fun AmericanStyleOption : Ind Option ;
-- A contract sold by an insurance company designed to provide
-- payments to the holder at specified intervals, usually after retirement. FixedAnnuities
-- guarantee a certain payment amount, while VariableAnnuities do not, but do have the
@@ -64,7 +59,6 @@ fun AssetAllocation_Class : SubClass AssetAllocation FinancialTransaction ;
fun AuthorizationOfTransaction : Class ;
fun AuthorizationOfTransaction_Class : SubClass AuthorizationOfTransaction (both ControllingAnAccount (both FinancialService RegulatoryProcess)) ;
-- Transactions which occur through computer
-- networks and which do not require direct management.
fun AutomaticTransaction : Class ;
@@ -73,7 +67,6 @@ fun AutomaticTransaction_Class : SubClass AutomaticTransaction FinancialTransact
-- A mid_range rating given by bond rating agencies.
fun B_Rating : Ind FinancialRating ;
-- A long_term loan, often a mortgage, that has
-- one large payment (the balloon payment) due upon maturity. Often done
-- when refinancing or a major cash flow event is anticipated.
@@ -118,7 +111,6 @@ fun BlueChipStock_Class : SubClass BlueChipStock Stock ;
fun Bond : Class ;
fun Bond_Class : SubClass Bond (both FinancialInstrument Investment) ;
-- Stock in a short sale.
fun BorrowedStock : Class ;
fun BorrowedStock_Class : SubClass BorrowedStock Stock ;
@@ -143,7 +135,6 @@ fun BrokerLoan_Class : SubClass BrokerLoan Loan ;
-- a securities brokerage.
fun BrokerageAccount : Ind InvestmentAccount ;
-- An attribute describing the opinion that a stock, or the
-- market in general, will rise in price __ a positive or optimistic outlook.
fun Bullish : Class ;
@@ -160,9 +151,9 @@ fun ButterflySpread_Class : SubClass ButterflySpread SpreadOption ;
-- A mid_range rating given by bond rating agencies.
fun C_Rating : Ind FinancialRating ;
fun Call : Class ;
fun Call_Class : SubClass Call FinancialTransaction ;
-- An option contract that gives the holder the
-- right to buy a certain quantity (usually 100 shares) of an underlying
-- security from the writer of the option, at a specified price (the strike
@@ -181,11 +172,11 @@ fun CallableLoan_Class : SubClass CallableLoan Loan ;
fun CancellingAnOrder : Class ;
fun CancellingAnOrder_Class : SubClass CancellingAnOrder FinancialTransaction ;
-- Circulating paper money
fun Cash : Class ;
fun Cash_Class : SubClass Cash (both FinancialAsset FinancialInstrument) ;
-- CDs (certificates of deposit) are bank, credit union or savings
-- and loan instruments that allow the depositor to lock in an interest rate for a specific period of
-- time (e.g. six months, one year, five years). If the money is withdrawn from the CD before the CD
@@ -207,7 +198,6 @@ fun CheckingAccount_Class : SubClass CheckingAccount DepositAccount ;
-- shut or closed.
fun ClosedService : Ind ServiceAttribute ;
-- An activity of closing a financial account
fun ClosingAnAccount : Class ;
fun ClosingAnAccount_Class : SubClass ClosingAnAccount FinancialTransaction ;
@@ -242,7 +232,6 @@ fun ConsumerPriceIndex_Class : SubClass ConsumerPriceIndex InflationIndex ;
-- something is promised in return, i.e. a reciprocal promise.
fun Contract : Class ; -- make subclass with Promise
-- An activity of controlling a financial account
fun ControllingAnAccount : Class ;
fun ControllingAnAccount_Class : SubClass ControllingAnAccount FinancialTransaction ;
@@ -267,7 +256,6 @@ fun CorporateAccount_Class : SubClass CorporateAccount FinancialAccount ;
fun CorporateBond : Class ;
fun CorporateBond_Class : SubClass CorporateBond (both Bond TaxableInvestment) ;
-- An unregistered, negotiable bond on which interest and principal
-- are payable to the holder, regardless of whom it was originally issued to. The coupons are
-- attached to the bond, and each coupon represents a single interest payment. The holder submits
@@ -303,11 +291,9 @@ fun CreditUnion_Class : SubClass CreditUnion FinancialOrganization ;
-- currency linked to the account.
fun CurrencyFn : El FinancialAccount -> Ind FinancialInstrument ;
-- The lowest rating given by bond rating agencies.
fun D_Rating : Ind FinancialRating ;
-- A bank loan to a broker for the purchase of securities pending delivery
-- through clearing later the same day.
fun DayLoan : Class ;
@@ -360,6 +346,7 @@ fun DirectRollover_Class : SubClass DirectRollover Rollover ;
fun DiscoverCard : Class ;
fun DiscoverCard_Class : SubClass DiscoverCard CreditCard ;
-- A taxable payment declared by a company's board of directors
-- and given to its shareHolders out of the company's current or retained earnings.
-- Usually quarterly. Usually given as cash, but it can also take the form of Stock or
@@ -392,6 +379,7 @@ fun EnteringAPin_Class : SubClass EnteringAPin AuthorizationOfTransaction ;
fun EnteringAPing : Class ;
fun EnteringAPing_Class : SubClass EnteringAPing ContentDevelopment ;
-- An option on shares of an individual common stock.
fun EquityOption : Class ;
fun EquityOption_Class : SubClass EquityOption Option ;
@@ -400,7 +388,6 @@ fun EquityOption_Class : SubClass EquityOption Option ;
-- a specified period of time just prior to its expiration.
fun EuropeanStyleOption : Ind Option ;
-- A short_term loan which is continually renewed rather than repaid.
fun EvergreenLoan : Class ;
fun EvergreenLoan_Class : SubClass EvergreenLoan Loan ;
@@ -410,7 +397,6 @@ fun EvergreenLoan_Class : SubClass EvergreenLoan Loan ;
-- underlying stock. In the case of a put, the option owner sells the underlying stock.
fun ExerciseAnOption : Ind FinancialTransaction ;
-- A class of expired BankCards.
fun ExpiredCard : Class ;
fun ExpiredCard_Class : SubClass ExpiredCard BankCard ;
@@ -448,6 +434,7 @@ fun FaxMachine_Class : SubClass FaxMachine Device ;
fun FederalHousingAdministration : Class ;
fun FederalHousingAdministration_Class : SubClass FederalHousingAdministration Government ;
-- Execute an order or buy or sell a security
-- or commodity.
fun FillingAnOrder : Class ;
@@ -456,7 +443,6 @@ fun FillingAnOrder_Class : SubClass FillingAnOrder FinancialTransaction ;
-- A financial agreement between two or more parties
fun FinancialContract : Class ;
-- Failure to make required debt payments on a timely basis
-- or to comply with other conditions of an obligation or agreement.
fun FinancialDefault : Class ;
@@ -519,16 +505,13 @@ fun GrowthStock_Class : SubClass GrowthStock Stock ;
-- converted to cash.
fun HighLiquidity : Ind LiquidityAttribute ;
-- An Attribute that characterizes investments which are likely
-- to lose their principal.
fun HighRisk : Ind RiskAttribute ;
-- An Attribute that characterizes accounts that are very profitable.
fun HighYield : Ind YieldAttribute ;
-- Immediate or cancel Order is a type of option order
-- which gives the trading crowd one opportunity to take the other side of the
-- trade. After being announced, the order will be either partially or totally
@@ -572,7 +555,6 @@ fun IndexedLoan_Class : SubClass IndexedLoan Loan ;
fun IndividualRetirementAccount : Class ;
fun IndividualRetirementAccount_Class : SubClass IndividualRetirementAccount (both PensionPlan (both PersonalAccount SavingsAccount)) ;
-- The overall general upward price movement of
-- goods and services in an economy, usually as measured by the Consumer
-- Price Index and the Producer Price Index.
@@ -600,7 +582,6 @@ fun InterestOnlyLoan_Class : SubClass InterestOnlyLoan Loan ;
fun InterestRate : Class ;
fun InterestRate_Class : SubClass InterestRate (both ConstantQuantity EconomicIndicator) ;
-- A subclass of FinancialTransactions within
-- one FinancialOrganization.
fun InternalTransfer : Class ;
@@ -687,13 +668,11 @@ fun LongStraddle_Class : SubClass LongStraddle Straddle ;
-- converted to cash.
fun LowLiquidity : Ind LiquidityAttribute ;
fun LowRisk : Ind RiskAttribute ;
-- An Attribute that characterizes accounts that are not very profitable.
fun LowYield : Ind YieldAttribute ;
-- A Market_not_held order is a type of market order
-- which allows the investor to give discretion to the floor broker regarding
-- the price and/or time at which a trade is executed.
@@ -710,7 +689,6 @@ fun MOCOrder_Class : SubClass MOCOrder FinancialOrder ;
-- One who directs a business or other enterprise.
fun Manager : Ind Position ;
-- An order to buy or sell security at the best prices available.
fun MarketOrder : Class ;
fun MarketOrder_Class : SubClass MarketOrder FinancialOrder ;
@@ -729,6 +707,7 @@ fun MarketValueWeightedIndex_Class : SubClass MarketValueWeightedIndex Index ;
fun MasterCard : Class ;
fun MasterCard_Class : SubClass MasterCard CreditCard ;
-- MoneyMarket is for borrowing and lending money for three years
-- or less. The securities in a money market can be U.S. government bonds, TreasuryBills and commercial
-- paper from banks and companies.
@@ -751,7 +730,6 @@ fun MortgageBond_Class : SubClass MortgageBond CorporateBond ;
fun MunicipalBond : Class ;
fun MunicipalBond_Class : SubClass MunicipalBond (both Bond TaxFreeInvestment) ;
-- An open_ended fund operated by an investment company which
-- raises money from shareholders and invests in a group of assets, in accordance with a stated
-- set of objectives. Benefits include diversification and professional money management. Shares
@@ -764,7 +742,6 @@ fun MutualFundAccount_Class : SubClass MutualFundAccount InvestmentAccount ;
-- system.
fun NASDAQ : Ind Organization ;
-- A market_value weighted index of all common stocks
-- listed on NASDAQ.
fun NASDAQCompositeIndex : Class ;
@@ -804,7 +781,6 @@ fun OCOOrder_Class : SubClass OCOOrder FinancialOrder ;
-- are ready to transact business.
fun OpenService : Ind ServiceAttribute ;
-- An activity of opening a financial account
fun OpeningAnAccount : Class ;
fun OpeningAnAccount_Class : SubClass OpeningAnAccount FinancialTransaction ;
@@ -848,6 +824,7 @@ fun PerformanceBond_Class : SubClass PerformanceBond Bond ;
fun PerformanceMeasure : Class ;
fun PerformanceMeasure_Class : SubClass PerformanceMeasure PhysicalQuantity ;
-- This is the class of personal accounts, as opposed to
-- CorporateAccounts.
fun PersonalAccount : Class ;
@@ -859,6 +836,7 @@ fun PiggybankLoan_Class : SubClass PiggybankLoan Loan ;
fun PlacingAnOrder : Class ;
fun PlacingAnOrder_Class : SubClass PlacingAnOrder FinancialTransaction ;
-- CapitalStock which provides a specific Dividend
-- that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes
-- precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Usually does not carry
@@ -881,7 +859,6 @@ fun PriceWeightedIndex_Class : SubClass PriceWeightedIndex Index ;
fun ProcessingACheck : Class ;
fun ProcessingACheck_Class : SubClass ProcessingACheck (both AuthorizationOfTransaction ControllingAnAccount) ;
-- An inflationary indicator published by the U.S. Bureau
-- of Labor Statistics to evaluate wholesale price levels in the economy.
fun ProducerPriceIndex : Class ;
@@ -898,12 +875,10 @@ fun PutOption_Class : SubClass PutOption Option ;
fun RealEstate : Class ;
fun RealEstate_Class : SubClass RealEstate (both CorpuscularObject (both FinancialAsset Region)) ;
-- A written acknowledgment that a specified article,
-- sum of money, or shipment of merchandise has been received.
fun Receipt : Ind FinancialInstrument ;
-- Paying off an existing loan with the proceeds from a new loan, using
-- the same property as collateral.
fun Refinancing : Class ;
@@ -940,13 +915,13 @@ fun RothIRAAccount_Class : SubClass RothIRAAccount IndividualRetirementAccount ;
fun SARSEPPlan : Class ;
fun SARSEPPlan_Class : SubClass SARSEPPlan DefinedContributionPlan ;
-- An account in a bank on which interest is usually paid and from
-- which withdrawals can be made usually only by presentation of a passbook or by written authorization
-- on a prescribed form.
fun SavingsAccount : Class ;
fun SavingsAccount_Class : SubClass SavingsAccount (both DepositAccount InterestBearingAccount) ;
-- A federally or state chartered FinancialOrganization
-- that takes Deposits from individuals, funds Mortgages, and pays Dividends.
fun SavingsAndLoans : Class ;
@@ -980,6 +955,7 @@ fun SecuredBond_Class : SubClass SecuredBond Bond ;
fun SecuredLoan : Class ;
fun SecuredLoan_Class : SubClass SecuredLoan Loan ;
-- An investment instrument, other than an insurance policy or
-- FixedAnnuity insurance policy or fixed annuity issued by a corporation, government,
-- or other organization which offers evidence of debt or equity.
@@ -1001,7 +977,6 @@ fun ServiceContract_Class : SubClass ServiceContract Contract ;
fun Share : Class ;
fun Share_Class : SubClass Share (both CurrencyMeasure Security) ;
-- Borrowing a security (or commodity futures
-- contract) from a broker and selling it, with the understanding that it
-- must later be bought back (hopefully at a lower price) and returned to the
@@ -1071,8 +1046,10 @@ fun Straddle_Class : SubClass Straddle OptionStrategy ;
fun TaxFreeInvestment : Class ;
fun TaxFreeInvestment_Class : SubClass TaxFreeInvestment Investment ;
fun TaxableInvestment : Class ;
fun TaxableInvestment_Class : SubClass TaxableInvestment Investment ;
-- The instrument, such as a deed, that constitutes evidence
-- of a legal right of possession or control.
fun Title : Class ;
@@ -1097,11 +1074,11 @@ fun TreasuryBond_Class : SubClass TreasuryBond Bond ;
fun UnsecuredLoan : Class ;
fun UnsecuredLoan_Class : SubClass UnsecuredLoan Loan ;
-- To change data in a file or database
fun Update : Class ;
fun Update_Class : SubClass Update (both ContentDevelopment FinancialTransaction) ;
-- A stock market transaction (or sometimes, a quote)
-- at a price higher than the preceding one for the same security.
fun Uptick : Class ;
@@ -1133,6 +1110,7 @@ fun VerifyingCardCode_Class : SubClass VerifyingCardCode AuthorizationOfTransact
fun VisaCard : Class ;
fun VisaCard_Class : SubClass VisaCard CreditCard ;
-- An activity of money being transferred from a customer's
-- account at a financial institution.
fun Withdrawal : Class ;
@@ -1153,12 +1131,10 @@ fun ZeroCouponBond_Class : SubClass ZeroCouponBond Bond ;
-- FinancialAccount opened in the FinancialOrganization ?Bank.
fun accountAt : El FinancialAccount -> El FinancialOrganization -> Formula ;
-- (accountHolder ?Account ?Agent) means that ?Agent
-- is the account holder of the FinancialAccount ?Account.
fun accountHolder : El FinancialAccount -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
fun accountNumber : El FinancialAccount -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
-- (accountStatus ?Account ?Status) holds if
@@ -1166,91 +1142,71 @@ fun accountNumber : El FinancialAccount -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
-- New or Pending.
fun accountStatus : El FinancialAccount -> El StatusAttribute -> Formula ;
-- The accumulated coupon interest, paid to the seller of a
-- bond by the buyer unless the bond is in default.
fun accruedInterest : El Bond -> El Interest -> Formula ;
fun administrator : El FinancialAccount -> El Position -> Formula ;
-- (administratorStatus ?Administrator ?Status)
-- holds is ?Status describes the status of the administrator.
fun administratorStatus : El Position -> El StatusAttribute -> Formula ;
-- An amount (usually income) after taxes
-- have been subtracted.
fun afterTaxIncome : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El OrganizationalProcess -> Formula ;
-- (agreementActive ?Agreement ?Date) holds if
-- ?Agreement is in force at the time specified by ?Date.
fun agreementActive : El Contract -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
-- (agreementMember ?Agreement ?Agent) means that
-- ?Agent is one of the participants of the Agreement.
fun agreementMember : El Contract -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
-- (agreementPeriod ?Agreement ?Period) holds if
-- ?Period specifies a Time interval during which ?Agreement is in force.
fun agreementPeriod : El Contract -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (amountCharged ?Fee ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the amount of
-- the fee charged.
fun amountCharged : El ChargingAFee -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (amountDue ?ACCOUNT ?AMOUNT ?DATE) means ?DATE is the
-- date on which the amount of Money ?AMOUNT of a particular ?ACCOUNT is due and payable
fun amountDue : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
fun appraisedValue : El Collateral -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (askPrice ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent offers to sell
-- ?Obj for the amount of ?Money.
fun askPrice : El Object -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Agent -> Formula ;
-- A term that describes an option with a strike
-- price that is equal to the current market price of the underlying stock.
fun atTheMoney : El Option -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
-- (availableBalance ?Account ?Day ?Amount) means
-- that ?Amount is the balance which is available for withdrawal from the FinancialAccount
-- ?Account.
-- (availableBalance ?Account ?Day ?Amount) means that ?Amount is
-- the balance which is available for withdrawal from the FinancialAccount ?Account.
fun availableBalance : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (availableCash ?Account ?Day ?Cash) holds if
-- ?Cash is a cash amount available for withdrawal from the FinancialAccount
-- ?Account.
-- (availableCash ?Account ?Day ?Cash) holds if ?Cash is
-- a cash amount available for withdrawal from the FinancialAccount ?Account.
fun availableCash : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (bankAccount ?Type ?Bank) holds if ?Type is a
-- type of the financial accounts offered by the bank.
fun bankAccount: Desc FinancialAccount -> El Bank_FinancialOrganization -> Formula ;
-- Income before taxes are deducted
fun beforeTaxIncome : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El OrganizationalProcess -> Formula ;
-- A standard by which something can be measured or judged.
fun benchmark : El Abstract -> El PerformanceMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (bidPrice ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent offers to buy
-- ?Obj for the amount of ?Money.
-- (bidPrice ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent offers to buy ?Obj for the amount of ?Money.
fun bidPrice : El Object -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Agent -> Formula ;
-- A measure of the quality and safety of a bond,
-- based on the issuer's financial condition. More specifically, an
-- evaluation from a rating service indicating the likelihood that a debt
@@ -1258,151 +1214,113 @@ fun bidPrice : El Object -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Agent -> Formula ;
-- Typically, AAA is highest (best), and D is lowest (worst).
fun bondRating : El Bond -> El FinancialRating -> Formula ;
-- (borrower ?Loan ?Agent) means that ?Agent is a borrower of the ?Loan
fun borrower : El Loan -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
-- (buyingPowerAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds
-- if ?Amount is the buying power amount of the FinancialAccount ?Account on the Day
-- ?Day.
-- (buyingPowerAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is
-- the buying power amount of the FinancialAccount ?Account on the Day ?Day.
fun buyingPowerAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- Date, prior to maturity, on which a callable bond
-- may be redeemed.
-- Date, prior to maturity, on which a callable bond may be redeemed.
fun callDate : El Bond -> El Day -> Formula ;
-- (cardAccount ?Card ?Account) means that ?Account is
-- the FinancialAccount linked to a BankCard ?Card.
fun cardAccount : El BankCard -> El FinancialAccount -> Formula ;
-- (cardCode ?Code ?Card) means that ?Code represents
-- the account number of the BankCard ?Card.
fun cardCode : El ContentBearingObject -> El BankCard -> Formula ;
-- (checkAccount ?Check ?Account) means that ?Account
-- is the FinancialAccount from which the amount specifed on the check is paid.
fun checkAccount : El Check -> El FinancialAccount -> Formula ;
fun checkNumber : El Check -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula;
-- (closingPrice ?Stock ?Amount ?Day) means that the closing
-- price of the Stock ?Stock on the Day ?Day was ?Amount.
fun closingPrice : El Stock -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Day -> Formula ;
-- The total monetary value an employee
-- receives during a certain time period.
-- The total monetary value an employee receives during a certain time period.
fun compensationPackage : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
-- (compoundInterest ?Account ?Amount ?Time) means
-- that ?Amount is the interest which is calculated not only on the initial principal
-- but also the accumulated interest of prior periods. Compound interest can be
-- calculated annually, semi_annually, quartely, monthly, or daily.
fun compoundInterest : El FinancialAccount -> El Interest -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
