complete resource document

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@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
The GF Resource Grammar Library The GF Resource Grammar Library
Author: Aarne Ranta
Last update: %%date(%c)
% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.
% Create an latex file from this file using:
% txt2tags -ttex --toc gf-formalism.txt
%!target:tex
This document is about the This document is about the
GF Resource Grammar Library. It presuppose knowledge of GF and its GF Resource Grammar Library. It presuppose knowledge of GF and its
@@ -31,9 +40,9 @@ enough to make the application work, because the noun must be
produced in both singular and plural, and in four different produced in both singular and plural, and in four different
cases. By using the resource grammar library, it is enough to cases. By using the resource grammar library, it is enough to
write write
```
lin Song = reg2N "Lied" "Lieder" neuter lin Song = reg2N "Lied" "Lieder" neuter
```
and the eight forms are correctly generated. The resource grammar and the eight forms are correctly generated. The resource grammar
library contains a complete set of inflectional paradigms (such as library contains a complete set of inflectional paradigms (such as
regN2 here), enabling the definition of any lexical items. regN2 here), enabling the definition of any lexical items.
@@ -46,19 +55,19 @@ particularly complex, because the adjectives have to agree in gender,
number, and case, and also depend on what determiner is used number, and case, and also depend on what determiner is used
("ein Amerikanisches Lied" vs. "das Amerikanische Lied"). All this ("ein Amerikanisches Lied" vs. "das Amerikanische Lied"). All this
variation is taken care of by the resource grammar function variation is taken care of by the resource grammar function
```
fun AdjCN : AP -> CN -> CN fun AdjCN : AP -> CN -> CN
```
and the resource grammar implementation of the rule adding properties and the resource grammar implementation of the rule adding properties
to kinds is to kinds is
```
lin PropKind kind prop = AdjCN prop kind lin PropKind kind prop = AdjCN prop kind
```
given that given that
```
lincat Prop = AP lincat Prop = AP
lincat Kind = CN lincat Kind = CN
```
The resource library API is devided into language-specific and language-independet The resource library API is devided into language-specific and language-independet
parts. To put is roughly, parts. To put is roughly,
- lexicon is language-specific - lexicon is language-specific
@@ -67,9 +76,9 @@ parts. To put is roughly,
Thus, to render the above example in French instead of German, we need to Thus, to render the above example in French instead of German, we need to
pick a different linearization of Song, pick a different linearization of Song,
```
lin Song = regGenN "chanson" feminine lin Song = regGenN "chanson" feminine
```
But to linearize PropKind, we can use the very same rule as in German. But to linearize PropKind, we can use the very same rule as in German.
The resource function AdjCN has different implementations in the two The resource function AdjCN has different implementations in the two
languages, but the application programmer need not care about the difference. languages, but the application programmer need not care about the difference.
@@ -80,7 +89,7 @@ languages, but the application programmer need not care about the difference.
To summarize the example, and also give a template for a programmer to work on, To summarize the example, and also give a template for a programmer to work on,
here is the complete implementation of a small system with songs and properties. here is the complete implementation of a small system with songs and properties.
The abstract syntax defines a "domain ontology": The abstract syntax defines a "domain ontology":
```
abstract Music = { abstract Music = {
cat cat
Kind, Kind,
@@ -90,10 +99,10 @@ The abstract syntax defines a "domain ontology":
Song : Kind ; Song : Kind ;
American : Property ; American : Property ;
} }
```
The concrete syntax is defined independently of language, by opening The concrete syntax is defined independently of language, by opening
two interfaces: the resource Grammar and an application lexicon. two interfaces: the resource Grammar and an application lexicon.
```
incomplete concrete MusicI of Music = open Grammar, MusicLex in { incomplete concrete MusicI of Music = open Grammar, MusicLex in {
lincat lincat
Kind = CN ; Kind = CN ;
@@ -103,19 +112,19 @@ two interfaces: the resource Grammar and an application lexicon.
Song = UseN song_N ; Song = UseN song_N ;
American = PositA american_A ; American = PositA american_A ;
} }
```
The application lexicon MusicLex has an abstract syntax, that extends The application lexicon MusicLex has an abstract syntax, that extends
the resource category system Cat. the resource category system Cat.
