Minor additions to LPGF readme

# Conflicts:
#	gf.cabal

.github/workflows/build-all-versions.yml

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
         ghc:
           - "8.6.5"
           - "8.8.3"
-          - "8.10.7"
+          - "8.10.1"
         exclude:
           - os: macos-latest
             ghc: 8.8.3
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v2
       if: github.event.action == 'opened' || github.event.action == 'synchronize' || github.event.ref == 'refs/heads/master'
 
-    - uses: haskell/actions/setup@v1.2.9
+    - uses: haskell/actions/setup@v1
       id: setup-haskell-cabal
       name: Setup Haskell
       with:
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Build
       run: |
-        cabal configure --enable-tests --enable-benchmarks --test-show-details=direct
-        cabal build all
+        cabal configure --enable-tests --test-show-details=direct
+        cabal build
 
-    # - name: Test
-    #   run: |
-    #     cabal test all
+    - name: Test
+      run: |
+        PATH="$PWD/dist/build/gf:$PATH" cabal test gf-tests
 
   stack:
     name: stack / ghc ${{ matrix.ghc }}
@@ -66,38 +66,30 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         stack: ["latest"]
-        ghc: ["7.10.3","8.0.2", "8.2.2", "8.4.4", "8.6.5", "8.8.4", "8.10.7", "9.0.2"]
+        ghc: ["7.10.3","8.0.2", "8.2.2", "8.4.4", "8.6.5", "8.8.4"]
         # ghc: ["8.8.3"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v2
       if: github.event.action == 'opened' || github.event.action == 'synchronize' || github.event.ref == 'refs/heads/master'
 
-    - uses: haskell/actions/setup@v1.2.9
+    - uses: haskell/actions/setup@v1
       name: Setup Haskell Stack
       with:
         ghc-version: ${{ matrix.ghc }}
         stack-version: 'latest'
         enable-stack: true
 
-
-    # Fix linker errrors on ghc-7.10.3 for ubuntu (see https://github.com/commercialhaskell/stack/blob/255cd830627870cdef34b5e54d670ef07882523e/doc/faq.md#i-get-strange-ld-errors-about-recompiling-with--fpic)
-    - run: sed -i.bak 's/"C compiler link flags", "/&-no-pie /' /home/runner/.ghcup/ghc/7.10.3/lib/ghc-7.10.3/settings
-      if: matrix.ghc == '7.10.3'
-
     - uses: actions/cache@v1
       name: Cache ~/.stack
       with:
         path: ~/.stack
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.ghc }}-stack--${{ hashFiles(format('stack-ghc{0}', matrix.ghc)) }}
-        restore-keys: |
-             ${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.ghc }}-stack
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.ghc }}-stack
 
     - name: Build
       run: |
-        stack build --system-ghc --stack-yaml stack-ghc${{ matrix.ghc }}.yaml
-        # stack build --system-ghc --test --bench --no-run-tests --no-run-benchmarks
+        stack build --system-ghc --stack-yaml stack-ghc${{ matrix.ghc }}.yaml --test --no-run-tests
 
     - name: Test
       run: |
-        stack test --system-ghc --stack-yaml stack-ghc${{ matrix.ghc }}.yaml
+        stack test --system-ghc --stack-yaml stack-ghc${{ matrix.ghc }}.yaml gf:test:gf-tests

.gitignore

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 *.jar
 *.gfo
 *.pgf
+*.lpgf
 debian/.debhelper
 debian/debhelper-build-stamp
 debian/gf
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ src/runtime/java/.libs/
 src/runtime/python/build/
 .cabal-sandbox
 cabal.sandbox.config
-.stack-work
+.stack-work*
 DATA_DIR
 
 stack*.yaml.lock
@@ -73,3 +74,10 @@ doc/icfp-2012.html
 download/*.html
 gf-book/index.html
 src/www/gf-web-api.html
+
+DEBUG/
+PROF/
+*.aux
+*.hp
+*.prof
+*.ps

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+sudo: required
+
+language: c
+
+services:
+  - docker
+
+before_install:
+  - docker pull odanoburu/gf-src:3.9
+
+script:
+  - |
+    docker run --mount src="$(pwd)",target=/home/gfer,type=bind odanoburu/gf-src:3.9 /bin/bash -c "cd /home/gfer/src/runtime/c &&
+    autoreconf -i && ./configure && make && make install ; cd /home/gfer ; cabal install -fserver -fc-runtime --extra-lib-dirs='/usr/local/lib'"

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-### New since 3.11 (WIP)
-
-- Added a changelog!
-
-### 3.11
-
-See <https://www.grammaticalframework.org/download/release-3.11.html>
-
-### 3.10
-
-See <https://www.grammaticalframework.org/download/release-3.10.html>

Makefile

@@ -65,6 +65,6 @@ bintar:
 
 # Make a source tar.gz distribution using git to make sure that everything is included.
 # We put the distribution in dist/ so it is removed on `make clean`
-# sdist:
-# 	test -d dist || mkdir dist
-# 	git archive --format=tar.gz --output=dist/gf-${VERSION}.tar.gz HEAD
+sdist:
+	test -d dist || mkdir dist
+	git archive --format=tar.gz --output=dist/gf-${VERSION}.tar.gz HEAD

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-![GF Logo](https://www.grammaticalframework.org/doc/Logos/gf1.svg)
+![GF Logo](doc/Logos/gf1.svg)
 
 # Grammatical Framework (GF)
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ or:
 stack install
 ```
 
-For more information, including links to precompiled binaries, see the [download page](https://www.grammaticalframework.org/download/index.html).
+For more information, including links to precompiled binaries, see the [download page](http://www.grammaticalframework.org/download/index.html).
 
 ## About this repository
 

RELEASE.md

@@ -47,14 +47,11 @@ but the generated _artifacts_ must be manually attached to the release as _asset
 
 In order to do this you will need to be added the [GF maintainers](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/gf/maintainers/) on Hackage.
 
-1. Run `stack sdist --test-tarball` and address any issues.
+1. Run `make sdist`
 2. Upload the package, either:
-    1. **Manually**: visit <https://hackage.haskell.org/upload> and upload the file generated by the previous command.
-    2. **via Stack**: `stack upload . --candidate`
-3. After testing the candidate, publish it:
-    1. **Manually**: visit <https://hackage.haskell.org/package/gf-X.Y.Z/candidate/publish>
-    1. **via Stack**: `stack upload .`
-4. If the documentation-building fails on the Hackage server, do:
+    1. **Manually**: visit <https://hackage.haskell.org/upload> and upload the file `dist/gf-X.Y.tar.gz`
+    2. **via Cabal (≥2.4)**: `cabal upload dist/gf-X.Y.tar.gz`
+3. If the documentation-building fails on the Hackage server, do:
 ```
 cabal v2-haddock --builddir=dist/docs --haddock-for-hackage --enable-doc
 cabal upload --documentation dist/docs/*-docs.tar.gz

doc/gf-editor-modes.t2t

@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@ instructions inside.
 
 ==Visual Studio Code==
 
-- [Grammatical Framework Language Server https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=anka-213.gf-vscode] by Andreas Källberg.
-  This provides syntax highlighting and a client for the Grammatical Framework language server. Follow the installation instructions in the link.
-- [Grammatical Framework https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=GrammaticalFramework.gf-vscode] is a simpler extension
-  without any external dependencies which provides only syntax highlighting.
+[Grammatical Framework Language Server https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=anka-213.gf-vscode] by Andreas Källberg.
+
+This provides syntax highlighting and a client for the Grammatical Framework language server. Follow the installation instructions in the link.
 
 ==Eclipse==
 

doc/gf-people.md

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ title: "Grammatical Framework: Authors and Acknowledgements"
 The current maintainers of GF are
 
 [Krasimir Angelov](http://www.chalmers.se/cse/EN/organization/divisions/computing-science/people/angelov-krasimir),
+[Thomas Hallgren](http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~hallgren/),
 [Aarne Ranta](http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/),
 [John J. Camilleri](http://johnjcamilleri.com), and
 [Inari Listenmaa](https://inariksit.github.io/).
@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ and
 
 The following people have contributed code to some of the versions:
 
-- [Thomas Hallgren](http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~hallgren/) (University of Gothenburg)
 - Grégoire Détrez (University of Gothenburg)
 - Ramona Enache (University of Gothenburg)
 - [Björn Bringert](http://www.cse.chalmers.se/alumni/bringert) (University of Gothenburg)

download/index-3.11.md

@@ -53,39 +53,26 @@ You will probably need to update the `PATH` environment variable to include your
 
 For more information, see [Using GF on Windows](https://www.grammaticalframework.org/~inari/gf-windows.html) (latest updated for Windows 10).
 
-## Installing from Hackage
-
-_Instructions applicable for macOS, Linux, and WSL2 on Windows._
+<!--## Installing the latest Hackage release (macOS, Linux, and WSL2 on Windows)
 
 [GF is on Hackage](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/gf), so under
 normal circumstances the procedure is fairly simple:
 
-```
-cabal update
-cabal install gf-3.11
-```
+1.  Install ghcup https://www.haskell.org/ghcup/
+2.  `ghcup install ghc 8.10.4`
+3.  `ghcup set ghc 8.10.4`
+4.  `cabal update`
+5.  On Linux: install some C libraries from your Linux distribution (see note below)
+6.  `cabal install gf-3.11`
+
+You can also download the source code release from [GitHub](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/releases),
+and follow the instructions below under **Installing from the latest developer source code**.
 
 ### Notes
 
-**GHC version**
-
-The GF source code is known to be compilable with GHC versions 7.10 through to 8.10.
-
-**Obtaining Haskell**
-
-There are various ways of obtaining Haskell, including:
-
-- ghcup
-    1.  Install from https://www.haskell.org/ghcup/
-    2.  `ghcup install ghc 8.10.4`
-    3.  `ghcup set ghc 8.10.4`
-- Haskell Platform https://www.haskell.org/platform/
-- Stack https://haskellstack.org/
-
-
 **Installation location**
 
-The above steps install GF for a single user.
+The above steps installs GF for a single user.
 The executables are put in `$HOME/.cabal/bin` (or on macOS in `$HOME/Library/Haskell/bin`),
 so you might want to add this directory to your path (in `.bash_profile` or similar):
 
@@ -97,34 +84,32 @@ PATH=$HOME/.cabal/bin:$PATH
 
 GF uses [`haskeline`](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/haskeline), which
 on Linux depends on some non-Haskell libraries that won't be installed
-automatically by Cabal, and therefore need to be installed manually.
+automatically by cabal, and therefore need to be installed manually.
 Here is one way to do this:
 
 - On Ubuntu: `sudo apt-get install libghc-haskeline-dev`
 - On Fedora: `sudo dnf install ghc-haskeline-devel`
 
-## Installing from source code
+**GHC version**
 
-**Obtaining**
+The GF source code has been updated to compile with GHC versions 7.10 through to 8.8.
+-->
+## Installing from the latest developer source code
 
-To obtain the source code for the **release**,
-download it from [GitHub](https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/releases).
+If you haven't already, clone the repository with:
 
-Alternatively, to obtain the **latest version** of the source code:
-
-1. If you haven't already, clone the repository with:
 ```
 git clone https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.git
 ```
-2. If you've already cloned the repository previously, update with:
+
+If you've already cloned the repository previously, update with:
+
 ```
 git pull
 ```
 
+Then install with:
 
-**Installing**
-
-You can then install with:
 ```
 cabal install
 ```

gf.cabal

@@ -8,17 +8,12 @@ license-file: LICENSE
 category: Natural Language Processing, Compiler
 synopsis: Grammatical Framework
 description: GF, Grammatical Framework, is a programming language for multilingual grammar applications
-maintainer: John J. Camilleri <john@digitalgrammars.com>
 homepage: https://www.grammaticalframework.org/
 bug-reports: https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/issues
-tested-with: GHC==7.10.3, GHC==8.0.2, GHC==8.10.4, GHC==9.0.2
+tested-with: GHC==7.10.3, GHC==8.0.2, GHC==8.10.4
 
 data-dir: src
-extra-source-files:
-  README.md
-  CHANGELOG.md
-  WebSetup.hs
-  doc/Logos/gf0.png
+extra-source-files: WebSetup.hs
 data-files:
   www/*.html
   www/*.css
@@ -46,7 +41,7 @@ data-files:
 
 custom-setup
   setup-depends:
-    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.16,
+    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.15,
     Cabal >= 1.22.0.0,
     directory >= 1.3.0 && < 1.4,
     filepath >= 1.4.1 && < 1.5,
@@ -81,14 +76,17 @@ library
   build-depends:
     -- GHC 8.0.2 to GHC 8.10.4
     array >= 0.5.1 && < 0.6,
-    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.16,
+    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.15,
     bytestring >= 0.10.8 && < 0.11,
     containers >= 0.5.7 && < 0.7,
     exceptions >= 0.8.3 && < 0.11,
-    ghc-prim >= 0.5.0 && < 0.7.1,
+    ghc-prim >= 0.5.0 && < 0.7,
+    hashable >= 1.2.6 && < 1.4,
     mtl >= 2.2.1 && < 2.3,
     pretty >= 1.1.3 && < 1.2,
     random >= 1.1 && < 1.3,
+    text >= 1.2.2 && < 1.3,
+    unordered-containers >= 0.2.8 && < 0.3,
     utf8-string >= 1.0.1.1 && < 1.1,
     -- We need transformers-compat >= 0.6.3, but that is only in newer snapshots where it is redundant.
     transformers-compat >= 0.5.1.4 && < 0.7
@@ -111,14 +109,16 @@ library
 --ghc-options: -fwarn-unused-imports
 --if impl(ghc>=7.8)
 --  ghc-options: +RTS -A20M -RTS
-  -- ghc-prof-options: -fprof-auto
+  ghc-prof-options: -fprof-auto
 
   exposed-modules:
+    LPGF
     PGF
     PGF.Internal
     PGF.Haskell
 
   other-modules:
+    LPGF.Internal
     PGF.Data
     PGF.Macros
     PGF.Binary
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ library
     GF.Compile.Export
     GF.Compile.GenerateBC
     GF.Compile.GeneratePMCFG
+    GF.Compile.GrammarToLPGF
     GF.Compile.GrammarToPGF
     GF.Compile.Multi
     GF.Compile.Optimize
@@ -239,6 +240,7 @@ library
     GF.Data.ErrM
     GF.Data.Graph
     GF.Data.Graphviz
+    GF.Data.IntMapBuilder
     GF.Data.Relation
     GF.Data.Str
     GF.Data.Utilities
@@ -302,14 +304,14 @@ library
     build-depends:
       cgi >= 3001.3.0.2 && < 3001.6,
       httpd-shed >= 0.4.0 && < 0.5,
-      network>=2.3 && <3.2
+      network>=2.3 && <2.7
     if flag(network-uri)
       build-depends:
         network-uri >= 2.6.1.0 && < 2.7,
-        network>=2.6 && <3.2
+        network>=2.6 && <2.7
     else
       build-depends:
-        network >= 2.5 && <3.2
+        network >= 2.5 && <2.6
 
     cpp-options: -DSERVER_MODE
     other-modules:
@@ -375,7 +377,7 @@ executable gf
     if impl(ghc<7.8)
       ghc-options: -with-rtsopts=-K64M
 
-  -- ghc-prof-options: -auto-all
+  ghc-prof-options: -auto-all
 
   if impl(ghc>=8.2)
     ghc-options: -fhide-source-paths
@@ -400,10 +402,422 @@ test-suite gf-tests
   main-is: run.hs
   hs-source-dirs: testsuite
   build-depends:
-    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.16,
+    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.15,
     Cabal >= 1.8,
     directory >= 1.3.0 && < 1.4,
     filepath >= 1.4.1 && < 1.5,
     process >= 1.4.3 && < 1.7
   build-tool-depends: gf:gf
   default-language: Haskell2010
+
+test-suite lpgf
+  type: exitcode-stdio-1.0
+  main-is: test.hs
+  hs-source-dirs:
+    src/compiler
+    src/runtime/haskell
+    testsuite/lpgf
+  other-modules:
+    Data.Binary
+    Data.Binary.Builder
+    Data.Binary.Get
+    Data.Binary.IEEE754
+    Data.Binary.Put
+    GF
+    GF.Command.Abstract
+    GF.Command.CommandInfo
+    GF.Command.Commands
+    GF.Command.CommonCommands
+    GF.Command.Help
+    GF.Command.Importing
+    GF.Command.Interpreter
+    GF.Command.Messages
+    GF.Command.Parse
+    GF.Command.SourceCommands
+    GF.Command.TreeOperations
+    GF.Compile
+    GF.Compile.CFGtoPGF
+    GF.Compile.CheckGrammar
+    GF.Compile.Compute.Concrete
+    GF.Compile.Compute.Predef
+    GF.Compile.Compute.Value
+    GF.Compile.ConcreteToHaskell
+    GF.Compile.ExampleBased
+    GF.Compile.Export
+    GF.Compile.GenerateBC
+    GF.Compile.GeneratePMCFG
+    GF.Compile.GetGrammar
+    GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical
+    GF.Compile.GrammarToLPGF
+    GF.Compile.GrammarToPGF
+    GF.Compile.Multi
+    GF.Compile.Optimize
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoHaskell
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoJava
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoJS
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoJSON
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoProlog
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoPython
+    GF.Compile.ReadFiles
+    GF.Compile.Rename
+    GF.Compile.SubExOpt
+    GF.Compile.Tags
+    GF.Compile.ToAPI
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.Abstract
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.Concrete
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.ConcreteNew
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.Primitives
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.TC
+    GF.Compile.Update
+    GF.CompileInParallel
+    GF.CompileOne
+    GF.Compiler
+    GF.Data.BacktrackM
+    GF.Data.ErrM
+    GF.Data.Graph
+    GF.Data.Graphviz
+    GF.Data.IntMapBuilder
+    GF.Data.Operations
+    GF.Data.Relation
+    GF.Data.Str
+    GF.Data.Utilities
+    GF.Data.XML
+    GF.Grammar
+    GF.Grammar.Analyse
+    GF.Grammar.Binary
+    GF.Grammar.BNFC
+    GF.Grammar.Canonical
+    GF.Grammar.CanonicalJSON
+    GF.Grammar.CFG
+    GF.Grammar.EBNF
+    GF.Grammar.Grammar
+    GF.Grammar.Lexer
+    GF.Grammar.Lockfield
+    GF.Grammar.Lookup
+    GF.Grammar.Macros
+    GF.Grammar.Parser
+    GF.Grammar.PatternMatch
+    GF.Grammar.Predef
+    GF.Grammar.Printer
+    GF.Grammar.ShowTerm
+    GF.Grammar.Unify
+    GF.Grammar.Values
+    GF.Haskell
+    GF.Infra.BuildInfo
+    GF.Infra.CheckM
+    GF.Infra.Concurrency
+    GF.Infra.Dependencies
+    GF.Infra.GetOpt
+    GF.Infra.Ident
+    GF.Infra.Location
+    GF.Infra.Option
+    GF.Infra.SIO
+    GF.Infra.UseIO
+    GF.Interactive
+    GF.JavaScript.AbsJS
+    GF.JavaScript.PrintJS
+    GF.Main
+    GF.Quiz
+    GF.Speech.CFGToFA
+    GF.Speech.FiniteState
+    GF.Speech.GSL
+    GF.Speech.JSGF
+    GF.Speech.PGFToCFG
+    GF.Speech.PrRegExp
+    GF.Speech.RegExp
+    GF.Speech.SISR
+    GF.Speech.SLF
+    GF.Speech.SRG
+    GF.Speech.SRGS_ABNF
+    GF.Speech.SRGS_XML
+    GF.Speech.VoiceXML
+    GF.Support
+    GF.System.Catch
+    GF.System.Concurrency
+    GF.System.Console
+    GF.System.Directory
+    GF.System.Process
+    GF.System.Signal
+    GF.Text.Clitics
+    GF.Text.Coding
+    GF.Text.Lexing
+    GF.Text.Pretty
+    GF.Text.Transliterations
+    LPGF
+    LPGF.Internal
+    PGF
+    PGF.Binary
+    PGF.ByteCode
+    PGF.CId
+    PGF.Data
+    PGF.Expr
+    PGF.Forest
+    PGF.Generate
+    PGF.Internal
+    PGF.Linearize
+    PGF.Macros
+    PGF.Morphology
+    PGF.OldBinary
+    PGF.Optimize
+    PGF.Paraphrase
+    PGF.Parse
+    PGF.Printer
+    PGF.Probabilistic
+    PGF.Tree
+    PGF.TrieMap
+    PGF.Type
+    PGF.TypeCheck
+    PGF.Utilities
+    PGF.VisualizeTree
+    Paths_gf
+  if flag(interrupt)
+    cpp-options: -DUSE_INTERRUPT
+    other-modules: GF.System.UseSignal
+  else
+    other-modules: GF.System.NoSignal
+  build-depends:
+    ansi-terminal >= 0.6.3 && < 0.12,
+    array >= 0.5.1 && < 0.6,
+    base >=4.6 && < 5,
+    bytestring >= 0.10.8 && < 0.11,
+    containers >= 0.5.7 && < 0.7,
+    directory >= 1.3.0 && < 1.4,
+    filepath >= 1.4.1 && < 1.5,
+    ghc-prim >= 0.5.0 && < 0.7,
+    hashable >= 1.2.6 && < 1.4,
+    haskeline >= 0.7.3 && < 0.9,
+    json >= 0.9.1 && < 0.11,
+    mtl >= 2.2.1 && < 2.3,
+    parallel >= 3.2.1.1 && < 3.3,
+    pretty >= 1.1.3 && < 1.2,
+    process >= 1.4.3 && < 1.7,
+    random >= 1.1 && < 1.3,
+    text >= 1.2.2 && < 1.3,
+    time >= 1.6.0 && < 1.10,
+    transformers-compat >= 0.5.1.4 && < 0.7,
+    unordered-containers >= 0.2.8 && < 0.3,
+    utf8-string >= 1.0.1.1 && < 1.1
+
+  if impl(ghc<8.0)
+    build-depends:
+      fail >= 4.9.0 && < 4.10
+
+  if os(windows)
+    build-depends:
+      Win32 >= 2.3.1.1 && < 2.7
+  else
+    build-depends:
+      unix >= 2.7.2 && < 2.8,
+      terminfo >=0.4.0 && < 0.5
+
+  default-language: Haskell2010
+
+benchmark lpgf-bench
+  type: exitcode-stdio-1.0
+  main-is: bench.hs
+  hs-source-dirs:
+    src/compiler
+    src/runtime/haskell
+    testsuite/lpgf
+  other-modules:
+    Data.Binary
+    Data.Binary.Builder
+    Data.Binary.Get
+    Data.Binary.IEEE754
+    Data.Binary.Put
+    GF
+    GF.Command.Abstract
+    GF.Command.CommandInfo
+    GF.Command.Commands
+    GF.Command.CommonCommands
+    GF.Command.Help
+    GF.Command.Importing
+    GF.Command.Interpreter
+    GF.Command.Messages
+    GF.Command.Parse
+    GF.Command.SourceCommands
+    GF.Command.TreeOperations
+    GF.Compile
+    GF.Compile.CFGtoPGF
+    GF.Compile.CheckGrammar
+    GF.Compile.Compute.Concrete
+    GF.Compile.Compute.Predef
+    GF.Compile.Compute.Value
+    GF.Compile.ConcreteToHaskell
+    GF.Compile.ExampleBased
+    GF.Compile.Export
+    GF.Compile.GenerateBC
+    GF.Compile.GeneratePMCFG
+    GF.Compile.GetGrammar
+    GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical
+    GF.Compile.GrammarToLPGF
+    GF.Compile.GrammarToPGF
+    GF.Compile.Multi
+    GF.Compile.Optimize
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoHaskell
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoJS
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoJSON
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoJava
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoProlog
+    GF.Compile.PGFtoPython
+    GF.Compile.ReadFiles
+    GF.Compile.Rename
+    GF.Compile.SubExOpt
+    GF.Compile.Tags
+    GF.Compile.ToAPI
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.Abstract
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.Concrete
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.ConcreteNew
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.Primitives
+    GF.Compile.TypeCheck.TC
+    GF.Compile.Update
+    GF.CompileInParallel
+    GF.CompileOne
+    GF.Compiler
+    GF.Data.BacktrackM
+    GF.Data.ErrM
+    GF.Data.Graph
+    GF.Data.Graphviz
+    GF.Data.IntMapBuilder
+    GF.Data.Operations
+    GF.Data.Relation
+    GF.Data.Str
+    GF.Data.Utilities
+    GF.Data.XML
+    GF.Grammar
+    GF.Grammar.Analyse
+    GF.Grammar.BNFC
+    GF.Grammar.Binary
+    GF.Grammar.CFG
+    GF.Grammar.Canonical
+    GF.Grammar.CanonicalJSON
+    GF.Grammar.EBNF
+    GF.Grammar.Grammar
+    GF.Grammar.Lexer
+    GF.Grammar.Lockfield
+    GF.Grammar.Lookup
+    GF.Grammar.Macros
+    GF.Grammar.Parser
+    GF.Grammar.PatternMatch
+    GF.Grammar.Predef
+    GF.Grammar.Printer
+    GF.Grammar.ShowTerm
+    GF.Grammar.Unify
+    GF.Grammar.Values
+    GF.Haskell
+    GF.Infra.BuildInfo
+    GF.Infra.CheckM
+    GF.Infra.Concurrency
+    GF.Infra.Dependencies
+    GF.Infra.GetOpt
+    GF.Infra.Ident
+    GF.Infra.Location
+    GF.Infra.Option
+    GF.Infra.SIO
+    GF.Infra.UseIO
+    GF.Interactive
+    GF.JavaScript.AbsJS
+    GF.JavaScript.PrintJS
+    GF.Main
+    GF.Quiz
+    GF.Speech.CFGToFA
+    GF.Speech.FiniteState
+    GF.Speech.GSL
+    GF.Speech.JSGF
+    GF.Speech.PGFToCFG
+    GF.Speech.PrRegExp
+    GF.Speech.RegExp
+    GF.Speech.SISR
+    GF.Speech.SLF
+    GF.Speech.SRG
+    GF.Speech.SRGS_ABNF
+    GF.Speech.SRGS_XML
+    GF.Speech.VoiceXML
+    GF.Support
+    GF.System.Catch
+    GF.System.Concurrency
+    GF.System.Console
+    GF.System.Directory
+    GF.System.Process
+    GF.System.Signal
+    GF.Text.Clitics
+    GF.Text.Coding
+    GF.Text.Lexing
+    GF.Text.Pretty
+    GF.Text.Transliterations
+    LPGF
+    LPGF.Internal
+    PGF
+    PGF.Binary
+    PGF.ByteCode
+    PGF.CId
+    PGF.Data
+    PGF.Expr
+    PGF.Expr
+    PGF.Forest
+    PGF.Generate
+    PGF.Internal
+    PGF.Linearize
+    PGF.Macros
+    PGF.Morphology
+    PGF.OldBinary
+    PGF.Optimize
+    PGF.Paraphrase
+    PGF.Parse
+    PGF.Printer
+    PGF.Probabilistic
+    PGF.Tree
+    PGF.TrieMap
+    PGF.Type
+    PGF.TypeCheck
+    PGF.Utilities
+    PGF.VisualizeTree
+    PGF2
+    PGF2.Expr
+    PGF2.Type
+    PGF2.FFI
+    Paths_gf
+  if flag(interrupt)
+    cpp-options: -DUSE_INTERRUPT
+    other-modules: GF.System.UseSignal
+  else
+    other-modules: GF.System.NoSignal
+
+  hs-source-dirs:
+    src/runtime/haskell-bind
+  other-modules:
+    PGF2
+    PGF2.FFI
+    PGF2.Expr
+    PGF2.Type
+  build-tools:     hsc2hs
+  extra-libraries: pgf gu
+  c-sources:       src/runtime/haskell-bind/utils.c
+  cc-options:      -std=c99
+
+  build-depends:
+    ansi-terminal,
+    array,
+    base>=4.6 && <5,
+    bytestring,
+    containers,
+    deepseq,
+    directory,
+    filepath,
+    ghc-prim,
+    hashable,
+    haskeline,
+    json,
+    mtl,
+    parallel>=3,
+    pretty,
+    process,
+    random,
+    terminfo,
+    text,
+    time,
+    transformers-compat,
+    unix,
+    unordered-containers,
+    utf8-string
+  default-language: Haskell2010

index.html

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.3/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-MCw98/SFnGE8fJT3GXwEOngsV7Zt27NXFoaoApmYm81iuXoPkFOJwJ8ERdknLPMO" crossorigin="anonymous">
-  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/css/all.css" crossorigin="anonymous">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.4.2/css/all.css" integrity="sha384-/rXc/GQVaYpyDdyxK+ecHPVYJSN9bmVFBvjA/9eOB+pb3F2w2N6fc5qB9Ew5yIns" crossorigin="anonymous">
 
   <link rel="alternate" href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/" title="GF GitHub repository">
 </head>
@@ -85,27 +85,10 @@
   <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-3 mb-4">
     <h3>Contribute</h3>
     <ul class="mb-2">
-      <li>
-        <a href="https://web.libera.chat/?channels=#gf">
-          <i class="fas fa-hashtag"></i>
-          IRC
-        </a>
-        /
-        <a href="https://discord.gg/EvfUsjzmaz">
-          <i class="fab fa-discord"></i>
-          Discord
-        </a>
-      </li>
-      <li>
-        <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/gf">
-          <i class="fab fa-stack-overflow"></i>
-          Stack Overflow
-        </a>
-      </li>
-      <li><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/gf-dev">Mailing List</a></li>
+      <li><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/gf-dev">Mailing List</a></li>
       <li><a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
-      <li><a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/2020/">Summer School</a></li>
       <li><a href="doc/gf-people.html">Authors</a></li>
+      <li><a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/2020/">Summer School</a></li>
     </ul>
     <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/" class="btn btn-primary ml-3">
       <i class="fab fa-github mr-1"></i>
@@ -171,7 +154,7 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
 <div class="row">
 