fun confirmationNumber : El FinancialTransaction -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
-- (couponInterest ?BOND ?INTEREST) means that ?INTEREST is
-- the periodic interest payment made to bondholders during the life of the ?BOND.
fun couponInterest : El Bond -> El Interest -> Formula ;
-- (creditLimit ?ACCOUNT ?AMNT) holds if ?AMNT is the
-- maximum amount of credit that a bank or other lender will extend to a customer.
fun creditLimit : El CreditAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (creditRanking ?Agent ?Rating) holds if
-- ?Rating is a FinancialRating based on financial analysis by a credit
-- bureau, of one's financial history, specifically as it relates to one's
-- ability to meet debt obligations. Lenders use this information to decide
-- whether to approve a loan.
-- (creditRanking ?Agent ?Rating) holds if ?Rating is a FinancialRating
-- based on financial analysis by a credit bureau, of one's financial history,
-- specifically as it relates to one's ability to meet debt obligations.
-- Lenders use this information to decide whether to approve a loan.
fun creditRanking : El CognitiveAgent -> El FinancialRating -> Formula ;
-- (creditsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period)
-- holds if ?Amount is the amount credited to the FinancialAccount ?Account during
-- the time period ?Period.
-- (creditsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Amount is the amount credited to
-- the FinancialAccount ?Account during the time period ?Period.
fun creditsPerPeriod : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (currentAccountBalance ?Account ?Date ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the balance of the FinancialAccount ?Account as of the date
-- ?Date.
-- (currentAccountBalance ?Account ?Date ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the balance of
-- the FinancialAccount ?Account as of the date ?Date.
fun currentAccountBalance : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (currentInterestRate ?Account ?Day ?Rate)
-- means that ?Rate is the interest rate of the Account on a specific day ?Day.
-- (currentInterestRate ?Account ?Day ?Rate) means that ?Rate is the interest rate of
-- the Account on a specific day ?Day.
fun currentInterestRate : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El InterestRate -> Formula ;
-- A very general relation that exists whenever there
-- is a FinancialTransaction between the two Agents such that the first is
-- the destination of the FinancialTransaction and the second is the
-- agent.
-- A very general relation that exists whenever there is a FinancialTransaction between
-- the two Agents such that the first is the destination of the FinancialTransaction and
-- the second is the agent.
fun customer : El CognitiveAgent -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
-- (customerRepresentative
-- ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2 ?ORG) means that ?PERSON1 acts as a representative
-- (customerRepresentative ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2 ?ORG) means that ?PERSON1 acts as a representative
-- of Organization ?ORG in a SocialInteraction involving ?PERSON2.
fun customerRepresentative : El CognitiveAgent -> El CognitiveAgent -> El Organization -> Formula ;
-- (dailyLimit ?Account ?TransactionType ?Amount)
-- means that ?Amount is the daily limit of the ?Account for the type of
-- FinancialTransactions ?TransactionType.
-- (dailyLimit ?Account ?TransactionType ?Amount) means that ?Amount is the daily limit of
-- the ?Account for the type of FinancialTransactions ?TransactionType.
fun dailyLimit: El FinancialAccount -> Desc FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (dateOfStatement ?Statement ?Date) holds if
-- ?Date is the date when BankStatement was issued.
-- (dateOfStatement ?Statement ?Date) holds if ?Date is the date when BankStatement was issued.
fun dateOfStatement : El BankStatement -> El Day -> Formula ;
-- (dayPhone ?Phone ?Agent) means that ?Phone is a phone
-- number corresponding to the location where ?Agent can be reached during the day.
fun dayPhone : El SymbolicString -> El Agent -> Formula ;
-- The part of the purchase price paid in cash up front,
-- reducing the amount of the loan or mortgage.
fun downPayment : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- Legal date an agreement or document goes into force.
fun effectiveDate : El Contract -> El Day -> Formula ;
-- (emailAddress ?Address ?Agent) means that ?Address is
-- an electronic address of the location where ?Agent can be reached.
fun emailAddress : El SymbolicString -> El Agent -> Formula ;
-- An individual's contribution to his/her
-- own retirement plan, often tax_deferred.
fun employeeContribution : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (eveningPhone ?Phone ?Agent) means that ?Phone
-- is a phone number corresponidng to the location where ?Agent can be reached
-- during the evening.
-- (eveningPhone ?Phone ?Agent) means that ?Phone is a phone number
-- corresponidng to the location where ?Agent can be reached during the evening.
fun eveningPhone : El SymbolicString -> El Agent -> Formula ;
-- (expirationDate ?Contract ?Date) means that
-- ?Date is the date on which ?Contract expires.
-- (expirationDate ?Contract ?Date) means that ?Date is the date on which ?Contract expires.
fun expirationDate : El Contract -> El Day -> Formula ;
-- The nominal dollar amount assigned to a security by the issuer.
-- For an equity security, par is usually a very small amount that bears no relationship to
-- its market price, except for preferred stock, in which case par is used to calculate dividend
@@ -1411,112 +1329,88 @@ fun expirationDate : El Contract -> El Day -> Formula ;
-- 10,000).
fun faceValue : El Collateral -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
fun finalPrice : El Stock -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (financialResponseTo ?Response ?Request) means that
-- ?Response is a FinancialResponse to the FinancialRequest ?Request.
fun financialResponseTo : El FinancialResponse -> El FinancialRequest -> Formula ;
-- (fixedInterestRate ?Account ?Rate) holds if
-- ?Rate is the interest rate that does not change during the entire term of the
-- account.
-- (fixedInterestRate ?Account ?Rate) holds if ?Rate is the interest rate that
-- does not change during the entire term of the account.
fun fixedInterestRate : El FinancialAccount -> El InterestRate -> Formula ;
-- A minimum amount that a lender is willing to loan
fun floorLoan : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- A call option is in the money if the stock
-- price is above the strike price. A put option is in the money if the
-- stock price is below the strike price.
fun inTheMoney : El Option -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
-- (incomeOf ?Agent ?Money ?Period) means that
-- ?Money is the amount of money or its equivalent received during a period
-- of time in exchange for labor or services, from the sale of goods or
-- property, or as profit from financial investments
fun income : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (incomeEarned ?Agent ?Money ?Action) means
-- that ?Agent earned the amount of money ?Money from performing ?Action. Note
-- that incomeEarned denotes that amount of money made before taxes are
-- deducted.
-- (incomeEarned ?Agent ?Money ?Action) means that ?Agent earned
-- the amount of money ?Money from performing ?Action. Note that incomeEarned
-- denotes that amount of money made before taxes are deducted.
fun incomeEarned : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El OrganizationalProcess -> Formula ;
-- The percentage increase in the price of goods and services,
-- usually annually.
-- The percentage increase in the price of goods and services, usually annually.
fun inflationRate : El Inflation -> El RealNumber -> Formula ;
-- The annually percentage increase
-- in the price of goods and services for the given Nation.
fun inflationRateInCountry : El Nation -> El RealNumber -> Formula ;
-- (insured ?Contract ?Org) means that ?Contract is insured
-- by the ?Organization.
fun insured : El Contract -> El Organization -> Formula ;
-- (interestEarned ?Account ?Interest ?Period) means
-- that ?Interest is the amount earned on the FinancialAccount ?Account, for the
-- duration ?Period.
-- (interestEarned ?Account ?Interest ?Period) means that ?Interest is
-- the amount earned on the FinancialAccount ?Account, for the duration ?Period.
fun interestEarned : El FinancialAccount -> El Interest -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (interestRatePerPeriod ?ACCOUNT ?RATE ?TIME) means that ?RATE is the interest
-- per the period TIME divided by principal amount, expressed as a percentage
fun interestRatePerPeriod : El FinancialAccount -> El InterestRate -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (issuedBy ?Instrument ?Agent) means that a
-- FinancialInstrument ?Instrument is produced and offered by ?Agent.
fun issuedBy : El FinancialInstrument -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
-- (lastStatement ?Account ?Statement) means that
-- ?Statement is the most recent monthly report sent to a debtor or bank depositor.
fun lastStatement : El FinancialAccount -> El BankStatement -> Formula ;
-- (lastStatementBalance ?Account ?Amount)
-- holds if ?Amount is the balance shown on the last statement.
-- (lastStatementBalance ?Account ?Amount) holds if ?Amount is the balance
-- shown on the last statement.
fun lastStatementBalance : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (lender ?Loan ?Agent) means that ?Agent is a private, public or
-- institutional entity that put up the funds for the ?Loan.
fun lender : El Loan -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
-- (limitPrice ?Order ?Money) means that ?Money is the limit price
-- for the limit order ?Order. If ?Order is a buy order, then ?Money specifies the maximum price
-- to be paid. If ?Order is a sell order, then ?Money specifies the minimum price to be paid.
fun limitPrice : El LimitOrder -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- Degree to which accounts can be easily converted to cash.
fun liquidity : El FinancialAccount -> El LiquidityAttribute -> Formula ;
fun listedOn : El Stock -> El Organization -> Formula ;
-- (loanFeeAmount ?Loan ?Amount) means that
-- ?Amount is the fee amount of the Loan ?Loan.
fun loanFeeAmount : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (loanForPurchase ?ACCOUNT ?PRODUCT) means that ?ACCOUNT is a
-- loan to finance the purchase of ?PRODUCT.
fun loanForPurchase : El Loan -> El Object -> Formula ;
fun loanInterest : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (marginBalanceAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount)
@@ -1524,149 +1418,111 @@ fun loanInterest : El Loan -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- on the Day ?Day.
fun marginBalanceAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
fun marketValueAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- The date on which the principal amount of the account
-- becomes due and payable.
fun maturityDate : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> Formula ;
-- (minimumBalance ?Account ?ActivityType ?Amount)
-- means that ?Amount is the mimimum amount required by the type of
-- FinancialTransaction ?ActivityType.
fun minimumBalance: El FinancialAccount -> Desc FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- The smallest amount which can be paid on a revolving
-- charge account to avoid a penalty.
fun minimumPayment : El LiabilityAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (monthlyIncome ?Agent ?Money) means that
-- ?Money is the amount of money received during one month period
-- (monthlyIncome ?Agent ?Money) means that ?Money is the amount of money received
-- during one month period
fun monthlyIncome : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- The amount due the supplier after commissions
-- have been deducted.
-- The amount due the supplier after commissions have been deducted.
fun netAmount : El Investment -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- Total assets minus total liabilities of an individual or company.
fun netWorth : El CognitiveAgent -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Day -> Formula ;
-- (optionHolder ?Option ?Agent) means that
-- ?Agent is the holder of the option.
-- (optionHolder ?Option ?Agent) means that ?Agent is the holder of the option.
fun optionHolder : El Option -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
-- (optionSeller ?Option ?Agent) means that
-- ?Agent is the writer of the option.
-- (optionSeller ?Option ?Agent) means that ?Agent is the writer of the option.
fun optionSeller : El Option -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
-- (orderFor ?Order ?Transaction ?Security) means that the content of ?Order
-- is to realize an instance of ?Transaction where ?Security is the patient of ?Transaction.
fun orderFor: El FinancialTransaction -> Desc FinancialTransaction -> El Security -> Formula ;
-- (originalBalance ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means that
-- ?BALANCE is the balance of the account at the time the account is opened.
-- (originalBalance ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means that ?BALANCE is
-- the balance of the account at the time the account is opened.
fun originalBalance : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- A call option is out of the money if the
-- stock price is below its strike price. A put option is out of the money
-- if the stock price is above its strike price.
fun outOfTheMoney : El Option -> El TimePosition -> Formula ;
-- The amount by which withdrawals exceed deposits.
fun overdraft : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Day -> Formula ;
-- (paymentsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period)
-- holds if ?Amount is the amount paid on the FinancialAccount ?Account during the
-- time period ?Period.
-- (paymentsPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Amount is
-- the amount paid on the FinancialAccount ?Account during the time period ?Period.
fun paymentsPerPeriod : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (periodicPayment ?Pay ?Amount ?Period) holds if
-- ?Pay is one of the periodic payments for the amount ?Amount.
-- (periodicPayment ?Pay ?Amount ?Period) holds if ?Pay is one of the periodic payments for the amount ?Amount.
fun periodicPayment : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (phoneNumber ?Phone ?Agent) holds if ?Phone is
-- a phone number corresponding to the Telephone ?Phone.
-- (phoneNumber ?Phone ?Agent) holds if ?Phone is a phone number corresponding to the Telephone ?Phone.
fun phoneNumber : El SymbolicString -> El Telephone -> Formula ;
-- (pin ?PIN ?Card) means that ?PIN is a personal identification
-- number linked to the ?Card.
-- (pin ?PIN ?Card) means that ?PIN is a personal identification number linked to the ?Card.
fun pin : El SymbolicString -> El BankCard -> Formula ;
-- The maximum amount of money the Agent can lose by choosing
-- this type of Investment.
-- The maximum amount of money the Agent can lose by choosing this type of Investment.
fun potentialLoss : El CognitiveAgent -> El Investment -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- Total price of an option.
fun premium : El Option -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (price ?Obj ?Money ?Agent) means that ?Agent pays the amount of
-- money ?Money for ?Obj.
fun price : El Physical -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El Agent -> Formula ;
-- The interest rate that commercial banks charge
-- their most creditworthy borrowers, such as large corporations. The prime rate is
-- a lagging indicator.
-- The interest rate that commercial banks charge their most creditworthy borrowers,
-- such as large corporations. The prime rate is a lagging indicator.
fun primeInterestRate : El Day -> El InterestRate -> Formula ;
-- (principalAmount ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means
-- that ?BALANCE is the amount borrowed, or the part of the amount borrowed
-- which remains unpaid (excluding interest).
-- (principalAmount ?ACCOUNT ?BALANCE) means that ?BALANCE is the amount borrowed,
-- or the part of the amount borrowed which remains unpaid (excluding interest).
fun principalAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- The positive gain from an investment or business operation after
-- subtracting for all expenses.
fun profit : El FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (purchasesPerPeriod ?Account ?Amount ?Period)
-- holds if ?Amount is the amount of purchases added to the FinancialAccount ?Account
-- during the time period ?Period.
fun purchasesPerPeriod : El FinancialAccount -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- Relates an instance of Investing to the level of risk associated
-- with the investment.
fun riskLevel : El Investment -> El RiskAttribute -> Formula ;
fun riskTolerance : El Investor -> El RiskAttribute -> Formula ;
-- Assets pledged by a borrower to secure a loan
-- or other credit, and subject to seizure in the event of FinancialDefault.
fun securedBy : El FinancialAccount -> El Collateral -> Formula ;
-- A charge to the customer levied by a FinancialOrganization
-- for a FinancialTransaction, such as OpeningAnAccount or UsingAnAccount.
fun serviceFee : El FinancialOrganization -> El FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (shareHolder ?Stock ?Agent) means that ?Agent possesses
-- shares of Stock in a corporation or mutual fund.
fun shareHolder : El Share -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
fun shareOf : El Share -> El Organization -> Formula ;
-- (marketvalueAmount ?Account ?Day ?Amount) holds
@@ -1676,65 +1532,55 @@ fun shareOf : El Share -> El Organization -> Formula ;
-- on the Day ?Day.
fun shortBalanceAmount : El FinancialAccount -> El Day -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (signedBy ?Instrument ?Agent) means that ?Instrument
-- has been signed by ?Agent.
fun signedBy : El Certificate -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ;
-- (simpleInterest ?Account ?Amount ?Time) means
-- that ?Amount is the interest calculated on a principal sum, not compounded on
-- earned interest, for the duration ?Time.
fun simpleInterest : El FinancialAccount -> El Interest -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
fun splitFor : El StockSplit -> El Integer -> El Integer -> Formula ;
-- (statementAccount ?Statement ?Account) means
-- that ?Account is the account of the BankStatement ?Statement.
fun statementAccount : El BankStatement -> El FinancialAccount -> Formula ;
-- (statementInterest ?Statement ?Amount) holds
-- if ?Amount is the interest amount as shown on the BankStatement ?Statement.
fun statementInterest : El BankStatement -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (statementPeriod ?Statement ?Period) means that
-- ?Period is the time period of the BankStatement ?Statement.
fun statementPeriod : El BankStatement -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- A unique symbol assigned to a security. NYSE and
-- AMEX listed stocks have symbols of three characters or less. NASDAQ_listed
-- securities have four or five characters.
fun stockSymbol : El Stock -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
-- The specified price on an option contract at
-- which the contract may be exercised, whereby a call option buyer can buy
-- the underlier or a put option buyer can sell the underlier.
fun strikePrice : El FinancialInstrument -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- Income whose taxes can be postponed
-- until a later date. Examples include IRA, 401(k), Keogh Plan, annuity,
-- Savings Bond and Employee Stock Ownership Plan.
fun taxDeferredIncome : El Human -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El OrganizationalProcess -> Formula ;
-- (underlier ?Option ?Instrument) means that
-- ?Instrument is a security which is subject to delivery upon exercise of
-- ?Option.
fun underlier : El Option -> El FinancialInstrument -> Formula ;
-- The annual rate of return on an investment, expressed as a
-- percentage. For bonds and notes, it is the coupon rate divided by the market price.
fun yield : El Investment -> El FunctionQuantity -> Formula ;
-- A profit obtained from an investment. yieldLevel Relates a FinancialAccount to the yield level (i.e. the type of profit)
--which can be expected from the account.
-- A profit obtained from an investment. yieldLevel Relates a FinancialAccount to
-- the yield level (i.e. the type of profit) which can be expected from the account.
fun yieldLevel : El FinancialAccount -> El YieldAttribute -> Formula ;
}