```
abstract MusicLex = Cat ** { abstract MusicLex = Cat ** {
fun fun
song_N : N ; song_N : N ;
american_A : A ; american_A : A ;
} }
```
Each language has its own concrete syntax, which opens the inflectional paradigms Each language has its own concrete syntax, which opens the inflectional paradigms
module for that language: module for that language:
```
concrete MusicLexGer of MusicLex = CatGer ** open ParadigmsGer in { concrete MusicLexGer of MusicLex = CatGer ** open ParadigmsGer in {
lin lin
song_N = reg2N "Lied" "Lieder" neuter ; song_N = reg2N "Lied" "Lieder" neuter ;
@@ -127,10 +136,10 @@ module for that language:
song_N = regGenN "chanson" feminine ; song_N = regGenN "chanson" feminine ;
american_A = regA "américain" ; american_A = regA "américain" ;
} }
```
The top-level Music grammars are obtained by instantiating the two interfaces The top-level Music grammars are obtained by instantiating the two interfaces
of MusicI: of MusicI:
```
concrete MusicGer of Music = MusicI with concrete MusicGer of Music = MusicI with
(Grammar = GrammarGer), (Grammar = GrammarGer),
(MusicLex = MusicLexGer) ; (MusicLex = MusicLexGer) ;
@@ -138,12 +147,12 @@ of MusicI:
concrete MusicFre of Music = MusicI with concrete MusicFre of Music = MusicI with
(Grammar = GrammarFre), (Grammar = GrammarFre),
(MusicLex = MusicLexFre) ; (MusicLex = MusicLexFre) ;
```
To localize the system to a new language, all that is needed is two modules, To localize the system to a new language, all that is needed is two modules,
one implementing MusicLex and the other instantiating Music. The latter is one implementing MusicLex and the other instantiating Music. The latter is
completely trivial, whereas the former one involves the choice of correct completely trivial, whereas the former one involves the choice of correct
vocabulary and inflectional paradigms. For instance, Finnish is added as follows: vocabulary and inflectional paradigms. For instance, Finnish is added as follows:
```
concrete MusicLexFin of MusicLex = CatFre ** open ParadigmsFin in { concrete MusicLexFin of MusicLex = CatFre ** open ParadigmsFin in {
lin lin
song_N = regN "kappale" ; song_N = regN "kappale" ;
@@ -153,7 +162,7 @@ vocabulary and inflectional paradigms. For instance, Finnish is added as follows
concrete MusicFin of Music = MusicI with concrete MusicFin of Music = MusicI with
(Grammar = GrammarFin), (Grammar = GrammarFin),
(MusicLex = MusicLexFin) ; (MusicLex = MusicLexFin) ;
```
More work is of course needed if the language-independent linearizations in More work is of course needed if the language-independent linearizations in
MusicI are not satisfactory for some language. The resource grammar guarantees MusicI are not satisfactory for some language. The resource grammar guarantees
that the linearizations are possible in all languages, in the sense of grammatical, that the linearizations are possible in all languages, in the sense of grammatical,
@@ -161,7 +170,7 @@ but they might of course be inadequate for stylistic reasons. Assume,
for the sake of argument, that adjectival modification does not sound good in for the sake of argument, that adjectival modification does not sound good in
English, but that a relative clause would be preferrable. One can then start as English, but that a relative clause would be preferrable. One can then start as
before, before,
```
concrete MusicLexEng of MusicLex = CatFre ** open ParadigmsEng in { concrete MusicLexEng of MusicLex = CatFre ** open ParadigmsEng in {
lin lin
song_N = regN "song" ; song_N = regN "song" ;
@@ -171,18 +180,18 @@ before,
concrete MusicEng0 of Music = MusicI with concrete MusicEng0 of Music = MusicI with
(Grammar = GrammarEng), (Grammar = GrammarEng),
(MusicLex = MusicLexEng) ; (MusicLex = MusicLexEng) ;
```
The module MusicEng0 would not be used on the top level, however, but The module MusicEng0 would not be used on the top level, however, but
another module would be built on top of it, with a restricted import from another module would be built on top of it, with a restricted import from
MusicEng0. MusicEng inherits everything from MusicEng0 except PropKind, and MusicEng0. MusicEng inherits everything from MusicEng0 except PropKind, and
gives its own definition of this function: gives its own definition of this function:
```
concrete MusicEng of Music = MusicEng0 - [PropKind] ** open GrammarEng in { concrete MusicEng of Music = MusicEng0 - [PropKind] ** open GrammarEng in {
lin lin
PropKind k p = PropKind k p =
RelCN k (UseRCl TPres ASimul PPos (RelVP IdRP (UseComp (CompAP p)))) ; RelCN k (UseRCl TPres ASimul PPos (RelVP IdRP (UseComp (CompAP p)))) ;
} }
```
===Parsing with resource grammars?=== ===Parsing with resource grammars?===
@@ -225,7 +234,7 @@ will often use only restricted inheritance of MusicI.