   <div class="col-md-6">
-    <h2>Applications & availability</h2>
+    <h2>Applications & Availability</h2>
     <p>
     GF can be used for building
     <a href="//cloud.grammaticalframework.org/translator/">translation systems</a>,
@@ -236,28 +219,19 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
     or <a href="https://www.grammaticalframework.org/irc/?C=M;O=D">browse the channel logs</a>.
     </p>
     <p>
-    There is also a <a href="https://discord.gg/EvfUsjzmaz">GF server on Discord</a>.
-    </p>
-
-    <p>
-    For bug reports and feature requests, please create an issue in the
-    <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/issues">GF Core</a> or
-    <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl/issues">RGL</a> repository.
-
-    For programming questions, consider asking them on <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/gf">Stack Overflow with the <code>gf</code> tag</a>.
-    If you have a more general question to the community, we recommend you ask it on the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/gf-dev">mailing list</a>.
+    If you have a larger question which the community may benefit from, we recommend you ask it on the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/gf-dev">mailing list</a>.
     </p>
 
   </div>
 
   <div class="col-md-6">
     <h2>News</h2>
+    <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2021-07-25</dt>
+    <dd class="col-sm-9">
+      <strong>GF 3.11 released.</strong>
+      <a href="download/release-3.11.html">Release notes</a>
+    </dd>
     <dl class="row">
-      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2021-07-25</dt>
-      <dd class="col-sm-9">
-        <strong>GF 3.11 released.</strong>
-        <a href="download/release-3.11.html">Release notes</a>
-      </dd>
       <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2021-05-05</dt>
       <dd class="col-sm-9">
         <a href="https://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/wordnet/">GF WordNet</a> now supports languages for which there are no other WordNets. New additions: Afrikaans, German, Korean, Maltese, Polish, Somali, Swahili.
@@ -270,6 +244,34 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
       <dd class="col-sm-9">
         <a href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/COLI_a_00378">Abstract Syntax as Interlingua</a>: Scaling Up the Grammatical Framework from Controlled Languages to Robust Pipelines. A paper in Computational Linguistics (2020) summarizing much of the development in GF in the past ten years.
       </dd>
+      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2018-12-03</dt>
+      <dd class="col-sm-9">
+        <a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/2018/">Sixth GF Summer School</a> in Stellenbosch (South Africa), 3–14 December 2018
+      </dd>
+      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2018-12-02</dt>
+      <dd class="col-sm-9">
+        <strong>GF 3.10 released.</strong>
+        <a href="download/release-3.10.html">Release notes</a>
+      </dd>
+      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2018-07-25</dt>
+      <dd class="col-sm-9">
+        The GF repository has been split in two:
+        <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core">gf-core</a> and
+        <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl">gf-rgl</a>.
+        The original <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/GF">GF</a> repository is now archived.
+      </dd>
+      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2017-08-11</dt>
+      <dd class="col-sm-9">
+        <strong>GF 3.9 released.</strong>
+        <a href="download/release-3.9.html">Release notes</a>
+      </dd>
+      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2017-06-29</dt>
+      <dd class="col-sm-9">
+        GF is moving to <a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/GF/">GitHub</a>.</dd>
+      <dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2017-03-13</dt>
+      <dd class="col-sm-9">
+        <a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/2017/">GF Summer School</a> in Riga (Latvia), 14-25 August 2017
+      </dd>
     </dl>
 
     <h2>Projects</h2>
@@ -339,7 +341,7 @@ least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
     Libraries are at the heart of modern software engineering. In natural language
     applications, libraries are a way to cope with thousands of details involved in
     syntax, lexicon, and inflection. The
-    <a href="lib/doc/synopsis/index.html">GF resource grammar library</a> (RGL) has
+    <a href="lib/doc/synopsis/index.html">GF resource grammar library</a> has
     support for an increasing number of languages, currently including
     Afrikaans,
     Amharic (partial),

src/compiler/GF/Command/Commands.hs

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ module GF.Command.Commands (
   options,flags,
   ) where
 import Prelude hiding (putStrLn,(<>)) -- GHC 8.4.1 clash with Text.PrettyPrint
-import System.Info(os)
 
 import PGF
 
@@ -883,15 +882,11 @@ pgfCommands = Map.fromList [
                        Right ty   -> ty
           Nothing -> error ("Can't parse '"++str++"' as a type")
    optViewFormat opts = valStrOpts "format" "png" opts
-   optViewGraph opts = valStrOpts "view" open_cmd opts
+   optViewGraph opts = valStrOpts "view" "open" opts
    optNum opts = valIntOpts "number" 1 opts
    optNumInf opts = valIntOpts "number" 1000000000 opts ---- 10^9
    takeOptNum opts = take (optNumInf opts)
 
-   open_cmd | os == "linux"   = "xdg-open"
-            | os == "mingw32" = "start"
-            | otherwise       = "open"
-
    returnFromExprs es = return $ case es of
      [] -> pipeMessage "no trees found"
      _  -> fromExprs es
@@ -1027,4 +1022,4 @@ stanzas = map unlines . chop . lines where
 
 #if !(MIN_VERSION_base(4,9,0))
 errorWithoutStackTrace = error
-#endif
+#endif

src/compiler/GF/Compile.hs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-module GF.Compile (compileToPGF, link, batchCompile, srcAbsName) where
+module GF.Compile (compileToPGF, compileToLPGF, link, linkl, batchCompile, srcAbsName) where
 
 import GF.Compile.GrammarToPGF(mkCanon2pgf)
+import GF.Compile.GrammarToLPGF(mkCanon2lpgf)
 import GF.Compile.ReadFiles(ModEnv,getOptionsFromFile,getAllFiles,
                             importsOfModule)
 import GF.CompileOne(compileOne)
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ import GF.Infra.UseIO(IOE,FullPath,liftIO,getLibraryDirectory,putIfVerb,
                       justModuleName,extendPathEnv,putStrE,putPointE)
 import GF.Data.Operations(raise,(+++),err)
 
-import Control.Monad(foldM,when,(<=<),filterM,liftM)
+import Control.Monad(foldM,when,(<=<),filterM)
 import GF.System.Directory(doesFileExist,getModificationTime)
 import System.FilePath((</>),isRelative,dropFileName)
 import qualified Data.Map as Map(empty,insert,elems) --lookup
@@ -24,12 +25,16 @@ import GF.Text.Pretty(render,($$),(<+>),nest)
 
 import PGF.Internal(optimizePGF)
 import PGF(PGF,defaultProbabilities,setProbabilities,readProbabilitiesFromFile)
+import LPGF(LPGF)
 
 -- | Compiles a number of source files and builds a 'PGF' structure for them.
 -- This is a composition of 'link' and 'batchCompile'.
 compileToPGF :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IOE PGF
 compileToPGF opts fs = link opts . snd =<< batchCompile opts fs
 
+compileToLPGF :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IOE LPGF
+compileToLPGF opts fs = linkl opts . snd =<< batchCompile opts fs
+
 -- | Link a grammar into a 'PGF' that can be used to 'PGF.linearize' and
 -- 'PGF.parse' with the "PGF" run-time system.
 link :: Options -> (ModuleName,Grammar) -> IOE PGF
@@ -39,9 +44,17 @@ link opts (cnc,gr) =
     pgf <- mkCanon2pgf opts gr abs
     probs <- liftIO (maybe (return . defaultProbabilities) readProbabilitiesFromFile (flag optProbsFile opts) pgf)
     when (verbAtLeast opts Normal) $ putStrE "OK"
-    return $ setProbabilities probs 
+    return $ setProbabilities probs
            $ if flag optOptimizePGF opts then optimizePGF pgf else pgf
 
+-- | Link a grammar into a 'LPGF' that can be used for linearization only.
+linkl :: Options -> (ModuleName,Grammar) -> IOE LPGF
+linkl opts (cnc,gr) =
+  putPointE Normal opts "linking ... " $ do
+    let abs = srcAbsName gr cnc
+    lpgf <- mkCanon2lpgf opts gr abs
+    return lpgf
+
 -- | Returns the name of the abstract syntax corresponding to the named concrete syntax
 srcAbsName gr cnc = err (const cnc) id $ abstractOfConcrete gr cnc
 

src/compiler/GF/Compile/GrammarToLPGF.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+module GF.Compile.GrammarToLPGF (mkCanon2lpgf) where
+
+import LPGF.Internal (LPGF (..))
+import qualified LPGF.Internal as L
+
+import PGF.CId
+import GF.Grammar.Grammar
+import qualified GF.Grammar.Canonical as C
+import GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical (grammar2canonical)
+
+import GF.Data.Operations (ErrorMonad (..))
+import qualified GF.Data.IntMapBuilder as IntMapBuilder
+import GF.Infra.Ident (rawIdentS, showRawIdent)
+import GF.Infra.Option (Options)
+import GF.Infra.UseIO (IOE)
+import GF.Text.Pretty (pp, render)
+
+import Control.Applicative ((<|>))
+import Control.Monad (when, unless, forM, forM_)
+import qualified Control.Monad.State.Strict as CMS
+import Data.Either (lefts, rights)
+import Data.List (elemIndex)
+import qualified Data.List as L
+import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
+import Data.Maybe (fromJust, isJust)
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import qualified Data.Text as T
+import System.Environment (lookupEnv)
+import System.FilePath ((</>), (<.>))
+import Text.Printf (printf)
+
+import qualified Debug.Trace
+trace x = Debug.Trace.trace ("> " ++ show x) (return ())
+
+mkCanon2lpgf :: Options -> SourceGrammar -> ModuleName -> IOE LPGF
+mkCanon2lpgf opts gr am = do
+  debug <- isJust <$> lookupEnv "DEBUG"
+  when debug $ do
+    ppCanonical debugDir canon
+    dumpCanonical debugDir canon
+  (an,abs) <- mkAbstract ab
+  cncs     <- mapM (mkConcrete debug ab) cncs
+  let lpgf = LPGF {
+    L.absname = an,
+    L.abstract = abs,
+    L.concretes = Map.fromList cncs
+  }
+  when debug $ ppLPGF debugDir lpgf
+  return lpgf
+  where
+    canon@(C.Grammar ab cncs) = grammar2canonical opts am gr
+
+mkAbstract :: (ErrorMonad err) => C.Abstract -> err (CId, L.Abstract)
+mkAbstract (C.Abstract modId flags cats funs) = return (mdi2i modId, L.Abstract {})
+
+mkConcrete :: (ErrorMonad err) => Bool -> C.Abstract -> C.Concrete -> err (CId, L.Concrete)
+mkConcrete debug (C.Abstract _ _ _ funs) (C.Concrete modId absModId flags params0 lincats0 lindefs0) = do
+  let
+    -- Some transformations on canonical grammar
+
+    params :: [C.ParamDef]
+    params = inlineParamAliases params0
+
+    lincats :: [C.LincatDef]
+    lincats = s:i:f:lincats0
+      where
+        ss = C.RecordType [C.RecordRow (C.LabelId (rawIdentS "s")) C.StrType]
+        s = C.LincatDef (C.CatId (rawIdentS "String")) ss
+        i = C.LincatDef (C.CatId (rawIdentS "Int")) ss
+        f = C.LincatDef (C.CatId (rawIdentS "Float")) ss
+
+    lindefs :: [C.LinDef]
+    lindefs =
+      [ C.LinDef funId varIds linValue
+      | (C.LinDef funId varIds linValue) <- lindefs0
+      , let Right linType = lookupLinType funId
+      ]
+
+    -- Builds maps for lookups
+
+    paramValueMap :: Map.Map C.ParamId C.ParamDef -- constructor -> definition
+    paramValueMap = Map.fromList [ (v,d) | d@(C.ParamDef _ vs) <- params, (C.Param v _) <- vs ]
+
+    lincatMap :: Map.Map C.CatId C.LincatDef
+    lincatMap = Map.fromList [ (cid,d) | d@(C.LincatDef cid _) <- lincats ]
+
+    funMap :: Map.Map C.FunId C.FunDef
+    funMap = Map.fromList [ (fid,d) | d@(C.FunDef fid _) <- funs ]
+
+    -- | Lookup paramdef
+    lookupParamDef :: C.ParamId -> Either String C.ParamDef
+    lookupParamDef pid = m2e (printf "Cannot find param definition: %s" (show pid)) (Map.lookup pid paramValueMap)
+
+    -- | Lookup lintype for a function
+    lookupLinType :: C.FunId -> Either String C.LinType
+    lookupLinType funId = do
+      fun <- m2e (printf "Cannot find type for: %s" (show funId)) (Map.lookup funId funMap)
+      let (C.FunDef _ (C.Type _ (C.TypeApp catId _))) = fun
+      lincat <- m2e (printf "Cannot find lincat for: %s" (show catId)) (Map.lookup catId lincatMap)
+      let (C.LincatDef _ lt) = lincat
+      return lt
+
+    -- | Lookup lintype for a function's argument
+    lookupLinTypeArg :: C.FunId -> Int -> Either String C.LinType
+    lookupLinTypeArg funId argIx = do
+      fun <- m2e (printf "Cannot find type for: %s" (show funId)) (Map.lookup funId funMap)
+      let (C.FunDef _ (C.Type args _)) = fun
+      let (C.TypeBinding _ (C.Type _ (C.TypeApp catId _))) = args !! argIx
+      lincat <- m2e (printf "Cannot find lincat for: %s" (show catId)) (Map.lookup catId lincatMap)
+      let (C.LincatDef _ lt) = lincat
+      return lt
+
+    -- Code generation
+
+    -- | Main code generation function
+    mkLin :: C.LinDef -> CodeGen (CId, L.LinFun)
+    mkLin (C.LinDef funId varIds linValue) = do
+      -- when debug $ trace funId
+      (lf, _) <- val2lin linValue
+      return (fi2i funId, lf)
+      where
+        val2lin :: C.LinValue -> CodeGen (L.LinFun, Maybe C.LinType)
+        val2lin lv = case lv of
+
+          C.ConcatValue v1 v2 -> do
+            (v1',t1) <- val2lin v1
+            (v2',t2) <- val2lin v2
+            return (L.Concat v1' v2', t1 <|> t2) -- t1 else t2
+
+          C.LiteralValue ll -> case ll of
+            C.FloatConstant f -> return (L.Token $ T.pack $ show f, Just C.FloatType)
+            C.IntConstant i -> return (L.Token $ T.pack $ show i, Just C.IntType)
+            C.StrConstant s -> return (L.Token $ T.pack s, Just C.StrType)
+
+          C.ErrorValue err -> return (L.Error err, Nothing)
+
+          C.ParamConstant (C.Param pid lvs) -> do
+            let
+              collectProjections :: C.LinValue -> CodeGen [L.LinFun]
+              collectProjections (C.ParamConstant (C.Param pid lvs)) = do
+                def <- lookupParamDef pid
+                let (C.ParamDef tpid defpids) = def
+                pidIx <- eitherElemIndex pid [ p | C.Param p _ <- defpids ]
+                rest <- mapM collectProjections lvs
+                return $ L.Ix (pidIx+1) : concat rest
+              collectProjections lv = do
+                (lf,_) <- val2lin lv
+                return [lf]
+            lfs <- collectProjections lv
+            let term = L.Tuple lfs
+            def <- lookupParamDef pid
+            let (C.ParamDef tpid _) = def
+            return (term, Just $ C.ParamType (C.ParamTypeId tpid))
+
+          C.PredefValue (C.PredefId pid) -> case showRawIdent pid of
+            "BIND" -> return (L.Bind, Nothing)
+            "SOFT_BIND" -> return (L.Bind, Nothing)
+            "SOFT_SPACE" -> return (L.Space, Nothing)
+            "CAPIT" -> return (L.Capit, Nothing)
+            "ALL_CAPIT" -> return (L.AllCapit, Nothing)
+            x -> Left $ printf "Unknown predef function: %s" x
+
+          C.RecordValue rrvs -> do
+            ts <- sequence [ val2lin lv | C.RecordRow lid lv <- rrvs ]
+            return (L.Tuple (map fst ts), Just $ C.RecordType [ C.RecordRow lid lt | (C.RecordRow lid _, (_, Just lt)) <- zip rrvs ts])
+
+          C.TableValue lt trvs -> do
+            -- group the rows by "left-most" value
+            let
+              groupRow :: C.TableRowValue -> C.TableRowValue -> Bool
+              groupRow (C.TableRow p1 _) (C.TableRow p2 _) = groupPattern p1 p2
+
+              groupPattern :: C.LinPattern -> C.LinPattern -> Bool
+              groupPattern p1 p2 = case (p1,p2) of
+                (C.ParamPattern (C.Param pid1 _), C.ParamPattern (C.Param pid2 _)) -> pid1 == pid2 -- compare only constructors
+                (C.RecordPattern (C.RecordRow lid1 patt1:_), C.RecordPattern (C.RecordRow lid2 patt2:_)) -> groupPattern patt1 patt2 -- lid1 == lid2 necessarily
+                _ -> error $ printf "Mismatched patterns in grouping:\n%s\n%s" (show p1) (show p2)
+
+              grps :: [[C.TableRowValue]]
+              grps = L.groupBy groupRow trvs
+
+            -- remove one level of depth and recurse
+            let
+              handleGroup :: [C.TableRowValue] -> CodeGen (L.LinFun, Maybe C.LinType)
+              handleGroup [C.TableRow patt lv] =
+                case reducePattern patt of
+                  Just patt' -> do
+                    (lf,lt) <- handleGroup [C.TableRow patt' lv]
+                    return (L.Tuple [lf],lt)
+                  Nothing    -> val2lin lv
+              handleGroup rows = do
+                let rows' = map reduceRow rows
+                val2lin (C.TableValue lt rows') -- lt is wrong here, but is unused
+
+              reducePattern :: C.LinPattern -> Maybe C.LinPattern
+              reducePattern patt =
+                case patt of
+                  C.ParamPattern (C.Param _ []) -> Nothing
+                  C.ParamPattern (C.Param _ patts) -> Just $ C.ParamPattern (C.Param pid' patts')
+                    where
+                      C.ParamPattern (C.Param pid1 patts1) = head patts
+                      pid' = pid1
+                      patts' = patts1 ++ tail patts
+
+                  C.RecordPattern [] -> Nothing
+                  C.RecordPattern (C.RecordRow lid patt:rrs) ->
+                    case reducePattern patt of
+                      Just patt' -> Just $ C.RecordPattern (C.RecordRow lid patt':rrs)
+                      Nothing    -> if null rrs then Nothing else Just $ C.RecordPattern rrs
+
+                  _ -> error $ printf "Unhandled pattern in reducing: %s" (show patt)
+
+              reduceRow :: C.TableRowValue -> C.TableRowValue
+              reduceRow (C.TableRow patt lv) =
+                let Just patt' = reducePattern patt
+                in  C.TableRow patt' lv
+
+            -- ts :: [(L.LinFun, Maybe C.LinType)]
+            ts <- mapM handleGroup grps
+
+            -- return
+            let typ = case ts of
+                  (_, Just tst):_ -> Just $ C.TableType lt tst
+                  _ -> Nothing
+            return (L.Tuple (map fst ts), typ)
+
+          -- TODO TuplePattern, WildPattern?
+
+          C.TupleValue lvs -> do
+            ts <- mapM val2lin lvs
+            return (L.Tuple (map fst ts), Just $ C.TupleType (map (fromJust.snd) ts))
+
+          C.VariantValue [] -> return (L.Empty, Nothing) -- TODO Just C.StrType ?
+          C.VariantValue (vr:_) -> val2lin vr -- NOTE variants not supported, just pick first
+
+          C.VarValue (C.VarValueId (C.Unqual v)) -> do
+            ix <- eitherElemIndex (C.VarId v) varIds
+            lt <- lookupLinTypeArg funId ix
+            return (L.Argument (ix+1), Just lt)
+
+          C.PreValue pts df -> do
+            pts' <- forM pts $ \(pfxs, lv) -> do
+              (lv', _) <- val2lin lv
+              return (map T.pack pfxs, lv')
+            (df', lt) <- val2lin df
+            return (L.Pre pts' df', lt)
+
+          C.Projection v1 lblId -> do
+            (v1', mtyp) <- val2lin v1
+            -- find label index in argument type
+            let Just (C.RecordType rrs) = mtyp
+            let rrs' = [ lid | C.RecordRow lid _ <- rrs ]
+            -- lblIx <- eitherElemIndex lblId rrs'
+            let
+              lblIx = case eitherElemIndex lblId rrs' of
+                Right x -> x
+                Left _ -> 0 -- corresponds to Prelude.False
+            -- lookup lintype for record row
+            let C.RecordRow _ lt = rrs !! lblIx
+            return (L.Projection v1' (L.Ix (lblIx+1)), Just lt)
+
+          C.Selection v1 v2 -> do
+            (v1', t1) <- val2lin v1
+            (v2', t2) <- val2lin v2
+            let Just (C.TableType t11 t12) = t1 -- t11 == t2
+            return (L.Projection v1' v2', Just t12)
+
+          -- C.CommentedValue cmnt lv -> val2lin lv
+          C.CommentedValue cmnt lv -> case cmnt of
+            "impossible" -> return (L.Empty, Nothing)
+            -- "impossible" -> val2lin lv >>= \(_, typ) -> return (L.Empty, typ)
+            _ -> val2lin lv
+
+          v -> Left $ printf "val2lin not implemented for: %s" (show v)
+
+  -- Invoke code generation
+
+  let es = map mkLin lindefs
+  unless (null $ lefts es) (raise $ unlines (lefts es))
+
+  let maybeOptimise = if debug then id else extractStrings
+  let concr = maybeOptimise $ L.Concrete {
+    L.toks = IntMapBuilder.emptyIntMap,
+    L.lins = Map.fromList (rights es)
+  }
+  return (mdi2i modId, concr)
+
+type CodeGen a = Either String a
+
+-- | Remove ParamAliasDefs by inlining their definitions
+inlineParamAliases :: [C.ParamDef] -> [C.ParamDef]
+inlineParamAliases defs = if null aliases then defs else map rp' pdefs
+  where
+    (aliases,pdefs) = L.partition isParamAliasDef defs
+
+    rp' :: C.ParamDef -> C.ParamDef
+    rp' (C.ParamDef pid pids) = C.ParamDef pid (map rp'' pids)
+    rp' (C.ParamAliasDef _ _) = error "inlineParamAliases called on ParamAliasDef" -- impossible
+
+    rp'' :: C.ParamValueDef -> C.ParamValueDef
+    rp'' (C.Param pid pids) = C.Param pid (map rp''' pids)
+
+    rp''' :: C.ParamId -> C.ParamId
+    rp''' pid = case L.find (\(C.ParamAliasDef p _) -> p == pid) aliases of
+      Just (C.ParamAliasDef _ (C.ParamType (C.ParamTypeId p))) -> p
+      _ -> pid
+
+isParamAliasDef :: C.ParamDef -> Bool
+isParamAliasDef (C.ParamAliasDef _ _) = True
+isParamAliasDef _ = False
+
+isParamType :: C.LinType -> Bool
+isParamType (C.ParamType _) = True
+isParamType _ = False
+
+isRecordType :: C.LinType -> Bool
+isRecordType (C.RecordType _) = True
+isRecordType _ = False
+
+-- | Find all token strings, put them in a map and replace with token indexes
+extractStrings :: L.Concrete -> L.Concrete
+extractStrings concr = L.Concrete { L.toks = toks', L.lins = lins' }
+  where
+    imb = IntMapBuilder.fromIntMap (L.toks concr)
+    (lins',imb') = CMS.runState (go0 (L.lins concr)) imb
+    toks' = IntMapBuilder.toIntMap imb'
+
+    go0 :: Map.Map CId L.LinFun -> CMS.State (IntMapBuilder.IMB Text) (Map.Map CId L.LinFun)
+    go0 mp = do
+      xs <- mapM (\(cid,lin) -> go lin >>= \lin' -> return (cid,lin')) (Map.toList mp)
+      return $ Map.fromList xs
+
+    go :: L.LinFun -> CMS.State (IntMapBuilder.IMB Text) L.LinFun
+    go lf = case lf of
+      L.Token str -> do
+        imb <- CMS.get
+        let (ix,imb') = IntMapBuilder.insert' str imb
+        CMS.put imb'
+        return $ L.TokenIx ix
+
+      L.Pre pts df -> do
+        -- pts' <- mapM (\(pfxs,lv) -> go lv >>= \lv' -> return (pfxs,lv')) pts
+        pts' <- forM pts $ \(pfxs,lv) -> do
+          imb <- CMS.get
+          let str = T.pack $ show pfxs
+          let (ix,imb') = IntMapBuilder.insert' str imb
+          CMS.put imb'
+          lv' <- go lv
+          return (ix,lv')
+        df' <- go df
+        return $ L.PreIx pts' df'
+      L.Concat s t -> do
+        s' <- go s
+        t' <- go t
+        return $ L.Concat s' t'
+      L.Tuple ts -> do
+        ts' <- mapM go ts
+        return $ L.Tuple ts'
+      L.Projection t u -> do
+        t' <- go t
+        u' <- go u
+        return $ L.Projection t' u'
+      t -> return t
+
+-- | Convert Maybe to Either value with error
+m2e :: String -> Maybe a -> Either String a
+m2e err = maybe (Left err) Right
+
+-- | Wrap elemIndex into Either value
+eitherElemIndex :: (Eq a, Show a) => a -> [a] -> Either String Int
+eitherElemIndex x xs = m2e (printf "Cannot find: %s in %s" (show x) (show xs)) (elemIndex x xs)
+
+mdi2s :: C.ModId -> String
+mdi2s (C.ModId i) = showRawIdent i
+
+mdi2i :: C.ModId -> CId
+mdi2i (C.ModId i) = mkCId (showRawIdent i)
+
+fi2i :: C.FunId -> CId
+fi2i (C.FunId i) = mkCId (showRawIdent i)
+
+-- Debugging
+
+debugDir :: FilePath
+debugDir = "DEBUG"
+
+-- | Pretty-print canonical grammars to file
+ppCanonical :: FilePath -> C.Grammar -> IO ()
+ppCanonical path (C.Grammar ab cncs) = do
+  let (C.Abstract modId flags cats funs) = ab
+  writeFile (path </> mdi2s modId <.> "canonical.gf") (render $ pp ab)
+  forM_ cncs $ \cnc@(C.Concrete modId absModId flags params lincats lindefs) ->
+    writeFile' (path </> mdi2s modId <.> "canonical.gf") (render $ pp cnc)
+
+-- | Dump canonical grammars to file
+dumpCanonical :: FilePath -> C.Grammar -> IO ()
+dumpCanonical path (C.Grammar ab cncs) = do
+  let (C.Abstract modId flags cats funs) = ab
+  let body = unlines $ map show cats ++ [""] ++ map show funs
+  writeFile' (path </> mdi2s modId <.> "canonical.dump") body
+
+  forM_ cncs $ \(C.Concrete modId absModId flags params lincats lindefs) -> do
+    let body = unlines $ concat [
+          map show params,
+          [""],
+          map show lincats,
+          [""],
+          map show lindefs
+          ]
+    writeFile' (path </> mdi2s modId <.> "canonical.dump") body
+
+-- | Pretty-print LPGF to file
+ppLPGF :: FilePath -> LPGF -> IO ()
+ppLPGF path lpgf =
+  forM_ (Map.toList $ L.concretes lpgf) $ \(cid,concr) ->
+    writeFile' (path </> showCId cid <.> "lpgf.txt") (L.render $ L.pp concr)
+
+-- | Dump LPGF to file
+dumpLPGF :: FilePath -> LPGF -> IO ()
+dumpLPGF path lpgf =
+  forM_ (Map.toList $ L.concretes lpgf) $ \(cid,concr) -> do
+    let body = unlines $ map show (Map.toList $ L.lins concr)
+    writeFile' (path </> showCId cid <.> "lpgf.dump") body
+
+-- | Write a file and report it to console
+writeFile' :: FilePath -> String -> IO ()
+writeFile' p b = do
+  writeFile p b
+  putStrLn $ "Wrote " ++ p

src/compiler/GF/Compiler.hs

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-module GF.Compiler (mainGFC, linkGrammars, writePGF, writeOutputs) where
+module GF.Compiler (mainGFC, linkGrammars, writePGF, writeLPGF, writeOutputs) where
 
 import PGF
 import PGF.Internal(concretes,optimizePGF,unionPGF)
 import PGF.Internal(putSplitAbs,encodeFile,runPut)
-import GF.Compile as S(batchCompile,link,srcAbsName)
+import LPGF(LPGF)
+import qualified LPGF.Internal as LPGF
+import GF.Compile as S(batchCompile,link,linkl,srcAbsName)
 import GF.CompileInParallel as P(parallelBatchCompile)
 import GF.Compile.Export
 import GF.Compile.ConcreteToHaskell(concretes2haskell)
@@ -11,7 +13,8 @@ import GF.Compile.GrammarToCanonical--(concretes2canonical)
 import GF.Compile.CFGtoPGF
 import GF.Compile.GetGrammar
 import GF.Grammar.BNFC
-import GF.Grammar.CFG
+import GF.Grammar.CFG hiding (Grammar)
+import GF.Grammar.Grammar (Grammar, ModuleName)
 
 --import GF.Infra.Ident(showIdent)
 import GF.Infra.UseIO
@@ -23,10 +26,11 @@ import GF.Text.Pretty(render,render80)
 import Data.Maybe
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 import qualified Data.Set as Set
+import Data.Time(UTCTime)
 import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL
 import GF.Grammar.CanonicalJSON (encodeJSON)
 import System.FilePath
-import Control.Monad(when,unless,forM_)
+import Control.Monad(when,unless,forM,void)
 
 -- | Compile the given GF grammar files. The result is a number of @.gfo@ files
 -- and, depending on the options, a @.pgf@ file. (@gf -batch@, @gf -make@)
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ mainGFC opts fs = do
    extensionIs ext = (== ext) .  takeExtension
 
 compileSourceFiles :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IOE ()
-compileSourceFiles opts fs = 
+compileSourceFiles opts fs =
     do output <- batchCompile opts fs
        exportCanonical output
        unless (flag optStopAfterPhase opts == Compile) $
@@ -93,6 +97,10 @@ compileSourceFiles opts fs =
 -- If a @.pgf@ file by the same name already exists and it is newer than the
 -- source grammar files (as indicated by the 'UTCTime' argument), it is not
 -- recreated. Calls 'writePGF' and 'writeOutputs'.
+linkGrammars :: Options -> (UTCTime,[(ModuleName, Grammar)]) -> IOE ()
+linkGrammars opts (_,cnc_grs) | FmtLPGF `elem` flag optOutputFormats opts = do
+  lpgf <- linkl opts (head cnc_grs)
+  void $ writeLPGF opts lpgf
 linkGrammars opts (t_src,~cnc_grs@(~(cnc,gr):_)) =
     do let abs = render (srcAbsName gr cnc)
            pgfFile = outputPath opts (grammarName' opts abs<.>"pgf")
@@ -145,7 +153,7 @@ unionPGFFiles opts fs =
              pgfFile = outputPath opts (grammarName opts pgf <.> "pgf")
          if pgfFile `elem` fs
            then putStrLnE $ "Refusing to overwrite " ++ pgfFile
-           else writePGF opts pgf
+           else void $ writePGF opts pgf
          writeOutputs opts pgf
 
     readPGFVerbose f =
@@ -155,33 +163,46 @@ unionPGFFiles opts fs =
 -- Calls 'exportPGF'.
 writeOutputs :: Options -> PGF -> IOE ()
 writeOutputs opts pgf = do
-  sequence_ [writeOutput opts name str 
+  sequence_ [writeOutput opts name str
                  | fmt <- flag optOutputFormats opts,
                    (name,str) <- exportPGF opts fmt pgf]
 