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@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
--# -path=.:englishExtended
abstract HigherOrder = Merge ** {
fun SingleValuedRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> Formula) -> Formula;
def SingleValuedRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x)) (f (var c c ? y))) (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))));
fun AntisymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def AntisymmetricRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))) (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))));
fun IntentionalRelation : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> inScopeOfInterest (var c1 CognitiveAgent ? x) (var c2 Entity ? y)));
-- assume binary predicate, since it is mostly used for that
fun ReflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def ReflexiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x));
fun SymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def SymmetricRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c(\y -> impl (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))));
fun EquivalenceRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def EquivalenceRelation c f = and (and (ReflexiveRelation c f) (SymmetricRelation c f)) (TransitiveRelation c f);
fun TransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def TransitiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c(\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z)))));
fun IrreflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def IrreflexiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x)));
fun AsymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def AsymmetricRelation c f = and (AntisymmetricRelation c f) (IrreflexiveRelation c f);
fun PropositionalAttitude : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def PropositionalAttitude c f = (AsymmetricRelation c f);
fun ObjectAttitude : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def ObjectAttitude c1 c2 f = IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f ;
fun IntransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def IntransitiveRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c(\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))))));
fun PartialOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def PartialOrderingRelation c f = and (and (TransitiveRelation c f) (AntisymmetricRelation c f)) (ReflexiveRelation c f);
fun TrichotomizingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def TrichotomizingRelation c f = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y ->
or
(or
(and
(and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))
(not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))))
(not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))))
(and
(and (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)))
(equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))
(not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)))))
(and
(and (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))
(not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))))
(not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))))));
fun TotalOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def TotalOrderingRelation c f = and (PartialOrderingRelation c f) (TrichotomizingRelation c f) ;
fun OneToOneFunction : (c1, c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ;
def OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = forall c1(\x ->
forall c1(\y -> impl (not(equal (var c1 Entity ? x) (var c1 Entity ? y))) (not (equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x))) (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y)))))));
fun SequenceFunction : (c : Class) -> (El Integer -> Ind c) -> Formula ;
def SequenceFunction c f = OneToOneFunction Integer c f ;
fun AssociativeFunction : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ;
def AssociativeFunction c f = forall c(\x ->
forall c(\y ->
forall c(\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) (el c c ? (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))))) (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z))))));
fun CommutativeFunction : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ;
def CommutativeFunction c1 c2 f = forall c1 (\x ->
forall c1 (\y ->
equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c1 c1 ? y))) (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y) (var c1 c1 ? y)))));
fun identityElement : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> El c -> Formula ;
def identityElement c f elem = forall c(\x -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) elem)) (var c Entity ? x));
fun distributes : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ;
def distributes c f g = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (g (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z))) (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (g (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))) (el c c ? (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))))))));
fun inverse : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def inverse c f g = forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> equiv (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))));
fun subRelation2El : (c1,c2,c3,c4 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> (El c3 -> El c4 -> Formula) -> Formula ;
def subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> impl (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c2 c2 ? y)) (g (var c1 c3 ? x) (var c2 c4 ? y))));
fun KappaFn : (c : Class) -> (Ind c -> Formula) -> Class ;
};