Inflection paradigms are defined separately for each language L Inflection paradigms are defined separately for each language L
in the module ParadigmsL. To test them, the command cc (= compute_concrete) in the module ParadigmsL. To test them, the command cc (= compute_concrete)
can be used: can be used:
```
> i -retain german/ParadigmsGer.gf > i -retain german/ParadigmsGer.gf
> cc regN "Schlange" > cc regN "Schlange"
@@ -246,15 +255,15 @@ can be used:
} ; } ;
g : Gender = Fem g : Gender = Fem
} }
```
For the sake of convenience, every language implements these four paradigms: For the sake of convenience, every language implements these four paradigms:
```
oper oper
regN : Str -> N ; -- regular nouns regN : Str -> N ; -- regular nouns
regA : Str -> A : -- regular adjectives regA : Str -> A : -- regular adjectives
regV : Str -> V ; -- regular verbs regV : Str -> V ; -- regular verbs
dirV : V -> V2 ; -- direct transitive verbs dirV : V -> V2 ; -- direct transitive verbs
```
It is often possible to initialize a lexicon by just using these functions, It is often possible to initialize a lexicon by just using these functions,
and later revise it by using the more involved paradigms. For instance, in and later revise it by using the more involved paradigms. For instance, in
German we cannot use regN "Lied" for Song, because the result would be a German we cannot use regN "Lied" for Song, because the result would be a
@@ -285,36 +294,36 @@ of resource grammars, it is a useful technique for application grammarians
to browse the library. To find out what resource function does some to browse the library. To find out what resource function does some
particular job, you can just parse a string that exemplifies this job. For particular job, you can just parse a string that exemplifies this job. For
instance, to find out how sentences are built using transitive verbs, write instance, to find out how sentences are built using transitive verbs, write
```
> i english/LangEng.gf > i english/LangEng.gf
> p -cat=Cl -fcfg "she loves him" > p -cat=Cl -fcfg "she loves him"
PredVP (UsePron she_Pron) (ComplV2 love_V2 (UsePron he_Pron)) PredVP (UsePron she_Pron) (ComplV2 love_V2 (UsePron he_Pron))
```
Parsing with the English resource grammar has an acceptable speed, but Parsing with the English resource grammar has an acceptable speed, but
with most languages it takes just too much resources even to build the with most languages it takes just too much resources even to build the
parser. However, examples parsed in one language can always be linearized into parser. However, examples parsed in one language can always be linearized into
other languages: other languages:
```
> i italian/LangIta.gf > i italian/LangIta.gf
> l PredVP (UsePron she_Pron) (ComplV2 love_V2 (UsePron he_Pron)) > l PredVP (UsePron she_Pron) (ComplV2 love_V2 (UsePron he_Pron))
lo ama lo ama
```
Therefore, one can use the English parser to write an Italian grammar, and also Therefore, one can use the English parser to write an Italian grammar, and also
to write a language-independent (incomplete) grammar. One can also parse strings to write a language-independent (incomplete) grammar. One can also parse strings
that are bizarre in English but the intended way of expression in another language. that are bizarre in English but the intended way of expression in another language.
For instance, the phrase for "I am hungry" in Italian is literally "I have hunger". For instance, the phrase for "I am hungry" in Italian is literally "I have hunger".