 -- | Write the result of compiling a grammar (e.g. with 'compileToPGF' or
 -- 'link') to a @.pgf@ file.
 -- A split PGF file is output if the @-split-pgf@ option is used.
-writePGF :: Options -> PGF -> IOE ()
+writePGF :: Options -> PGF -> IOE [FilePath]
 writePGF opts pgf =
     if flag optSplitPGF opts then writeSplitPGF else writeNormalPGF
   where
     writeNormalPGF =
        do let outfile = outputPath opts (grammarName opts pgf <.> "pgf")
           writing opts outfile $ encodeFile outfile pgf
+          return [outfile]
 
     writeSplitPGF =
       do let outfile = outputPath opts (grammarName opts pgf <.> "pgf")
          writing opts outfile $ BSL.writeFile outfile (runPut (putSplitAbs pgf))
                                 --encodeFile_ outfile (putSplitAbs pgf)
-         forM_ (Map.toList (concretes pgf)) $ \cnc -> do
+         outfiles <- forM (Map.toList (concretes pgf)) $ \cnc -> do
            let outfile = outputPath opts (showCId (fst cnc) <.> "pgf_c")
            writing opts outfile $ encodeFile outfile cnc
+           return outfile
 
+         return (outfile:outfiles)
 
-writeOutput :: Options -> FilePath-> String -> IOE ()
-writeOutput opts file str = writing opts path $ writeUTF8File path str
-  where path = outputPath opts file
+writeLPGF :: Options -> LPGF -> IOE FilePath
+writeLPGF opts lpgf = do
+  let
+    grammarName = fromMaybe (showCId (LPGF.absname lpgf)) (flag optName opts)
+    outfile = outputPath opts (grammarName <.> "lpgf")
+  writing opts outfile $ liftIO $ LPGF.encodeFile outfile lpgf
+  return outfile
+
+writeOutput :: Options -> FilePath-> String -> IOE FilePath
+writeOutput opts file str = do
+  let outfile = outputPath opts file
+  writing opts outfile $ writeUTF8File outfile str
+  return outfile
 
 -- * Useful helper functions
 

src/compiler/GF/Data/IntMapBuilder.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+-- | In order to build an IntMap in one pass, we need a map data structure with
+-- fast lookup in both keys and values.
+-- This is achieved by keeping a separate reversed map of values to keys during building.
+module GF.Data.IntMapBuilder where
+
+import Data.IntMap (IntMap)
+import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
+import Data.Hashable (Hashable)
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HashMap
+import Data.Tuple (swap)
+import Prelude hiding (lookup)
+
+data IMB a = IMB {
+  intMap :: IntMap a,
+  valMap :: HashMap a Int
+}
+
+-- | An empty IMB
+empty :: (Eq a, Hashable a) => IMB a
+empty = IMB {
+  intMap = IntMap.empty,
+  valMap = HashMap.empty
+}
+
+-- | An empty IntMap
+emptyIntMap :: IntMap a
+emptyIntMap = IntMap.empty
+
+-- | Lookup a value
+lookup :: (Eq a, Hashable a) => a -> IMB a -> Maybe Int
+lookup a IMB { valMap = vm } = HashMap.lookup a vm
+
+-- | Insert without any lookup
+insert :: (Eq a, Hashable a) => a -> IMB a -> (Int, IMB a)
+insert a IMB { intMap = im, valMap = vm } =
+  let
+    ix = IntMap.size im
+    im' = IntMap.insert ix a im
+    vm' = HashMap.insert a ix vm
+    imb' = IMB { intMap = im', valMap = vm' }
+  in
+    (ix, imb')
+
+-- | Insert only when lookup fails
+insert' :: (Eq a, Hashable a) => a -> IMB a -> (Int, IMB a)
+insert' a imb =
+  case lookup a imb of
+    Just ix -> (ix, imb)
+    Nothing -> insert a imb
+
+-- | Build IMB from existing IntMap
+fromIntMap :: (Eq a, Hashable a) => IntMap a -> IMB a
+fromIntMap im = IMB {
+  intMap = im,
+  valMap = HashMap.fromList (map swap (IntMap.toList im))
+}
+
+-- | Get IntMap from IMB
+toIntMap :: (Eq a, Hashable a) => IMB a -> IntMap a
+toIntMap = intMap

src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Canonical.hs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ data TypeApp  = TypeApp CatId [Type]        deriving Show
 data TypeBinding = TypeBinding VarId Type   deriving Show
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- ** Concreate syntax
+-- ** Concrete syntax
 
 -- | Concrete Syntax
 data Concrete  = Concrete ModId ModId Flags [ParamDef] [LincatDef] [LinDef]
@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ data TableRow  rhs = TableRow  LinPattern rhs
 
 -- *** Identifiers in Concrete Syntax
 
-newtype PredefId = PredefId Id        deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
-newtype LabelId  = LabelId Id         deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
-data VarValueId  = VarValueId QualId  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+newtype PredefId   = PredefId Id        deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+newtype LabelId    = LabelId Id         deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
+newtype VarValueId = VarValueId QualId  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
 
 -- | Name of param type or param value
 newtype ParamId = ParamId QualId  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
@@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ newtype ParamId = ParamId QualId  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
 newtype ModId = ModId Id  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
 
 newtype CatId = CatId Id  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
-newtype FunId = FunId Id  deriving (Eq,Show)
+newtype FunId = FunId Id  deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
 
-data VarId = Anonymous | VarId Id  deriving Show
+data VarId = Anonymous | VarId Id  deriving (Eq,Show)
 
 newtype Flags = Flags [(FlagName,FlagValue)] deriving Show
 type FlagName = Id

src/compiler/GF/Infra/Option.hs

@@ -87,7 +87,8 @@ data Verbosity = Quiet | Normal | Verbose | Debug
 data Phase = Preproc | Convert | Compile | Link
   deriving (Show,Eq,Ord)
 
-data OutputFormat = FmtPGFPretty
+data OutputFormat = FmtLPGF
+                  | FmtPGFPretty
                   | FmtCanonicalGF
                   | FmtCanonicalJson
                   | FmtJavaScript
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ optDescr =
      Option ['f'] ["output-format"] (ReqArg outFmt "FMT")
         (unlines ["Output format. FMT can be one of:",
                   "Canonical GF grammar: canonical_gf, canonical_json, (and haskell with option --haskell=concrete)",
-                  "Multiple concrete: pgf (default), json, js, pgf_pretty, prolog, python, ...", -- gar,
+                  "Multiple concrete: pgf (default), lpgf, json, js, pgf_pretty, prolog, python, ...", -- gar,
                   "Single concrete only: bnf, ebnf, fa, gsl, jsgf, regexp, slf, srgs_xml, srgs_abnf, vxml, ....", -- cf, lbnf,
                   "Abstract only: haskell, ..."]), -- prolog_abs,
      Option [] ["sisr"] (ReqArg sisrFmt "FMT")
@@ -477,7 +478,8 @@ outputFormats = map fst outputFormatsExpl
 
 outputFormatsExpl :: [((String,OutputFormat),String)]
 outputFormatsExpl =
-    [(("pgf_pretty",   FmtPGFPretty),"human-readable pgf"),
+    [(("lpgf",         FmtLPGF),"Linearisation-only PGF"),
+     (("pgf_pretty",   FmtPGFPretty),"Human-readable PGF"),
      (("canonical_gf", FmtCanonicalGF),"Canonical GF source files"),
      (("canonical_json", FmtCanonicalJson),"Canonical JSON source files"),
      (("js",           FmtJavaScript),"JavaScript (whole grammar)"),

src/compiler/GF/Main.hs

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import Data.Version
 import System.Directory
 import System.Environment (getArgs)
 import System.Exit
-import GHC.IO.Encoding
 -- import GF.System.Console (setConsoleEncoding)
 
 -- | Run the GF main program, taking arguments from the command line.
@@ -24,7 +23,6 @@ import GHC.IO.Encoding
 -- Run @gf --help@ for usage info.
 main :: IO ()
 main = do
-  setLocaleEncoding utf8
   -- setConsoleEncoding
   uncurry mainOpts =<< getOptions
 

src/compiler/GF/Text/Coding.hs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ decodeUnicode :: TextEncoding -> ByteString -> String
 decodeUnicode enc bs = unsafePerformIO $ decodeUnicodeIO enc bs
 
 decodeUnicodeIO enc (PS fptr l len) = do
-    let bbuf = (emptyBuffer fptr len ReadBuffer) { bufL=l, bufR=l+len }
+    let bbuf = Buffer{bufRaw=fptr, bufState=ReadBuffer, bufSize=len, bufL=l, bufR=l+len}
     cbuf <- newCharBuffer 128 WriteBuffer
     case enc of
       TextEncoding {mkTextDecoder=mk} -> do decoder <- mk

src/programs/gf-main.hs

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-module Main where
-
 import qualified GF
 
 main = GF.main

src/runtime/c/gu/exn.c

@@ -18,24 +18,12 @@ gu_exn_is_raised(GuExn* err) {
 	return err && (err->state == GU_EXN_RAISED);
 }
 
-GU_API_DECL void
-gu_exn_clear(GuExn* err) {
-	err->caught = NULL;
-	err->state = GU_EXN_OK;
-}
-
 GU_API bool
 gu_exn_caught_(GuExn* err, const char* type)
 {
 	return (err->caught && strcmp(err->caught, type) == 0);
 }
 
-GU_API_DECL void*
-gu_exn_caught_data(GuExn* err)
-{
-	return err->data.data;
-}
-
 GU_API void
 gu_exn_block(GuExn* err)
 {

src/runtime/c/gu/exn.h

@@ -71,13 +71,11 @@ gu_new_exn(GuPool* pool);
 GU_API_DECL bool
 gu_exn_is_raised(GuExn* err);
 
-// static inline void
-// gu_exn_clear(GuExn* err) {
-// 	err->caught = NULL;
-// 	err->state = GU_EXN_OK;
-// }
-GU_API_DECL void
-gu_exn_clear(GuExn* err);
+static inline void
+gu_exn_clear(GuExn* err) {
+	err->caught = NULL;
+	err->state = GU_EXN_OK;
+}
 
 #define gu_exn_caught(err, type) \
 	(err->caught && strcmp(err->caught, #type) == 0)
@@ -85,13 +83,11 @@ gu_exn_clear(GuExn* err);
 GU_API_DECL bool
 gu_exn_caught_(GuExn* err, const char* type);
 
-// static inline const void*
-// gu_exn_caught_data(GuExn* err)
-// {
-// 	return err->data.data;
-// }
-GU_API_DECL void*
-gu_exn_caught_data(GuExn* err);
+static inline const void*
+gu_exn_caught_data(GuExn* err)
+{
+	return err->data.data;
+}
 
 /// Temporarily block a raised exception.
 GU_API_DECL void

src/runtime/c/pgf/jit.c

@@ -8,42 +8,6 @@
 
 //#define PGF_JIT_DEBUG
 
-#ifdef EMSCRIPTEN
-
-PGF_INTERNAL PgfJitState*
-pgf_new_jit(PgfReader* rdr)
-{
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-PGF_INTERNAL PgfEvalGates*
-pgf_jit_gates(PgfReader* rdr)
-{
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-PGF_INTERNAL void
-pgf_jit_predicate(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr,
-                  PgfAbsCat* abscat)
-{
-    size_t n_funs = pgf_read_len(rdr);
-	gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, );
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_funs; i++) {
-        gu_in_f64be(rdr->in, rdr->err);  // ignore
-        gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, );
-
-        PgfCId name = pgf_read_cid(rdr, rdr->tmp_pool);
-        gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, );
-    }
-}
-
-PGF_INTERNAL void
-pgf_jit_done(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr)
-{
-}
-
-#else
 
 struct PgfJitState {
 	jit_state jit;
@@ -1365,5 +1329,3 @@ pgf_jit_done(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr)
 	
 	jit_flush_code(rdr->jit_state->buf, jit_get_ip().ptr);
 }
-
-#endif

src/runtime/c/pgf/parser.c

@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ typedef struct {
     PgfParseState *before;
     PgfParseState *after;
     PgfToken prefix;
-    bool prefix_bind;
     PgfTokenProb* tp;
     PgfExprEnum en;    // enumeration for the generated trees/tokens
 #ifdef PGF_COUNTS_DEBUG
@@ -1010,7 +1009,6 @@ pgf_new_parse_state(PgfParsing* ps, size_t start_offset,
 	                    (start_offset == end_offset);
 	state->start_offset = start_offset;
 	state->end_offset = end_offset;
-
 	state->viterbi_prob = viterbi_prob;
  	state->lexicon_idx =
 		gu_new_buf(PgfLexiconIdxEntry, ps->pool);
@@ -1383,30 +1381,20 @@ pgf_parsing_symbol(PgfParsing* ps, PgfItem* item, PgfSymbol sym)
 		break;
 	}
 	case PGF_SYMBOL_BIND: {
-        if (!ps->prefix_bind && ps->prefix != NULL && *(ps->sentence + ps->before->end_offset) == 0) {
-            PgfProductionApply* papp = gu_variant_data(item->prod);
-
-			ps->tp = gu_new(PgfTokenProb, ps->out_pool);
-			ps->tp->tok  = NULL;
-			ps->tp->cat  = item->conts->ccat->cnccat->abscat->name;
-			ps->tp->fun  = papp->fun->absfun->name;
-			ps->tp->prob = item->inside_prob + item->conts->outside_prob;
-        } else {
-            if (ps->before->start_offset == ps->before->end_offset &&
-                ps->before->needs_bind) {
-                PgfParseState* state =
-                    pgf_new_parse_state(ps, ps->before->end_offset, BIND_HARD,
-                                        item->inside_prob+item->conts->outside_prob);
-                if (state != NULL) {
-                    pgf_item_advance(item, ps->pool);
-                    gu_buf_heap_push(state->agenda, pgf_item_prob_order, &item);
-                } else {
-                    pgf_item_free(ps, item);
-                }
-            } else {
-                pgf_item_free(ps, item);
-            }
-        }
+		if (ps->before->start_offset == ps->before->end_offset &&
+		    ps->before->needs_bind) {
+			PgfParseState* state =
+				pgf_new_parse_state(ps, ps->before->end_offset, BIND_HARD,
+				                    item->inside_prob+item->conts->outside_prob);
+			if (state != NULL) {
+				pgf_item_advance(item, ps->pool);
+                gu_buf_heap_push(state->agenda, pgf_item_prob_order, &item);
+			} else {
+				pgf_item_free(ps, item);
+			}
+		} else {
+			pgf_item_free(ps, item);
+		}
 		break;
 	}
 	case PGF_SYMBOL_SOFT_BIND:
@@ -2349,8 +2337,7 @@ pgf_parser_completions_next(GuEnum* self, void* to, GuPool* pool)
 
 PGF_API GuEnum*
 pgf_complete(PgfConcr* concr, PgfType* type, GuString sentence, 
-             GuString prefix, bool prefix_bind,
-             GuExn *err, GuPool* pool)
+             GuString prefix, GuExn *err, GuPool* pool)
 {
 	if (concr->sequences == NULL ||
 	    concr->cnccats == NULL) {
@@ -2390,7 +2377,6 @@ pgf_complete(PgfConcr* concr, PgfType* type, GuString sentence,
 	// Now begin enumerating the completions
 	ps->en.next = pgf_parser_completions_next;
 	ps->prefix  = prefix;
-    ps->prefix_bind = prefix_bind;
 	ps->tp      = NULL;
 	return &ps->en;
 }

src/runtime/c/pgf/pgf.h

@@ -251,8 +251,7 @@ typedef struct {
 
 PGF_API_DECL GuEnum*
 pgf_complete(PgfConcr* concr, PgfType* type, GuString string, 
-             GuString prefix, bool prefix_bind,
-             GuExn* err, GuPool* pool);
+             GuString prefix, GuExn* err, GuPool* pool);
 
 typedef struct PgfLiteralCallback PgfLiteralCallback;
 

src/runtime/c/pgf/reader.c

@@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@ pgf_read_concretes(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr, bool with_content)
 PGF_INTERNAL PgfPGF*
 pgf_read_pgf(PgfReader* rdr) {
 	PgfPGF* pgf = gu_new(PgfPGF, rdr->opool);
-
+	
 	pgf->major_version = gu_in_u16be(rdr->in, rdr->err);
 	gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);
 
@@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ pgf_read_pgf(PgfReader* rdr) {
 
 	pgf->gflags = pgf_read_flags(rdr);
 	gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);
-
+		
 	pgf_read_abstract(rdr, &pgf->abstract);
 	gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);
 

src/runtime/haskell-bind/PGF2.hsc

@@ -1026,10 +1026,7 @@ complete lang (Type ctype _) sent pfx =
           touchConcr lang
           return []
         else do
-          p_tok <- (#peek PgfTokenProb, tok) cmpEntry
-          tok <- if p_tok == nullPtr
-                   then return "&+"
-                   else peekUtf8CString p_tok
+          tok <- peekUtf8CString =<< (#peek PgfTokenProb, tok) cmpEntry
           cat <- peekUtf8CString =<< (#peek PgfTokenProb, cat) cmpEntry
           fun <- peekUtf8CString =<< (#peek PgfTokenProb, fun) cmpEntry
           prob <- (#peek PgfTokenProb, prob) cmpEntry

src/runtime/haskell-bind/pgf2.cabal

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ library
     PGF2.Expr,
     PGF2.Type
   build-depends:
-    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.16,
+    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.15,
     containers >= 0.5.7 && < 0.7,
     pretty >= 1.1.3 && < 1.2
   default-language: Haskell2010

src/runtime/haskell/Data/Binary/Get.hs

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE CPP, MagicHash #-}
--- This module makes profiling a lot slower, so don't add automatic cost centres 
-{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-prof-auto #-}
 -- for unboxed shifts
 
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

src/runtime/haskell/LPGF.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
+
+-- | Linearisation-only portable grammar format.
+--
+-- LPGF is an output format from the GF compiler, intended as a smaller and faster alternative to PGF.
+-- This API allows LPGF files to be used in Haskell programs.
+--
+-- The implementation closely follows description in Section 2 of Angelov, Bringert, Ranta (2009):
+-- "PGF: A Portable Run-Time Format for Type-Theoretical Grammars".
+-- http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.640.6330&rep=rep1&type=pdf
+module LPGF (
+  -- * LPGF
+  LPGF,
+  showLPGF,
+  readLPGF,
+
+  -- * Identifiers
+  CId,
+  mkCId,
+  showCId,
+  readCId,
+
+  -- * Abstract syntax
+  Abstract,
+  abstractName,
+
+  -- ** Categories
+
+  -- ** Functions
+
+  -- ** Expressions
+  Expr,
+  PGF.showExpr,
+  PGF.readExpr,
+
+  -- ** Types
+
+  -- ** Type checking
+
+  -- * Concrete syntax
+  Language,
+  PGF.showLanguage,
+  PGF.readLanguage,
+  languages,
+  Concrete,
+  LPGF.concretes,
+
+  -- ** Linearization
+  linearize,
+  linearizeText,
+  linearizeConcrete,
+  linearizeConcreteText
+) where
+
+import LPGF.Internal
+import PGF (Language)
+import PGF.CId
+import PGF.Expr (Expr, Literal (..))
+import PGF.Tree (Tree (..), expr2tree, prTree)
+import qualified PGF
+
+import Data.Binary (decodeFile)
+import Data.Either (isLeft)
+import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
+import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import qualified Data.Text as T
+import Numeric (showFFloat)
+import Text.Printf (printf)
+
+import Prelude hiding ((!!))
+import qualified Prelude
+
+-- | The abstract language name is the name of the top-level abstract module.
+abstractName :: LPGF -> CId
+abstractName = absname
+
+-- | List of all languages available in the given grammar.
+languages :: LPGF -> [Language]
+languages = Map.keys . LPGF.Internal.concretes
+
+-- | Map of all languages and their corresponding concrete sytaxes.
+concretes :: LPGF -> Map.Map Language Concrete
+concretes = LPGF.Internal.concretes
+
+-- | Reads file in LPGF and produces 'LPGF' term.
+-- The file is usually produced with:
+--
+-- > $ gf --make --output-format=lpgf <grammar file name>
+readLPGF :: FilePath -> IO LPGF
+readLPGF = Data.Binary.decodeFile
+
+-- | Produce pretty-printed representation of an LPGF.
+showLPGF :: LPGF -> String
+showLPGF = render . pp
+
+-- | Main linearize function, to 'String'
+linearize :: LPGF -> Language -> Expr -> String
+linearize lpgf lang expr = T.unpack $ linearizeText lpgf lang expr
+
+-- | Main linearize function, to 'Data.Text.Text'
+linearizeText :: LPGF -> Language -> Expr -> Text
+linearizeText lpgf lang =
+  case Map.lookup lang (LPGF.Internal.concretes lpgf) of
+    Just concr -> linearizeConcreteText concr
+    Nothing -> error $ printf "Unknown language: %s" (showCId lang)
+
+-- | Language-specific linearize function, to 'String'
+linearizeConcrete :: Concrete -> Expr -> String
+linearizeConcrete concr expr = T.unpack $ linearizeConcreteText concr expr
+
+-- | Language-specific linearize function, to 'Data.Text.Text'
+linearizeConcreteText :: Concrete -> Expr -> Text
+linearizeConcreteText concr expr = lin2string $ lin (expr2tree expr)
+  where
+    lin :: Tree -> LinFun
+    lin = \case
+      Fun f as ->
+        case Map.lookup f (lins concr) of
+          Just t -> eval cxt t
+            where cxt = Context { cxToks = toks concr, cxArgs = map lin as }
+          _ -> Missing f
+      Lit l -> Tuple [Token (T.pack s)]
+        where
+          s = case l of
+            LStr s -> s
+            LInt i -> show i
+            LFlt f -> showFFloat (Just 6) f ""
+      x -> error $ printf "Cannot lin: %s" (prTree x)
+
+-- | Evaluation context
+data Context = Context {
+  cxArgs :: [LinFun], -- ^  is a sequence of terms
+  cxToks :: IntMap.IntMap Text -- ^ token map
+}
+
+-- | Operational semantics
+eval :: Context -> LinFun -> LinFun
+eval cxt t = case t of
+  Error err -> error err
+  Pre pts df -> Pre pts' df'
+    where
+      pts' = [(pfxs, eval cxt t) | (pfxs, t) <- pts]
+      df' = eval cxt df
+
+  Concat s t -> Concat v w
+    where
+      v = eval cxt s
+      w = eval cxt t
+  Tuple ts -> Tuple vs
+    where vs = map (eval cxt) ts
+  Projection t u ->
+    case (eval cxt t, eval cxt u) of
+      (Missing f, _) -> Missing f
+      (Tuple vs, Missing _) | not (null vs) -> vs !! 0 -- cannot know how deep to unpack; this gives best results with current testsuite
+      (_, Missing f) -> Missing f
+      (Tuple vs, Ix i) -> vs !! (i-1)
+      (t', tv@(Tuple _)) -> eval cxt $ foldl Projection t' (flattenTuple tv)
+      (t',u') -> error $ printf "Incompatible projection:\n- %s\n⇓ %s\n- %s\n⇓ %s" (show t) (show t') (show u) (show u')
+  Argument i -> cxArgs cxt !! (i-1)
+
+  PreIx pts df -> Pre pts' df'
+    where
+      pts' = [(pfxs, eval cxt t) | (ix, t) <- pts, let pfxs = maybe [] (read . T.unpack) $ IntMap.lookup ix (cxToks cxt)]
+      df' = eval cxt df
+  TokenIx i -> maybe Empty Token $ IntMap.lookup i (cxToks cxt)
+
+  _ -> t
+
+flattenTuple :: LinFun -> [LinFun]
+flattenTuple = \case
+  Tuple vs -> concatMap flattenTuple vs
+  lf -> [lf]
+
+-- | Turn concrete syntax terms into an actual string.
+-- This is done in two passes, first to flatten concats & evaluate pre's, then to
+-- apply BIND and other predefs.
+lin2string :: LinFun -> Text
+lin2string lf = T.unwords $ join $ flatten [lf]
+  where
+    -- Process bind et al into final token list
+    join :: [Either LinFun Text] -> [Text]
+    join elt = case elt of
+      Right tok:Left Bind:ls ->
+        case join ls of
+          next:ls' -> tok `T.append` next : ls'
+          _ -> []
+      Right tok:ls -> tok : join ls
+      Left Space:ls -> join ls
+      Left Capit:ls ->
+        case join ls of
+          next:ls' -> T.toUpper (T.take 1 next) `T.append` T.drop 1 next : ls'
+          _ -> []
+      Left AllCapit:ls ->
+        case join ls of
+          next:ls' -> T.toUpper next : ls'
+          _ -> []
+      Left (Missing cid):ls -> join (Right (T.pack (printf "[%s]" (show cid))) : ls)
+      [] -> []
+      x -> error $ printf "Unhandled term in lin2string: %s" (show x)
+
+    -- Process concats, tuples, pre into flat list
+    flatten :: [LinFun] -> [Either LinFun Text]
+    flatten [] = []
+    flatten (l:ls) = case l of
+      Empty -> flatten ls
+      Token "" -> flatten ls
+      Token tok -> Right tok : flatten ls
+      Concat l1 l2 -> flatten (l1 : l2 : ls)
+      Tuple [l] -> flatten (l:ls)
+      Tuple (l:_) -> flatten (l:ls) -- unselected table, just choose first option (see e.g. FoodsJpn)
+      Pre pts df ->
+        let
+          f = flatten ls
+          ch = case dropWhile isLeft f of
+            Right next:_ ->
+              let matches = [ l | (pfxs, l) <- pts, any (`T.isPrefixOf` next) pfxs ]
+              in  if null matches then df else head matches
+            _ -> df
+        in flatten (ch:ls)
+      x -> Left x : flatten ls
+
+-- | List indexing with more verbose error messages
+(!!) :: (Show a) => [a] -> Int -> a
+(!!) xs i
+  | i < 0 = error $ printf "!!: index %d too small for list: %s" i (show xs)
+  | i > length xs - 1 = error $ printf "!!: index %d too large for list: %s" i (show xs)
+  | otherwise = xs Prelude.!! i
+
+isIx :: LinFun -> Bool
+isIx (Ix _) = True
+isIx _ = False

src/runtime/haskell/LPGF/Internal.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
+
+module LPGF.Internal where
+
+import PGF.CId
+import PGF ()
+
+import Control.Monad (liftM, liftM2, forM_)
+import qualified Control.Monad.Writer as CMW
+import Data.Binary (Binary, put, get, putWord8, getWord8, encodeFile)
+import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
+import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import qualified Data.Text as T
+import qualified Data.Text.Encoding as TE
+
+-- | Linearisation-only PGF
+data LPGF = LPGF {
+  absname   :: CId,
+  abstract  :: Abstract,
+  concretes :: Map.Map CId Concrete
+} deriving (Show)
+
+-- | Abstract syntax (currently empty)
+data Abstract = Abstract {
+} deriving (Show)
+
+-- | Concrete syntax
+data Concrete = Concrete {
+  toks    :: IntMap.IntMap Text, -- ^ all strings are stored exactly once here
+  -- lincats :: Map.Map CId LinType, -- ^ a linearization type for each category
+  lins    :: Map.Map CId LinFun  -- ^ a linearization function for each function
+} deriving (Show)
+
+-- | Abstract function type
+-- data Type = Type [CId] CId
+--   deriving (Show)
+
+-- -- | Linearisation type
+-- data LinType =
+--     StrType
+--   | IxType Int
+--   | ProductType [LinType]
+--   deriving (Show)
+
+-- | Linearisation function
+data LinFun =
+  -- Additions
+    Error String -- ^ a runtime error, should probably not be supported at all
+  | Bind -- ^ join adjacent tokens
+  | Space -- ^ space between adjacent tokens
+  | Capit -- ^ capitalise next character
+  | AllCapit -- ^ capitalise next word
+  | Pre [([Text], LinFun)] LinFun
+  | Missing CId -- ^ missing definition (inserted at runtime)
+
+  -- From original definition in paper
+  | Empty
+  | Token Text
+  | Concat LinFun LinFun
+  | Ix Int
+  | Tuple [LinFun]
+  | Projection LinFun LinFun
+  | Argument Int
+
+  -- For reducing LPGF file when stored
+  | PreIx [(Int, LinFun)] LinFun -- ^ index into `toks` map (must apply read to convert to list)
+  | TokenIx Int -- ^ index into `toks` map
+
+  deriving (Show, Read)
+
+instance Binary LPGF where
+  put lpgf = do
+    put (absname lpgf)
+    put (abstract lpgf)
+    put (concretes lpgf)
+  get = do
+    an <- get
+    abs <- get
+    concs <- get
+    return $ LPGF {
+      absname = an,
+      abstract = abs,
+      concretes = concs
+    }
+
+instance Binary Abstract where
+  put abs = return ()
+  get = return $ Abstract {}
+
+instance Binary Concrete where
+  put concr = do
+    put (toks concr)
+    put (lins concr)
+  get = do
+    ts <- get
+    ls <- get
+    return $ Concrete {
+      toks = ts,
+      lins = ls
+    }
+
+instance Binary LinFun where
+  put = \case
+    Error e          -> putWord8 0 >> put e
+    Bind             -> putWord8 1
+    Space            -> putWord8 2
+    Capit            -> putWord8 3
+    AllCapit         -> putWord8 4
+    Pre ps d         -> putWord8 5 >> put (ps,d)
+    Missing f        -> putWord8 13 >> put f
+
+    Empty            -> putWord8 6
+    Token t          -> putWord8 7 >> put t
+    Concat l1 l2     -> putWord8 8 >> put (l1,l2)
+    Ix i             -> putWord8 9 >> put i
+    Tuple ls         -> putWord8 10 >> put ls
+    Projection l1 l2 -> putWord8 11 >> put (l1,l2)
+    Argument i       -> putWord8 12 >> put i
+
+    PreIx ps d       -> putWord8 15 >> put (ps,d)
+    TokenIx i        -> putWord8 14 >> put i
+
+  get = do
+    tag <- getWord8
+    case tag of
+      0  -> liftM  Error get
+      1  -> return Bind
+      2  -> return Space
+      3  -> return Capit
+      4  -> return AllCapit
+      5  -> liftM2 Pre get get
+      13 -> liftM  Missing get
+
+      6  -> return Empty
+      7  -> liftM  Token get
+      8  -> liftM2 Concat get get
+      9  -> liftM  Ix get
+      10 -> liftM  Tuple get
+      11 -> liftM2 Projection get get
+      12 -> liftM  Argument get
+
+      15 -> liftM2 PreIx get get
+      14 -> liftM  TokenIx get
+      _  -> fail "Failed to decode LPGF binary format"
+
+instance Binary Text where
+  put = put . TE.encodeUtf8
+  get = liftM TE.decodeUtf8 get
+
+encodeFile :: FilePath -> LPGF -> IO ()
+encodeFile = Data.Binary.encodeFile
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Utilities
+
+-- | Helper for building concat trees
+mkConcat :: [LinFun] -> LinFun
+mkConcat [] = Empty
+mkConcat [x] = x
+mkConcat xs = foldl1 Concat xs
+
+-- | Helper for unfolding concat trees
+unConcat :: LinFun -> [LinFun]
+unConcat (Concat l1 l2) = concatMap unConcat [l1, l2]
+unConcat lf = [lf]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Pretty-printing
+
+type Doc = CMW.Writer [String] ()
+
+render :: Doc -> String
+render = unlines . CMW.execWriter
+
+class PP a where
+  pp :: a -> Doc
+
+instance PP LPGF where
+  pp (LPGF _ _ cncs) = mapM_ pp cncs
+
+instance PP Concrete where
+  pp (Concrete toks lins) = do
+    forM_ (IntMap.toList toks) $ \(i,tok) ->
+      CMW.tell [show i ++ " " ++ T.unpack tok]
+    CMW.tell [""]
+    forM_ (Map.toList lins) $ \(cid,lin) -> do
+      CMW.tell ["# " ++ showCId cid]
+      pp lin
+      CMW.tell [""]
+
+instance PP LinFun where
+  pp = pp' 0
+    where
+      pp' n = \case
+        Pre ps d -> do
+          p "Pre"
+          CMW.tell [ replicate (2*(n+1)) ' ' ++ show p | p <- ps ]
+          pp' (n+1) d
+
+        c@(Concat l1 l2) -> do
+          let ts = unConcat c
+          if any isDeep ts
+          then do
+            p "Concat"
+            mapM_ (pp' (n+1)) ts
+          else
+            p $ "Concat " ++ show ts
+        Tuple ls | any isDeep ls -> do
+          p "Tuple"
+          mapM_ (pp' (n+1)) ls
+        Projection l1 l2 | isDeep l1 || isDeep l2 -> do
+          p "Projection"
+          pp' (n+1) l1
+          pp' (n+1) l2
+        t -> p $ show t
+        where
+          p :: String -> Doc
+          p t = CMW.tell [ replicate (2*n) ' ' ++ t ]
+
+      isDeep = not . isTerm
+      isTerm = \case
+        Pre _ _ -> False
+        Concat _ _ -> False
+        Tuple _ -> False
+        Projection _ _ -> False
+        _ -> True

src/runtime/haskell/pgf.cabal

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ library
   default-language: Haskell2010
   build-depends:
     array >= 0.5.1 && < 0.6,
-    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.16,
+    base >= 4.9.1 && < 4.15,
     bytestring >= 0.10.8 && < 0.11,
     containers >= 0.5.7 && < 0.7,
     ghc-prim >= 0.5.0 && < 0.7,

src/runtime/javascript/.gitignore

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-.libs/

src/runtime/javascript/DEPRECATED.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Deprecation notice
+
+As of June 2019, this JavaScript version of the GF runtime is considered deprecated,
+in favour of the TypeScript version in <https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-typescript>.