21
examples/SUMO/HigherOrderEng.gf
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@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
--# -path=.:englishExtended
concrete HigherOrderEng of HigherOrder = BasicEng ** open DictLangEng, DictEng, ParadigmsEng, ResEng, ParamBasic in {
lin
AsymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA asymmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
EquivalenceRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN equivalence_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N))))))) ;
IntransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intransitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
-- OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdvCN (UseN one_N) (PrepNP to_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt (NumCard (NumNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01))))))) (UseN function_N)))))))) ;
PartialOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA partial_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
SequenceFunction c f = mkPolSent(PredVP f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sequence_N) (MassNP (UseN function_N))))))) ;
ReflexiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA reflexive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
SymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA symmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
TotalOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA total_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
TransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA transitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intentional_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sub_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
identityElement c f elem = mkPolSent (PredVP elem (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN identity_N) (MassNP (UseN element_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep f))) ;
inverse c f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN inverse_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
};

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examples/SUMO/MergeEng.gf
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@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ GraphPathFn ob1 ob2 = AdvCN (UseN path_N) (PrepNP between_Prep (ConjNP and_Conj
HourFn ob1 ob2 = AdvCN (ApposCN (UseN hour_N) ob1) (PrepNP part_Prep (MassNP ob2)) ;
IntersectionFn ob1 ob2 = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN intersection_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP ob1 ob2))) ;
IntervalFn ob1 ob2 = AdvCN (AdvCN (UseN interval_N) (PrepNP from_Prep ob1)) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2) ;
KappaFn ob1 ob2 = ApposCN (AdvCN (AdvCN (UseN class_N) (PrepNP part_Prep ob1)) where_Adv) (sentToNoun ob2) ;
KappaFn c ob2 = ApposCN (AdvCN (AdvCN (UseN class_N) (PrepNP part_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumPl) c))) where_Adv) (sentToNoun ob2) ;
ListConcatenateFn ob1 ob2 = AdvNP (AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN concatenation_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob1)) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2) ;
ListOrderFn ob1 ob2 = AdvNP (AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN element_N)) (PrepNP with_Prep (MassNP (ApposCN (UseN number_N) ob2)))) (PrepNP in_Prep ob1) ;
LogFn ob1 ob2 = AdvNP (AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN logarithm_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob1)) (PrepNP in_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN base_N) ob2))) ;
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ mutualAcquaintance ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP ob1 ob2)
needs ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a need_V2) ob2)) ;
parallel ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompAP (PositA parallel_A))) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2))) ;
parent ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN parent_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
partialOrderingOn ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA partial_A) (UseN ordering_N))))) (PrepNP on_Prep ob2))) ;
partialOrderingOn c p = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun p) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA partial_A) (UseN ordering_N))))) (PrepNP on_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) c)))) ;
pathLength ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN length_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN path_N) ob2))))) ;
possesses ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a possess_V2) ob2)) ;
precondition ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (MassNP ob1) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN precondition_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (MassNP ob2)))) ;
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ property ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuan
publishes ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a publish_V2) (MassNP ob2))) ;
radius ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN radius_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
refers ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseV refer_V) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2))) ;
reflexiveOn ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompAP (PositA reflexive_A))) (PrepNP on_Prep ob2))) ;
reflexiveOn c p = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun p) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompAP (PositA reflexive_A))) (PrepNP on_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) c)))) ;
relatedEvent ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP ob1 ob2)) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumPl) (AdjCN (PositA (VerbToParticipeA relate_V)) (UseN event_N)))))) ;
relatedInternalConcept ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP ob1 ob2)) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumPl) (AdjCN (PositA (VerbToParticipeA relate_V)) (AdjCN (PositA internal_A) (UseN concept_N))))))) ;
relative ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN relative_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ successorAttribute ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetC
systemPart ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN part_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
temporalPart ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA temporal_A) (UseN part_N))))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
time ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN time_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
totalOrderingOn ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA total_A) (UseN ordering_N))))) (PrepNP on_Prep ob2))) ;
totalOrderingOn c p = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun p) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA total_A) (UseN ordering_N))))) (PrepNP on_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) c)))) ;
traverses ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a traverse_V2) ob2)) ;
uses ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a use_V2) ob2)) ;
version ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP (MassNP ob1) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN version_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (MassNP ob2)))) ;
@@ -982,7 +982,21 @@ synonymousExternalConcept ob1 ob2 ob3 = mkPolSent (PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (Base
greaterThanByQuality ob1 ob2 ob3 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (AdvVP (AdvVP (UseV (mkV "have")) more_Adv) (PrepNP part_Prep (PPartNP ob3 compare_V2))) (PrepNP to_Prep ob2))) ;
prefers ob1 ob2 ob3 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a prefer_V2) (sentToNoun ob2)) (PrepNP to_Prep (sentToNoun ob3)))) ;
--relations
AsymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA asymmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
EquivalenceRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN equivalence_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N))))))) ;
IntransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intransitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
-- OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdvCN (UseN one_N) (PrepNP to_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt (NumCard (NumNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01))))))) (UseN function_N)))))))) ;
PartialOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA partial_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
SequenceFunction c f = mkPolSent(PredVP f (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sequence_N) (MassNP (UseN function_N))))))) ;
ReflexiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA reflexive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
SymmetricRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA symmetric_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
TotalOrderingRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA total_A) (ApposCN (UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 order_V2)) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))))) ;
TransitiveRelation c f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA transitive_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = mkPolSent(PredVP (sentToNoun f) (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA intentional_A) (UseN relation_N)))))) ;
subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN sub_N) (MassNP (UseN relation_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
identityElement c f elem = mkPolSent (PredVP elem (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN identity_N) (MassNP (UseN element_N)))))) (PrepNP part_Prep f))) ;
inverse c f g = mkPolSent (PredVP (sentToNoun f) (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN inverse_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep (sentToNoun g)))) ;
--others
toInt x = {s = \\c => x.s; a = agrP3 Sg; lock_NP = <>} ;

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examples/SUMO/Mid_level_ontologyFre.gf
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@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
--# -path=.:french:romance:abstract:prelude:common
concrete Mid_level_ontologyFre of Mid_level_ontology = MergeFre ** open DictLangFre, ParadigmsFre, LexiconFre, ExtraLexiconFre in{
lin
-- individual instances :
Student = MassNP (UseN student_N) ;
Teacher = MassNP (UseN teacher_N) ;
-- subclasses
Apple = UseN apple_N ;
ArtSchool = ApposCN (UseN art_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
Beer = UseN beer_N ;
BirdEgg = ApposCN (UseN bird_N) (MassNP (UseN egg_N)) ;
Boy = UseN boy_N ;
Closing = UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 close_V2) ;
DaySchool = ApposCN (UseN day_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
Eye = UseN eye_N ;
Girl = UseN girl_N ;
Grass = UseN grass_N ;
Head = UseN head_N ;
Heart = UseN heart_N ;
Knee = UseN knee_N ;
Milk = UseN milk_N ;
Restaurant = UseN restaurant_N ;
-- unary functions :
FirstFn ob = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuantOrd DefArt NumSg (OrdNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01)))))) (UseN element_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob) ;
--bespeak_V2
speaksLanguage ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a speak_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN language_N) ob2)))) ;
student ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN student_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
teacher ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN teacher_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
friend ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN friend_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
cousin ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN cousin_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
fears ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a fear_V2) (sentToNoun ob2))) ;
};

43
examples/SUMO/Mid_level_ontologyRon.gf
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@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
--# -path=.:romanian:abstract:prelude:common
concrete Mid_level_ontologyRon of Mid_level_ontology = MergeRon ** open DictLangRon, ParadigmsRon, LexiconRon, ExtraLexiconRon in{
lin
-- individual instances :
Student = MassNP (UseN student_N) ;
Teacher = MassNP (UseN teacher_N) ;
-- subclasses
Apple = UseN apple_N ;
ArtSchool = ApposCN (UseN art_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
Beer = UseN beer_N ;
BirdEgg = ApposCN (UseN bird_N) (MassNP (UseN egg_N)) ;
Boy = UseN boy_N ;
Closing = UseN2 (VerbToNounV2 close_V2) ;
DaySchool = ApposCN (UseN day_N) (MassNP (UseN school_N)) ;
Eye = UseN eye_N ;
Girl = UseN girl_N ;
Grass = UseN grass_N ;
Head = UseN head_N ;
Heart = UseN heart_N ;
Knee = UseN knee_N ;
Milk = UseN milk_N ;
Restaurant = UseN restaurant_N ;
-- unary functions :
FirstFn ob = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuantOrd DefArt NumSg (OrdNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01)))))) (UseN element_N)) (PrepNP part_Prep ob) ;
--LastFn ob = AdvNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (AdjCN (PositA last_A) (UseN element_N))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob);
--bespeak_V2
speaksLanguage ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a speak_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (ApposCN (UseN language_N) ob2)))) ;
student ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN student_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
teacher ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN teacher_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
friend ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN friend_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
cousin ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (AdvVP (UseComp (CompNP (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN cousin_N)))) (PrepNP part_Prep ob2))) ;
fears ob1 ob2 = mkPolSent (PredVP ob1 (ComplSlash (SlashV2a fear_V2) (sentToNoun ob2))) ;
};