This can be built by parsing "I have beer" in LanEng and then writing This can be built by parsing "I have beer" in LanEng and then writing
```
lin IamHungry = lin IamHungry =
let beer_N = regGenN "fame" feminine let beer_N = regGenN "fame" feminine
in in
PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (ComplV2 have_V2 PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (ComplV2 have_V2
(DetCN (DetSg MassDet NoOrd) (UseN beer_N))) ; (DetCN (DetSg MassDet NoOrd) (UseN beer_N))) ;
```
which uses ParadigmsIta.regGenN. which uses ParadigmsIta.regGenN.
@@ -323,25 +332,25 @@ which uses ParadigmsIta.regGenN.
The technique of parsing with the resource grammar can be used in GF source files, The technique of parsing with the resource grammar can be used in GF source files,
endowed with the suffix .gfe ("GF examples"). The suffix tells GF to preprocess endowed with the suffix .gfe ("GF examples"). The suffix tells GF to preprocess
the file by replacing all expressions of the form the file by replacing all expressions of the form
```
in Module.Cat "example string" in Module.Cat "example string"
```
by the syntax trees obtained by parsing "example string" in Cat in Module. by the syntax trees obtained by parsing "example string" in Cat in Module.
For instance, For instance,
```
lin IamHungry = lin IamHungry =
let beer_N = regGenN "fame" feminine let beer_N = regGenN "fame" feminine
in in
(in LangEng.Cl "I have beer") ; (in LangEng.Cl "I have beer") ;
```
will result in the rule displayed in the previous section. The normal binding rules will result in the rule displayed in the previous section. The normal binding rules
of functional programming (and GF) guarantee that local bindings of identifiers of functional programming (and GF) guarantee that local bindings of identifiers
take precedence over constants of the same forms. Thus it is also possible to take precedence over constants of the same forms. Thus it is also possible to
linearize functions taking arguments in this way: linearize functions taking arguments in this way:
```
lin lin
PropKind car_N old_A = in LangEng.CN "old car" ; PropKind car_N old_A = in LangEng.CN "old car" ;
```
However, the technique of example-based grammar writing has some limitations: However, the technique of example-based grammar writing has some limitations:
- Ambiguity. If a string has several parses, the first one is returned, and - Ambiguity. If a string has several parses, the first one is returned, and
it may not be the intended one. The other parses are shown in a comment, from it may not be the intended one. The other parses are shown in a comment, from
@@ -349,17 +358,17 @@ where they must/can be picked manually.
- Lexicality. The arguments of a function must be atomic identifiers, and are thus - Lexicality. The arguments of a function must be atomic identifiers, and are thus
not available for categories that have no lexical items. For instance, the PropKind not available for categories that have no lexical items. For instance, the PropKind
rule above gives the result rule above gives the result
```
lin lin
PropKind car_N old_A = AdjCN (UseN car_N) (PositA old_A) ; PropKind car_N old_A = AdjCN (UseN car_N) (PositA old_A) ;
```
However, it is possible to write a special lexicon that gives atomic rules for However, it is possible to write a special lexicon that gives atomic rules for
all those categories that can be used as arguments, for instance, all those categories that can be used as arguments, for instance,
```
fun fun
cat_CN : CN ; cat_CN : CN ;
old_AP : AP ; old_AP : AP ;
```
and then use this lexicon instead of the standard one included in Lang. and then use this lexicon instead of the standard one included in Lang.
@@ -381,23 +390,23 @@ To this end, application grammarians may want to write their own views on the
resource grammar. An example of this is already provided, in mathematical/Predication. resource grammar. An example of this is already provided, in mathematical/Predication.