src/runtime/javascript/Dockerfile

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-FROM emscripten/emsdk:latest
-
-RUN apt update
-RUN apt install -y autoconf automake libtool make
-
-WORKDIR /tmp/c
-COPY gu/*.c gu/*.h /tmp/c/gu/
-COPY pgf/*.c pgf/*.h /tmp/c/pgf/
-COPY pgf/lightning/i386/*.h /tmp/c/pgf/lightning/i386/
-COPY pgf/lightning/*.h /tmp/c/pgf/lightning/
-COPY \
-    Makefile.am \
-    configure.ac \
-    lib*.pc.in \
-    /tmp/c/
-RUN autoreconf -i
-RUN emconfigure ./configure
-RUN emmake make
-RUN emcc .libs/libgu.a .libs/libpgf.a -o pgf.js \
-    -sALLOW_MEMORY_GROWTH \
-    -sEXPORTED_FUNCTIONS="\
-        _pgf_read,\
-        _pgf_abstract_name,\
-        _pgf_read_expr,\
-        _pgf_print_expr,\
-        _pgf_expr_arity,\
-        _gu_new_pool,\
-        _gu_new_exn,\
-        _gu_data_in,\
-        _gu_exn_is_raised,\
-        _gu_exn_caught_,\
-        _gu_exn_caught_data,\
-        _gu_exn_clear,\
-        _gu_new_string_buf,\
-        _gu_string_buf_out,\
-        _gu_string_buf_data,\
-        _malloc,\
-        _free\
-        "\
-    -sEXPORTED_RUNTIME_METHODS="\
-        ccall,\
-        FS,\
-        getValue,\
-        AsciiToString,\
-        stringToUTF8,\
-        UTF8ToString,\
-        allocateUTF8\
-        "

src/runtime/javascript/README.md

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# JavaScript runtime using Web Assembly
-
-This folder contains very early work experimenting with a pure JavaScript runtime,
-compiled to Web Assembly (WASM) using [Emscripten](https://emscripten.org/).
-
-1. Compile the WASM files (inside Docker) using `build-wasm.sh`, placing them in `.libs/`
-2. Test in Node.js by running `node test-node.js [path to PGF]`
-3. Test in a web browser
-    1. Start a server with `npx serve -l 41296`
-    2. Browse to `http://localhost:41296/test-web.html`
-    3. Check JavaScript console

src/runtime/javascript/build-wasm.sh

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-
-# Build inside Docker image
-IMAGE="gf/build-c-runtime-wasm"
-docker build ../c --file Dockerfile --tag $IMAGE
-
-# Copy bulit files from container to host
-mkdir -p .libs
-docker run --rm --volume "$PWD":/tmp/host $IMAGE bash -c "cp pgf.js pgf.wasm /tmp/host/.libs/"

src/runtime/javascript/editor-grammar/Editor.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+abstract Editor = {
+
+cat Adjective ;
+    Noun ;
+    Verb ;
+    Determiner ;
+    Sentence ;
+
+fun Available : Adjective ;
+    Next      : Adjective ;
+    Previous  : Adjective ;
+ 
+fun Bulgarian : Noun ;
+    Danish    : Noun ;
+    English   : Noun ;
+    Finnish   : Noun ;
+    French    : Noun ;
+    German    : Noun ;
+    Italian   : Noun ;
+    Norwegian : Noun ;
+    Russian   : Noun ;
+    Spanish   : Noun ;
+    Swedish   : Noun ;
+
+fun Float_N    : Noun ;
+    Integer_N  : Noun ;
+    String_N   : Noun ;
+    
+    Language   : Noun ;
+    Node       : Noun ;
+    Page       : Noun ;
+    Refinement : Noun ;
+    Tree       : Noun ;
+    Wrapper    : Noun ;
+
+fun Copy    : Verb ;
+    Cut     : Verb ;
+    Delete  : Verb ;
+    Enter   : Verb ;
+    Parse   : Verb ;
+    Paste   : Verb ;
+    Redo    : Verb ;
+    Refine  : Verb ;
+    Replace : Verb ;
+    Select  : Verb ;
+    Show    : Verb ;
+    Undo    : Verb ;
+    Wrap    : Verb ;
+
+fun DefPlDet   : Determiner ;
+    DefSgDet   : Determiner ;
+    IndefPlDet : Determiner ;
+    IndefSgDet : Determiner ;
+
+fun Command           : Verb -> Determiner -> Noun -> Sentence ;
+    CommandAdj        : Verb -> Determiner -> Adjective -> Noun -> Sentence ;
+    ErrorMessage      : Adjective -> Noun -> Sentence ;   
+    Label             : Noun -> Sentence ;
+    RandomlyCommand   : Verb -> Determiner -> Noun -> Sentence ;
+    SingleWordCommand : Verb -> Sentence ;
+
+}

src/runtime/javascript/editor-grammar/EditorEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+--# -path=alltenses
+concrete EditorEng of Editor = open GrammarEng, ParadigmsEng in {
+
+lincat Adjective = A ;
+       Noun = N ;
+       Verb = V ;
+       Determiner = Det ;
+       Sentence = Utt ;
+
+lin Available = mkA "available" ;
+    Next      = mkA "next" ;
+    Previous  = mkA "previous" ;
+
+lin Bulgarian = mkN "Bulgarian" ;
+    Danish    = mkN "Danish" ;
+    English   = mkN "English" ;
+    Finnish   = mkN "Finnish" ;
+    French    = mkN "French" ;
+    German    = mkN "German" ;
+    Italian   = mkN "Italian" ;
+    Norwegian = mkN "Norwegian" ;
+    Russian   = mkN "Russian" ;
+    Spanish   = mkN "Spanish" ;
+    Swedish   = mkN "Swedish" ;
+
+lin Float_N    = mkN "float" ;
+    Integer_N  = mkN "integer" ;
+    String_N   = mkN "string" ;
+    
+    Language   = mkN "language" ;
+    Node       = mkN "node" ;
+    Page       = mkN "page" ;
+    Refinement = mkN "refinement" ;
+    Tree       = mkN "tree" ;
+    Wrapper    = mkN "wrapper" ;
+
+lin Copy    = mkV "copy" ;
+    Cut     = mkV "cut" ;
+    Delete  = mkV "delete" ;
+    Enter   = mkV "enter" ;
+    Parse   = mkV "parse" ;
+    Paste   = mkV "paste" ;
+    Redo    = mkV "redo" ;
+    Refine  = mkV "refine" ;
+    Replace = mkV "replace" ;
+    Select  = mkV "select" ;
+    Show    = mkV "show" ;
+    Undo    = mkV "undo" ;
+    Wrap    = mkV "wrap" ;
+
+lin DefPlDet   = DetQuant DefArt   NumPl ;
+    DefSgDet   = DetQuant DefArt   NumSg ;
+    IndefPlDet = DetQuant IndefArt NumPl ;
+    IndefSgDet = DetQuant IndefArt NumSg ;
+
+lin Command v d n = UttImpSg PPos (ImpVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a (mkV2 v)) (DetCN d (UseN n)))) ;
+    CommandAdj v d a n = UttImpSg PPos (ImpVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a (mkV2 v)) (DetCN d (AdjCN (PositA a) (UseN n))))) ;
+    ErrorMessage a n = UttNP (DetCN (DetQuant no_Quant NumPl) (AdjCN (PositA a) (UseN n))) ;
+    Label n = UttNP (MassNP (UseN n)) ;
+    RandomlyCommand v d n = UttImpSg PPos (ImpVP (AdvVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a (mkV2 v)) (DetCN d (UseN n))) (PrepNP (mkPrep "at") (MassNP (UseN (mkN "random")))))) ;
+    SingleWordCommand v = UttImpSg PPos (ImpVP (UseV v)) ;
+
+}

src/runtime/javascript/editor.html

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+	<head>
+		<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+  		<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
+		<script type="text/javascript" src="gflib.js"></script>
+		<script type="text/javascript" src="editorGrammar.js"></script>
+		<script type="text/javascript" src="grammar.js"></script>
+		<script type="text/javascript" src="gfjseditor.js"></script>
+  		<title>Web-based Syntax Editor</title>
+	</head>
+	<body onload="mkEditor('editor', Foods)" onkeydown="return hotKeys(event)">
+		<div id="editor">
+		</div>
+	</body>
+</html>

src/runtime/javascript/gflib-xhtml-voice.js

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/* Output */
+
+function sayText(text) {
+  document.voice_output_text = text;
+  activateForm("voice_output");
+}
+
+/* XHTML+Voice Utilities */
+
+function activateForm(formid) {
+  var form = document.getElementById(formid);
+  var e = document.createEvent("UIEvents");
+  e.initEvent("DOMActivate","true","true");
+  form.dispatchEvent(e); 
+}
+
+
+/* DOM utilities */
+
+/* Gets the head element of the document. */
+function getHeadElement() {
+  var hs = document.getElementsByTagName("head");
+  if (hs.length == 0) {
+    var head = document.createElement("head");
+    document.documentElement.insertBefore(head, document.documentElement.firstChild);
+    return head;
+  } else {
+    return hs[0];
+  }
+}
+
+/* Gets the body element of the document. */
+function getBodyElement() {
+  var bs = document.getElementsByTagName("body");
+  if (bs.length == 0) {
+    var body = document.createElement("body");
+    document.documentElement.appendChild(body);
+    return body;
+  } else {
+    return bs[0];
+  }
+}
+
+/* Removes all the children of a node */
+function removeChildren(node) {
+  while (node.hasChildNodes()) {
+    node.removeChild(node.firstChild);
+  }
+}
+
+function setText(node, text) {
+  removeChildren(node);
+  node.appendChild(document.createTextNode(text));
+}

src/runtime/javascript/jspgf.js

@@ -1,543 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * This module is the high-level JavaScript wrapper around the WASM-compiled version.
- */
-
-async function mkAPI() {
-
-    const sizeof_GuMapItor = 4;
-    const offsetof_GuMapItor_fn = 0;
-
-    var asm = null;
-    var wasmTable = null;
-    var freeTableIndexes = [];
-
-    function setErrNo(value) {
-        HEAP32[asm.__errno_location() >> 2] = value;
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    function abortOnCannotGrowMemory(requestedSize) {
-        abort('Cannot enlarge memory arrays to size ' + requestedSize + ' bytes (OOM). Either (1) compile with  -s INITIAL_MEMORY=X  with X higher than the current value ' + HEAP8.length + ', (2) compile with  -s ALLOW_MEMORY_GROWTH=1  which allows increasing the size at runtime, or (3) if you want malloc to return NULL (0) instead of this abort, compile with  -s ABORTING_MALLOC=0 ');
-    }
-
-    function _emscripten_resize_heap(requestedSize) {
-        var oldSize = HEAPU8.length;
-        requestedSize = requestedSize >>> 0;
-        abortOnCannotGrowMemory(requestedSize);
-    }
-
-    var tempRet0 = 0;
-    var urlData = {};
-    var fdData  = {};
-    var fdMax   = 0;
-    var asmLibraryArg = {
-        "__syscall_fcntl64":
-            function (fd, cmd, varargs) {
-                setErrNo(134);
-                return -1;
-            },
-
-        "__syscall_ioctl":
-            function (fd, op, varargs) {
-                setErrNo(134);
-                return -1;
-            },
-
-        "__syscall_open":
-            function (pathPtr, flags, varargs) {
-                const path = UTF8ToString(pathPtr);
-                const data = urlData[path];
-                if (data == null) {
-                    setErrNo(129);
-                    return -1;
-                }
-                fdMax++;
-                fdData[fdMax] = {data: data, pos: 0};
-                delete urlData[path];
-                return fdMax;
-            },
-
-        "_munmap_js":
-            function (addr, len, prot, flags, fd, offset) {
-                setErrNo(134);
-                return -1;
-            },
-
-        "abort":
-            function () {
-                console.log('native code called abort()');
-            },
-
-        "emscripten_memcpy_big":
-            function (dest, src, num) {
-                HEAPU8.copyWithin(dest, src, src + num);
-            },
-
-        "emscripten_resize_heap":
-            function _emscripten_resize_heap(requestedSize) {
-                var oldSize = HEAPU8.length;
-                requestedSize = requestedSize >>> 0;
-                abortOnCannotGrowMemory(requestedSize);
-            },
-
-      "fd_close":
-            function (fd) {
-                delete fdData[fd];
-                return 0;
-            },
-
-      "fd_read":
-            function (fd, iov, iovcnt, pnum) {
-                const info = fdData[fd];
-                if (info == null) {
-                    setErrNo(121);
-                    return -1;
-                }
-
-                let num = 0;
-                for (let i = 0; i < iovcnt; i++) {
-                  const ptr = HEAP32[(((iov)+(i*8))>>2)];
-                  const len = HEAP32[(((iov)+(i*8 + 4))>>2)];
-
-                  let cnt = 0;
-                  while (cnt < len && info.pos < info.data.length) {
-                    HEAP8[ptr+cnt] = info.data[info.pos];
-                    info.pos++
-                    cnt++;
-                  }
-
-                  num += cnt;
-                  if (cnt < len) break; // nothing more to read
-                }
-
-                HEAP32[((pnum)>>2)] = num;
-                return 0;
-            },
-
-      "fd_seek":
-            function (fd, offset_low, offset_high, whence, newOffset) {
-                setErrNo(134);
-                return -1;
-            },
-
-      "fd_write":
-            function _fd_write(fd, iov, iovcnt, pnum) {
-                setErrNo(134);
-                return -1;
-            },
-
-      "setTempRet0":
-            function (value) {
-                tempRet0 = value;
-            },
-
-      "__assert_fail":
-            function (condition, filename, line, func) {
-                abort('Assertion failed: ' + UTF8ToString(condition) + ', at: ' + [filename ? UTF8ToString(filename) : 'unknown filename', line, func ? UTF8ToString(func) : 'unknown function']);
-            }
-    };
-
-    // Wraps a JS function as a wasm function with a given signature.
-    function convertJsFunctionToWasm(func, sig) {
-
-        // If the type reflection proposal is available, use the new
-        // "WebAssembly.Function" constructor.
-        // Otherwise, construct a minimal wasm module importing the JS function and
-        // re-exporting it.
-        if (typeof WebAssembly.Function == "function") {
-            var typeNames = {
-                'i': 'i32',
-                'j': 'i64',
-                'f': 'f32',
-                'd': 'f64'
-            };
-            var type = {
-                parameters: [],
-                results: sig[0] == 'v' ? [] : [typeNames[sig[0]]]
-            };
-            for (var i = 1; i < sig.length; ++i) {
-                type.parameters.push(typeNames[sig[i]]);
-            }
-            return new WebAssembly.Function(type, func);
-        }
-
-        // The module is static, with the exception of the type section, which is
-        // generated based on the signature passed in.
-        var typeSection = [
-            0x01, // id: section,
-            0x00, // length: 0 (placeholder)
-            0x01, // count: 1
-            0x60, // form: func
-        ];
-        var sigRet = sig.slice(0, 1);
-        var sigParam = sig.slice(1);
-        var typeCodes = {
-            'i': 0x7f, // i32
-            'j': 0x7e, // i64
-            'f': 0x7d, // f32
-            'd': 0x7c, // f64
-        };
-
-        // Parameters, length + signatures
-        typeSection.push(sigParam.length);
-        for (var i = 0; i < sigParam.length; ++i) {
-            typeSection.push(typeCodes[sigParam[i]]);
-        }
-
-        // Return values, length + signatures
-        // With no multi-return in MVP, either 0 (void) or 1 (anything else)
-        if (sigRet == 'v') {
-            typeSection.push(0x00);
-        } else {
-            typeSection = typeSection.concat([0x01, typeCodes[sigRet]]);
-        }
-
-        // Write the overall length of the type section back into the section header
-        // (excepting the 2 bytes for the section id and length)
-        typeSection[1] = typeSection.length - 2;
-
-        // Rest of the module is static
-        var bytes = new Uint8Array([
-            0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d, // magic ("\0asm")
-            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // version: 1
-        ].concat(typeSection, [
-            0x02, 0x07, // import section
-            // (import "e" "f" (func 0 (type 0)))
-            0x01, 0x01, 0x65, 0x01, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00,
-            0x07, 0x05, // export section
-            // (export "f" (func 0 (type 0)))
-            0x01, 0x01, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00,
-        ]));
-
-        // We can compile this wasm module synchronously because it is very small.
-        // This accepts an import (at "e.f"), that it reroutes to an export (at "f")
-        var module = new WebAssembly.Module(bytes);
-        var instance = new WebAssembly.Instance(module, {
-                'e': {'f': func}
-            });
-        var wrappedFunc = instance.exports['f'];
-        return wrappedFunc;
-    }
-
-    function addFunction(func, sig) {
-        func = convertJsFunctionToWasm(func, sig);
-
-        let index;
-
-        // Reuse a free index if there is one, otherwise grow.
-        if (freeTableIndexes.length) {
-            index = freeTableIndexes.pop();
-        } else {
-            // Grow the table
-            try {
-                wasmTable.grow(1);
-            } catch (err) {
-                if (!(err instanceof RangeError)) {
-                    throw err;
-                }
-                throw 'Unable to grow wasm table. Set ALLOW_TABLE_GROWTH.';
-            }
-            index = wasmTable.length - 1;
-        }
-
-        wasmTable.set(index, func);
-        return index;
-    }
-
-    function removeFunction(index) {
-      freeTableIndexes.push(index);
-    }
-
-    const response = await fetch("pgf.wasm", { credentials: 'same-origin' });
-
-    const info = {
-        'env': asmLibraryArg,
-        'wasi_snapshot_preview1': asmLibraryArg,
-    };
-
-    // Suppress closure warning here since the upstream definition for
-    // instantiateStreaming only allows Promise<Repsponse> rather than
-    // an actual Response.
-    // TODO(https://github.com/google/closure-compiler/pull/3913): Remove if/when upstream closure is fixed.
-    /** @suppress {checkTypes} */
-    const result = await WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(response, info);
-
-    asm = result["instance"].exports;
-    wasmTable = asm['__indirect_function_table'];
-    const buf = asm['memory'].buffer;
-    const HEAP8 = new Int8Array(buf);
-    const HEAP16 = new Int16Array(buf);
-    const HEAP32 = new Int32Array(buf);
-    const HEAPU8 = new Uint8Array(buf);
-    const HEAPU16 = new Uint16Array(buf);
-    const HEAPU32 = new Uint32Array(buf);
-    const HEAPF32 = new Float32Array(buf);
-    const HEAPF64 = new Float64Array(buf);
-
-    // Returns the number of bytes the given Javascript string takes if encoded as a UTF8 byte array, EXCLUDING the null terminator byte.
-    function lengthBytesUTF8(str) {
-        var len = 0;
-        for (var i = 0; i < str.length; ++i) {
-            // Gotcha: charCodeAt returns a 16-bit word that is a UTF-16 encoded code unit, not a Unicode code point of the character! So decode UTF16->UTF32->UTF8.
-            // See http://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#utf16-3
-            var u = str.charCodeAt(i); // possibly a lead surrogate
-            if (u >= 0xD800 && u <= 0xDFFF) u = 0x10000 + ((u & 0x3FF) << 10) | (str.charCodeAt(++i) & 0x3FF);
-            if (u <= 0x7F) ++len;
-            else if (u <= 0x7FF) len += 2;
-            else if (u <= 0xFFFF) len += 3;
-            else len += 4;
-        }
-        return len;
-    }
-
-    function stringToUTF8Array(str, heap, outIdx, maxBytesToWrite) {
-        if (!(maxBytesToWrite > 0)) // Parameter maxBytesToWrite is not optional. Negative values, 0, null, undefined and false each don't write out any bytes.
-            return 0;
-
-        var startIdx = outIdx;
-        var endIdx = outIdx + maxBytesToWrite - 1; // -1 for string null terminator.
-        for (var i = 0; i < str.length; ++i) {
-            // Gotcha: charCodeAt returns a 16-bit word that is a UTF-16 encoded code unit, not a Unicode code point of the character! So decode UTF16->UTF32->UTF8.
-            // See http://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#utf16-3
-            // For UTF8 byte structure, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Description and https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt and https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629
-            var u = str.charCodeAt(i); // possibly a lead surrogate
-            if (u >= 0xD800 && u <= 0xDFFF) {
-              var u1 = str.charCodeAt(++i);
-              u = 0x10000 + ((u & 0x3FF) << 10) | (u1 & 0x3FF);
-            }
-            if (u <= 0x7F) {
-              if (outIdx >= endIdx) break;
-              heap[outIdx++] = u;
-            } else if (u <= 0x7FF) {
-              if (outIdx + 1 >= endIdx) break;
-              heap[outIdx++] = 0xC0 | (u >> 6);
-              heap[outIdx++] = 0x80 | (u & 63);
-            } else if (u <= 0xFFFF) {
-              if (outIdx + 2 >= endIdx) break;
-              heap[outIdx++] = 0xE0 | (u >> 12);
-              heap[outIdx++] = 0x80 | ((u >> 6) & 63);
-              heap[outIdx++] = 0x80 | (u & 63);
-            } else {
-              if (outIdx + 3 >= endIdx) break;
-              if (u > 0x10FFFF) warnOnce('Invalid Unicode code point 0x' + u.toString(16) + ' encountered when serializing a JS string to a UTF-8 string in wasm memory! (Valid unicode code points should be in range 0-0x10FFFF).');
-              heap[outIdx++] = 0xF0 | (u >> 18);
-              heap[outIdx++] = 0x80 | ((u >> 12) & 63);
-              heap[outIdx++] = 0x80 | ((u >> 6) & 63);
-              heap[outIdx++] = 0x80 | (u & 63);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Null-terminate the pointer to the buffer.
-        heap[outIdx] = 0;
-        return outIdx - startIdx;
-    }
-
-    function allocateUTF8(pool,str) {
-        var size = lengthBytesUTF8(str) + 1;
-        var ptr = asm.gu_malloc(pool,size);
-        if (ptr) stringToUTF8Array(str, HEAP8, ptr, size);
-        return ptr;
-    }
-
-    const UTF8Decoder = typeof TextDecoder != 'undefined' ? new TextDecoder('utf8') : undefined;
-
-    /**
-     * @param {number} idx
-     * @param {number=} maxBytesToRead
-     * @return {string}
-     */
-    function UTF8ArrayToString(heap, idx, maxBytesToRead) {
-        var endIdx = idx + maxBytesToRead;
-        var endPtr = idx;
-        // TextDecoder needs to know the byte length in advance, it doesn't stop on null terminator by itself.
-        // Also, use the length info to avoid running tiny strings through TextDecoder, since .subarray() allocates garbage.
-        // (As a tiny code save trick, compare endPtr against endIdx using a negation, so that undefined means Infinity)
-        while (heap[endPtr] && !(endPtr >= endIdx)) ++endPtr;
-
-        if (endPtr - idx > 16 && heap.subarray && UTF8Decoder) {
-            return UTF8Decoder.decode(heap.subarray(idx, endPtr));
-        } else {
-            var str = '';
-            // If building with TextDecoder, we have already computed the string length above, so test loop end condition against that
-            while (idx < endPtr) {
-                // For UTF8 byte structure, see:
-                // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Description
-                // https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt
-                // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629
-                var u0 = heap[idx++];
-                if (!(u0 & 0x80)) { str += String.fromCharCode(u0); continue; }
-                var u1 = heap[idx++] & 63;
-                if ((u0 & 0xE0) == 0xC0) { str += String.fromCharCode(((u0 & 31) << 6) | u1); continue; }
-                var u2 = heap[idx++] & 63;
-                if ((u0 & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
-                    u0 = ((u0 & 15) << 12) | (u1 << 6) | u2;
-                } else {
-                    if ((u0 & 0xF8) != 0xF0) warnOnce('Invalid UTF-8 leading byte 0x' + u0.toString(16) + ' encountered when deserializing a UTF-8 string in wasm memory to a JS string!');
-                    u0 = ((u0 & 7) << 18) | (u1 << 12) | (u2 << 6) | (heap[idx++] & 63);
-                }
-
-                if (u0 < 0x10000) {
-                    str += String.fromCharCode(u0);
-                } else {
-                    var ch = u0 - 0x10000;
-                    str += String.fromCharCode(0xD800 | (ch >> 10), 0xDC00 | (ch & 0x3FF));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return str;
-    }
-
-    function UTF8ToString(ptr, maxBytesToRead) {
-      return ptr ? UTF8ArrayToString(HEAPU8, ptr, maxBytesToRead) : '';
-    }
-
-    const GuErrnoStrPtr = asm.malloc(8);
-    stringToUTF8Array("GuErrno", HEAP8, GuErrnoStrPtr, 8);
-
-    const PgfExnStrPtr = asm.malloc(8);
-    stringToUTF8Array("PgfExn", HEAP8, PgfExnStrPtr, 8);
-
-    function pgfError(err) {
-        if (asm.gu_exn_caught_(err, GuErrnoStrPtr)) {
-            errDataPtr = asm.gu_exn_caught_data(err);
-            return new Error("errno="+HEAP32[errDataPtr >> 2]);
-        } else if (asm.gu_exn_caught_(err, PgfExnStrPtr)) {
-            msgPtr = asm.gu_exn_caught_data(err);
-            return new Error(UTF8ToString(msgPtr));
-        }
-        return new Error();
-    }
-
-    const registry = new FinalizationRegistry((pool) => {
-        asm.gu_pool_free(pool);
-    });
-
-    function PGF(pgfPtr,name,pool) {
-        this.pgfPtr = pgfPtr;
-        this.abstractName = name;
-        this.pool   = pool;
-        this.languages = {};
-        registry.register(this,pool);
-    }
-
-    function Concr(pgf,concrPtr,name) {
-        this.pgf  = pgf;
-        this.name = name;
-        this.concrPtr = concrPtr;
-    }
-    Concr.prototype.linearize = function(expr) {
-        const tmp_pool = asm.gu_new_pool();
-        const err = asm.gu_new_exn(tmp_pool);
-        const sb = asm.gu_new_string_buf(tmp_pool);
-        const out = asm.gu_string_buf_out(sb);
-
-        asm.pgf_linearize(this.concrPtr, expr.exprPtr, out, err);
-        if (asm.gu_exn_is_raised(err)) {
-            const e = pgfError(err);
-            asm.gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);
-            throw e;
-        }
-
-        const strPtr = asm.gu_string_buf_data(sb);
-        const len = asm.gu_string_buf_length(sb);
-        const str = UTF8ToString(strPtr,len);
-        asm.gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);
-
-        return str
-    }
-
-    async function readPGF(pgfURL) {
-        const response = await fetch(pgfURL);
-        urlData[pgfURL] = new Int8Array(await response.arrayBuffer());
-
-        const pool = asm.gu_new_pool();
-
-        const tmp_pool = asm.gu_new_pool();
-        const err = asm.gu_new_exn(tmp_pool);
-        const strPtr = allocateUTF8(tmp_pool,pgfURL);
-        const pgfPtr = asm.pgf_read(strPtr,pool,err);
-        if (asm.gu_exn_is_raised(err)) {
-            const e = pgfError(err);
-            asm.gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);
-            throw e;
-        }
-
-        const namePtr = asm.pgf_abstract_name(pgfPtr);
-        const abstractName = UTF8ToString(namePtr);
-
-        const pgf = new PGF(pgfPtr,abstractName,pool);
-
-        const itor = asm.gu_malloc(tmp_pool,sizeof_GuMapItor);
-        const fn =
-          addFunction(
-             (itor,namePtr,concrPtrPtr,err) => {
-                 const name = UTF8ToString(namePtr);
-                 const concrPtr = HEAP32[concrPtrPtr >> 2];
-                 pgf.languages[name] = new Concr(pgf,concrPtr,name);
-             },
-             "viiii"
-             );
-        HEAP32[(itor+offsetof_GuMapItor_fn) >> 2] = fn;
-        asm.pgf_iter_languages(pgfPtr,itor,err);
-        removeFunction(fn);
-
-        asm.gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);
-        return pgf;
-    }
-
-    function Expr(exprPtr,pool) {
-        this.exprPtr = exprPtr;
-        this.pool = pool;
-        registry.register(this,pool);
-    }
-    Expr.prototype.toString = function() {
-        const tmp_pool = asm.gu_new_pool();
-
-        const sb = asm.gu_new_string_buf(tmp_pool);
-        const out = asm.gu_string_buf_out(sb);
-        const err = asm.gu_new_exn(tmp_pool);
-        asm.pgf_print_expr(this.exprPtr, 0, 0, out, err);
-        if (asm.gu_exn_is_raised(err)) {
-            const e = pgfError(err);
-            asm.gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);
-            throw e;
-        }
-
-        const strPtr = asm.gu_string_buf_data(sb);
-        const len = asm.gu_string_buf_length(sb);
-        const str = UTF8ToString(strPtr,len);
-        asm.gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);
-
-        return str;
-    };
-    Expr.prototype.arity = function(expr) {
-        return asm.pgf_expr_arity(this.expr);
-    }
-
-    function readExpr(exprStr) {
-        const tmp_pool = asm.gu_new_pool();
-
-        const strPtr = allocateUTF8(tmp_pool,exprStr);
-        const in_ = asm.gu_data_in(strPtr, exprStr.length, tmp_pool);
-        const err = asm.gu_new_exn(tmp_pool);
-        const pool = asm.gu_new_pool();
-        const expr = asm.pgf_read_expr(in_, pool, tmp_pool, err);
-        asm.gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);
-
-        if (asm.gu_exn_is_raised(err)) {
-            throw pgfError(err);
-        }
-        if (expr == 0) {
-            throw new Error('Expression cannot be parsed');
-        }
-
-        return new Expr(expr,pool);
-    }
-
-    return { readPGF, readExpr };
-}
-
-// This allows us to use both from Node and in browser
-if (typeof module != 'undefined') {
-    module.exports = mkAPI;
-}