54
examples/SUMO/Military.gf
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@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
abstract Military = open Merge, Mid_level_ontology in {
abstract Military = MidLevelOntology ** {
-- A modern nation_states' air forces
-- (the whole branch of service) and not a subdivision thereof.
@@ -13,7 +10,6 @@ fun AirForce_BranchOfService_Class : SubClass AirForce_BranchOfService MilitaryO
-- males of military age in the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
fun AvailableForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
-- In military terminology, a battalion consists of
-- two to six companies typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. The
-- nomenclature varies by nationality and by branch of arms, e.g. some
@@ -90,7 +86,6 @@ fun FieldGradeOfficerRank_Class : SubClass FieldGradeOfficerRank CommissionedOff
-- of being a member of the military.
fun FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
-- Admirals (Navy), Generals (Army) and
-- Marshals who typically command units that are expected to operate
-- independently for extended periods of time (brigades and larger, fleets of
@@ -98,12 +93,10 @@ fun FitForMilitaryServiceMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Integer ;
fun FlagOfficerRank : Class ;
fun FlagOfficerRank_Class : SubClass FlagOfficerRank CommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- Military operations conducted to
-- distribute food to the friendly force. (from FM 100_40)
-- Military operations conducted to distribute food to the friendly force. (from FM 100_40)
fun FoodDistributionOperation : Class ;
fun FoodDistributionOperation_Class : SubClass FoodDistributionOperation (both Getting (both Giving MilitaryOperation)) ;
-- A MilitaryUnit composed primarily of Soldiers
-- who fight on foot, i.e. without the use of heavy artillery.
fun InfantryUnit : Class ;
@@ -140,9 +133,8 @@ fun MilitaryOperation_Class : SubClass MilitaryOperation MilitaryProcess ;
fun MilitaryPlatform : Class ;
fun MilitaryPlatform_Class : SubClass MilitaryPlatform TransportationDevice ;
-- The class of Positions in a Military. Rank
-- is usually commensurate with degrees of power, prestige and
-- pay.
-- The class of Positions in a Military. Rank is usually commensurate
-- with degrees of power, prestige and pay.
fun MilitaryRank : Class ;
fun MilitaryRank_Class : SubClass MilitaryRank SkilledOccupation ;
@@ -150,7 +142,6 @@ fun MilitaryRank_Class : SubClass MilitaryRank SkilledOccupation ;
fun MilitarySupplyTruck : Class ;
fun MilitarySupplyTruck_Class : SubClass MilitarySupplyTruck (both MilitarySupportVehicle Truck) ;
-- Vehicles meant to be used for support, rather
-- than combat in a military context.
fun MilitarySupportVehicle : Class ;
@@ -199,13 +190,11 @@ fun Platoon_Class : SubClass Platoon MilitaryUnit ;
fun PrivateRank : Class ;
fun PrivateRank_Class : SubClass PrivateRank EnlistedSoldierRank ;
-- (equal
-- (ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn ?AREA ?YEAR) ?COUNT) means that in the
-- (equal (ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn ?AREA ?YEAR) ?COUNT) means that in the
-- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, there are ?COUNT number of male individuals who for
-- that year ?YEAR come to be of militaryAge.
fun ReachingMilitaryAgeAnnuallyMaleFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> El Year -> Ind Integer ;
-- Military operations conducted to protect the friendly
-- force by providing early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the force
-- being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, and to
@@ -219,16 +208,13 @@ fun SecurityOperation_Class : SubClass SecurityOperation MilitaryOperation ;
fun SeniorNCORank : Class ;
fun SeniorNCORank_Class : SubClass SeniorNCORank NonCommissionedOfficerRank ;
-- Any Soldier who is tasked with
-- carrying the colors of his/her unit in Battles and parades.
-- Any Soldier who is tasked with carrying the colors of his/her unit in Battles and parades.
fun StandardBearer : Class ;
fun StandardBearer_Class : SubClass StandardBearer Soldier ;
-- Any Soldier who served during the
-- American Civil War
-- Any Soldier who served during the American Civil War
fun USCivilWarSoldier : Ind Soldier ;
-- The class of Positions in the USMilitary.
fun USMilitaryRank : Class ;
fun USMilitaryRank_Class : SubClass USMilitaryRank MilitaryRank ;
@@ -238,49 +224,41 @@ fun USMilitaryRank_Class : SubClass USMilitaryRank MilitaryRank ;
-- Private in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman Recruit in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE1 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Airman in the Air Force, Private in the USArmy,
-- Private First Class in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman Apprentice in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE2 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Airman First Class in the Air Force, Private First Class in the USArmy,
-- Lance Corporal in the USMarineCorps, and Seaman in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE3 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Senior Airman in the Air Force, Specialist or Corporal in the USArmy,
-- Corporal in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 3rd Class in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE4 : Ind (both PrivateRank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Staff Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant in the USArmy,
-- Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 2nd Class in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE5 : Ind (both JuniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Technical Sergeant in the Air Force, Staff Sergeant in the USArmy,
-- Staff Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Petty Officer 1st Class in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE6 : Ind (both JuniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Sergeant First Class in the USArmy,
-- Gunnery Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Chief Petty Officer in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE7 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously called
-- Senior Master Sergeant in the Air Force, Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the USArmy,
-- Master Sergeant or First Sergeant in the USMarineCorps, and Senior Chief Petty Officer in the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE8 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A USMilitaryRank that is variously
-- called Chief Master Sergeant or Command Chief Master Sergeant or Chief
-- Master Sergeant of the Air Force in the Air Force, Sergeant Major or
@@ -291,13 +269,10 @@ fun USMilitaryRankE8 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- the USNavy.
fun USMilitaryRankE9 : Ind (both SeniorNCORank USMilitaryRank) ;
-- A special USMilitaryRank
-- above E9 that marks usually the end of carrier of non_commissioned
-- officers.
-- A special USMilitaryRank above E9 that marks usually the end of
-- carrier of non_commissioned officers.
fun USMilitaryRankE9special : Ind (both USMilitaryRank SeniorNCORank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO1 : Ind (both CompanyGradeRank USMilitaryRank) ;
fun USMilitaryRankO10 : Ind (both FlagOfficerRank USMilitaryRank) ;
@@ -334,7 +309,6 @@ fun USMilitaryRankWO5 : Ind (both USWarrantOfficerRank (both USMilitaryRank Comm
-- during the American Revolutionary War
fun USRevolutionaryWarSoldier : Ind Soldier ;
-- In the United States military, a
-- warrant officer was originally, and strictly, a highly skilled,
-- single_track specialty officer. But as many chief warrant officers assume
@@ -364,37 +338,31 @@ fun USWarrantOfficerRank_Class : SubClass USWarrantOfficerRank CommissionedOffic
-- simply between them.
fun betweenOnPath : El Object -> El Object -> El Object -> Formula ;
-- The typical MilitaryRank of
-- the leader of an instance of the given MilitaryEchelon.
fun commandRankOfEchelon: Desc MilitaryUnit -> El MilitaryRank -> Formula ;
-- (fitForMilitaryService ?AGENT ?PROCESS)
-- means that ?AGENT is capable of carrying out the MilitaryProcess ?PROCESS as
-- the agent of the ?PROCESS.
fun fitForMilitaryService: El CognitiveAgent -> Desc MilitaryProcess -> Formula ;
-- (militaryAge ?AREA ?AGE) means that in the
-- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA, a person must be ?AGE or older in order to be a
-- member of the military of the ?AREA.
fun militaryAge : El GeopoliticalArea -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP ?AREA ?FRACTION) means
-- that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is
-- ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area.
fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDP : El GeopoliticalArea -> El RationalNumber -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod ?AREA ?FRACTION ?PERIOD)
-- means that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA
-- was ?FRACTION of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that area during the
-- TimeInterval indicated by ?PERIOD.
fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El RationalNumber -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresInUSDollars ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the
-- estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA is ?AMOUNT
-- in UnitedStatesDollars. Note: This predicate was created to represent
@@ -405,7 +373,6 @@ fun militaryExpendituresFractionOfGDPInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El Ration
-- PPPBasedEconomicValuation. Military expenditures data is approximate.
fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollars : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod ?AREA ?AMOUNT ?PERIOD) means
-- that the estimated military spending of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA was
-- ?AMOUNT in UnitedStatesDollars during the TimeInterval indicated by
@@ -417,15 +384,14 @@ fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollars : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure
-- military expenditures data should be treated as only approximate.
fun militaryExpendituresInUSDollarsInPeriod : El GeopoliticalArea -> El CurrencyMeasure -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
-- (militaryOfArea ?MILITARY ?AREA)
-- denotes that ?MILITARY is a MilitaryOrganization serving in defense of
-- the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.
fun militaryOfArea : El MilitaryOrganization -> El GeopoliticalArea -> Formula ;
-- A subEchelon is a relationship between
-- named organizational unit types in which a unit of one type is a
-- subOrganization of the other.
fun subEchelon: Desc MilitaryUnit -> Desc MilitaryUnit -> Formula ;
}