Instead of the NP-VP structure, it permits clause construction directly from Instead of the NP-VP structure, it permits clause construction directly from
verbs and adjectives and their arguments: verbs and adjectives and their arguments:
```
predV : V -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x converges" predV : V -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x converges"
predV2 : V2 -> NP -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x intersects y" predV2 : V2 -> NP -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x intersects y"
predV3 : V3 -> NP -> NP -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x intersects y at z" predV3 : V3 -> NP -> NP -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x intersects y at z"
predVColl : V -> NP -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x and y intersect" predVColl : V -> NP -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x and y intersect"
predA : A -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x is even" predA : A -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x is even"
predA2 : A2 -> NP -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x is divisible by y" predA2 : A2 -> NP -> NP -> Cl ; -- "x is divisible by y"
```
The implementation of this module is the functor PredicationI: The implementation of this module is the functor PredicationI:
```
predV v x = PredVP x (UseV v) ; predV v x = PredVP x (UseV v) ;
predV2 v x y = PredVP x (ComplV2 v y) ; predV2 v x y = PredVP x (ComplV2 v y) ;
predV3 v x y z = PredVP x (ComplV3 v y z) ; predV3 v x y z = PredVP x (ComplV3 v y z) ;
predVColl v x y = PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP x y)) (UseV v) ; predVColl v x y = PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP x y)) (UseV v) ;
predA a x = PredVP x (UseComp (CompAP (PositA a))) ; predA a x = PredVP x (UseComp (CompAP (PositA a))) ;
predA2 a x y = PredVP x (UseComp (CompAP (ComplA2 a y))) ; predA2 a x y = PredVP x (UseComp (CompAP (ComplA2 a y))) ;
```
Of course, Predication can be opened together with Grammar, but using Of course, Predication can be opened together with Grammar, but using
the resulting grammar for parsing can be frustrating, since having both the resulting grammar for parsing can be frustrating, since having both
ways of building clauses simultaneously available will produce spurious ways of building clauses simultaneously available will produce spurious
@@ -420,15 +429,15 @@ The outermost linguistic structure is Text. Texts are composed
from Phrases followed by punctuation marks - either of ".", "?" or from Phrases followed by punctuation marks - either of ".", "?" or
"!" (with their proper variants in Spanish and Arabic). Here is an "!" (with their proper variants in Spanish and Arabic). Here is an
example of a Text. example of a Text.
```
John walks. Why? He doesn't want to sleep! John walks. Why? He doesn't want to sleep!
```
Phrases are mostly built from Utterances, which in turn are Phrases are mostly built from Utterances, which in turn are
declarative sentences, questions, or imperatives - but there declarative sentences, questions, or imperatives - but there
are also "one-word utterances" consisting of noun phrases are also "one-word utterances" consisting of noun phrases
or other subsentential phrases. Some Phrases are atomic, or other subsentential phrases. Some Phrases are atomic,
for instance "yes" and "no". Here are some examples of Phrases. for instance "yes" and "no". Here are some examples of Phrases.
```
yes yes
come on, John come on, John
but John walks but John walks
@@ -436,15 +445,15 @@ for instance "yes" and "no". Here are some examples of Phrases.
don't you know that he is sleeping don't you know that he is sleeping
a glass of wine a glass of wine
a glass of wine please a glass of wine please
```
There is no connection between the punctuation marks and the There is no connection between the punctuation marks and the
types of utterances. This reflects the fact that the punctuation types of utterances. This reflects the fact that the punctuation
mark in a real text is selected as a function of the speech act mark in a real text is selected as a function of the speech act
rather than the grammatical form of an utterance. The following rather than the grammatical form of an utterance. The following
text is thus well-formed. text is thus well-formed.
```
John walks. John walks? John walks! John walks. John walks? John walks!
```
What is the difference between Phrase and Utterance? Just technical: What is the difference between Phrase and Utterance? Just technical:
a Phrase is an Utterance with an optional leading conjunction ("but") a Phrase is an Utterance with an optional leading conjunction ("but")
and an optional tailing vocative ("John", "please"). and an optional tailing vocative ("John", "please").
@@ -457,7 +466,7 @@ is formed from a Clause, by fixing its Tense, Anteriority, and Polarity.
The difference between Sentence and Clause is thus also rather technical. The difference between Sentence and Clause is thus also rather technical.
For example, each of the following strings has a distinct syntax tree For example, each of the following strings has a distinct syntax tree
in the category Sentence: in the category Sentence:
```
John walks John walks
John doesn't walk John doesn't walk
John walked John walked
@@ -467,13 +476,13 @@ in the category Sentence:
John will walk John will walk
John won't walk John won't walk
... ...
```
whereas in the category Clause all of them are just different forms of whereas in the category Clause all of them are just different forms of
the same tree. the same tree.
The following syntax tree of the Text "John walks." gives an overview The following syntax tree of the Text "John walks." gives an overview
of the structural levels. of the structural levels.