src/runtime/javascript/style.css

@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+body {
+	font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
+	font-size:12px;
+	background-color: white;
+}
+
+#wrapper {
+	width:740px;
+	height:520px;
+	margin:auto 50px;
+	border:1px solid gray;
+	padding:10px;
+
+}
+
+#absFrame {
+ 	width:250px;
+ 	height:250px;
+	padding:10px;
+	border:1px solid gray;
+   	float:left;
+   	white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+#conFrame {
+	width:436px;
+	height:250px;
+	margin-left:10px;
+	padding:10px;
+	border:1px solid gray;
+   	float:left;
+   	white-space: normal;
+   	overflow:auto;
+}
+
+#actFrame {
+	width:250px;
+	height:170px;
+	margin-top:10px;
+	padding:10px;
+	border:1px solid gray;
+   	float:left;
+   	overflow:auto;
+}
+
+#refFrame {
+	width:436px;
+	height:170px;
+	margin-left:10px;
+	margin-top:10px;
+	padding:10px;
+	border:1px solid gray;
+   	float:left;
+   	overflow:auto;
+}
+
+#messageFrame {
+	width:506px;
+	height:15px;
+	margin-top:10px;
+	margin-right:10px;
+	padding:10px;
+	border:1px solid gray;
+   	float:left;
+   	overflow:hidden;
+}
+
+#clipboardFrame {
+	width:180px;
+	height:15px;
+	margin-top:10px;
+	padding:10px;
+	border:1px solid gray;
+   	float:left;
+   	overflow:auto;
+}
+
+#tree {
+	left: -10px;
+	top: -10px;	
+	margin: 0px;
+	padding: 10px;
+	overflow: auto;
+}
+
+ul {
+	position: relative;
+	list-style: none;
+	margin-left: 20px;
+	padding: 0px;
+}
+
+li {
+	position: relative;
+}
+
+img.tree-menu {
+	margin-right: 5px;
+}
+
+a.tree:link, a.tree:visited, a.tree:active {
+	color: black;
+	background-color: white;
+	text-decoration: none;
+	margin-right:10px;
+}
+
+a.tree:hover {
+	color: blue;
+	background-color: white;
+	text-decoration: underline;
+	margin-right:10px;
+}
+
+a.treeSelected:link, a.treeSelected:visited, a.treeSelected:active {
+	color: white;
+	background-color: #3366CC;
+	text-decoration: none;
+	margin-right:10px;
+}
+
+a.treeSelected:hover {
+	color: white;
+	background-color: #3366CC;
+	text-decoration: underline;
+	margin-right:10px;
+}
+
+a.treeGray:link, a.treeGray:visited, a.treeGray:active {
+	color: silver;
+	background-color: white;
+	text-decoration: none;
+	margin-right:10px;
+}
+
+a.treeGray:hover {
+	color: silver;
+	background-color: white;
+	text-decoration: none;
+	margin-right:10px;
+}
+
+table.action, table.refinement, table.wrapper, table.tree, table.language {
+	margin: 0px;
+	padding: 0px;
+	border-style: none;
+	border-collapse: collapse;
+	border-spacing: 0px;
+}
+
+tr.selected {
+	color: white;
+	background-color: #3366CC;
+}
+
+tr.unavailable, tr.closed {
+	color: silver;
+	background-color: white;
+}
+
+tr.unavailable:hover {
+	color: silver;
+	background-color: #3366CC;
+}
+
+tr.action, tr.refinement, tr.wrapper, tr.tree {
+	color: black;
+	background-color: white;
+}
+
+tr.action:hover, tr.refinement:hover, tr.wrapper:hover, tr.tree:hover {
+	color: white;
+	background-color: #3366CC;
+}
+
+td.action {
+	width: 220px;
+	margin: 0px;
+	padding: 0px;
+}
+
+td.refinement, td.wrapper, td.tree {
+	width: 515px;
+	margin: 0px;
+	padding: 0px;
+}
+
+td.hotKey {
+	width: 30px;
+	margin: 0px;
+	padding: 0px;
+	text-align: right;
+}
+
+td.language {
+	color: black;
+	background-color: white;
+	margin: 1px;
+	padding: 1px;
+}
+
+td.language:hover {
+	color: blue;
+	background-color: white;
+	text-decoration: underline;
+	margin: 1px;
+	padding: 1px;
+}
+
+td.selected {
+	color: white;
+	background-color: #3366CC;
+	margin: 1px;
+	padding: 1px;
+}
+
+td.selected:hover {
+	color: white;
+	background-color: #3366CC;
+	text-decoration: underline;
+	margin: 1px;
+	padding: 1px;
+}
+	
+p {
+	margin-bottom: 40px;
+}
+
+span.normal {
+	color: black;
+	background-color: white;
+	text-decoration: none;
+    padding-left: 2px;
+    padding-right: 2px;
+}
+
+span.edit {
+	color: black;
+	background-color: white;
+	text-decoration: none;
+    border:2px inset;
+    padding-left: 2px;
+    padding-right: 2px;
+}
+
+span.selected {
+	color: white;
+	background-color: #3366CC;
+	text-decoration: none;
+    padding-left: 2px;
+    padding-right: 2px;
+}

src/runtime/javascript/test-node.js

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-const Module = require('./.libs/pgf.js');
-const JSPGF = require('./jspgf.js')(Module);
-const fs = require('fs');
-const path = require('path');
-
-Module.onRuntimeInitialized = () => {
-
-    // Read PGF path from args
-    if (process.argv.length > 2) {
-        const pgfPathHost = process.argv[2];
-
-        // Copy file into filesystem
-        const pgfPathFS = '/tmp/' + path.basename(pgfPathHost);
-        const rawPgf = fs.readFileSync(pgfPathHost);
-        Module.FS.writeFile(pgfPathFS, rawPgf);
-
-        // Read PGF
-        const pgf = JSPGF.readPGF(pgfPathFS);
-
-        // Print its name
-        console.log(JSPGF.abstractName(pgf));
-    }
-
-    // Parse expression
-    const expr = JSPGF.readExpr("Pred (Another (x f))");
-
-    // Show it
-    console.log(JSPGF.showExpr(expr));
-
-    // Print its arity
-    console.log('arity', JSPGF.arity(expr));
-}
-

src/runtime/javascript/test-web.html

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en-us">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <script type="text/javascript" src="./jspgf.js"></script>
-    <script type="text/javascript" src="./test-web.js"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
-
-

src/runtime/javascript/test-web.js

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-mkAPI().then((pgf) => {
-    // Parse expression
-    const expr = pgf.readExpr("Pred (This Fish) Fresh");
-
-    // Show it
-    console.log(expr.toString());
-
-    // Print its arity
-    console.log('arity', expr.arity());
-
-    pgf.readPGF("Foods.pgf").then((gr) => {
-        // Print the grammar name
-        console.log(gr.abstractName);
-        
-        // Access a language and print the concrete name
-        console.log(gr.languages["FoodsEng"].name);
-        
-        // Linearize an expression
-        console.log(gr.languages["FoodsEng"].linearize(expr));
-    });
-});

src/runtime/javascript/translator.css

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+body {
+  color: black;
+  background-color: white;
+}
+
+dl {
+
+}
+
+dt {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+dl dd {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+dl.fromLang dt {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+dl.toLang {
+  border-width: 1px 0 0 0;
+  border-style: solid;
+  border-color: #c0c0c0;
+}
+
+dl.toLang dt {
+  color: #c0c0c0;
+  display: block;
+  float: left;
+  width: 5em;
+}
+
+
+dl.toLang dd {
+  border-width: 0 0 1px 0;
+  border-style: solid;
+  border-color: #c0c0c0;
+}
+
+
+ul {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+li {
+  list-style-type: none;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}

src/runtime/javascript/translator.html

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="translator.css" />
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="gflib.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="grammar.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="translator.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      /* CHANGE ME */
+     var grammar = Foods;
+
+     function updateTranslation () {
+        var input = document.getElementById('inputText').value;
+        var fromLang = document.getElementById('fromLang').value;
+        var toLang = document.getElementById('toLang').value;
+        var output = document.getElementById('output');
+        var translation = grammar.translate(input, fromLang, toLang);
+        removeChildren(output);
+        output.appendChild(formatTranslation(translation));
+      }
+
+      function populateLangs () {
+        var f = document.getElementById('fromLang');
+        var t = document.getElementById('toLang');
+        for (var c in grammar.concretes) {
+          addOption(f, c, c);
+          addOption(t, c, c);
+        }
+      }
+    </script>
+    <title>Web-based GF Translator</title>
+  </head>
+  <body onload="populateLangs(grammar, 'fromLang', 'toLang')">
+    <form id="translate">
+      <p>
+        <input type="text" name="inputText" id="inputText" value="this cheese is warm" size="50" />
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        From: <select name="fromLang" id="fromLang" onchange=""><option value="">Any language</option></select>
+        To: <select name="toLang" id="toLang"><option value="">All languages</option></select>
+        <input type="button" value="Translate" onclick="updateTranslation()" />
+      </p>
+    </form>
+    <div id="output"></div>
+  </body>
+</html>

src/runtime/javascript/translator.js

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+function formatTranslation (outputs) {
+  var dl1 = document.createElement("dl");
+  dl1.className = "fromLang";
+  for (var fromLang in outputs) {
+    var ul = document.createElement("ul");
+    addDefinition(dl1, document.createTextNode(fromLang), ul);
+    for (var i in outputs[fromLang]) {
+      var dl2 = document.createElement("dl");
+      dl2.className = "toLang";
+      for (var toLang in outputs[fromLang][i]) {
+	addDefinition(dl2, document.createTextNode(toLang), document.createTextNode(outputs[fromLang][i][toLang]));
+      }
+      addItem(ul, dl2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return dl1;
+}
+
+/* DOM utilities for specific tags */
+
+function addDefinition (dl, t, d) {
+    var dt = document.createElement("dt");
+    dt.appendChild(t);
+    dl.appendChild(dt);
+    var dd = document.createElement("dd");
+    dd.appendChild(d);
+    dl.appendChild(dd);
+}
+
+function addItem (ul, i) {
+    var li = document.createElement("li");
+    li.appendChild(i);
+    ul.appendChild(li);
+}
+
+function addOption (select, value, content) {
+  var option = document.createElement("option");
+  option.value = value;
+  option.appendChild(document.createTextNode(content));
+  select.appendChild(option);
+}
+
+/* General DOM utilities */
+
+/* Removes all the children of a node */
+function removeChildren(node) {
+  while (node.hasChildNodes()) {
+    node.removeChild(node.firstChild);
+  }
+}

src/runtime/python/README.org

@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-* INSTALL
-
-You will need the python-devel package or similar.
-
-You must have installed the PGF C runtime (see ../c/INSTALL)
-
-#+begin_src sh
-  $ python setup.py build
-  $ sudo python setup.py install
-#+end_src
-
-* Apple Silicon
-
-The following install instructions were written with the following config in mind:
-
-| OS                    | Hardware | GF                       |
-|-----------------------+----------+--------------------------+
-| MacOS Monterey 12.2.1 | Apple M1 | 3.11 from binary package |
-
-We assume that you may have installed GF as a binary package downloaded from Github.
-
-From that starting point, try all the solutions below, in sequence, until you achieve success.
-
-** Validation Goal
-
-Our goal is to be able to
-- run python 3
-- import pgf
-- type "pgf."
-- hit tab
-
-and get this:
-
-#+begin_example
-  >>> import pgf
-  >>> pgf.
-  pgf.BIND(        pgf.Concr(       pgf.Iter(        pgf.PGFError(    pgf.Type(        pgf.readExpr(    pgf.readType(
-  pgf.Bracket(     pgf.Expr(        pgf.PGF(         pgf.ParseError(  pgf.TypeError(   pgf.readPGF(
-#+end_example
-
-When that works, we can consider the Python PGF bindings to be installed successfully.
-
-** The GF binary package won't install
-
-We assume you've tried [[https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/releases][downloading a binary package]].
-
-If MacOS is being secure, go to System Preferences, Security & Privacy, General, and click Open Anyway.
-
-** gu/mem.h file not found
-
-Maybe you tried running something like ~pip install pgf~ or ~pip3 install pgf~.
-
-Did you get this error?
-
-#+begin_example
-  python3 setup.py build
-  running build
-  running build_ext
-  creating build/temp.macosx-12-arm64-3.9
-  clang -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -fno-common -dynamic -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -isysroot /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX12.sdk -I/opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/include/python3.9 -c pypgf.c -o build/temp.macosx-12-arm64-3.9/pypgf.o -std=c99
-  pypgf.c:5:10: fatal error: 'gu/mem.h' file not found
-  #include <gu/mem.h>
-           ^~~~~~~~~~
-  1 error generated.
-  error: command '/usr/bin/clang' failed with exit code 1
-#+end_example
-
-Solution:
-
-#+begin_example
-  $ EXTRA_INCLUDE_DIRS=/usr/local/include EXTRA_LIB_DIRS=/usr/local/lib pip install pgf
-#+end_example
-
-This should tell the build where to find the include and lib files it needs to compile:
-
-#+begin_example
-  $ ls /usr/local/include/gu
-  assert.h  choice.h  enum.h    file.h    hash.h    map.h     out.h     seq.h     sysdeps.h utf8.h
-  bits.h    defs.h    exn.h     fun.h     in.h      mem.h     prime.h   string.h  ucs.h     variant.h
-
-  $ ls /usr/local/lib/libgu*
-  /usr/local/lib/libgu.0.dylib /usr/local/lib/libgu.a       /usr/local/lib/libgu.dylib   /usr/local/lib/libgu.la
-#+end_example
-
-If those files don't exist, or you get the following error, you will need to rebuild the C runtime.
-
-** symbol not found in flat namespace
-
-Did you get this error?
-
-#+begin_example
-  Python 3.9.10 (main, Jan 15 2022, 11:40:53)
-  [Clang 13.0.0 (clang-1300.0.29.3)] on darwin
-  Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
-  >>> import pgf
-  Traceback (most recent call last):
-    File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
-  ImportError: dlopen(/opt/homebrew/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pgf.cpython-39-darwin.so, 0x0002): symbol not found in flat namespace '_gu_alloc_variant'
-#+end_example
-
-This may be a sign that you're trying to get binaries and libraries compiled with different compilers to play nicely. We're trying to get three things to align:
-
-- the Python interpreter
-- the C runtime libraries
-- the Python pgf libraries
-
-Solution:
-
-Maybe your Python isn't the Apple-provided Python. In the above error message we see ~python3~ is provided by Homebrew. Assuming you prefer to keep things this way, we'll try to rebuild things to match your Python.
-
-Rebuilding needs a C compiler. The Apple-provided system ~clang~ is preferred. If you have multiple ~clang~ compilers installed, try disabling the others. For example, if your ~clang~ was provided by nix, run ~nix-env --uninstall clang~. Similarly for brew.
-
-Then try rebuilding the C runtime.
-
-** How to re-build the C runtime
-
-Maybe the C runtime is missing from ~/usr/local/lib~, or maybe the version you have installed is causing the "symbol not found" error.
-
-Build the C runtime by following the instructions in ~gf-core/src/runtime/c/INSTALL~.
-
-After a successful ~make install~, rebuild the Python bindings.
-
-** How to re-build the Python bindings using pip
-
-Sometimes a ~pip install pgf~ will decline to recompile, because a cached wheel exists.
-
-To return to a more pristine state,
-
-#+begin_example
-  pip uninstall pgf
-  pip cache remove pgf
-#+end_example
-
-You may need to ~sudo~ some of the above commands.
-
-Then you can repeat
-
-#+begin_example
-  $ EXTRA_INCLUDE_DIRS=/usr/local/include EXTRA_LIB_DIRS=/usr/local/lib pip install pgf
-#+end_example
-
-** How to re-build the Python bindings manually
-
-If the ~pip install pgf~ just isn't working, try building it directly in ~gf-core/src/runtime/python~:
-
-#+begin_example
-  $ python setup.py build
-  $ sudo python setup.py install
-#+end_example
-
-You may need to add the ~EXTRA~ environment prefixes as shown in previous commands.
-

src/runtime/python/pypgf.c

@@ -1155,80 +1155,6 @@ Iter_fetch_expr(IterObject* self)
 	return res;
 }
 
-typedef struct {
-	PyObject_HEAD
-} BINDObject;
-
-static PyObject *BIND_instance = NULL;
-
-static void
-BIND_dealloc(PyTypeObject *self)
-{
-    BIND_instance = NULL;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-BIND_repr(BINDObject *self)
-{
-	return PyString_FromString("pgf.BIND");
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-BIND_str(BINDObject *self)
-{
-	return PyString_FromString("&+");
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-BIND_alloc(PyTypeObject *self, Py_ssize_t nitems)
-{
-    if (BIND_instance == NULL)
-        BIND_instance = PyType_GenericAlloc(self, nitems);
-    return BIND_instance;
-}
-
-static PyTypeObject pgf_BINDType = {
-    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
-    //0,                       /*ob_size*/
-    "pgf.BINDType",            /*tp_name*/
-    sizeof(BINDObject),        /*tp_basicsize*/
-    0,                         /*tp_itemsize*/
-    (destructor) BIND_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
-    0,                         /*tp_print*/
-    0,                         /*tp_getattr*/
-    0,                         /*tp_setattr*/
-    0,                         /*tp_compare*/
-    (reprfunc) BIND_repr,      /*tp_repr*/
-    0,                         /*tp_as_number*/
-    0,                         /*tp_as_sequence*/
-    0,                         /*tp_as_mapping*/
-    0,                         /*tp_hash */
-    0,                         /*tp_call*/
-    (reprfunc) BIND_str,       /*tp_str*/
-    0,                         /*tp_getattro*/
-    0,                         /*tp_setattro*/
-    0,                         /*tp_as_buffer*/
-    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /*tp_flags*/
-    "a marker for BIND in a bracketed string", /*tp_doc*/
-    0,		                   /*tp_traverse */
-    0,		                   /*tp_clear */
-    0,		                   /*tp_richcompare */
-    0,		                   /*tp_weaklistoffset */
-    0,		                   /*tp_iter */
-    0,		                   /*tp_iternext */
-    0,                         /*tp_methods */
-    0,                         /*tp_members */
-    0,                         /*tp_getset */
-    0,                         /*tp_base */
-    0,                         /*tp_dict */
-    0,                         /*tp_descr_get */
-    0,                         /*tp_descr_set */
-    0,                         /*tp_dictoffset */
-    0,                         /*tp_init */
-    BIND_alloc,                /*tp_alloc */
-    0,                         /*tp_new */
-};
-
 static PyObject*
 Iter_fetch_token(IterObject* self)
 {
@@ -1236,9 +1162,7 @@ Iter_fetch_token(IterObject* self)
 	if (tp == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
-	PyObject* py_tok =
-        (tp->tok != NULL) ? PyString_FromString(tp->tok)
-                          : pgf_BINDType.tp_alloc(&pgf_BINDType, 0);
+	PyObject* py_tok = PyString_FromString(tp->tok);
 	PyObject* py_cat = PyString_FromString(tp->cat);
 	PyObject* py_fun = PyString_FromString(tp->fun);
 	PyObject* res = Py_BuildValue("(f,O,O,O)", tp->prob, py_tok, py_cat, py_fun);
@@ -1675,18 +1599,16 @@ Concr_parse(ConcrObject* self, PyObject *args, PyObject *keywds)
 static IterObject*
 Concr_complete(ConcrObject* self, PyObject *args, PyObject *keywds)
 {
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"sentence", "cat", "prefix", "n", NULL};
+	static char *kwlist[] = {"sentence", "cat", "prefix", "n", NULL};
 
-	PyObject* sentence0 = NULL;
-	char* sentence = NULL;
+	const char *sentence = NULL;
 	PyObject* start = NULL;
-    GuString prefix = "";
-    bool prefix_bind = false;
-    int max_count = -1;
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, keywds, "O|Osi", kwlist,
-                                     &sentence0, &start,
-                                     &prefix, &max_count))
-        return NULL;
+	GuString prefix = "";
+	int max_count = -1;
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, keywds, "s|Osi", kwlist,
+	                                 &sentence, &start,
+	                                 &prefix, &max_count))
+		return NULL;
 
 	IterObject* pyres = (IterObject*) 
 		pgf_IterType.tp_alloc(&pgf_IterType, 0);
@@ -1708,20 +1630,6 @@ Concr_complete(ConcrObject* self, PyObject *args, PyObject *keywds)
 
 	GuExn* parse_err = gu_new_exn(tmp_pool);
 
-    if (PyTuple_Check(sentence0) && 
-        PyTuple_GET_SIZE(sentence0) == 2 && 
-        PyTuple_GET_ITEM(sentence0,1) == pgf_BINDType.tp_alloc(&pgf_BINDType, 0))
-    {
-        sentence0 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(sentence0,0);
-        prefix_bind = true;
-    }
-
-    if (PyUnicode_Check(sentence0)) {
-        sentence = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(sentence0);
-    } else {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "The sentence must be either a string or a tuple of string and pgf.BIND");
-    }
-
 	PgfType* type;
 	if (start == NULL) {
 		type = pgf_start_cat(self->grammar->pgf, pyres->pool);
@@ -1734,7 +1642,7 @@ Concr_complete(ConcrObject* self, PyObject *args, PyObject *keywds)
 	}
 
 	pyres->res =
-		pgf_complete(self->concr, type, sentence, prefix, prefix_bind, parse_err, pyres->pool);
+		pgf_complete(self->concr, type, sentence, prefix, parse_err, pyres->pool);
 
 	if (!gu_ok(parse_err)) {
 		Py_DECREF(pyres);
@@ -2169,6 +2077,58 @@ static PyTypeObject pgf_BracketType = {
     0,                         /*tp_new */
 };
 
+typedef struct {
+	PyObject_HEAD
+} BINDObject;
+
+static PyObject *
+BIND_repr(BINDObject *self)
+{
+	return PyString_FromString("&+");
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject pgf_BINDType = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    //0,                       /*ob_size*/
+    "pgf.BIND",                /*tp_name*/
+    sizeof(BINDObject),        /*tp_basicsize*/
+    0,                         /*tp_itemsize*/
+    0,                         /*tp_dealloc*/
+    0,                         /*tp_print*/
+    0,                         /*tp_getattr*/
+    0,                         /*tp_setattr*/
+    0,                         /*tp_compare*/
+    0,                         /*tp_repr*/
+    0,                         /*tp_as_number*/
+    0,                         /*tp_as_sequence*/
+    0,                         /*tp_as_mapping*/
+    0,                         /*tp_hash */
+    0,                         /*tp_call*/
+    (reprfunc) BIND_repr,      /*tp_str*/
+    0,                         /*tp_getattro*/
+    0,                         /*tp_setattro*/
+    0,                         /*tp_as_buffer*/
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /*tp_flags*/
+    "a marker for BIND in a bracketed string", /*tp_doc*/
+    0,		                   /*tp_traverse */
+    0,		                   /*tp_clear */
+    0,		                   /*tp_richcompare */
+    0,		                   /*tp_weaklistoffset */
+    0,		                   /*tp_iter */
+    0,		                   /*tp_iternext */
+    0,                         /*tp_methods */
+    0,                         /*tp_members */
+    0,                         /*tp_getset */
+    0,                         /*tp_base */
+    0,                         /*tp_dict */
+    0,                         /*tp_descr_get */
+    0,                         /*tp_descr_set */
+    0,                         /*tp_dictoffset */
+    0,                         /*tp_init */
+    0,                         /*tp_alloc */
+    0,                         /*tp_new */
+};
+
 typedef struct {
 	PgfLinFuncs* funcs;
 	GuBuf* stack;
@@ -2766,11 +2726,6 @@ static PyMethodDef Concr_methods[] = {
     },
     {"complete", (PyCFunction)Concr_complete, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
      "Parses a partial string and returns a list with the top n possible next tokens"
-     "Named arguments:\n"
-     "- sentence (string or a (string,pgf.BIND) tuple. The later indicates that the sentence ends with a BIND token)\n"
-     "- cat (string); OPTIONAL, default: the startcat of the grammar\n"
-     "- prefix (string); OPTIONAL, the prefix of predicted tokens"
-     "- n (int), max. number of predicted tokens"
     },
     {"parseval", (PyCFunction)Concr_parseval, METH_VARARGS,
      "Computes precision, recall and exact match for the parser on a given abstract tree"
@@ -3715,7 +3670,7 @@ MOD_INIT(pgf)
     PyModule_AddObject(m, "Bracket", (PyObject *) &pgf_BracketType);
     Py_INCREF(&pgf_BracketType);
 
-    PyModule_AddObject(m, "BIND", pgf_BINDType.tp_alloc(&pgf_BINDType, 0));
+    PyModule_AddObject(m, "BIND", (PyObject *) &pgf_BINDType);
     Py_INCREF(&pgf_BINDType);
 
 	return MOD_SUCCESS_VAL(m);

src/runtime/typescript/MOVED.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Project moved
+
+The GF TypeScript runtime has been moved to the repository:
+<https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-typescript>
+
+If you are looking for an updated version of the JavaScript runtime,
+you should also look there.

src/www/index.html

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
       (bilingual document editor)
   <!--<li><a href="wc.html">Wide Coverage Translation Demo</a>-->
   <li><a href="gfmorpho/">Word inflection with smart paradigms</a>
-  <li><a href="wordnet/">GF WordNet</a> (an online browser and editor for the WordNet lexicon)</li>
+  <li><a href="https://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/wordnet">GF WordNet</a> (an online browser and editor for the WordNet lexicon)</li>
 </ul>
 
 <h2>Documentation</h2>

stack-ghc8.10.4.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+resolver: lts-18.0 # ghc 8.10.4
+
+extra-deps:
+- network-2.6.3.6
+- httpd-shed-0.4.0.3
+- cgi-3001.5.0.0@sha256:3d1193a328d5f627a021a0ef3927c1ae41dd341e32dba612fed52d0e3a6df056,2990
+- json-0.10@sha256:d9fc6b07ce92b8894825a17d2cf14799856767eb30c8bf55962baa579207d799,3210
+- multipart-0.2.0@sha256:b8770e3ff6089be4dd089a8250894b31287cca671f3d258190a505f9351fa8a9,1084
+
+# flags:
+#   gf:
+#     c-runtime: true
+# extra-lib-dirs:
+#   - /usr/local/lib

stack-ghc8.10.7.yaml

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-resolver: lts-18.27 # ghc 8.10.7
-
-extra-deps:
-- network-2.6.3.6
-- httpd-shed-0.4.0.3
-
-# flags:
-#   gf:
-#     server: true
-#     c-runtime: true
-# extra-lib-dirs:
-#   - /usr/local/lib

stack-ghc9.0.2.yaml

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-resolver: lts-19.6
-
-extra-deps:
-# - network-2.6.3.6
-# - httpd-shed-0.4.0.3
-# - cgi-3001.5.0.0@sha256:3d1193a328d5f627a021a0ef3927c1ae41dd341e32dba612fed52d0e3a6df056,2990
-# - json-0.10@sha256:d9fc6b07ce92b8894825a17d2cf14799856767eb30c8bf55962baa579207d799,3210
-# - multipart-0.2.0@sha256:b8770e3ff6089be4dd089a8250894b31287cca671f3d258190a505f9351fa8a9,1084
-
-# flags:
-#   gf:
-#     c-runtime: true
-# extra-lib-dirs:
-#   - /usr/local/lib

stack.yaml

@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
-# This default stack file is a copy of stack-ghc8.10.7.yaml
+# This default stack file is a copy of stack-ghc8.10.4.yaml
 # But committing a symlink can be problematic on Windows, so it's a real copy.
 # See: https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/pull/106
-resolver: lts-18.27 # ghc 8.10.7
+
+resolver: lts-18.0 # ghc 8.10.4
 
 extra-deps:
 - network-2.6.3.6
 - httpd-shed-0.4.0.3
+- cgi-3001.5.0.0@sha256:3d1193a328d5f627a021a0ef3927c1ae41dd341e32dba612fed52d0e3a6df056,2990
+- json-0.10@sha256:d9fc6b07ce92b8894825a17d2cf14799856767eb30c8bf55962baa579207d799,3210
+- multipart-0.2.0@sha256:b8770e3ff6089be4dd089a8250894b31287cca671f3d258190a505f9351fa8a9,1084
 