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@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
abstract QoSontology = open Merge, Mid_level_ontology, engineering in {
abstract QoSontology = MidLevelOntology, Engineering ** {
-- To exit a function or application without saving
-- any data that has been changed.
@@ -19,7 +16,6 @@ fun AbstractionLevelAttribute_Class : SubClass AbstractionLevelAttribute TimingR
-- physical address of the ComputerFile ?FILE.
fun AddressFn : El ComputerFile -> Ind PhysicalAddress ;
-- An instance of the class
-- RealtimeSystem has Initiation_DesignPattern if it consists of
-- sensors connected to a software module that filters data from the
@@ -53,7 +49,6 @@ fun BerkeleySoftwareDistribution_Class : SubClass BerkeleySoftwareDistribution O
-- transfer in a communications system.
fun BitsPerSecond : Class ;
-- A network in which all nodes are connected
-- to a single wire (the bus) that has two endpoints. Ethernet 10Base_2
-- and 10Base_5 networks, for example, are bus networks. Other common
@@ -66,12 +61,10 @@ fun BusNetwork_Class : SubClass BusNetwork LAN ;
fun CPU : Class ;
fun CPU_Class : SubClass CPU (both ComputerComponent ComputerHardware) ;
-- (CPUUtilizationFn ?PROGRAM) refers to
-- the percentage of time the CPU is used by an application ?PROGRAM.
fun CPUUtilizationFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind ConstantQuantity ;
-- A subclass of
-- TimingRequirementAttribute, which includes
-- MultipleRequirement_Complexity and SingleRequirement_Complexity.
@@ -135,7 +128,6 @@ fun ComputerInputDevice_Class : SubClass ComputerInputDevice ComputerHardware ;
fun ComputerMemory : Class ;
fun ComputerMemory_Class : SubClass ComputerMemory (both ComputerComponent ComputerHardware) ;
-- The network includes the network
-- operating system in the client and server machines, the cables
-- connecting them and all supporting hardware in between such as
@@ -143,7 +135,6 @@ fun ComputerMemory_Class : SubClass ComputerMemory (both ComputerComponent Compu
fun ComputerNetwork : Class ;
fun ComputerNetwork_Class : SubClass ComputerNetwork (both ComputationalSystem RealtimeSystem) ;
-- Any peripheral that presents
-- output from the computer, such as a screen or printer.
fun ComputerOutputDevice : Class ;
@@ -231,8 +222,7 @@ fun ConsoleApplication_Class : SubClass ConsoleApplication ComputerProgram ;
fun ContinuousPath : Class ;
fun ContinuousPath_Class : SubClass ContinuousPath ComputerPathAttribute ;
-- Encoding data to take up less storage
-- space.
-- Encoding data to take up less storage space.
fun DataCompression : Class ;
fun DataCompression_Class : SubClass DataCompression ComputerProcess ;
@@ -265,7 +255,6 @@ fun Database_Class : SubClass Database ComputerData ;
-- or the acceptance of its outputs by another function.
fun Dependent_TaskRelation : Ind TaskRelationAttribute ;
-- This is a subclass of
-- RealtimeSystemAttribute, which includes Guidance_DesignPattern,
-- Initiation_DesignPattern, and Assessment_DesignPattern.
@@ -299,15 +288,13 @@ fun DynamicDataStream_Class : SubClass DynamicDataStream ComputerPathAttribute ;
fun EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute : Class ;
fun EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute_Class : SubClass EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute RelationalAttribute ;
-- An instant in time that is arbitrarily selected as a point
-- of reference.
-- An instant in time that is arbitrarily selected as a point of reference.
fun Epoch : Class ;
fun Epoch_Class : SubClass Epoch TimePoint ;
-- Able to be run in its current format.
fun Executable : Ind RelationalAttribute ;
-- The class of all messages to a resource
-- management program from one of its processes.
fun Feedback : Class ;
@@ -352,7 +339,6 @@ fun Guidance_DesignPattern_Class : SubClass Guidance_DesignPattern DesignPattern
fun HardDiskDrive : Class ;
fun HardDiskDrive_Class : SubClass HardDiskDrive (both ComputerComponent ComputerHardware) ;
-- An attribute that applies to a
-- RealtimeSystem just in case all deadlines are met.
fun Hard_Strictness : Class ;
@@ -367,22 +353,18 @@ fun Hard_Strictness_Class : SubClass Hard_Strictness StrictnessAttribute ;
fun HardwareSystem : Class ;
fun HardwareSystem_Class : SubClass HardwareSystem (both ComputationalSystem (both ComputerHardware RealtimeSystem)) ;
-- Used to indicate that a ComputationalSystem
-- has a high priority.
fun HighPriority : Ind PriorityAttribute ;
-- An attribute which applies to a computer that ceases to
-- operate due to hardware or software failure.
fun HostDown : Ind ComputerStatus ;
-- An attribute which applies to a computer that is
-- functional, operating properly, and ready to receive work requests.
fun HostReady : Ind ComputerStatus ;
-- An attribute that applies to a
-- RealtimeSystem just in case the strictness of the system is a
-- combination of Hard/Firm/Soft_Strictness with Importance_Strictness
@@ -429,7 +411,6 @@ fun Independent_TaskRelation_Class : SubClass Independent_TaskRelation TaskRelat
-- characteristics.
fun InitialProfileFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind ProcessState ;
-- An instance of the class
-- RealtimeSystem has Initiation_DesignPattern if it consists of
-- one software module and the actuators it commands. The design pattern
@@ -445,8 +426,7 @@ fun InitialProfileFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind ProcessState ;
fun Initiation_DesignPattern : Class ;
fun Initiation_DesignPattern_Class : SubClass Initiation_DesignPattern DesignPatternAttribute ;
-- The attribute
-- Instrument_AbstractionLevel is the lowest level of abstraction,
-- The attribute Instrument_AbstractionLevel is the lowest level of abstraction,
-- which can be used to describe a real_time system or subsystem.
fun Instrument_AbstractionLevel : Class ;
fun Instrument_AbstractionLevel_Class : SubClass Instrument_AbstractionLevel AbstractionLevelAttribute ;
@@ -465,7 +445,6 @@ fun LAN_Class : SubClass LAN ComputerNetwork ;
-- has a low priority.
fun LowPriority : Ind PriorityAttribute ;
-- Each element of MeasuringPerformance
-- is an event of measuring the performance of an instance of ComputerComponent,
-- performed by a MonitoringProgram.
@@ -559,14 +538,12 @@ fun Packet_Class : SubClass Packet ComputerData ;
-- transferred in a second.
fun PacketsPerSecond : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ;
-- The attribute which denotes that
-- the path importance is defined by the dynamic library procedure
-- pathImportanceFunction. This functions passes arguments for priority
-- and current time and returns an integer that represents importance.
fun PathImportanceFunction : Ind ComputerPathAttribute ;
-- An instance of the class
-- RealtimeSystem is described as a system with Periodic_SystemBehavior
-- when it is activated at regular intervals.
@@ -594,7 +571,6 @@ fun PriorityAttribute_Class : SubClass PriorityAttribute RelationalAttribute ;
-- its goal.
fun ProcessFailure : Ind ProcessStatus ;
-- The class of all the information required
-- for a ComputerProgram to run on a processor. It is a vector that
-- contains a pointer to the next program instruction to be executed as well
@@ -613,7 +589,6 @@ fun ProcessStatus_Class : SubClass ProcessStatus RelationalAttribute ;
-- its goal.
fun ProcessSuccess : Ind ProcessStatus ;
-- A function to be performed.
fun ProcessTask : Class ;
fun ProcessTask_Class : SubClass ProcessTask Abstract ;
@@ -646,7 +621,6 @@ fun RealtimeSystemAttribute_Class : SubClass RealtimeSystemAttribute RelationalA
-- a program can be restarted on the same host.
fun ReplicationsOnSameHostOK : Ind SoftwareAttribute ;
-- This attribute applies
-- to real_time systems that are designed and implemented so that the system
-- can adapt under the control of a resource allocation manager like Desiderata.
@@ -662,7 +636,6 @@ fun ResourceManagementProgram_Class : SubClass ResourceManagementProgram Compute
-- can be restarted.
fun Restartable : Ind SoftwareAttribute ;
-- To use the same resource again.
fun ReusingAResource : Class ;
fun ReusingAResource_Class : SubClass ReusingAResource ComputerProcess ;
@@ -679,13 +652,11 @@ fun SatisfyingRequirements_Class : SubClass SatisfyingRequirements ProcessTask ;
-- applications or devices for greater scalability.
fun ScalabilityCombining : Ind SoftwareAttribute ;
-- The attribute which denotes that
-- a program can split its output stream to different succeeding
-- applications or devices for greater scalability.
fun ScalabilitySplitting : Ind SoftwareAttribute ;
-- The attribute which denotes that the path is
-- scalable, i.e. the applications in the path can be replicated to meet
-- realtime QoS requirements.
@@ -715,7 +686,6 @@ fun ShutdownBlock_Class : SubClass ShutdownBlock ComputerProgram ;
-- ShutdownBlock which contains the instructions to end ?PROGRAM.
fun ShutdownFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind ShutdownBlock ;
-- An attribute that describes
-- instances of RealtimeSystems which require a single timing requirement,
-- either a bound for completion time for systems with
@@ -752,7 +722,6 @@ fun SoftwareAttribute_Class : SubClass SoftwareAttribute RelationalAttribute ;
fun SoftwareSystem : Class ;
fun SoftwareSystem_Class : SubClass SoftwareSystem (both ComputationalSystem RealtimeSystem) ;
-- The class of all instances of Solaris , a
-- unix_based operating system for Sun SPARC computers. It includes the
-- Open Look and Motif graphical user interfaces, OpenWindows (the Sun
@@ -776,7 +745,6 @@ fun StartupBlock_Class : SubClass StartupBlock ComputerProgram ;
-- StartupBlock which contains the instructions to start the ?Program.
fun StartupFn : El ComputerProgram -> Ind StartupBlock ;
-- The attribute which denotes that
-- the time between data or groups of data changes according to no
-- discernible pattern.
@@ -865,7 +833,6 @@ fun UniformResourceName_Class : SubClass UniformResourceName UniformResourceIden
-- January 1, 1970.
fun UnixEpoch : Ind Epoch ;
-- An established relationship between a user and a
-- computer, network or information service. User accounts require a username and
-- password, and new user accounts are given a default set of permissions.
@@ -915,86 +882,69 @@ fun abstractionLevel : El RealtimeSystem -> El AbstractionLevelAttribute -> Form
-- of a ComputerNetwork ?NET, measured in bits per second.
fun bandwidthOf : El ComputerNetwork -> El BitsPerSecond -> Formula ;
-- (batchInterArrival ?PATH ?TIME)
-- holds if ?TIME is the maximum allowable time between processing of a
-- particular element of a continuous or quasicontinuous path's data
-- stream in successive cycles.
fun batchInterArrival : El ComputerPath -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (batchLatency ?PATH ?TIME)holds if ?TIME
-- is the maximum allowed latency for all cycles of a quasicontinuous path.
fun batchLatency : El ComputerPath -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (benchmarkPerformance ?SYSTEM
-- ?TEST ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER is a benchmark for measuring the performance
-- of an instance of a ComputationalSystem.
fun benchmarkPerformance : El ComputationalSystem -> El MonitoringProgram -> El Quantity -> Formula ;
-- (collectRate ?System ?Period) holds if ?Period is
-- the period at which ComputationalSystem ?System collects data.
fun collectRate : El ComputationalSystem -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (commandLineArguments ?PROGRAM
-- ?LIST) means that the application ?PROGRAM requires command line
-- (commandLineArguments ?PROGRAM ?LIST) means that the application ?PROGRAM requires command line
-- arguments, as specified in ?LIST.
fun commandLineArguments : El ComputerProgram -> El List -> Formula ;
-- (complexity ?System ?Attribute) holds if
-- ?Attribute is a TimingRequirementAttribute which describes the
-- RealtimeSystem ?System.
fun complexity : El RealtimeSystem -> El TimingRequirementAttribute -> Formula ;
-- (componentDataID ?TIME ?COMPONENT ?INSTANCE
-- ?UNIT ?NUMBER) holds if ?INSTANCE is an instance of ?COMPONENT, identified by
-- IDNumber ?NUMBER, and whose performance is measured by a UnitOfMeasure_ComputerPerformance ?UNIT. The timestamp ?TIME identifies the time when this
-- information was created.
fun componentDataID: El TimePosition -> Desc ComputerComponent -> El ComputerComponent -> El UnitOfMeasure -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
-- (computerResponseTo ?Response ?Request) means that
-- ?Response is a ComputerResponse to the UserRequest ?Request.
fun computerResponseTo : El ComputerResponse -> El UserRequest -> Formula ;
-- (computerRunning ?Process ?Computer)
-- means that the ComputerProcess ?Process is running on ?Computer.
fun computerRunning : El ComputerProcess -> El Computer -> Formula ;
-- (criticalityLevel ?PROGRAM ?INTEGER)
-- holds just in case ?INTEGER indicates the relative priority of ?PROGRAM
-- with respect to other applications within the SoftwareSystem.
fun criticalityLevel : El ComputerProgram -> El Integer -> Formula ;
-- (dataID ?PROGRAM ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER is a small
-- number associated with an instance of MonitoringProgram.
fun dataID : El MonitoringProgram -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
-- The data being processed during a
-- ComputerProcess.
-- The data being processed during a ComputerProcess.
fun dataProcessed : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerData -> Formula ;
-- (dataStreamSlack ?PATH ?N) means that
-- a continuous or quasicontinuous path ?PATH should be able to process ?N
-- additional data items at any time.
fun dataStreamSlack : El ComputerPath -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
-- (defaultNetwork ?SYSTEM ?NET) holds if
-- ?NET is the default network of the HardwareSystem ?SYSTEM.
fun defaultNetwork : El HardwareSystem -> El ComputerNetwork -> Formula ;
-- if the dependency type is StartupBlock,
-- then (dependencyDelay ?PROGRAM ?TIME) means that the application
-- ?PROGRAM can only be started after a dependency delay of ?TIME after the
@@ -1004,351 +954,276 @@ fun defaultNetwork : El HardwareSystem -> El ComputerNetwork -> Formula ;
-- is stopped.
fun dependencyDelay : El ComputerProgram -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (dependencyType ?PROGRAM ?TYPE) means
-- that ?PROGRAM has a dependency type ?TYPE, where ?TYPE can be either
-- StartupBlock or ShutdownBlock.
fun dependencyType: El ComputerProgram -> Desc ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
-- (designPattern ?System ?Attribute) holds
-- if ?Attribute is a DesignPatternAttribute which describes the
-- RealtimeSystem ?System.
fun designPattern : El RealtimeSystem -> El DesignPatternAttribute -> Formula ;
-- (directoryOf ?FILE ?DIRECTORY) means that
-- the ComputerFile ?FILE is in the ComputerDirectory ?DIRECTORY.
fun directoryOf : El ComputerFile -> El ComputerDirectory -> Formula ;
-- (environmentAttributes ?Program
-- ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is an EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute
-- (environmentAttributes ?Program ?Attribute) holds if ?Attribute is an EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute
-- which describes the ComputerProgram ?Program.
fun environmentAttributes : El ComputerProgram -> El EnvironmentSoftwareAttribute -> Formula ;
-- (formOfAdaptation ?System ?Attribute)
-- holds if ?Attribute is a FormOfAdaptationAttribute which describes the
-- RealtimeSystem ?System.
fun formOfAdaptation : El RealtimeSystem -> El FormOfAdaptationAttribute -> Formula ;
-- Granularity is a sub_property of the
-- timing requirements property of real_time systems. Granularity is
-- defined by how a timing requirement is specified in units of time.
fun granularity : El RealtimeSystem -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (hardwareType ?TYPE ?COMPUTER) means that
-- TYPE represents the computer vendor model name, as well as the version
-- of the product.
fun hardwareType : El SymbolicString -> El Computer -> Formula ;
-- (hasAccount ?User ?Account) holds if ?User is
-- assigned the UserAccount ?Account.
fun hasAccount : El ComputerUser -> El UserAccount -> Formula ;
-- (hasDependency ?PROGRAM1 ?PROGRAM2)
-- holds if ?PROGRAM1 is dependent on the application ?PROGRAM2.
fun hasDependency : El ComputerProgram -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
-- (heartBeatRate ?Program ?Period) holds if
-- ?Period is the period at which the ComputerProgram ?Program sends its heartbeat
-- to a monitoring process.
fun heartBeatRate : El ComputerProgram -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- Interference on an analog line caused by a variation
-- of a signal from its reference timing slots. Jitter can cause problems in the receipt
-- of data and any subsequent processing of that data.
fun hostJitter : El Computer -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
-- (hostOf ?SYSTEM ?COMPUTER) means that ?COMPUTER
-- is the host of the computational system ?SYSTEM.
fun hostOf : El ComputationalSystem -> El Computer -> Formula ;
-- (hostStatus ?Computer ?Status) means that ?Status
-- describes the status of the Computer, such as HostDown, HostReady.
fun hostStatus : El Computer -> El ComputerStatus -> Formula ;
-- The degree of sharpness of a displayed or printed
-- image.
-- The degree of sharpness of a displayed or printed image.
fun imageResolution : El ImageFile -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ;
-- (ipAddressOf ?HOST ?ADDRESS) holds if ?ADDRESS is the IPAddress of
-- the computer ?HOST.
fun ipAddressOf : El Computer -> El IPAddress -> Formula ;
-- In performance measurement, the current use of a
-- system as a percentage of total capacity.
fun load : El ComputerComponent -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
-- (maximumReplications ?PROGRAM ?INTEGER) means that
-- ?INTEGER represents the maximum number of copies of this application which can be run
-- during a process.
fun maximumReplications : El ComputerProgram -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
-- (memorySize ?System ?Size) holds if
-- ?Size is the required memory size for the ComputationalSystem
-- ?System.
-- ?Size is the required memory size for the ComputationalSystem ?System.
fun memorySize : El ComputationalSystem -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
-- (minimumReplications ?PROGRAM
-- ?INTEGER) means that ?INTEGER represents the minimum copies of the
-- application ?PROGRAM required to be survivable, where a program is
-- (minimumReplications ?PROGRAM ?INTEGER) means that ?INTEGER represents
-- the minimum copies of the application ?PROGRAM required to be survivable, where a program is
-- survivable if the failure of one or more resources does not result
-- in the failure of the program. Either long MTTF for the system as a
-- whole or short MTTR when failure occurs would improve the survivability
-- of a program.
fun minimumReplications : El ComputerProgram -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
-- (monitorApplicationData ?TIME
-- ?APPLICATION) holds if the time stamp ?TIME specifies the time at which
-- ?APPLICATION is running.
fun monitorApplicationData : El TimePosition -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
-- (monitorComponentData ?TIME ?ID
-- ?NUMBER) holds if at time ?TIME, a component with the IDNumber ?ID
-- has a performance of a value ?NUMBER.
fun monitorComponentData : El TimePosition -> El SymbolicString -> El RealNumber -> Formula ;
-- (monitorConnectivityData ?TIME
-- ?IPADDRESS) is a relation between a timestamp ?TIME and an ?IP address.
fun monitorConnectivityData : El TimePosition -> El IPAddress -> Formula ;
-- (numberOfCPUs ?COMPUTER ?INTEGER) means
-- that the number of CPUs for the host ?COMPUTER is equal to INTEGER.
fun numberOfCPUs : El Computer -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
-- (password ?Password ?User) means that ?Password is
-- the password the ComputerUser uses while logging onto a computer system.
fun password : El ComputerUser -> El ComputerPassword -> Formula ;
-- (performanceResult ?EVENT ?COMPONENT
-- ?NUMBER) holds if the performance of ?COMPONENT has a value ?NUMBER,
-- measured by ?EVENT, an instance of MeasuringPerformance.
-- (performanceResult ?EVENT ?COMPONENT ?NUMBER) holds if the performance of
-- ?COMPONENT has a value ?NUMBER, measured by ?EVENT, an instance of MeasuringPerformance.
fun performanceResult : El MeasuringPerformance -> El ComputerComponent -> El RealNumber -> Formula ;
-- (portNumber ?PROGRAM ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER identifies a protocol
-- port, i.e. a TCP_IP software abstraction used to distinguish different applications providing
-- services within a single destination computer. The different ports on a host are identified by a
-- positive 16_bit number.
fun portNumber : El ComputerProgram -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
-- (priority ?SYSTEM ?QUANTITY) means that the
-- priority of the ?SYSTEM is characterized by a PriorityAttribute, such
-- as HighPriority or LowPriority.
fun priority : El ComputationalSystem -> El PriorityAttribute -> Formula ;
-- (processAborted ?Abort ?Process) means
-- that the ComputerProcess ?Process is aborted as the result of ?Abort.
fun processAborted : El Abort -> El ComputerProcess -> Formula ;
-- (processID ?PROCESS ?NUMBER) holds if ?NUMBER is a unique number
-- generated by the operating system and used to refer to the ComputerProcess ?PROCESS. There
-- is usually no significance to the numbers as they are reused as old processes die and new processes
-- are created.
fun processID : El ComputerProcess -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
-- The arguments of this relation are data
-- structures, each of which contains the information necessary for the
-- process already loaded by the operating system to execute on a processor.
fun processList : [El Entity] -> Formula ;
-- (productModel ?Model ?Product) means that
-- ?Model represents the type of the Product ?Product
fun productModel : El SymbolicString -> El Product -> Formula ;
-- (programCopy ?File ?Program) means that
-- the ComputerFile ?File is one of the copies of the ComputerProgram
-- ?Program.
fun programCopy : El ComputerFile -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
-- (programRunning ?Process ?Program)
-- means that the ComputerProcess ?Process is executing the
-- ComputerProgram ?Program.
fun programRunning : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
-- (qoSSlack ?PATH ?MIN ?MAX) holds if ?PATH
-- has a realtime QoS maximum slack percentage of ?MAX and minimum of
-- ?MIN.
-- has a realtime QoS maximum slack percentage of ?MAX and minimum of ?MIN.
fun qoSSlack : El ComputerPath -> El ConstantQuantity -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
-- (rMProgram_of ?RM ?SYSTEM) means that
-- ?RM is the resource management program of the SoftwareSystem ?SYSTEM.
fun rMProgram_of : El ResourceManagementProgram -> El SoftwareSystem -> Formula ;
-- (requestRate ?Request ?Period) means that
-- ?Period is the period at which the user sends its ?Request.
fun requestRate : El UserRequest -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (resourceUsed ?Process ?Resource) means that the
-- ComputerProcess ?Process has access to the ComputerResource ?Resource.
fun resourceUsed : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerResource -> Formula ;
-- (responseRate ?Response ?Period) means
-- that ?Period is the period at which the computer sends its ?Response.
fun responseRate : El ComputerResponse -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- The time it takes for the computer to comply
-- with a user's request, such as looking up a customer record.
fun responseTime : El UserRequest -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (runningOn ?Program ?Computer) holds if the
-- ComputerProgram ?Program is being executed on ?Computer.
fun runningOn : El ComputerProgram -> El Computer -> Formula ;
-- (runsOn ?Program ?Computer) means that ?Program
-- is capable of running on ?Computer.
fun runsOn : El ComputerProgram -> El Computer -> Formula ;
-- (sendRate ?Program ?Period) holds if ?Period is the
-- period at which the ComputationalSystem ?System sends data reports.
fun sendRate : El ComputationalSystem -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (settlingTime ?PROGRAM ?TIME) says that
-- ?TIME represents seconds to delay after an action was taken with respect
-- to QoS.
-- (settlingTime ?PROGRAM ?TIME) says that ?TIME represents seconds to delay
-- after an action was taken with respect to QoS.
fun settlingTime : El ComputerProgram -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (shutdownOf ?SHUTDOWN ?PROGRAM) holds just
-- in case an instance of ShutdownBlock ?SHUTDOWN specifies a set of
-- instructions to end ?PROGRAM.
fun shutdownOf : El ShutdownBlock -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
-- (simpleDeadline ?PATH ?TIME)holds if
-- ?TIME is the maximum end_to_end path latency during a cycle of a
-- continuous or quasicontinuous path or during the activation of a transient
-- path.
fun simpleDeadline : El ComputerPath -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (slidingWindowSize ?PATH ?N) holds
-- if PATH has a realtime QoS sliding window size of ?N measured samples.
fun slidingWindowSize : El ComputerPath -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ;
-- (softwarePath ?SYSTEM ?PATH) means that
-- ?PATH is a computer path for the instance of SoftwareSystem ?SYSTEM.
fun softwarePath : El SoftwareSystem -> El ComputerPath -> Formula ;
-- (standardErrorDevice ?PROGRAM
-- ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined error channel
-- with which the running version of this program is initialised.
-- (standardErrorDevice ?PROGRAM ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined
-- error channel with which the running version of this program is initialised.
fun standardErrorDevice : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerOutputDevice -> Formula ;
-- (standardInputDevice ?PROCESS
-- ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined input channel
-- with which the running version of the program PROCESS is initialised.
-- (standardInputDevice ?PROCESS ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is
-- the predefined input channel with which the running version of the program PROCESS is initialised.
fun standardInputDevice : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerInputDevice -> Formula ;
-- (standardOutputDevice ?PROGRAM
-- ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is the predefined output channel
-- with which the running version of this program is initialised.
-- (standardOutputDevice ?PROGRAM ?DEVICE) holds just in case the DEVICE is
-- the predefined output channel with which the running version of this program is initialised.
fun standardOutputDevice : El ComputerProcess -> El ComputerOutputDevice -> Formula ;
-- (startupOf ?STARTUP ?PROGRAM) holds just in
-- case an instance of StartupBlock ?STARTUP specifies a set of instructions
-- to start the ?PROGRAM.
-- (startupOf ?STARTUP ?PROGRAM) holds just in case an instance of
-- StartupBlock ?STARTUP specifies a set of instructions to start the ?PROGRAM.
fun startupOf : El StartupBlock -> El ComputerProgram -> Formula ;
-- (startupTimeDelay ?PROGRAM ?TIME)
-- says that ?TIME is the time to delay after the previous application
-- was started before starting the application ?PROGRAM.
fun startupTimeDelay : El ComputerProgram -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
-- (stateOfProcess ?PROCESS ?STATE) says
-- that ?STATE is a state of the ComputerProcess ?PROCESS.
fun stateOfProcess : El ComputerProcess -> El ProcessState -> Formula ;
-- (status ?PROCESS ?STATUS) holds if ?STATUS is the current status of ?PROCESS.
fun status : El ComputerProcess -> El ProcessStatus -> Formula ;
-- (strictness ?System ?Attribute) holds if
-- the StrictnessAttribute ?Attribute describes the RealtimeSystem
-- ?System.
-- the StrictnessAttribute ?Attribute describes the RealtimeSystem ?System.
fun strictness : El RealtimeSystem -> El StrictnessAttribute -> Formula ;
-- (systemBehavior ?System ?Attribute)
-- holds if ?Attribute is a SystemBehaviorAttribute which describes the
-- RealtimeSystem ?System.
fun systemBehavior : El RealtimeSystem -> El SystemBehaviorAttribute -> Formula ;
-- (systemMeasured ?Event ?System) means that
-- ?Event is an event of measuring the performance of the ComputationalSystem
-- ?System.
-- (systemMeasured ?Event ?System) means that ?Event is an event of measuring
-- the performance of the ComputationalSystem ?System.
fun systemMeasured : El MeasuringPerformance -> El ComputationalSystem -> Formula ;
-- (task ?Process ?Task) means that ?Task is a function to
-- be performed by the ComputerProcess ?Process.
fun task : El ComputerProcess -> El ProcessTask -> Formula ;
-- (taskRelation ?System ?Attribute) holds
-- if ?Attribute is a TaskRelationAttribute which describes the
-- RealtimeSystem ?System.
fun taskRelation : El RealtimeSystem -> El TaskRelationAttribute -> Formula ;
fun thresholdOf : El Computer -> El PositiveRealNumber -> Formula ;
-- (unitMeasuringPerformance ?COMPONENT
-- ?UNIT) holds in case ?UNIT is an instance of UnitOfMeasure which is used to
-- measure the performance of ?COMPONENT.
-- (unitMeasuringPerformance ?COMPONENT ?UNIT) holds in case ?UNIT is
-- an instance of UnitOfMeasure which is used to measure the performance of ?COMPONENT.
fun unitMeasuringPerformance : El ComputerComponent -> El UnitOfMeasure -> Formula ;
-- (userName ?Name ?User) means that ?Name is the name
-- the ComputerUser uses to identify himself or herself when logging onto a
-- computer system.
-- (userName ?Name ?User) means that ?Name is the name the ComputerUser uses
-- to identify himself or herself when logging onto a computer system.
fun userName : El ComputerUser -> El UserName -> Formula ;
}