 # flags:
 #   gf:
-#     server: true
 #     c-runtime: true
 # extra-lib-dirs:
 #   - /usr/local/lib

testsuite/compiler/compute/Variants.gfs

@@ -1,12 +1,2 @@
 i -retain testsuite/compiler/compute/Variants.gf
 cc hello
-cc <\x -> x++x : Str -> Str> ("a"|"b")
-cc <\x -> x : Str -> Str> ("a"|"b")
-cc <\x -> "c" : Str -> Str> ("a"|"b")
-cc <let x = ("a"|"b") in x++x : Str>
-cc <let x = ("a"|"b") in x : Str>
-cc <let x = ("a"|"b") in "c" : Str>
-cc <\x -> x.p1++x.p1 : Str*Str -> Str> <"a"|"b","c">
-cc <\x -> x.p1 : Str*Str -> Str> <"a"|"b","c">
-cc <\x -> x.p2++x.p2 : Str*Str -> Str> <"a"|"b","c">
-cc <\x -> x.p2 : Str*Str -> Str> <"a"|"b","c">

testsuite/compiler/compute/Variants.gfs.gold

@@ -1,11 +1 @@
 variants {"hello"; "hello" ++ "hello"}
-variants {"a" ++ "a"; "b" ++ "b"}
-variants {"a"; "b"}
-"c"
-variants {"a"; "b"} ++ variants {"a"; "b"}
-variants {"a"; "b"}
-"c"
-variants {"a"; "b"} ++ variants {"a"; "b"}
-variants {"a"; "b"}
-"c" ++ "c"
-"c"

testsuite/lpgf/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+# LPGF testsuite & benchmark
+
+## Testsuite
+
+LPGF must be equivalent to PGF in terms of linearisation output.
+
+Possible exceptions:
+- No handling of variants (design choice)
+- Rendering of missing functions
+
+**N.B.**
+Phrasebook doesn't compile with RGL after 1131058b68c204a8d1312d2e2a610748eb8032cb
+
+### Running
+
+Because Stack insists on rebuilding things all the time, I use separate `.stack-work` folders for testing and benchmarking.
+
+Assumes treebank in same folder with same abstract name as grammar, e.g. `unittests/Params.treebank`
+
+```
+stack build --work-dir .stack-work-test --test --no-run-tests
+stack test  --work-dir .stack-work-test gf:test:lpgf # all LPGF tests
+stack test  --work-dir .stack-work-test gf:test:lpgf --test-arguments="unittests/Params" # specific grammar
+stack test  --work-dir .stack-work-test gf:test:lpgf --test-arguments="foods/Foods Fre Ger" # specific grammar and languages
+stack test  --work-dir .stack-work-test gf:test:lpgf --test-arguments="phrasebook/Phrasebook"
+```
+
+Set environment variable `DEBUG=1` to enable dumping of intermediate formats into `DEBUG/` folder.
+
+---
+
+## Benchmark
+
+Compare performance metrics between LPGF and PGF[2]. Note: correctness is not checked here.
+
+### Compilation
+
+Comparing PGF, LPGF along following criteria:
+
+- Time
+- Memory
+- Binary file size
+
+### Runtime (linearisation)
+
+Comparing PGF, PGF2, LPGF along following criteria:
+
+- Time
+- Memory
+
+### Running
+
+Run each command separately so that memory measurements are isolated.
+The `+RTS -T -RTS` is so that GHC can report its own memory usage.
+
+```
+stack build --work-dir .stack-work-bench --bench --no-run-benchmarks &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "compile pgf  testsuite/lpgf/foods/Foods*.gf +RTS -T -RTS" &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "compile lpgf testsuite/lpgf/foods/Foods*.gf +RTS -T -RTS" &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "run pgf  Foods.pgf  testsuite/lpgf/foods/Foods-all.trees +RTS -T -RTS" &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "run pgf2 Foods.pgf  testsuite/lpgf/foods/Foods-all.trees +RTS -T -RTS" &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "run lpgf Foods.lpgf testsuite/lpgf/foods/Foods-all.trees +RTS -T -RTS"
+```
+
+```
+stack build --work-dir .stack-work-bench --bench --no-run-benchmarks &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "compile pgf  testsuite/lpgf/phrasebook/Phrasebook*.gf +RTS -T -RTS" &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "compile lpgf testsuite/lpgf/phrasebook/Phrasebook*.gf +RTS -T -RTS" &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "run pgf  Phrasebook.pgf  testsuite/lpgf/phrasebook/Phrasebook-10000.trees +RTS -T -RTS" &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "run pgf2 Phrasebook.pgf  testsuite/lpgf/phrasebook/Phrasebook-10000.trees +RTS -T -RTS" &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-bench --benchmark-arguments "run lpgf Phrasebook.lpgf testsuite/lpgf/phrasebook/Phrasebook-10000.trees +RTS -T -RTS"
+```
+
+## Profiling
+
+```
+stack build --work-dir .stack-work-profile --profile --bench --no-run-benchmarks &&
+stack bench --work-dir .stack-work-profile --profile --benchmark-arguments "compile lpgf testsuite/lpgf/phrasebook/PhrasebookFre.gf +RTS -T -p -h -RTS"
+```
+
+Produced files:
+- `lpgf-bench.prof` - total time and memory allocation (`-p`)
+- `lpgf-bench.hp` - heap profile (`-h`)
+
+Open heap profile graph on-the-fly:
+```
+stack exec -- hp2ps -c lpgf-bench.hp && open lpgf-bench.ps
+```
+
+Convert and copy timestamped files into `PROF/`:
+```
+TS="$(date +%Y-%m-%d_%H%M)" &&
+stack exec -- hp2ps -c lpgf-bench.hp &&
+mv lpgf-bench.prof PROF/$TS.prof &&
+mv lpgf-bench.ps PROF/$TS.ps &&
+mv lpgf-bench.hs PROF/$TS.hp
+```
+
+**Resources**
+
+- https://downloads.haskell.org/ghc/8.6.5/docs/html/users_guide/profiling.html
+- http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/profiling-and-optimization.html
+- https://wiki.haskell.org/Performance
+
+
+### Honing in
+
+```
+stack build --test --bench --no-run-tests --no-run-benchmarks &&
+stack bench --benchmark-arguments "compile lpgf testsuite/lpgf/phrasebook/PhrasebookFre.gf +RTS -T -RTS"
+```
+
+**Baseline PGF**
+- compile: 1.600776s
+- size: 2.88 MB  Phrasebook.pgf
+Max memory: 328.20 MB
+
+**Baseline LPGF = B**
+- compile: 12.401099s
+- size: 3.01 MB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 1.33 GB
+
+**Baseline LPGF String instead of Text**
+- compile: 12.124689s
+- size: 3.01 MB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 1.34 GB
+
+**Baseline LPGF with impossible pruning**
+- compile: 7.406503s
+- size: 3.01 MB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 1.13 GB
+
+
+**B -extractStrings**
+- compile: 13.822735s
+- size: 5.78 MB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 1.39 GB
+
+**B -cleanupRecordFields**
+- compile: 13.670776s
+- size: 3.01 MB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 1.48 GB
+
+**No generation at all = E**
+- compile: 0.521001s
+- size: 3.27 KB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 230.69 MB
+
+**+ Concat, Literal, Error, Predef, Tuple, Variant, Commented**
+- compile: 1.503594s
+- size: 3.27 KB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 395.31 MB
+
+**+ Var, Pre, Selection**
+- compile: 1.260184s
+- size: 3.28 KB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 392.17 MB
+
+**+ Record**
+- compile: 1.659233s
+- size: 7.07 KB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 397.41 MB
+
+**+ Projection = X**
+- compile: 1.446217s
+- size: 7.94 KB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 423.62 MB
+
+**X + Param**
+- compile: 2.073838s
+- size: 10.82 KB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 619.71 MB
+
+**X + Table**
+- compile: 11.26558s
+- size: 2.48 MB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 1.15 GB
+
+**RawIdents**
+- compile: 5.393466s
+- size: 3.01 MB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 1.12 GB
+
+### Repeated terms in compilation
+
+**Param and Table**
+
+| Concr         |  Total | Unique | Perc |
+|:--------------|-------:|-------:|-----:|
+| PhrasebookEng |   8673 |   1724 |  20% |
+| PhrasebookSwe |  14802 |   2257 |  15% |
+| PhrasebookFin | 526225 |   4866 |   1% |
+
+**Param**
+
+| Concr         |  Total | Unique | Perc |
+|:--------------|-------:|-------:|-----:|
+| PhrasebookEng |   3211 |     78 |   2% |
+| PhrasebookSwe |   7567 |     69 |   1% |
+| PhrasebookFin | 316355 |    310 | 0.1% |
+
+**Table**
+
+| Concr         |  Total | Unique | Perc |
+|:--------------|-------:|-------:|-----:|
+| PhrasebookEng |   5470 |   1654 |  30% |
+| PhrasebookSwe |   7243 |   2196 |  30% |
+| PhrasebookFin | 209878 |   4564 |   2% |
+
+### After impelementing state monad for table memoisation
+
+**worse!**
+- compile: 12.55848s
+- size: 3.01 MB  Phrasebook.lpgf
+Max memory: 2.25 GB
+
+**Params**
+
+| Concr         |  Total | Misses |  Perc |
+|:--------------|-------:|-------:|------:|
+| PhrasebookEng |   3211 |     72 |    2% |
+| PhrasebookSwe |   7526 |     61 |    1% |
+| PhrasebookFin | 135268 |    333 |  0.2% |
+| PhrasebookFre | 337102 |     76 | 0.02% |
+
+**Tables**
+
+| Concr         | Total | Misses | Perc |
+|:--------------|------:|-------:|-----:|
+| PhrasebookEng |  3719 |   3170 |  85% |
+| PhrasebookSwe |  4031 |   3019 |  75% |
+| PhrasebookFin | 36875 |  21730 |  59% |
+| PhrasebookFre | 41397 |  32967 |  80% |
+
+Conclusions:
+- map itself requires more memory than actual compilation
+- lookup/insert is also as bad as actual compilation
+
+Tried HashMap (deriving Hashable for LinValue), no inprovement.
+Using show on LinValue for keys is incredibly slow.
+
+# Notes on compilation
+
+## 1 (see unittests/Params4)
+
+**param defns**
+P = P1 | P2
+Q = Q1 | Q2
+R = RP P | RPQ P Q | R0
+X = XPQ P Q
+
+**translation**
+NB: tuples may be nested, but will be concatted at runtime
+
+P1        = <1>
+P2        = <2>
+
+Q1        = <1>
+Q2        = <2>
+
+R P1      = <1,1>
+R P2      = <1,2>
+RPQ P1 Q1 = <2,1,1>
+RPQ P1 Q2 = <2,1,2>
+RPQ P2 Q1 = <2,2,1>
+RPQ P2 Q2 = <2,2,2>
+R0        = <3>
+
+XPQ P1 Q1 = <1,1,1>
+XPQ P1 Q2 = <1,1,2>
+XPQ P2 Q1 = <1,2,1>
+XPQ P2 Q2 = <1,2,2>
+
+P => Str
+<"P1","P2">
+
+{p:P ; q:Q} => Str
+<<"P1;Q1","P1;Q2">,<"P2;Q1","P2;Q2">>
+
+{p=P2; q=Q1}
+<<2>,<1>>
+
+R => Str
+< <"RP P1","RP P2">,
+  < <"RPQ P1 Q1","RPQ P1 Q2">,
+    <"RPQ P2 Q1","RPQ P2 Q2"> >,
+ "R0"
+>
+
+X => Str
+<<<"XPQ P1 Q1","XPQ P1 Q2">,
+  <"XPQ P2 Q1","XPQ P2 Q2">>>
+
+{p=P2 ; r=R0}
+<<2>,<3>>
+
+{p=P2 ; r1=RP P1 ; r2=RPQ P1 Q2 ; r3=R0 }
+< <2>  ,  <1, 1> ,   <2,  1, 2> ,   <3>>
+
+## 2 (see unittests/Params5)
+
+**param defns**
+
+P = P1 | PQ Q
+Q = Q1 | QR R
+R = R1 | R2
+
+**translation**
+
+P1       = <1>
+PQ Q1    = <2,1>
+PQ QR R1 = <2,2,1>
+PQ QR R2 = <2,2,2>
+
+Q1       = <1>
+QR R1    = <2,1>
+QR R2    = <2,2>
+
+R1       = <1>
+R2       = <2>
+
+P => Str
+<"P1",<"PQ Q1",<"PQ (QR R1)","PQ (QR R2)">>>
+
+{q:Q ; p:P} => Str
+< <"Q1;P1",<"Q1;PQ Q1",<"Q1;PQ (QR R1)","Q1;PQ (QR R2)">>>,
+  <
+    <"QR R1;P1",<"QR R1;PQ Q1",<"QR R1;PQ (QR R1)","QR R1;PQ (QR R2)">>>,
+    <"QR R2;P1",<"QR R2;PQ Q1",<"QR R2;PQ (QR R1)","QR R2;PQ (QR R2)">>>
+  >
+>
+
+{q=Q1 ; p=P1}            = <<1>,<1>>
+{q=Q1 ; p=PQ Q1}         = <<1>,<2,1>>
+{q=Q1 ; p=PQ (QR R1)}    = <<1>,<2,2,1>>
+{q=Q1 ; p=PQ (QR R2)}    = <<1>,<2,2,2>>
+
+{q=QR R1 ; p=P1}         = <<2,1>,<1>>
+{q=QR R1 ; p=PQ Q1}      = <<2,1>,<2,1>>
+{q=QR R1 ; p=PQ (QR R1)} = <<2,1>,<2,2,1>>
+{q=QR R1 ; p=PQ (QR R2)} = <<2,1>,<2,2,2>>
+
+{q=QR R2 ; p=P1}         = <<2,2>,<1>>
+{q=QR R2 ; p=PQ Q1}      = <<2,2>,<2,1>>
+{q=QR R2 ; p=PQ (QR R1)} = <<2,2>,<2,2,1>>
+{q=QR R2 ; p=PQ (QR R2)} = <<2,2>,<2,2,2>>
+
+**NOTE**: GF will swap q and p in record, as part of record field sorting, resulting in the following:
+
+{p:P ; q:Q} => Str
+< <"P1;Q1", <"P1;QR R1","P1;QR R2">>,
+  < <"PQ Q1;Q1", <"PQ Q1;QR R1","PQ Q1;QR R2">>,
+    < <"PQ (QR R1);Q1", <"PQ (QR R1);QR R1","PQ (QR R1);QR R2">>,
+      <"PQ (QR R2);Q1", <"PQ (QR R2);QR R1","PQ (QR R2);QR R2">>
+    >
+  >
+>
+
+{p=P1 ; q=Q1}            = <<1>,<1>>
+{p=P1 ; q=QR R1}         = <<1>,<2,1>>
+{p=P1 ; q=QR R2}         = <<1>,<2,2>>
+
+{p=PQ Q1 ; q=Q1}         = <<2,1>,<1>>
+{p=PQ Q1 ; q=QR R1}      = <<2,1>,<2,1>>
+{p=PQ Q1 ; q=QR R2}      = <<2,1>,<2,2>>
+
+{p=PQ (QR R1) ; q=Q1}    = <<2,2,1>,<1>>
+{p=PQ (QR R1) ; q=QR R1} = <<2,2,1>,<2,1>>
+{p=PQ (QR R1) ; q=QR R2} = <<2,2,1>,<2,2>>
+
+{p=PQ (QR R2) ; q=Q1}    = <<2,2,2>,<1>>
+{p=PQ (QR R2) ; q=QR R1} = <<2,2,2>,<2,1>>
+{p=PQ (QR R2) ; q=QR R2} = <<2,2,2>,<2,2>>
+
+
+{pp: {p:P} ; q:Q} => Str
+
+{pp={p=P1} ; q=Q1}            = <<<1>>,<1>>
+{pp={p=P1} ; q=QR R1}         = <<<1>>,<2,1>>
+{pp={p=P1} ; q=QR R2}         = <<<1>>,<2,2>>
+
+{pp={p=PQ Q1} ; q=Q1}         = <<<2,1>>, <1>>
+{pp={p=PQ Q1} ; q=QR R1}      = <<<2,1>>, <2,1>>
+{pp={p=PQ Q1} ; q=QR R2}      = <<<2,1>>, <2,2>>
+
+{pp={p=PQ (QR R1)} ; q=Q1}    = <<<2,2,1>>,<1>>
+{pp={p=PQ (QR R1)} ; q=QR R1} = <<<2,2,1>>,<2,1>>
+{pp={p=PQ (QR R1)} ; q=QR R2} = <<<2,2,1>>,<2,2>>
+
+{pp={p=PQ (QR R2)} ; q=Q1}    = <<<2,2,2>>,<1>>
+{pp={p=PQ (QR R2)} ; q=QR R1} = <<<2,2,2>>,<2,1>>
+{pp={p=PQ (QR R2)} ; q=QR R2} = <<<2,2,2>>,<2,2>>

testsuite/lpgf/bench.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
+
+module Main where
+
+import qualified LPGF
+import qualified PGF
+import qualified PGF2
+
+import GF (compileToPGF, compileToLPGF, writePGF, writeLPGF)
+import GF.Support (Options, Flags (..), Verbosity (..), noOptions, addOptions, modifyFlags)
+
+import Control.DeepSeq (NFData, force)
+import qualified Control.Exception as EX
+import Control.Monad (when, forM)
+import Data.Either (isLeft)
+import qualified Data.List as L
+import Data.Maybe (fromJust, isJust, isNothing)
+import qualified Data.Map as Map
+import Data.Text (Text)
+import Data.Time.Clock (getCurrentTime, diffUTCTime)
+import System.Console.ANSI
+import System.Directory (listDirectory, getFileSize)
+import System.Environment (getArgs)
+import System.Exit (die)
+import System.FilePath ((</>), (<.>), takeFileName, takeDirectory, dropExtension)
+import Text.Printf (printf)
+
+import GHC.Stats
+
+options :: Options
+options = addOptions (modifyFlags (\f -> f{optVerbosity=Quiet})) noOptions
+
+usage :: String
+usage = "Arguments:\n\
+\  compile [pgf|lpgf] FoodsEng.gf FoodsGer.gf ...\n\
+\  run [pgf|pgf2|lpgf] Foods.pgf test.trees\
+\"
+
+main :: IO ()
+main = do
+  -- Parse command line arguments
+  args <- getArgs
+  let argc = length args
+  when (argc < 1) (die usage)
+  let (mode:_) = args
+  when (mode `L.notElem` ["compile","run"]) (die usage)
+  when (mode == "compile" && argc < 2) (die usage)
+  when (mode == "run" && argc < 3) (die usage)
+  let target = let a1 = args !! 1 in if a1 `elem` ["pgf", "pgf2", "lpgf"] then Just a1 else Nothing
+  let mods' = if mode == "compile" then drop (if isJust target then 2 else 1) args else []
+
+  mods <- concat <$> forM mods' (\mod ->
+    -- If * is supplied in module name, collect modules ourselves
+    if '*' `elem` mod
+    then do
+      let
+        dir = takeDirectory mod
+        pre = takeWhile (/='*') (takeFileName mod)
+        post = drop 1 $ dropWhile (/='*') (takeFileName mod)
+      map (dir </>)
+        . filter (\p -> let fn = takeFileName p in pre `L.isPrefixOf` fn && post `L.isSuffixOf` fn)
+        <$> listDirectory dir
+    else
+      return [mod]
+    )
+
+  let binaryFile = if mode == "run" then Just $ args !! (if isJust target then 2 else 1) else Nothing
+  let treesFile = if mode == "run" then Just $ args !! (if isJust target then 3 else 2) else Nothing
+
+  let doPGF = isNothing target || target == Just "pgf"
+  let doPGF2 = isNothing target || target == Just "pgf2"
+  let doLPGF = isNothing target || target == Just "lpgf"
+
+  -- Compilation
+  when (mode == "compile") $ do
+    when doPGF $ do
+      heading "PGF"
+      (path, pgf) <- time "- compile: " (compilePGF mods)
+      size <- getFileSize path
+      printf "- size: %s  %s\n" (convertSize size) path
+
+    when doLPGF $ do
+      heading "LPGF"
+      (path, lpgf) <- time "- compile: " (compileLPGF mods)
+      size <- getFileSize path
+      printf "- size: %s  %s\n" (convertSize size) path
+
+  -- Linearisation
+  when (mode == "run") $ do
+    -- Read trees
+    lns <- lines <$> readFile (fromJust treesFile)
+    let trees = map (fromJust . PGF.readExpr) lns
+    let trees2 = map (fromJust . PGF2.readExpr) lns
+    printf "Read %d trees\n" (length trees)
+
+    when doPGF $ do
+      heading "PGF"
+      pgf <- PGF.readPGF (dropExtension (fromJust binaryFile) <.> "pgf")
+      timePure "- linearise: " (linPGF pgf trees)
+      return ()
+
+    when doPGF2 $ do
+      heading "PGF2"
+      pgf <- PGF2.readPGF (dropExtension (fromJust binaryFile) <.> "pgf")
+      timePure "- linearise: " (linPGF2 pgf trees2)
+      return ()
+
+    when doLPGF $ do
+      heading "LPGF"
+      lpgf <- LPGF.readLPGF (dropExtension (fromJust binaryFile) <.> "lpgf")
+      -- timePure "- linearise: " (linLPGF lpgf trees)
+      ress <- time "- linearise: " (linLPGF' lpgf trees)
+      when (any (any isLeft) ress) $ do
+        setSGR [SetColor Foreground Dull Red]
+        putStrLn "Teminated with errors"
+        setSGR [Reset]
+
+  stats <- getRTSStats
+  printf "Max memory: %s\n" (convertSize (fromIntegral (max_mem_in_use_bytes stats)))
+
+heading :: String -> IO ()
+heading s = do
+  setSGR [SetColor Foreground Vivid Yellow, SetConsoleIntensity BoldIntensity]
+  putStrLn s
+  setSGR [Reset]
+
+-- For accurate timing, IO action must for evaluation itself (e.g., write to file)
+time :: String -> IO a -> IO a
+time desc io = do
+  start <- getCurrentTime
+  r <- io >>= EX.evaluate -- only WHNF
+  end <- getCurrentTime
+  putStrLn $ desc ++ show (diffUTCTime end start)
+  return r
+
+-- Performs deep evaluation
+timePure :: (NFData a) => String -> a -> IO a
+timePure desc val = time desc (return $ force val)
+
+compilePGF :: [FilePath] -> IO (FilePath, PGF.PGF)
+compilePGF mods = do
+  pgf <- compileToPGF options mods
+  files <- writePGF options pgf
+  return (head files, pgf)
+
+compileLPGF :: [FilePath] -> IO (FilePath, LPGF.LPGF)
+compileLPGF mods = do
+  lpgf <- compileToLPGF options mods
+  file <- writeLPGF options lpgf
+  return (file, lpgf)
+
+linPGF :: PGF.PGF -> [PGF.Expr] -> [[String]]
+linPGF pgf trees =
+  [ map (PGF.linearize pgf lang) trees | lang <- PGF.languages pgf ]
+
+linPGF2 :: PGF2.PGF -> [PGF2.Expr] -> [[String]]
+linPGF2 pgf trees =
+  [ map (PGF2.linearize concr) trees | (_, concr) <- Map.toList (PGF2.languages pgf) ]
+
+linLPGF :: LPGF.LPGF -> [PGF.Expr] -> [[Text]]
+linLPGF lpgf trees =
+  [ map (LPGF.linearizeConcreteText concr) trees | (_,concr) <- Map.toList (LPGF.concretes lpgf) ]
+
+linLPGF' :: LPGF.LPGF -> [PGF.Expr] -> IO [[Either String Text]]
+linLPGF' lpgf trees =
+  forM (Map.toList (LPGF.concretes lpgf)) $ \(_,concr) -> mapM (try . LPGF.linearizeConcreteText concr) trees
+
+-- | Produce human readable file size
+-- Adapted from https://hackage.haskell.org/package/hrfsize
+convertSize :: Integer -> String
+convertSize = convertSize'' . fromInteger
+
+convertSize' :: Double -> String
+convertSize' size
+  | size < 1024.0 = printf "%.0v bytes" size
+  | size < 1024.0 ^ (2 :: Int) = printf "%.2v KiB" $ size / 1024.0
+  | size < 1024.0 ^ (3 :: Int) = printf "%.2v MiB" $ size / 1024.0 ^ (2 :: Int)
+  | size < 1024.0 ^ (4 :: Int) = printf "%.2v GiB" $ size / 1024.0 ^ (3 :: Int)
+  | otherwise = printf "%.2v TiB" $ size / 1024.0 ^ (4 :: Int)
+
+convertSize'' :: Double -> String
+convertSize'' size
+  | size < 1000 = printf "%.0v bytes" size
+  | size < 1000 ^ (2 :: Int) = printf "%.2v KB" $ size / 1000
+  | size < 1000 ^ (3 :: Int) = printf "%.2v MB" $ size / 1000 ^ (2 :: Int)
+  | size < 1000 ^ (4 :: Int) = printf "%.2v GB" $ size / 1000 ^ (3 :: Int)
+  | otherwise = printf "%.2v TB" $ size / 1000 ^ (4 :: Int)
+
+-- | Run a computation and catch any exception/errors.
+try :: a -> IO (Either String a)
+try comp = do
+  let f = Right <$> EX.evaluate comp
+  EX.catch f (\(e :: EX.SomeException) -> return $ Left (show e))

testsuite/lpgf/foods/CharactersGla.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+--# -coding=latin1
+resource CharactersGla = {
+	
+	--Character classes
+	oper
+		vowel : pattern Str = #("a"|"e"|"i"|"o"|"u"|"à"|"è"|"ì"|"ò"|"ù") ;
+		vowelCap : pattern Str = #("A"|"E"|"I"|"O"|"U"|"À"|"É"|"Ì"|"Ò"|"Ù") ;
+		consonant : pattern Str = #("b"|"c"|"d"|"f"|"g"|"h"|"j"|"k"|"l"|"m"|"n"|"p"|"q"|"r"|"s"|"t"|"v"|"w"|"x"|"z") ;
+		consonantCap : pattern Str = #("B"|"C"|"D"|"F"|"G"|"H"|"J"|"K"|"L"|"M"|"N"|"P"|"Q"|"R"|"S"|"T"|"V"|"W"|"X"|"Z") ;
+		broadVowel : pattern Str = #("a"|"o"|"u"|"à"|"ò"|"ù") ;
+		slenderVowel : pattern Str = #("e"|"i"|"è"|"ì") ;
+	
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/CharactersGle.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+--# -coding=latin1
+resource CharactersGle = {
+	
+	--Character classes
+	oper
+		vowel : pattern Str = #("a"|"e"|"i"|"o"|"u"|"á"|"é"|"í"|"ó"|"ú") ;
+		vowelCap : pattern Str = #("A"|"E"|"I"|"O"|"U"|"Á"|"É"|"Í"|"Ó"|"Ú") ;
+		consonant : pattern Str = #("b"|"c"|"d"|"f"|"g"|"h"|"j"|"k"|"l"|"m"|"n"|"p"|"q"|"r"|"s"|"t"|"v"|"w"|"x"|"z") ;
+		consonantCap : pattern Str = #("B"|"C"|"D"|"F"|"G"|"H"|"J"|"K"|"L"|"M"|"N"|"P"|"Q"|"R"|"S"|"T"|"V"|"W"|"X"|"Z") ;
+		broadVowel : pattern Str = #("a"|"o"|"u"|"á"|"ó"|"ú") ;
+		slenderVowel : pattern Str = #("e"|"i"|"é"|"í") ;
+	
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/Foods.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+abstract Foods = {
+  flags startcat = Comment ;
+  cat
+    Comment ; Item ; Kind ; Quality ;
+  fun
+    Pred : Item -> Quality -> Comment ;
+    This, That, These, Those : Kind -> Item ;
+    Mod : Quality -> Kind -> Kind ;
+    Wine, Cheese, Fish, Pizza : Kind ;
+    Very : Quality -> Quality ;
+    Fresh, Warm, Italian,
+      Expensive, Delicious, Boring : Quality ;
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/Foods.treebank

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+Foods: Pred (That Wine) Delicious
+FoodsAfr: daardie wyn is heerlik
+FoodsAmh: ያ ወይን ጣፋጭ ነው::
+FoodsBul: онова вино е превъзходно
+FoodsCat: aquell vi és deliciós
+FoodsChi: 那 瓶 酒 是 美 味 的
+FoodsCze: tamto víno je vynikající
+FoodsDut: die wijn is lekker
+FoodsEng: that wine is delicious
+FoodsEpo: tiu vino estas bongusta
+FoodsFin: tuo viini on herkullinen
+FoodsFre: ce vin est délicieux
+FoodsGer: jener Wein ist köstlich
+FoodsGla: tha an fìon sin blasta
+FoodsGle: tá an fíon sin blasta
+FoodsHeb: היין ההוא טעים
+FoodsHin: वह मदिरा स्वादिष्ट है
+FoodsIce: þetta vín er ljúffengt
+FoodsIta: quel vino è delizioso
+FoodsJpn: その ワインは おいしい
+FoodsLat: id vinum est iucundum
+FoodsLav: tas vīns ir garšīgs
+FoodsMkd: она вино е вкусно
+FoodsMlt: dak l- inbid tajjeb
+FoodsMon: тэр дарс бол амттай
+FoodsNep: त्यो रक्सी स्वादिष्ट छ
+FoodsOri: ସେଇ ମଦ ସ୍ଵାଦିସ୍ଟ ଅଟେ
+FoodsPes: آن شراب لذىذ است
+FoodsPor: esse vinho é delicioso
+FoodsRon: acel vin este delicios
+FoodsSpa: ese vino es delicioso
+FoodsSwe: det där vinet är läckert
+FoodsTha: เหล้าองุ่น ขวด นั้น อร่อย
+FoodsTsn: bojalwa boo bo monate
+FoodsTur: şu şarap lezzetlidir
+FoodsUrd: وہ شراب مزیدار ہے
+
+Foods: Pred (This Pizza) (Very Boring)
+FoodsAfr: hierdie pizza is baie vervelig
+FoodsAmh: ይህ [Pizza] በጣም አስቀያሚ ነው::
+FoodsBul: тази пица е много еднообразна
+FoodsCat: aquesta pizza és molt aburrida
+FoodsChi: 这 张 比 萨 饼 是 非 常 难 吃 的
+FoodsCze: tato pizza je velmi nudná
+FoodsDut: deze pizza is erg saai
+FoodsEng: this pizza is very boring
+FoodsEpo: ĉi tiu pico estas tre enuiga
+FoodsFin: tämä pizza on erittäin tylsä
+FoodsFre: cette pizza est très ennuyeuse
+FoodsGer: diese Pizza ist sehr langweilig
+FoodsGla: tha an pizza seo glè leamh
+FoodsGle: tá an píotsa seo an-leamh
+FoodsHeb: הפיצה הזאת מאוד משעממת
+FoodsHin: यह पिज़्ज़ा अति अरुचिकर है
+FoodsIce: þessi flatbaka er mjög leiðinleg
+FoodsIta: questa pizza è molto noiosa
+FoodsJpn: この ピザは とても つまらない
+FoodsLat: haec placenta neapolitana est valde fluens
+FoodsLav: šī pica ir ļoti garlaicīga
+FoodsMkd: оваа пица е многу досадна
+FoodsMlt: din il- pizza tad-dwejjaq ħafna
+FoodsMon: энэ пицца бол маш амтгүй
+FoodsNep: यो पिज्जा धेरै नमिठा छ
+FoodsOri: ଏଇ ପିଜଜ଼ା ଅତି ଅରୁଚିକର ଅଟେ
+FoodsPes: این پیتزا خیلی ملال آور است
+FoodsPor: esta pizza é muito chata
+FoodsRon: această pizza este foarte plictisitoare
+FoodsSpa: esta pizza es muy aburrida
+FoodsSwe: den här pizzan är mycket tråkig
+FoodsTha: พิซซา ถาด นี้ น่าเบิ่อ มาก
+FoodsTsn: pizza e e bosula thata
+FoodsTur: bu pizza çok sıkıcıdır
+FoodsUrd: یھ پیزہ بہت فضول ہے
+
+Foods: Pred (This Cheese) Fresh
+FoodsAfr: hierdie kaas is vars
+FoodsAmh: ይህ አይብ አዲስ ነው::
+FoodsBul: това сирене е свежо
+FoodsCat: aquest formatge és fresc
+FoodsChi: 这 块 奶 酪 是 新 鲜 的
+FoodsCze: tento sýr je čerstvý
+FoodsDut: deze kaas is vers
+FoodsEng: this cheese is fresh
+FoodsEpo: ĉi tiu fromaĝo estas freŝa
+FoodsFin: tämä juusto on tuore
+FoodsFre: ce fromage est frais
+FoodsGer: dieser Käse ist frisch
+FoodsGla: tha an càise seo úr
+FoodsGle: tá an cháis seo úr
+FoodsHeb: הגבינה הזאת טריה
+FoodsHin: यह पनीर ताज़ा है
+FoodsIce: þessi ostur er ferskur
+FoodsIta: questo formaggio è fresco
+FoodsJpn: この チーズは 新鮮 だ
+FoodsLat: hoc formaticum est recens
+FoodsLav: šis siers ir svaigs
+FoodsMkd: ова сирење е свежо
+FoodsMlt: dan il- ġobon frisk
+FoodsMon: энэ бяслаг бол шинэ
+FoodsNep: यो चिज ताजा छ
+FoodsOri: ଏଇ ଛେନା ତାଜା ଅଟେ
+FoodsPes: این پنیر تازه است
+FoodsPor: este queijo é fresco
+FoodsRon: această brânză este proaspătă
+FoodsSpa: este queso es fresco
+FoodsSwe: den här osten är färsk
+FoodsTha: เนยแข็ง ก้อน นี้ สด
+FoodsTsn: kase e e ntsha
+FoodsTur: bu peynir tazedir
+FoodsUrd: یھ پنیر تازہ ہے
+
+Foods: Pred (Those Fish) Warm
+FoodsAfr: daardie visse is warm
+FoodsAmh: [Those] ትኩስ ነው::
+FoodsBul: онези риби са горещи
+FoodsCat: aquells peixos són calents
+FoodsChi: 那 几 条 鱼 是 温 热 的
+FoodsCze: tamty ryby jsou teplé
+FoodsDut: die vissen zijn warm
+FoodsEng: those fish are warm
+FoodsEpo: tiuj fiŝoj estas varmaj
+FoodsFin: nuo kalat ovat lämpimiä
+FoodsFre: ces poissons sont chauds
+FoodsGer: jene Fische sind warm
+FoodsGla: tha na h-èisg sin blàth
+FoodsGle: tá na héisc sin te
+FoodsHeb: הדגים ההם חמים
+FoodsHin: वे मछलीयँा गरम हैं
+FoodsIce: þessir fiskar eru heitir
+FoodsIta: quei pesci sono caldi
+FoodsJpn: その 魚は あたたかい
+FoodsLat: ei pisces sunt calidi
+FoodsLav: tās zivis ir siltas
+FoodsMkd: оние риби се топли
+FoodsMlt: dawk il- ħut sħan
+FoodsMon: тэдгээр загаснууд бол халуун
+FoodsNep: ती माछाहरु तातो छन्
+FoodsOri: ସେଇ ମାଛ ଗୁଡିକ ଗରମ ଅଟେ
+FoodsPes: آن ماهىها گرم هستند
+FoodsPor: esses peixes são quentes
+FoodsRon: acei peşti sunt calzi
+FoodsSpa: esos pescados son calientes
+FoodsSwe: de där fiskarna är varma
+FoodsTha: ปลา ตัว นั้น อุ่น
+FoodsTsn: dithlapi tseo di bothitho
+FoodsTur: şu balıklar ılıktır
+FoodsUrd: وہ مچھلیاں گرم ہیں
+
+Foods: Pred (That (Mod Boring (Mod Italian Pizza))) Expensive
+FoodsAfr: daardie vervelige Italiaanse pizza is duur
+FoodsAmh: ያ አስቀያሚ የጥልያን [Pizza] ውድ ነው::
+FoodsBul: онази еднообразна италианска пица е скъпа
+FoodsCat: aquella pizza italiana aburrida és cara
+FoodsChi: 那 张 又 难 吃 又 意 大 利 式 的 比 萨 饼 是 昂 贵 的
+FoodsCze: tamta nudná italská pizza je drahá
+FoodsDut: die saaie Italiaanse pizza is duur
+FoodsEng: that boring Italian pizza is expensive
+FoodsEpo: tiu enuiga itala pico estas altekosta
+FoodsFin: tuo tylsä italialainen pizza on kallis
+FoodsFre: cette pizza italienne ennuyeuse est chère
+FoodsGer: jene langweilige italienische Pizza ist teuer
+FoodsGla: tha an pizza Eadailteach leamh sin daor
+FoodsGle: tá an píotsa Iodálach leamh sin daor
+FoodsHeb: הפיצה האיטלקית המשעממת ההיא יקרה
+FoodsHin: वह अरुचिकर इटली पिज़्ज़ा बहुमूल्य है
+FoodsIce: þessi leiðinlega ítalska flatbaka er dýr
+FoodsIta: quella pizza italiana noiosa è cara
+FoodsJpn: その つまらない イタリアの ピザは たかい
+FoodsLat: ea placenta itala fluens neapolitana est pretiosa
+FoodsLav: tā garlaicīgā itāļu pica ir dārga
+FoodsMkd: онаа досадна италијанска пица е скапа
+FoodsMlt: dik il- pizza Taljana tad-dwejjaq għalja
+FoodsMon: тэр амтгүй итали пицца бол үнэтэй
+FoodsNep: त्यो नमिठा इटालियन पिज्जा महँगो छ
+FoodsOri: ସେଇ ଅରୁଚିକର ଇଟାଲି ପିଜଜ଼ା ମୁଲ୍ୟବାନ୍ ଅଟେ
+FoodsPes: آن پیتزا ایتالیایی ى ملال آور گران است
+FoodsPor: essa pizza Italiana chata é cara
+FoodsRon: acea pizza italiană plictisitoare este scumpă
+FoodsSpa: esa pizza italiana aburrida es cara
+FoodsSwe: den där tråkiga italienska pizzan är dyr
+FoodsTha: พิซซา อิตาลี น่าเบิ่อ ถาด นั้น แพง
+FoodsTsn: pizza eo ya ga Itali le e e bosula e a tura
+FoodsTur: şu sıkıcı İtalyan pizzası pahalıdır
+FoodsUrd: وہ فضول اٹا لوی پیزہ مہنگا ہے
+

testsuite/lpgf/foods/Foods.trees

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Pred (That Wine) Delicious
+Pred (This Pizza) (Very Boring)
+Pred (This Cheese) Fresh
+Pred (Those Fish) Warm
+Pred (That (Mod Boring (Mod Italian Pizza))) Expensive

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsAfr.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Laurette Pretorius Sr & Jr and Ansu Berg under LGPL
+--# -coding=latin1
+
+concrete FoodsAfr of Foods = open Prelude, Predef in{
+	lincat
+		Comment = {s: Str} ;
+		Kind = {s: Number => Str} ;
+		Item = {s: Str ; n: Number} ;
+		Quality = {s: AdjAP => Str} ;
+		
+	lin	
+		Pred item quality = {s = item.s ++ "is" ++ (quality.s ! Predic)};
+		This kind = {s = "hierdie" ++ (kind.s ! Sg); n = Sg};
+		That kind = {s = "daardie" ++ (kind.s ! Sg); n = Sg};
+		These kind = {s = "hierdie" ++ (kind.s ! Pl); n = Pl};
+		Those kind = {s = "daardie" ++ (kind.s ! Pl); n = Pl};
+		Mod quality kind = {s = table{n => (quality.s ! Attr) ++ (kind.s!n)}};
+		
+		Wine = declNoun_e "wyn";
+		Cheese = declNoun_aa "kaas";
+		Fish = declNoun_ss "vis";
+		Pizza = declNoun_s "pizza";
+		
+		Very quality = veryAdj quality;
+		
+		Fresh = regAdj "vars";
+		Warm = regAdj "warm";
+		Italian = smartAdj_e "Italiaans";
+		Expensive = regAdj "duur";
+		Delicious = smartAdj_e "heerlik";
+		Boring = smartAdj_e "vervelig";
+		
+	param
+		AdjAP = Attr | Predic ;
+		Number = Sg | Pl ;
+	
+	oper
+		--Noun operations (wyn, kaas, vis, pizza)
+		
+		declNoun_aa: Str -> {s: Number => Str} = \x ->
+		let v = tk 2 x
+		in
+		{s = table{Sg => x ; Pl => v + (last x) +"e"}}; 
+		
+		declNoun_e: Str -> {s: Number => Str} = \x -> {s = table{Sg => x ; Pl => x + "e"}} ;
+		declNoun_s: Str -> {s: Number => Str} = \x -> {s = table{Sg => x ; Pl => x + "s"}} ;
+		
+		declNoun_ss: Str -> {s: Number => Str} = \x -> {s = table{Sg => x ; Pl => x + (last x) + "e"}} ;
+
+		
+		--Adjective operations
+		
+		mkAdj : Str -> Str -> {s: AdjAP => Str} = \x,y -> {s = table{Attr => x; Predic => y}};
+		
+		declAdj_e : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \x -> mkAdj (x + "e") x;
+		declAdj_g : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \w ->
+			let v = init w
+			in mkAdj (v + "ë") w ;
+		
+		declAdj_oog : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \w ->
+			let v = init w
+			in 
+				let i = init v
+				in mkAdj (i + "ë") w ;
+					
+		regAdj : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \x -> mkAdj x x;
+		
+		veryAdj : {s: AdjAP => Str} -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} =  \x -> {s = table{a => "baie" ++ (x.s!a)}};
+		
+		
+		smartAdj_e : Str -> {s : AdjAP=> Str} = \a -> case a of 
+		{
+			_ + "oog" 			   		=> declAdj_oog a ;
+			_ + ("e" | "ie" | "o" | "oe") + "g" 	=> declAdj_g a ;
+			_					   	=> declAdj_e a 
+		};
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsAmh.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+concrete FoodsAmh of Foods ={
+ flags coding = utf8;
+ lincat
+  Comment,Item,Kind,Quality = Str;
+ lin
+  Pred item quality = item ++ quality++ "ነው::" ;
+  This kind = "ይህ" ++ kind;
+  That kind = "ያ" ++ kind;
+  Mod quality kind = quality ++ kind;
+  Wine = "ወይን";
+  Cheese = "አይብ";
+  Fish = "ዓሳ";
+  Very quality = "በጣም" ++ quality;
+  Fresh = "አዲስ";
+  Warm = "ትኩስ";
+  Italian = "የጥልያን";
+  Expensive = "ውድ";
+  Delicious = "ጣፋጭ";
+  Boring = "አስቀያሚ";
+  
+}   

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsBul.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Krasimir Angelov under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsBul of Foods = {
+
+  flags
+    coding = utf8;
+
+  param
+    Gender = Masc | Fem | Neutr;
+    Number = Sg | Pl;
+    Agr    = ASg Gender | APl ;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = Str ;
+    Quality = {s : Agr => Str} ;
+    Item = {s : Str; a : Agr} ;
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str; g : Gender} ;
+
+  lin
+    Pred item qual = item.s ++ case item.a of {ASg _ => "е"; APl => "са"} ++ qual.s ! item.a ;
+
+    This  kind = {s=case kind.g of {Masc=>"този"; Fem=>"тази";  Neutr=>"това" } ++ kind.s ! Sg; a=ASg kind.g} ;
+    That  kind = {s=case kind.g of {Masc=>"онзи"; Fem=>"онази"; Neutr=>"онова"} ++ kind.s ! Sg; a=ASg kind.g} ;
+    These kind = {s="тези"  ++ kind.s ! Pl; a=APl} ;
+    Those kind = {s="онези" ++ kind.s ! Pl; a=APl} ;
+
+    Mod qual kind = {s=\\n => qual.s ! (case n of {Sg => ASg kind.g; Pl => APl}) ++ kind.s ! n; g=kind.g} ;
+
+    Wine   = {s = table {Sg => "вино";   Pl => "вина"};   g = Neutr};
+    Cheese = {s = table {Sg => "сирене"; Pl => "сирена"}; g = Neutr};
+    Fish   = {s = table {Sg => "риба";   Pl => "риби"};   g = Fem};
+    Pizza  = {s = table {Sg => "пица";   Pl => "пици"};   g = Fem};
+
+    Very qual = {s = \\g => "много" ++ qual.s ! g};
+
+    Fresh     = {s = table {ASg Masc => "свеж";        ASg Fem => "свежа";       ASg Neutr => "свежо";       APl => "свежи"}};
+    Warm      = {s = table {ASg Masc => "горещ";       ASg Fem => "гореща";      ASg Neutr => "горещо";      APl => "горещи"}};
+    Italian   = {s = table {ASg Masc => "италиански";  ASg Fem => "италианска";  ASg Neutr => "италианско";  APl => "италиански"}};
+    Expensive = {s = table {ASg Masc => "скъп";        ASg Fem => "скъпа";       ASg Neutr => "скъпо";       APl => "скъпи"}};
+    Delicious = {s = table {ASg Masc => "превъзходен"; ASg Fem => "превъзходна"; ASg Neutr => "превъзходно"; APl => "превъзходни"}};
+    Boring    = {s = table {ASg Masc => "еднообразен"; ASg Fem => "еднообразна"; ASg Neutr => "еднообразно"; APl => "еднообразни"}};
+
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsCat.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+-- (c) 2009 Jordi Saludes under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsCat of Foods = FoodsI with 
+  (Syntax = SyntaxCat),
+  (LexFoods = LexFoodsCat) ;

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsChi.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+concrete FoodsChi of Foods = open Prelude in {
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+lincat
+    Comment, Item = Str;
+    Kind = knd ;
+    Quality = qual ;
+lin
+    Pred = (\itm, ql ->
+      case ql.hasVery of {
+        True  => itm ++ "是 非 常" ++ ql.s ++ ql.p ;
+        False => itm ++ "是"       ++ ql.s ++ ql.p } ) ;
+    This kind = "这" ++ kind.c ++ kind.m ++ kind.s ;
+    That kind = "那" ++ kind.c ++ kind.m ++ kind.s ;
+    These kind = "这" ++ "几" ++ kind.c ++ kind.m ++ kind.s ;
+    Those kind = "那" ++ "几" ++ kind.c ++ kind.m ++ kind.s ;
+    Mod = modifier ;
+
+    Wine  = geKind "酒" "瓶" ;
+    Pizza = geKind "比 萨 饼" "张" ;
+    Cheese  = geKind "奶 酪" "块";
+    Fish  = geKind "鱼" "条";
+
+    Very = (\q -> {s = q.s ; p = q.p ; hasVery = True}) ;
+    Fresh  = longQuality "新 鲜" ;
+    Warm  = longQuality "温 热" ;
+    Italian  = longQuality "意 大 利 式" ;
+    Expensive  = longQuality "昂 贵" ;
+    Delicious  = longQuality "美 味" ;
+     -- this technically translates to "unpalatable" instead of boring
+    Boring  = longQuality "难 吃" ;
+
+oper
+    -- lincat aliases
+    qual : Type = {s,p : Str ; hasVery : Bool} ;
+    knd  : Type = {s,c,m : Str; hasMod : Bool} ;
+
+    -- Constructor functions
+    mkKind : Str -> Str -> knd = \s,c ->
+      {s = s ; c = c; m = ""; hasMod = False} ;
+    geKind : Str -> Str -> knd = \s,cl ->
+      mkKind s (classifier cl) ;
+    longQuality : Str -> qual = \s ->
+      {s = s ; p = "的" ; hasVery = False}  ;
+    modifier : qual -> knd -> knd = \q,k ->
+      { s = k.s ; c = k.c ; m = modJoin k.hasMod q k.m ;
+        hasMod = True } ;
+
+    -- Helper functions
+    classifier : Str -> Str = \s ->
+      case s of {"" => "个" ; _  => s };
+    modJoin : Bool -> qual  -> Str -> Str = \bool, q,m ->
+      case bool of {
+        True  => "又" ++ q.s ++ "又" ++ m ;
+        False => q.s ++ q.p } ;
+
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsCze.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+-- (c) 2011 Katerina Bohmova under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsCze of Foods = open ResCze in {
+  flags 
+    coding = utf8 ;
+  lincat
+    Comment = {s : Str} ; 
+    Quality = Adjective ; 
+    Kind = Noun ; 
+    Item = NounPhrase ;
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = 
+      {s = item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ 
+           quality.s ! item.g ! item.n} ;
+    This  = det Sg "tento" "tato" "toto" ;
+    That  = det Sg "tamten" "tamta" "tamto" ;
+    These = det Pl "tyto" "tyto" "tato" ;
+    Those = det Pl "tamty" "tamty" "tamta" ;
+    Mod quality kind = {
+      s = \\n => quality.s ! kind.g ! n ++ kind.s ! n ;
+      g = kind.g
+      } ;
+    Wine = noun "víno" "vína" Neutr ;
+    Cheese = noun "sýr" "sýry" Masc ;
+    Fish = noun "ryba" "ryby" Fem ;
+    Pizza = noun "pizza" "pizzy" Fem ;
+    Very qual = {s = \\g,n => "velmi" ++ qual.s ! g ! n} ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "čerstv" ;
+    Warm = regAdj "tepl" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "italsk" ;
+    Expensive = regAdj "drah" ;
+    Delicious = regnfAdj "vynikající" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "nudn" ;
+}
+

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsDut.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Femke Johansson under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsDut of Foods = {
+
+	lincat
+		Comment = {s : Str};
+		Quality = {s : AForm => Str};
+		Kind = { s : Number => Str};
+		Item = {s : Str ; n : Number};
+	
+	lin
+		Pred item quality = 
+			{s = item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ quality.s ! APred};
+		This = det Sg "deze";
+		These = det Pl "deze";
+		That = det Sg "die";
+		Those = det Pl "die";
+		
+		Mod quality kind =
+			{s = \\n => quality.s ! AAttr ++ kind.s ! n};
+			Wine = regNoun "wijn";
+			Cheese = noun "kaas" "kazen";
+			Fish = noun "vis" "vissen";
+			Pizza = noun "pizza" "pizza's";
+			
+			Very a = {s = \\f => "erg" ++ a.s ! f};
+			
+			Fresh = regadj "vers";
+			Warm = regadj "warm";
+			Italian = regadj "Italiaans";
+			Expensive = adj "duur" "dure";
+			Delicious = regadj "lekker";
+			Boring = regadj "saai";
+		
+		param
+			Number = Sg | Pl;
+			AForm = APred | AAttr;
+		
+		oper
+			det : Number -> Str ->
+				{s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n: Number} =
+				\n,det,noun -> {s = det ++ noun.s ! n ; n=n};
+				
+			noun : Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+				\man,men -> {s = table {Sg => man; Pl => men}};
+				
+			regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} =
+				\wijn -> noun wijn (wijn + "en");
+				
+			regadj : Str -> {s : AForm => Str} =
+				\koud -> adj koud (koud+"e");
+			
+			adj : Str -> Str -> {s : AForm => Str} =
+				\duur, dure -> {s = table {APred => duur; AAttr => dure}};
+				
+			copula : Number => Str =
+				table {Sg => "is" ; Pl => "zijn"};
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsEng of Foods = {
+  flags language = en_US;
+  lincat
+    Comment, Quality = {s : Str} ; 
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = 
+      {s = item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ quality.s} ;
+    This  = det Sg "this" ;
+    That  = det Sg "that" ;
+    These = det Pl "these" ;
+    Those = det Pl "those" ;
+    Mod quality kind = 
+      {s = \\n => quality.s ++ kind.s ! n} ;
+    Wine = regNoun "wine" ;
+    Cheese = regNoun "cheese" ;
+    Fish = noun "fish" "fish" ;
+    Pizza = regNoun "pizza" ;
+    Very a = {s = "very" ++ a.s} ;
+    Fresh = adj "fresh" ;
+    Warm = adj "warm" ;
+    Italian = adj "Italian" ;
+    Expensive = adj "expensive" ;
+    Delicious = adj "delicious" ;
+    Boring = adj "boring" ;
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> 
+      {s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n : Number} = 
+        \n,det,noun -> {s = det ++ noun.s ! n ; n = n} ;
+    noun : Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \man,men -> {s = table {Sg => man ; Pl => men}} ;
+    regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \car -> noun car (car + "s") ;
+    adj : Str -> {s : Str} = 
+      \cold -> {s = cold} ;
+    copula : Number => Str = 
+      table {Sg => "is" ; Pl => "are"} ;
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsEpo.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Julia Hammar under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsEpo of Foods = open Prelude in {
+
+  flags coding =utf8 ;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = SS ; 
+    Kind, Quality = {s : Number => Str} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ copula ! item.n ++ quality.s ! item.n) ;
+    This = det Sg "ĉi tiu" ;
+    That  = det Sg "tiu" ;
+    These = det Pl "ĉi tiuj" ;
+    Those = det Pl "tiuj" ;
+    Mod quality kind = {s = \\n => quality.s ! n ++ kind.s ! n} ;
+    Wine = regNoun "vino" ;
+    Cheese = regNoun "fromaĝo" ;
+    Fish = regNoun "fiŝo" ;
+    Pizza = regNoun "pico" ;
+    Very quality = {s = \\n => "tre" ++ quality.s ! n} ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "freŝa" ;
+    Warm = regAdj "varma" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "itala" ;
+    Expensive = regAdj "altekosta" ;
+    Delicious = regAdj "bongusta" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "enuiga" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n : Number} = 
+      \n,d,cn -> {
+        s = d ++ cn.s ! n ;
+        n = n
+      } ;
+    regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \vino -> {s = table {Sg => vino ; Pl => vino + "j"}
+	} ;
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Number => Str} =
+      \nova -> {s = table {Sg => nova ; Pl => nova + "j"}
+      } ;
+    copula : Number => Str = \\_ => "estas" ;
+}
+    

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsFin.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsFin of Foods = FoodsI with 
+  (Syntax = SyntaxFin),
+  (LexFoods = LexFoodsFin) ;

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsFre.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+
+concrete FoodsFre of Foods = open SyntaxFre, ParadigmsFre in {
+
+	flags coding = utf8 ;
+	
+	lincat
+		Comment = Utt ;
+		Item = NP ;
+		Kind = CN ;
+		Quality = AP ;
+	
+	lin
+		Pred item quality = mkUtt (mkCl item quality) ;
+		This kind = mkNP this_QuantSg kind ;
+		That kind = mkNP that_QuantSg kind ;
+		These kind = mkNP these_QuantPl kind ;
+		Those kind = mkNP those_QuantPl kind ;
+		Mod quality kind = mkCN quality kind ;
+		Very quality = mkAP very_AdA quality ;
+		
+		Wine = mkCN (mkN "vin" masculine) ;
+		Pizza = mkCN (mkN "pizza" feminine) ;
+		Cheese = mkCN (mkN "fromage" masculine) ;
+		Fish = mkCN (mkN "poisson" masculine) ;
+		Fresh = mkAP (mkA "frais" "fraîche" "frais" "fraîchement") ;
+		Warm = mkAP (mkA "chaud") ;
+		Italian = mkAP (mkA "italien") ;
+		Expensive = mkAP (mkA "cher") ;
+		Delicious = mkAP (mkA "délicieux") ;
+		Boring = mkAP (mkA "ennuyeux") ;
+	}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsGer.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsGer of Foods = FoodsI with 
+  (Syntax = SyntaxGer),
+  (LexFoods = LexFoodsGer) ;