17
examples/SUMO/SUMO.gf
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@@ -2,23 +2,22 @@
abstract SUMO =
Basic,
Merge,
Elements,
MidLevelOntology,
Transportation,
Geography,
Communications,
Government,
CountriesAndRegions,
Economy,
elements,
engineering,
Engineering,
FinancialOntology,
Geography,
Government,
Mid_level_ontology,
Military,
mondial,
Mondial,
QoSontology,
Transportation,
WMD,
WorldAirportsA_K,
WorldAirportsL_Z,
HigherOrder
WorldAirportsL_Z
** {
flags startcat = Stmt ;

12
examples/SUMO/SUMOEng.gf
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@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
--# -path=.:RGLExt:alltenses:src/english
-- --# -path=.:RGLExt:../../lib/src/abstract:../../lib/src/english:../../lib/src/common
--# -path=.:RGLExt:alltenses:../../lib/src/english
concrete SUMOEng of SUMO =
BasicEng,
MergeEng,
Mid_level_ontologyEng,
mondialEng,
elementsEng,
HigherOrderEng
MidLevelOntologyEng,
EconomyEng,
EngineeringEng,
MondialEng
** {

2
examples/SUMO/SUMOFre.gf
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@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
concrete SUMOFre of SUMO =
MergeFre,
Mid_level_ontologyFre
MidLevelOntologyFre
** {

2
examples/SUMO/SUMORon.gf
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@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
concrete SUMORon of SUMO =
MergeRon,
Mid_level_ontologyRon
MidLevelOntologyRon
** {

246
examples/SUMO/Transportation.gf
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959
examples/SUMO/WMD.gf
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6
examples/SUMO/WorldAirportsA_K.gf
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@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
abstract WorldAirportsA_K = open Merge, Transportation in {
abstract WorldAirportsA_K = Transportation ** {
fun AMenderesIzmirAirport : Ind Airport ;
@@ -8108,4 +8105,5 @@ fun ZiaInternationalDhakaAirport : Ind Airport ;
fun ZielonaGoraAirport : Ind Airport ;
fun ZilinaAirport : Ind Airport ;
}

6
examples/SUMO/WorldAirportsL_Z.gf
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@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
abstract WorldAirportsL_Z = open Merge, Transportation in {
abstract WorldAirportsL_Z = Transportation ** {
fun ALManghamJrRegionalTXAirport : Ind Airport ;
@@ -10344,4 +10341,5 @@ fun ZuidLimburgMaastrichtAirport : Ind Airport ;
fun ZurichKlotenZurichAirport : Ind Airport ;
fun wethersfieldRAFStationEnglandAirport : Ind Airport ;
}

931
examples/SUMO/elements.gf
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@@ -1,931 +0,0 @@
abstract elements = open Merge in {
-- Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to
-- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a
-- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in
-- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and
-- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a
-- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.
fun Actinium : Class ;
fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group
-- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin
-- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many
-- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up
-- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C.
-- Oersted.
fun Aluminum : Class ;
fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
-- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable
-- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T.
-- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding
-- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles.
fun Americium : Class ;
fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms.
-- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black
-- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints,
-- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens.
-- First reported by Tholden in 1450.
fun Antimony : Class ;
fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ;
-- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the
-- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord
-- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
fun Argon : Class ;
fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three
-- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated
-- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been
-- the first to isolate the element in 1250.
fun Arsenic : Class ;
fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally
-- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the
-- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear
-- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the
-- University of California.
fun Astatine : Class ;
fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group
-- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely
-- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by
-- Humphry Davy.
fun Barium : Class ;
fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247,
-- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg
-- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha
-- particles.
fun Berkelium : Class ;
fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic
-- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows
-- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and
-- A.A. Bussy in 1828.
fun Beryllium : Class ;
fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs
-- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal
-- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth
-- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air
-- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that
-- it was different from lead.
fun Bismuth : Class ;
fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ;
-- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There
-- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron
-- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad
-- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature.
-- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was
-- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J.
-- Thenard.
fun Boron : Class ;
fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ;
-- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room
-- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine.
-- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and
-- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
fun Bromine : Class ;
fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the
-- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically
-- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered
-- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.
fun Cadmium : Class ;
fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to
-- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid
-- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope.
-- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold
-- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the
-- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline
-- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses
-- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some
-- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by
-- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically.
-- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum.
-- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium
-- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even
-- more toxic.
fun Caesium : Class ;
fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of
-- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium,
-- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
fun Calcium : Class ;
fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years.
-- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which
-- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron}
-- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine.
-- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.
fun Californium : Class ;
fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic
-- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and
-- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon
-- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon
-- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself,
-- and a wide variety of other elements.
fun Carbon : Class ;
fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive
-- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The
-- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H.
-- Klaproth in 1803.
fun Cerium : Class ;
fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas.
-- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly
-- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by
-- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in
-- 1810.
fun Chlorine : Class ;
fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard silvery transition element. Used in
-- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
fun Chromium : Class ;
fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites
-- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use.
-- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially
-- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer
-- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
fun Cobalt : Class ;
fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ;
-- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans
-- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable,
-- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist
-- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
fun Copper : Class ;
fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs
-- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of
-- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in
-- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding
-- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.
fun Curium : Class ;
fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre.
-- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at
-- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving
-- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven
-- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the
-- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a
-- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It
-- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its
-- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.
fun Dysprosium : Class ;
fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Appearance is unknown, however it is most
-- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic
-- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest
-- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by
-- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb
-- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were
-- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient
-- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.
fun Einsteinium : Class ;
fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial
-- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It
-- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G.
-- Mosander in 1843.
fun Erbium : Class ;
fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of
-- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William
-- Crookes.
fun Europium : Class ;
fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a
-- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates
-- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952.
fun Fermium : Class ;
fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ;
-- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging
-- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most
-- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous,
-- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was
-- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
fun Fluorine : Class ;
fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the
-- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes
-- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was
-- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.
fun Francium : Class ;
fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to
-- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron
-- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics.
-- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.
fun Gadolinium : Class ;
fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13
-- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71.
-- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives.
-- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals
-- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de
-- Boisbaudran in 1875.
fun Gallium : Class ;
fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to
-- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic
-- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886
-- by Winkler.
fun Germanium : Class ;
fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and
-- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five
-- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of
-- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry,
-- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical
-- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold
-- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the
-- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic,
-- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.
fun Gold : Class ;
fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element.
-- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a
-- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally
-- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.
fun Hafnium : Class ;
fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element.
-- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all
-- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no
-- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
fun Helium : Class ;
fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white
-- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It
-- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and
-- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural
-- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being
-- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal
-- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per
-- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium
-- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium
-- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to
-- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is
-- a fire hazard.
fun Holmium : Class ;
fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element.
-- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and
-- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements.
-- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
fun Hydrogen : Class ;
fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the
-- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a
-- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in
-- 1863 by Reich and Richter.
fun Indium : Class ;
fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group
-- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace
-- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in
-- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive
-- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen.
-- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.
fun Iodine : Class ;
fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ;
-- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition
-- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly
-- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by
-- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes
-- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a
-- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other
-- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature
-- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum.
-- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from
-- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally
-- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should
-- be considered highly toxic.
fun Iridium : Class ;
fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition
-- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the
-- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in
-- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces
-- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
fun Iron : Class ;
fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble
-- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted
-- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but
-- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes,
-- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive
-- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission
-- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with
-- {fluorine}.
fun Krypton : Class ;
fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ;
-- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden)
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and
-- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth
-- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable,
-- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other
-- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids
-- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should
-- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.
fun Lanthanum : Class ;
fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely
-- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth
-- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262
-- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium,
-- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by
-- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding
-- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature,
-- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the
-- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would
-- pose a radiation hazard.
fun Lawrencium : Class ;
fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to
-- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets
-- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and
-- fusible alloys.
fun Lead : Class ;
fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ;
-- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of
-- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
fun Lithium : Class ;
fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is
-- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth
-- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult
-- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements.
-- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are
-- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable
-- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium
-- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was
-- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The
-- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.
fun Lutetium : Class ;
fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of
-- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living
-- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very
-- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and
-- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen
-- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
fun Magnesium : Class ;
fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey brittle metallic transition element.
-- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated.
-- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
fun Manganese : Class ;
fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation
-- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used
-- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy
-- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor
-- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist.
fun Meitnerium : Class ;
fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
-- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a
-- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert
-- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been
-- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri
-- Mendeleev.
fun Mendelevium : Class ;
fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to
-- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific
-- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace
-- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury
-- compounds.
fun Mercury : Class ;
fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition
-- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids.
-- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and
-- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500
-- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has
-- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered
-- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in
-- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos
-- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known
-- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly
-- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.
fun Molybdenum : Class ;
fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to
-- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only
-- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial
-- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to
-- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the
-- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some
-- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's
-- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets
-- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885
-- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and
-- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means
-- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence
-- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye
-- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.
fun Neodymium : Class ;
fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the
-- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and
-- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a
-- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps.
-- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir
-- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
fun Neon : Class ;
fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
-- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a
-- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The
-- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through
-- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M.
-- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.
fun Neptunium : Class ;
fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition
-- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
fun Nickel : Class ;
fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition
-- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase
-- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees
-- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by
-- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.
fun Niobium : Class ;
fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to
-- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere
-- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial
-- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air.
-- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in
-- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
fun Nitrogen : Class ;
fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being
-- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty
-- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been
-- proposed as an alternative name.
fun Nobelium : Class ;
fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
fun Osmium : Class ;
fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ;
-- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging
-- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element
-- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the
-- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid
-- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding,
-- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found
-- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in
-- 1774.
fun Oxygen : Class ;
fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft white ductile transition element. Found
-- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal
-- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803
-- by W.H. Wollaston.
fun Palladium : Class ;
fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of
-- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element
-- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
fun Phosphorus : Class ;
fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ;
-- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is
-- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric
-- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis.
-- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum.
-- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable
-- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry,
-- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution
-- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer.
-- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the
-- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de
-- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word
-- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health
-- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be
-- considered highly toxic.
fun Platinum : Class ;
fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic
-- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with
-- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is
-- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is
-- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is
-- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by
-- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in
-- 1940.
fun Plutonium : Class ;
fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to
-- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of
-- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in
-- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of
-- pitchblende.
fun Polonium : Class ;
fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group
-- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and
-- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its
-- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
fun Potassium : Class ;
fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive.
-- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in
-- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.
fun Praseodymium : Class ;
fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a
-- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but
-- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste.
-- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148
-- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation.
-- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in
-- 1947.
fun Promethium : Class ;
fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the
-- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4
-- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical
-- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto
-- Hahn.
fun Protactinium : Class ;
fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
-- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a
-- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from
-- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.
fun Radium : Class ;
fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to
-- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222
-- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of
-- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy.
-- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been
-- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.
fun Radon : Class ;
fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_white metallic transition element.
-- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum
-- alloys are superconducting.
fun Rhenium : Class ;
fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids,
-- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.
fun Rhodium : Class ;
fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1
-- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is
-- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other
-- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered
-- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.
fun Rubidium : Class ;
fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Hard white metallic transition element. Found
-- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in
-- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and
-- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.
fun Ruthenium : Class ;
fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and
-- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed
-- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber.
-- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses.
-- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces
-- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by
-- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in
-- 1879.
fun Samarium : Class ;
fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to
-- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are
-- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev,
-- isolated by Nilson in 1879.
fun Scandium : Class ;
fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the
-- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles
-- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
fun Selenium : Class ;
fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the
-- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's
-- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive
-- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in
-- 1823 by Berzelius.
fun Silicon : Class ;
fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ;
-- White lustrous soft metallic transition element.
-- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery,
-- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.
fun Silver : Class ;
fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1
-- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing
-- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil.
-- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
fun Sodium : Class ;
fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to
-- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is
-- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years.
-- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry
-- Davy.
fun Strontium : Class ;
fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16
-- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms,
-- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many
-- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.
fun Sulphur : Class ;
fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ;
-- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element.
-- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a
-- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive.
-- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and
-- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.
fun Tantalum : Class ;
fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can
-- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made
-- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them
-- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6
-- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used
-- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and
-- manganese.
fun Technetium : Class ;
fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight
-- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and
-- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}.
-- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.
fun Tellurium : Class ;
fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element belonging to the
-- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen
-- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.
fun Terbium : Class ;
fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white
-- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn
-- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut
-- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes,
-- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium
-- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity
-- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared
-- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name
-- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and
-- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.
fun Thallium : Class ;
fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to
-- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US.
-- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear
-- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and
-- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.
fun Thorium : Class ;
fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the
-- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial
-- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered
-- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.
fun Thulium : Class ;
fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group
-- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which
-- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine
-- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.
fun Tin : Class ;
fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ;
-- White metallic transition element. Occurs in
-- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys.
-- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by
-- Gregor in 1789.
fun Titanium : Class ;
fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White or grey metallic transition element,
-- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be
-- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de
-- Elhuyer in 1783.
fun Tungsten : Class ;
fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in
-- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany.
fun Unnildecium : Class ;
fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the
-- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974.
-- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and
-- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.
fun Unnilhexium : Class ;
fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transition metal.
fun Unniloctium : Class ;
fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life
-- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven
-- isotopes have been discovered.
fun Unnilpentium : Class ;
fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected
-- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260
-- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.)
-- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in
-- 1964.
fun Unnilquadium : Class ;
fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of
-- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear
-- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists
-- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.
fun Unnilseptium : Class ;
fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ;
-- White radioactive metallic element belonging to
-- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234.
-- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons.
-- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.
fun Uranium : Class ;
fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good
-- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It
-- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes
-- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337
-- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding
-- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a
-- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of
-- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820,
-- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was
-- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from
-- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic
-- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and
-- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and
-- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung
-- cancer if inhaled.
fun Vanadium : Class ;
fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on
-- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven
-- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas
-- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found
-- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.
fun Xenon : Class ;
fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids.
-- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in
-- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.
fun Ytterbium : Class ;
fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the
-- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89,
-- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the
-- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in
-- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
fun Yttrium : Class ;
fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ;
-- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple
-- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes
-- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and
-- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
fun Zinc : Class ;
fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ;
-- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five
-- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear
-- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth,
-- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.
fun Zirconium : Class ;
fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ;
}

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examples/SUMO/elementsEng.gf
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--# -path=.:englishExtended
concrete elementsEng of elements = BasicEng ** open ParadigmsEng,NounEng in {
lin
Hydrogen = UseN (mkN "Hydrogen") ;
Helium = UseN (mkN "Helium") ;
Lithium = UseN (mkN "Lithium") ;
Beryllium = UseN (mkN "Beryllium") ;
Boron = UseN (mkN "Boron") ;
Carbon = UseN (mkN "Carbon") ;
Nitrogen = UseN (mkN "Nitrogen") ;
Oxygen = UseN (mkN "Oxygen") ;
Fluorine = UseN (mkN "Fluorine") ;
Neon = UseN (mkN "Neon") ;
Sodium = UseN (mkN "Sodium") ;
Magnesium = UseN (mkN "Magnesium") ;
Aluminum = UseN (mkN "Aluminum") ;
Silicon = UseN (mkN "Silicon") ;
Phosphorus = UseN (mkN "Phosphorus") ;
Sulphur = UseN (mkN "Sulphur") ;
Chlorine = UseN (mkN "Chlorine") ;
Argon = UseN (mkN "Argon") ;
Potassium = UseN (mkN "Potassium") ;
Calcium = UseN (mkN "Calcium") ;
Scandium = UseN (mkN "Scandium") ;
Titanium = UseN (mkN "Titanium") ;
Vanadium = UseN (mkN "Vanadium") ;
Chromium = UseN (mkN "Chromium") ;
Manganese = UseN (mkN "Manganese") ;
Iron = UseN (mkN "Iron") ;
Cobalt = UseN (mkN "Cobalt") ;
Nickel = UseN (mkN "Nickel") ;
Copper = UseN (mkN "Copper") ;
Zinc = UseN (mkN "Zinc") ;
Gallium = UseN (mkN "Gallium") ;
Germanium = UseN (mkN "Germanium") ;
Arsenic = UseN (mkN "Arsenic") ;
Selenium = UseN (mkN "Selenium") ;
Bromine = UseN (mkN "Bromine") ;
Krypton = UseN (mkN "Krypton") ;
Rubidium = UseN (mkN "Rubidium") ;
Strontium = UseN (mkN "Strontium") ;
Yttrium = UseN (mkN "Yttrium") ;
Zirconium = UseN (mkN "Zirconium") ;
Niobium = UseN (mkN "Niobium") ;
Molybdenum = UseN (mkN "Molybdenum") ;
Technetium = UseN (mkN "Technetium") ;
Ruthenium = UseN (mkN "Ruthenium") ;
Rhodium = UseN (mkN "Rhodium") ;
Palladium = UseN (mkN "Palladium") ;
Silver = UseN (mkN "Silver") ;
Cadmium = UseN (mkN "Cadmium") ;
Indium = UseN (mkN "Indium") ;
Tin = UseN (mkN "Tin") ;
Antimony = UseN (mkN "Antimony") ;
Tellurium = UseN (mkN "Tellurium") ;
Iodine = UseN (mkN "Iodine") ;
Xenon = UseN (mkN "Xenon") ;
Caesium = UseN (mkN "Caesium") ;
Barium = UseN (mkN "Barium") ;
Lanthanum = UseN (mkN "Lanthanum") ;
Cerium = UseN (mkN "Cerium") ;
Praseodymium = UseN (mkN "Praseodymium") ;
Neodymium = UseN (mkN "Neodymium") ;
Promethium = UseN (mkN "Promethium") ;
Samarium = UseN (mkN "Samarium") ;
Europium = UseN (mkN "Europium") ;
Gadolinium = UseN (mkN "Gadolinium") ;
Terbium = UseN (mkN "Terbium") ;
Dysprosium = UseN (mkN "Dysprosium") ;
Holmium = UseN (mkN "Holmium") ;
Erbium = UseN (mkN "Erbium") ;
Thulium = UseN (mkN "Thulium") ;
Ytterbium = UseN (mkN "Ytterbium") ;
Lutetium = UseN (mkN "Lutetium") ;
Hafnium = UseN (mkN "Hafnium") ;
Tantalum = UseN (mkN "Tantalum") ;
Tungsten = UseN (mkN "Tungsten") ;
Rhenium = UseN (mkN "Rhenium") ;
Osmium = UseN (mkN "Osmium") ;
Iridium = UseN (mkN "Iridium") ;
Platinum = UseN (mkN "Platinum") ;
Gold = UseN (mkN "Gold") ;
Mercury = UseN (mkN "Mercury") ;
Thallium = UseN (mkN "Thallium") ;
Lead = UseN (mkN "Lead") ;
Bismuth = UseN (mkN "Bismuth") ;
Polonium = UseN (mkN "Polonium") ;
Astatine = UseN (mkN "Astatine") ;
Radon = UseN (mkN "Radon") ;
Francium = UseN (mkN "Francium") ;
Radium = UseN (mkN "Radium") ;
Actinium = UseN (mkN "Actinium") ;
Thorium = UseN (mkN "Thorium") ;
Protactinium = UseN (mkN "Protactinium") ;
Uranium = UseN (mkN "Uranium") ;
Neptunium = UseN (mkN "Neptunium") ;
Plutonium = UseN (mkN "Plutonium") ;
Americium = UseN (mkN "Americium") ;
Curium = UseN (mkN "Curium") ;
Berkelium = UseN (mkN "Berkelium") ;
Californium = UseN (mkN "Californium") ;
Einsteinium = UseN (mkN "Einsteinium") ;
Fermium = UseN (mkN "Fermium") ;
Mendelevium = UseN (mkN "Mendelevium") ;
Nobelium = UseN (mkN "Nobelium") ;
Lawrencium = UseN (mkN "Lawrencium") ;
Unnilquadium = UseN (mkN "Unnilquadium") ;
Unnilpentium = UseN (mkN "Unnilpentium") ;
Unnilhexium = UseN (mkN "Unnilhexium") ;
Unnilseptium = UseN (mkN "Unnilseptium") ;
Unniloctium = UseN (mkN "Unniloctium") ;
Meitnerium = UseN (mkN "Meitnerium") ;
Unnildecium = UseN (mkN "Unnildecium") ;
};

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