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsGla.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+--# -coding=latin1
+concrete FoodsGla of Foods = open MutationsGla, CharactersGla, Prelude in {
+	param Gender = Masc|Fem ;
+	param Number = Sg|Pl ;
+	param Breadth = Broad|Slender|NoBreadth ;
+	param Beginning = Bcgmp|Other ;
+	
+	lincat Comment = Str;
+	lin Pred item quality = "tha" ++ item ++ quality.s!Sg!Unmutated ;
+
+	lincat Item = Str;
+	lin
+		This kind = (addArticleSg kind) ++ "seo" ;
+		That kind = (addArticleSg kind) ++ "sin";
+		These kind = (addArticlePl kind) ++ "seo" ;
+		Those kind = (addArticlePl kind) ++ "sin" ;
+	oper addArticleSg : {s : Number => Mutation => Str; g : Gender} -> Str =
+						  \kind -> case kind.g of { Masc => "an" ++ kind.s!Sg!PrefixT; Fem => "a'" ++ kind.s!Sg!Lenition1DNTLS } ;
+	oper addArticlePl : {s : Number => Mutation => Str; g : Gender} -> Str =
+					    \kind -> "na" ++ kind.s!Pl!PrefixH ;
+	
+	oper Noun : Type = {s : Number => Mutation => Str; g : Gender; pe : Breadth; beginning: Beginning; };
+	lincat Kind = Noun;
+	lin
+		Mod quality kind = {
+			s = table{
+					Sg => table{mutation => kind.s!Sg!mutation ++ case kind.g of {Masc => quality.s!Sg!Unmutated; Fem => quality.s!Sg!Lenition1} };
+					Pl => table{mutation => kind.s!Pl!mutation ++ case kind.pe of {Slender => quality.s!Pl!Lenition1; _ => quality.s!Pl!Unmutated} }
+			};
+			g = kind.g;
+			pe = kind.pe;
+			beginning = kind.beginning
+		} ;
+		Wine = makeNoun "fìon" "fìontan" Masc ;
+		Cheese = makeNoun "càise" "càisean" Masc ;
+		Fish = makeNoun "iasg" "èisg" Masc ;
+		Pizza = makeNoun "pizza" "pizzathan" Masc ;
+	oper makeNoun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> Noun = \sg,pl,g -> {
+		s = table{Sg => (mutate sg); Pl => (mutate pl)};
+		g = g;
+		pe = pe;
+		beginning = Bcgmp
+	}
+	where {
+		pe : Breadth = case pl of {
+			_ + v@(#broadVowel) + c@(#consonant*) + #consonant => Broad;
+			_ + v@(#slenderVowel) + c@(#consonant*) + #consonant => Slender;
+			_ => NoBreadth
+		}
+	};
+
+	oper Adjective : Type = {s : Number => Mutation => Str; sVery : Number => Str};
+	lincat Quality = Adjective;
+	lin
+		Very quality = {s=table{number => table{_ => quality.sVery!number}}; sVery=quality.sVery } ;
+		Fresh = makeAdjective "úr" "ùra" ;
+		Warm = makeAdjective "blàth" "blàtha" ;
+		Italian = makeAdjective "Eadailteach" "Eadailteach" ;
+		Expensive = makeAdjective "daor" "daora" ;
+		Delicious = makeAdjective "blasta" "blasta" ;
+		Boring = makeAdjective "leamh" "leamha" ;
+	oper makeAdjective : Str -> Str -> Adjective =
+		\sg,pl -> {
+					s=table{Sg => (mutate sg); Pl => (mutate pl)};
+					sVery=table{Sg => "glè"++(lenition1dntls sg); Pl => "glè"++(lenition1dntls pl)}
+				  } ;
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsGle.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+--# -coding=latin1
+concrete FoodsGle of Foods = open MutationsGle, CharactersGle in {
+	param Gender = Masc|Fem ;
+	param Number = Sg|Pl ;
+	param Breadth = Broad|Slender|NoBreadth ;
+	
+	lincat Comment = Str;
+	lin Pred item quality = "tá" ++ item ++ quality.s!Sg!Unmutated ;
+
+	lincat Item = Str;
+	lin
+		This kind = (addArticleSg kind) ++ "seo" ;
+		That kind = (addArticleSg kind) ++ "sin";
+		These kind = (addArticlePl kind) ++ "seo" ;
+		Those kind = (addArticlePl kind) ++ "sin" ;
+	oper addArticleSg : {s : Number => Mutation => Str; g : Gender} -> Str =
+					    \kind -> "an" ++ case kind.g of { Masc => kind.s!Sg!PrefixT; Fem => kind.s!Sg!Lenition1DNTLS } ;
+	oper addArticlePl : {s : Number => Mutation => Str; g : Gender} -> Str =
+					    \kind -> "na" ++ kind.s!Pl!PrefixH ;
+	
+	lincat Kind = {s : Number => Mutation => Str; g : Gender; pe : Breadth} ;
+	lin
+		Mod quality kind = {
+			s = table{
+					Sg => table{mutation => kind.s!Sg!mutation ++ case kind.g of {Masc => quality.s!Sg!Unmutated; Fem => quality.s!Sg!Lenition1} };
+					Pl => table{mutation => kind.s!Pl!mutation ++ case kind.pe of {Slender => quality.s!Pl!Lenition1; _ => quality.s!Pl!Unmutated} }
+			};
+			g = kind.g;
+			pe = kind.pe
+		} ;
+		Wine = makeNoun "fíon" "fíonta" Masc ;
+		Cheese = makeNoun "cáis" "cáiseanna" Fem ;
+		Fish = makeNoun "iasc" "éisc" Masc ;
+		Pizza = makeNoun "píotsa" "píotsaí" Masc ;
+	oper makeNoun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Mutation => Str; g : Gender; pe : Breadth} =
+		\sg,pl,g -> {
+						s = table{Sg => (mutate sg); Pl => (mutate pl)};
+						g = g;
+						pe = case pl of {
+							_ + v@(#broadVowel) + c@(#consonant*) + #consonant => Broad;
+							_ + v@(#slenderVowel) + c@(#consonant*) + #consonant => Slender;
+							_ => NoBreadth
+						}
+					} ;
+
+	lincat Quality = {s : Number => Mutation => Str; sVery : Number => Str} ;
+	lin
+		Very quality = {s=table{number => table{_ => quality.sVery!number}}; sVery=quality.sVery } ;
+		Fresh = makeAdjective "úr" "úra" ;
+		Warm = makeAdjective "te" "te" ;
+		Italian = makeAdjective "Iodálach" "Iodálacha" ;
+		Expensive = makeAdjective "daor" "daora" ;
+		Delicious = makeAdjective "blasta" "blasta" ;
+		Boring = makeAdjective "leamh" "leamha" ;
+	oper makeAdjective : Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Mutation => Str; sVery : Number => Str} =
+		\sg,pl -> {
+					s=table{Sg => (mutate sg); Pl => (mutate pl)};
+					sVery=table{Sg => "an-"+(lenition1dntls sg); Pl => "an-"+(lenition1dntls pl)}
+				  } ;
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsHeb.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+
+--(c) 2009 Dana Dannells
+-- Licensed under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsHeb of Foods = open Prelude in {
+  
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+    lincat
+      Comment = SS ;
+      Quality = {s: Number => Species => Gender =>  Str} ;  
+      Kind = {s : Number => Species => Str ; g : Gender ; mod : Modified} ; 
+      Item = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number ; sp : Species ; mod : Modified} ; 
+  
+ 
+    lin
+      Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ quality.s ! item.n ! Indef ! item.g ) ; 
+      This  = det Sg Def "הזה" "הזאת"; 
+      That  = det Sg Def "ההוא" "ההיא" ; 
+      These = det Pl Def "האלה" "האלה" ; 
+      Those = det Pl Def "ההם" "ההן" ; 
+      Mod quality kind = {
+	s = \\n,sp => kind.s ! n ! sp ++ quality.s ! n ! sp ! kind.g;
+	g = kind.g ;
+	mod = T
+	} ;     
+      Wine = regNoun "יין" "יינות" Masc ; 
+      Cheese = regNoun "גבינה" "גבינות" Fem ;  
+      Fish = regNoun "דג" "דגים" Masc ; 
+      Pizza = regNoun "פיצה" "פיצות" Fem ; 
+      Very qual = {s = \\g,n,sp => "מאוד" ++  qual.s ! g ! n ! sp} ;
+      Fresh = regAdj "טרי" ; 
+      Warm = regAdj "חם" ;
+      Italian = regAdj2 "איטלקי" ;
+      Expensive = regAdj "יקר" ; 
+      Delicious = regAdj "טעים" ; 
+      Boring = regAdj2 "משעמם"; 
+
+    param 
+      Number = Sg | Pl ;
+      Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+      Species = Def | Indef ;  
+      Modified = T | F ;
+
+    oper
+	Noun : Type = {s : Number => Species => Str ; g : Gender ; mod : Modified } ;
+  	Adj : Type = {s : Number => Species => Gender => Str} ;
+
+      det : Number -> Species -> Str -> Str -> Noun -> 
+	{s : Str ; g :Gender ; n : Number ; sp : Species ; mod : Modified} = 
+        \n,sp,m,f,cn -> {
+	  s = case cn.mod of { _ => cn.s ! n ! sp ++ case cn.g of {Masc => m ; Fem  => f} };
+	  g = cn.g ; 
+          n = n ;
+	  sp = sp ;
+	  mod = cn.mod
+        } ;
+      
+	noun : (gvina,hagvina,gvinot,hagvinot : Str) ->  Gender -> Noun =  
+      		\gvina,hagvina,gvinot,hagvinot,g -> {
+        	s = table {
+          		Sg  => table {
+             			Indef => gvina ;
+             			Def =>  hagvina 
+            		} ;
+          		Pl => table {
+             			Indef => gvinot ;
+             			Def => hagvinot  
+            		} 
+       	  	} ;
+        	g = g ;
+		mod = F 
+      } ;
+
+	regNoun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> Noun = 
+	        \gvina,gvinot, g -> 
+		noun gvina (defH gvina) gvinot (defH gvinot) g ; 
+
+      defH : Str -> Str = \cn ->
+	case cn of {_ => "ה" + cn};	
+
+      replaceLastLetter : Str -> Str = \c ->
+	 case c of {"ף" => "פ" ; "ם" => "מ" ; "ן" => "נ" ; "ץ" => "צ" ; "ך" => "כ"; _ => c} ;
+	      
+      adjective : (_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Adj = 
+       \tov,tova,tovim,tovot -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => table { 
+			Indef => table { Masc => tov ; Fem => tova } ; 
+			Def => table { Masc => defH tov ; Fem => defH tova }  
+            		} ; 
+          Pl => table { 
+			Indef => table {Masc => tovim ; Fem  => tovot } ; 
+			Def => table { Masc => defH tovim ; Fem  => defH tovot }  
+            		}
+	}
+      } ;
+    
+      regAdj : Str -> Adj = \tov ->
+	case tov of { to + c@? =>
+	adjective tov (to + replaceLastLetter (c) + "ה" ) (to + replaceLastLetter (c) +"ים" ) (to + replaceLastLetter (c) + "ות" )};	 
+     
+     regAdj2 : Str -> Adj = \italki ->
+ 	case italki of { italk+ c@? => 
+    adjective italki (italk + replaceLastLetter (c)  +"ת" )  (italk + replaceLastLetter (c)+ "ים" ) (italk + replaceLastLetter (c)  + "ות" )};
+
+}  -- FoodsHeb  

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsHin.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+-- (c) 2010 Vikash Rauniyar under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsHin of Foods = {
+
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+  param
+    Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+  lincat
+    Comment = {s : Str} ;
+    Item    = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ;
+    Kind    = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+    Quality = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = {
+      s = item.s ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n ++ copula item.n
+      } ;
+    This kind = {s = "यह" ++ kind.s ! Sg ; g = kind.g ; n = Sg} ;
+    That kind = {s = "वह" ++ kind.s ! Sg ; g = kind.g ; n = Sg} ;
+    These kind = {s = "ये" ++ kind.s ! Pl ; g = kind.g ; n = Pl} ;
+    Those kind = {s = "वे" ++ kind.s ! Pl ; g = kind.g ; n = Pl} ;
+    Mod quality kind = {
+      s = \\n => quality.s ! kind.g ! n ++ kind.s ! n ; 
+      g = kind.g
+      } ;
+    Wine = regN "मदिरा" ;
+    Cheese = regN "पनीर" ;
+    Fish = regN "मछली" ;
+    Pizza = regN "पिज़्ज़ा" ;
+    Very quality = {s = \\g,n => "अति" ++ quality.s ! g ! n} ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "ताज़ा" ;
+    Warm = regAdj "गरम" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "इटली" ; 
+    Expensive = regAdj "बहुमूल्य" ;
+    Delicious = regAdj "स्वादिष्ट" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "अरुचिकर" ;
+
+  oper
+    mkN : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = 
+      \s,p,g -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => s ;
+          Pl => p
+          } ;
+        g = g
+      } ;
+
+    regN : Str -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = \s -> case s of {
+      lark + "ा" => mkN s (lark + "े") Masc ;
+      lark + "ी" => mkN s (lark + "ीयँा") Fem ;
+      _           => mkN s s Masc 
+      } ;
+
+    mkAdj : Str -> Str -> Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \ms,mp,f -> {
+      s = table {
+        Masc => table {
+          Sg => ms ;
+          Pl => mp
+          } ;
+        Fem  => \\_ => f
+        }
+      } ;
+
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \a -> case a of {
+      acch + "ा" => mkAdj a (acch + "े") (acch + "ी") ;
+      _          => mkAdj a a a
+      } ;
+
+    copula : Number -> Str = \n -> case n of {
+      Sg => "है" ;
+      Pl => "हैं"
+      } ;
+
+  }

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsI.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+incomplete concrete FoodsI of Foods = 
+    open Syntax, LexFoods in {
+  lincat
+    Comment = Utt ; 
+    Item = NP ;
+    Kind = CN ;
+    Quality = AP ;
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = mkUtt (mkCl item quality) ;
+    This kind = mkNP this_Det kind ;
+    That kind = mkNP that_Det kind ;
+    These kind = mkNP these_Det kind ;
+    Those kind = mkNP those_Det kind ;
+    Mod quality kind = mkCN quality kind ;
+    Very quality = mkAP very_AdA quality ;
+
+    Wine = mkCN wine_N ;
+    Pizza = mkCN pizza_N ;
+    Cheese = mkCN cheese_N ;
+    Fish = mkCN fish_N ;
+    Fresh = mkAP fresh_A ;
+    Warm = mkAP warm_A ;
+    Italian = mkAP italian_A ;
+    Expensive = mkAP expensive_A ;
+    Delicious = mkAP delicious_A ;
+    Boring = mkAP boring_A ;
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsIce.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+
+-- (c) 2009 Martha Dis Brandt under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsIce of Foods = open Prelude in {
+
+  flags coding=utf8;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = SS ; 
+    Quality = {s : Gender => Number => Defin => Str} ; 
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ; 
+
+  lin
+    Pred item quality =  ss (item.s ++ copula item.n ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n ! Ind) ;
+         This, That  = det Sg "þessi"   "þessi"  "þetta" ;
+         These, Those = det Pl "þessir" "þessar" "þessi" ;
+    Mod quality kind = { s = \\n => quality.s ! kind.g ! n ! Def ++ kind.s ! n ; g = kind.g } ;
+         Wine = noun "vín" "vín" Neutr ;
+         Cheese = noun "ostur" "ostar" Masc ; 
+         Fish = noun "fiskur" "fiskar" Masc ; 
+         -- the word "pizza" is more commonly used in Iceland, but "flatbaka" is the Icelandic word for it
+         Pizza = noun "flatbaka" "flatbökur" Fem ;
+    Very qual = {s = \\g,n,defOrInd => "mjög" ++ qual.s ! g ! n ! defOrInd } ;
+         Fresh = regAdj "ferskur" ;
+         Warm = regAdj "heitur" ;
+         Boring = regAdj "leiðinlegur" ;
+         -- the order of the given adj forms is: mSg fSg nSg mPl fPl nPl mSgDef f/nSgDef _PlDef
+         Italian = adjective "ítalskur" "ítölsk" "ítalskt" "ítalskir" "ítalskar" "ítölsk" "ítalski" "ítalska" "ítalsku" ;
+         Expensive = adjective "dýr" "dýr" "dýrt" "dýrir" "dýrar" "dýr" "dýri" "dýra" "dýru" ; 
+         Delicious = adjective "ljúffengur" "ljúffeng" "ljúffengt" "ljúffengir" "ljúffengar" "ljúffeng" "ljúffengi" "ljúffenga" "ljúffengu" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    Gender = Masc | Fem | Neutr ;
+    Defin = Ind | Def ;
+
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} -> 
+        {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} = 
+      \n,masc,fem,neutr,cn -> {
+        s = case cn.g of {Masc => masc ; Fem => fem; Neutr => neutr } ++ cn.s ! n ;
+        g = cn.g ;
+        n = n
+      } ;
+
+    noun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = 
+      \man,men,g -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => man ;
+          Pl => men 
+          } ;
+        g = g
+      } ;
+
+    adjective : (x1,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,x9 : Str) -> {s : Gender => Number => Defin => Str} =
+      \ferskur,fersk,ferskt,ferskir,ferskar,fersk_pl,ferski,ferska,fersku -> {
+         s = \\g,n,t => case <g,n,t> of {
+            < Masc, Sg, Ind > => ferskur ;
+            < Masc, Pl, Ind > => ferskir ;
+            < Fem, Sg, Ind > => fersk ;
+            < Fem, Pl, Ind > => ferskar ;
+            < Neutr, Sg, Ind > => ferskt ;
+            < Neutr, Pl, Ind > => fersk_pl;
+            < Masc, Sg, Def > => ferski ;
+            < Fem, Sg, Def > | < Neutr, Sg, Def > => ferska ;
+            < _ , Pl, Def > => fersku 
+            }
+          } ;
+
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Defin => Str} = \ferskur ->
+      let fersk = Predef.tk 2 ferskur
+      in adjective
+        ferskur fersk (fersk + "t")
+        (fersk + "ir") (fersk + "ar") fersk
+        (fersk + "i") (fersk + "a") (fersk + "u") ;
+
+    copula : Number -> Str = 
+      \n -> case n of {
+        Sg => "er" ;
+        Pl => "eru"
+        } ;
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsIta.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsIta of Foods = FoodsI with 
+  (Syntax = SyntaxIta),
+  (LexFoods = LexFoodsIta) ;
+

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsJpn.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+
+-- (c) 2009 Zofia Stankiewicz under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsJpn of Foods = open Prelude in {
+
+flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = {s: Style => Str};
+    Quality = {s: AdjUse => Str ; t: AdjType} ;
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; n : Number} ; 
+
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = {s = case quality.t of {
+      IAdj => table {Plain => item.s ++ quality.s ! APred ; Polite => item.s ++ quality.s ! APred ++ copula ! Polite ! item.n } ;
+      NaAdj => \\p => item.s ++ quality.s ! APred ++ copula ! p ! item.n } 
+      } ;
+    This  = det Sg "この" ;
+    That  = det Sg "その" ;
+    These = det Pl "この" ;
+    Those = det Pl "その" ;
+    Mod quality kind = {s = \\n => quality.s ! Attr ++ kind.s ! n} ;
+    Wine = regNoun "ワインは" ;
+    Cheese = regNoun "チーズは" ;
+    Fish = regNoun "魚は" ;
+    Pizza = regNoun "ピザは" ;
+    Very quality =  {s = \\a => "とても" ++ quality.s ! a ; t = quality.t } ;
+    Fresh = adj "新鮮な" "新鮮";
+    Warm = regAdj "あたたかい" ;
+    Italian = adj "イタリアの" "イタリアのもの";
+    Expensive = regAdj "たかい" ;
+    Delicious = regAdj "おいしい" ;
+    Boring = regAdj "つまらない" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    AdjUse = Attr | APred ;        -- na-adjectives have different forms as noun attributes and predicates
+    Style = Plain | Polite ;      -- for phrase types
+    AdjType = IAdj | NaAdj ;      -- IAdj can form predicates without the copula, NaAdj cannot
+
+  oper
+    det : Number -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} -> {s : Str ; n : Number} = 
+      \n,d,cn -> {
+        s = d ++ cn.s ! n ;
+        n = n
+      } ;
+   noun : Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \sakana,sakana -> {s = \\_ => sakana } ;
+
+   regNoun : Str -> {s : Number => Str} = 
+      \sakana -> noun sakana sakana ;
+
+   adj : Str -> Str -> {s : AdjUse => Str ; t : AdjType} =
+      \chosenna, chosen -> {
+       s = table { 
+         Attr => chosenna ;
+         APred => chosen
+       } ;
+       t = NaAdj 
+      } ;
+   
+   regAdj : Str -> {s: AdjUse => Str ; t : AdjType} =\akai -> {
+     s = \\_ => akai ; t = IAdj} ;
+
+    copula : Style => Number => Str = 
+      table { 
+        Plain => \\_ => "だ" ;
+        Polite => \\_ => "です" } ;
+
+}   

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsLat.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+--# -path=.:present
+
+-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsLat of Foods = LexFoodsLat **
+{
+  lincat
+    Comment = { s : Str } ;
+    Item = { number : Number ; gender : Gender; noun : Str; adj : Str; det : Str };
+  lin
+    Mod quality kind =
+      variants {
+	{
+	  gender = kind.gender ;
+	  noun = table { number => kind.noun ! number ++ quality.s ! number ! kind.gender } ;
+	  adj = kind.adj
+	  } ;
+	{
+	  gender = kind.gender ;
+	  noun = kind.noun ;
+	  adj = table { number => kind.adj ! number ++ quality.s ! number ! kind.gender }
+	  } ;
+	{
+	  gender = kind.gender ;
+	  noun = table { number => quality.s ! number ! kind.gender ++ kind.noun ! number } ;
+	  adj = kind.adj
+	  } ;
+       	{
+      	  gender = kind.gender ;
+      	  noun = kind.noun ;
+      	  adj = table { number => quality.s ! number ! kind.gender ++ kind.adj ! number }
+      	  }
+      };
+    Pred item quality =
+      let aux : Number => Str =
+	    table { Sg => "est" ; Pl => "sunt" } ;
+      in
+      {
+	s = variants {
+	  item.det ++ item.noun ++ item.adj ++ aux ! item.number ++ quality.s ! item.number ! item.gender ;
+	  item.det ++ item.adj ++ item.noun ++ aux ! item.number ++ quality.s ! item.number ! item.gender ;
+	  item.det ++ item.noun ++ item.adj ++ quality.s ! item.number ! item.gender ++ aux ! item.number ;
+	  item.det ++ item.adj ++ item.noun  ++ quality.s ! item.number ! item.gender ++ aux ! item.number
+	  };
+      };
+    This kind = {
+      number = Sg ;
+      gender = kind.gender ;
+      noun = kind.noun ! Sg ;
+      adj = kind.adj ! Sg ;
+      det = table { Male => "hic" ; Female => "haec" ; Neuter => "hoc" } ! kind.gender
+      } ;
+    These kind = {
+      number = Pl ;
+      gender = kind.gender ;
+      noun = kind.noun ! Pl ;
+      adj = kind.adj ! Pl ;
+      det = table { Male => "hi" ; Female => "hae" ; Neuter => "haec" } ! kind.gender
+      } ;
+    That kind = {
+      number = Sg ;
+      gender = kind.gender ;
+      noun = kind.noun ! Sg ;
+      adj = kind.adj ! Sg ;
+      det = table { Male => "is" ; Female => "ea" ; Neuter => "id" } ! kind.gender
+      } ;
+    Those kind = {
+      number = Pl ;
+      gender = kind.gender ;
+      noun = kind.noun ! Pl ;
+      adj = kind.adj ! Pl ;
+      det = table { Male => variants { "ei "; "ii" } ; Female => "eae" ; Neuter => "ea" } ! kind.gender
+      } ;
+    Very quality = { s = \\n,g => "valde" ++ quality.s ! n ! g };
+}
+

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsLav.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+
+-- (c) 2009 Inese Bernsone under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsLav of Foods = open Prelude in {
+
+  flags
+    coding=utf8 ;
+    
+  lincat
+    Comment = SS ; 
+    Quality = {s : Q => Gender => Number => Defin => Str } ; 
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ; 
+    Item = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number } ; 
+
+  lin
+    Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ {- copula item.n -} "ir" ++ quality.s ! Q1 ! item.g ! item.n ! Ind ) ;
+      This  = det Sg "šis" "šī" ;
+      That  = det Sg "tas" "tā" ;
+      These = det Pl "šie" "šīs" ;
+      Those = det Pl "tie" "tās" ;
+    Mod quality kind = {s = \\n => quality.s ! Q1 ! kind.g ! n ! Def ++ kind.s ! n ; g = kind.g } ;
+      Wine = noun "vīns" "vīni" Masc ;
+      Cheese = noun "siers" "sieri" Masc ;
+      Fish = noun "zivs" "zivis" Fem ;
+      Pizza = noun "pica" "picas" Fem ;
+    Very qual = {s = \\q,g,n,spec => "ļoti" ++ qual.s ! Q2 ! g ! n ! spec }; 
+ 
+      Fresh = adjective "svaigs" "svaiga" "svaigi" "svaigas" "svaigais" "svaigā" "svaigie" "svaigās" ;
+      Warm = regAdj "silts" ;
+      Italian = specAdj "itāļu" (regAdj "itālisks") ;
+      Expensive = regAdj "dārgs" ;
+      Delicious = regAdj "garšīgs" ;
+      Boring = regAdj "garlaicīgs" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+    Defin = Ind | Def ;
+    Q = Q1 | Q2 ;
+
+  oper
+   det : Number -> Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} -> 
+        {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} = 
+      \n,m,f,cn -> {
+        s = case cn.g of {Masc => m ; Fem => f} ++ cn.s ! n ;
+        g = cn.g ;
+        n = n
+      } ;
+    noun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = 
+      \man,men,g -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => man ;
+          Pl => men 
+          } ;
+        g = g
+      } ;
+    adjective : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> {s : Q => Gender => Number => Defin => Str} = 
+      \skaists,skaista,skaisti,skaistas,skaistais,skaistaa,skaistie,skaistaas -> {
+        s = table {
+		  _ => table {
+            Masc => table {
+              Sg => table {Ind => skaists ; Def => skaistais} ;
+              Pl => table {Ind => skaisti ; Def => skaistie}
+              } ; 
+            Fem => table {
+              Sg => table {Ind => skaista ; Def => skaistaa} ;
+              Pl => table {Ind => skaistas ; Def => skaistaas} 
+              }
+            } 
+		  }
+        } ;
+      
+ {-   irregAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Defin => Str} = \itaalju ->
+     let itaalju = itaalju
+     in adjective itaalju (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) (itaalju) ; -}
+     
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Q => Gender => Number => Defin => Str} = \skaists ->
+      let skaist = init skaists 
+      in adjective skaists (skaist + "a") (skaist + "i") (skaist + "as") (skaist + "ais") (skaist + "ā") (skaist + "ie") (skaist + "ās");
+
+    Adjective : Type = {s : Q => Gender => Number => Defin => Str} ;
+
+	specAdj : Str -> Adjective -> Adjective = \s,a -> {
+      s = table {
+        Q2 => a.s ! Q1 ;
+        Q1 => \\_,_,_ => s
+        }		
+	  } ;
+	
+	}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsMkd.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+-- (c) 2009 Krasimir Angelov under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsMkd of Foods = {
+
+flags coding = utf8 ;
+
+lincat
+    Comment = Str;
+    Quality = {s : Agr => Str};
+    Item = {s : Str; a : Agr};
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str; g : Gender};
+
+lin
+    Pred item qual = 
+       item.s ++
+       case item.a of {
+         ASg _ => "е";
+         APl => "се"
+       } ++
+       qual.s ! item.a;
+    This kind = {
+       s = case kind.g of {
+             Masc  => "овоj";
+             Fem   => "оваа";
+             Neutr => "ова"
+           } ++
+           kind.s ! Sg;
+       a = ASg kind.g};
+    That kind = {
+       s = case kind.g of {
+             Masc  => "оноj";
+             Fem   => "онаа";
+             Neutr => "она"
+           } ++ 
+           kind.s ! Sg;
+       a = ASg kind.g};
+    These kind = {s = "овие" ++ kind.s ! Pl; a = APl};
+    Those kind = {s = "оние" ++ kind.s ! Pl; a = APl};
+    Mod qual kind = {
+       s = \\n => qual.s ! case n of {
+                             Sg => ASg kind.g;
+                             Pl => APl
+                           } ++
+                  kind.s ! n;
+       g = kind.g};
+    Wine  = {
+       s = table {
+             Sg => "вино";
+             Pl => "вина"
+       };
+       g = Neutr};
+    Cheese = {
+       s = table {
+             Sg => "сирење";
+             Pl => "сирењa"
+           };
+       g = Neutr};
+    Fish = {
+       s = table {
+             Sg => "риба";
+             Pl => "риби"
+       };
+       g = Fem};
+    Pizza = {
+       s = table {
+             Sg => "пица";
+             Pl => "пици"
+           };
+       g = Fem
+       };
+    Very qual = {s = \\g => "многу" ++ qual.s ! g};
+    Fresh = {
+       s = table {
+             ASg Masc  => "свеж";
+             ASg Fem   => "свежа";
+             ASg Neutr => "свежо";
+             APl       => "свежи"}
+       };
+    Warm  = {
+      s = table {
+            ASg Masc  => "топол";
+            ASg Fem   => "топла";
+            ASg Neutr => "топло";
+            APl       => "топли"}
+      };
+    Italian  = {
+      s = table {
+            ASg Masc  => "италијански";
+            ASg Fem   => "италијанска";
+            ASg Neutr => "италијанско";
+            APl       => "италијански"}
+      };
+    Expensive  = {
+       s = table {
+             ASg Masc  => "скап";
+             ASg Fem   => "скапа";
+             ASg Neutr => "скапо";
+             APl       => "скапи"}
+       };
+    Delicious  = {
+       s = table {
+             ASg Masc  => "вкусен";
+             ASg Fem   => "вкусна";
+             ASg Neutr => "вкусно";
+             APl       => "вкусни"}
+       };
+    Boring  = {
+       s = table {
+             ASg Masc  => "досаден";
+             ASg Fem   => "досадна";
+             ASg Neutr => "досадно";
+             APl       => "досадни"}
+       };
+
+param
+    Gender = Masc | Fem | Neutr;
+    Number = Sg | Pl;
+    Agr = ASg Gender | APl;
+
+}

testsuite/lpgf/foods/FoodsMlt.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+-- (c) 2013 John J. Camilleri under LGPL
+
+concrete FoodsMlt of Foods = open Prelude in {
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+  lincat
+    Comment = SS ;
+    Quality = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+    Kind = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+    Item = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ;
+
+  lin
+    -- Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ copula item.n item.g ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n) ;
+    Pred item quality = ss (item.s ++ quality.s ! item.g ! item.n) ;
+
+    This kind = det Sg "dan" "din" kind ;
+    That kind = det Sg "dak" "dik" kind ;
+    These kind = det Pl "dawn" "" kind ;
+    Those kind = det Pl "dawk" "" kind ;
+
+    Mod quality kind = {
+      s = \\n => kind.s ! n ++ quality.s ! kind.g ! n ;
+      g = kind.g
+      } ;
+
+    Wine = noun "inbid" "inbejjed" Masc ;
+    Cheese = noun "ġobon" "ġobniet" Masc ;
+    Fish = noun "ħuta" "ħut" Fem ;
+    Pizza = noun "pizza" "pizzez" Fem ;
+
+    Very qual = {s = \\g,n => qual.s ! g ! n ++ "ħafna"} ;
+
+    Warm = adjective "sħun" "sħuna" "sħan" ;
+    Expensive = adjective "għali" "għalja" "għaljin" ;
+    Delicious = adjective "tajjeb" "tajba" "tajbin" ;
+    Boring = uniAdj "tad-dwejjaq" ;
+    Fresh = regAdj "frisk" ;
+    Italian = regAdj "Taljan" ;
+
+  param
+    Number = Sg | Pl ;
+    Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+
+  oper
+    --Create an adjective (full function)
+    --Params: Sing Masc, Sing Fem, Plural
+    adjective : (_,_,_ : Str) -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \iswed,sewda,suwed -> {
+      s = table {
+	Masc => table {
+	  Sg => iswed ;
+	  Pl => suwed
+	  } ;
+	Fem => table {
+	  Sg => sewda ;
+	  Pl => suwed
+	  }
+	}
+      } ;
+
+    --Create a regular adjective
+    --Param: Sing Masc
+    regAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \frisk ->
+      adjective frisk (frisk + "a") (frisk + "i") ;
+
+    --Create a "uni-adjective" eg tal-buzz
+    --Param: Sing Masc
+    uniAdj : Str -> {s : Gender => Number => Str} = \uni ->
+      adjective uni uni uni ;
+
+    --Create a noun
+    --Params: Singular, Plural, Gender (inherent)
+    noun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} = \ktieb,kotba,g -> {
+      s = table {
+	Sg => ktieb ;
+	Pl => kotba
+	} ;
+      g = g
+      } ;
+
+    --Copula is a linking verb
+    --Params: Number, Gender
+    -- copula : Number -> Gender -> Str = \n,g -> case n of {
+    --   Sg => case g of { Masc => "huwa" ; Fem => "hija" } ;
+    --   Pl => "huma"
+    --   } ;
+
+    --Create an article, taking into account first letter of next word
+    article = pre {
+      "a"|"e"|"i"|"o"|"u" => "l-" ;
+      --cons@("ċ"|"d"|"n"|"r"|"s"|"t"|"x"|"ż") => "i" + cons + "-" ;
+      _ => "il-"
+      } ;
+
+    --Create a determinant
+    --Params: Sg/Pl, Masc, Fem
+    det : Number -> Str -> Str -> {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} -> {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} = \n,m,f,cn -> {
+      s = case n of {
+	Sg => case cn.g of {Masc => m ; Fem => f}; --string
+	Pl => m --default to masc
+	} ++ article ++ cn.s ! n ;
+      g = cn.g ; --gender
+      n = n --number
+      } ;
+
+}