```
Node Constructor Value type Other constructors Node Constructor Value type Other constructors
----------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
1. TFullStop Text TQuestMark 1. TFullStop Text TQuestMark
@@ -491,9 +500,9 @@ Node Constructor Value type Other constructors
13. walk_V)))) V sleep_V 13. walk_V)))) V sleep_V
14. NoVoc) Voc please_Voc 14. NoVoc) Voc please_Voc
15. TEmpty Text 15. TEmpty Text
```
Here are some examples of the results of changing constructors. Here are some examples of the results of changing constructors.
```
1. TFullStop -> TQuestMark John walks? 1. TFullStop -> TQuestMark John walks?
3. NoPConj -> but_PConj But John walks. 3. NoPConj -> but_PConj But John walks.
6. TPres -> TPast John walked. 6. TPres -> TPast John walked.
@@ -502,14 +511,18 @@ Here are some examples of the results of changing constructors.
11. john_PN -> mary_PN Mary walks. 11. john_PN -> mary_PN Mary walks.
13. walk_V -> sleep_V John sleeps. 13. walk_V -> sleep_V John sleeps.
14. NoVoc -> please_Voc John sleeps please. 14. NoVoc -> please_Voc John sleeps please.
```
All constructors cannot of course be changed so freely, because the All constructors cannot of course be changed so freely, because the
resulting tree would not remain well-typed. Here are some changes involving resulting tree would not remain well-typed. Here are some changes involving
many constructors: many constructors:
```
4- 5. UttS (UseCl ...) -> UttQS (UseQCl (... QuestCl ...)) Does John walk? 4- 5. UttS (UseCl ...) ->
10-11. UsePN john_PN -> UsePron we_Pron We walk. UttQS (UseQCl (... QuestCl ...)) Does John walk?
12-13. UseV walk_V -> ComplV2 love_V2 this_NP John loves this. 10-11. UsePN john_PN ->
UsePron we_Pron We walk.
12-13. UseV walk_V ->
ComplV2 love_V2 this_NP John loves this.
```
===Parts of sentences=== ===Parts of sentences===
@@ -520,13 +533,13 @@ to Sentences, lines 5-13. At this level, the major categories are
NP (Noun Phrase) and VP (Verb Phrase). A Clause typically consists of just an NP (Noun Phrase) and VP (Verb Phrase). A Clause typically consists of just an
NP and a VP. The internal structure of both NP and VP can be very complex, NP and a VP. The internal structure of both NP and VP can be very complex,
and these categories are mutually recursive: not only can a VP contain an NP, and these categories are mutually recursive: not only can a VP contain an NP,
```
[VP loves [NP Mary]] [VP loves [NP Mary]]
```
but an NP can also contain a VP but an NP can also contain a VP
```
[NP every man [RS who [VP walks]]] [NP every man [RS who [VP walks]]]
```
(a labelled bracketing like this is of course just a rough approximation of (a labelled bracketing like this is of course just a rough approximation of
a GF syntax tree, but still a useful device of exposition). a GF syntax tree, but still a useful device of exposition).
@@ -591,13 +604,124 @@ to the module Cat, which defines the type system common to the other modules.
For instance, the types NP and VP are defined in Cat, and the module Verb only For instance, the types NP and VP are defined in Cat, and the module Verb only
needs to know what is given in Cat, not what is given in Noun. To implement needs to know what is given in Cat, not what is given in Noun. To implement
a rule such as a rule such as
```
Verb.ComplV2 : V2 -> NP -> VP Verb.ComplV2 : V2 -> NP -> VP
```
it is enough to know the linearization type of NP (as well as those of V2 and VP, all it is enough to know the linearization type of NP (as well as those of V2 and VP, all
given in Cat). It is not necessary to know what given in Cat). It is not necessary to know what
ways there are to build NPs (given in Noun), since all these ways must ways there are to build NPs (given in Noun), since all these ways must
conform to the linearization type defined in Cat. conform to the linearization type defined in Cat. Thus the format of
category-specific modules is as follows:
```
abstract Adjective = Cat ** {...}
abstract Noun = Cat ** {...}
abstract Verb = Cat ** {...}
```
===Top-level grammar and lexicon===
The module Grammar collects all the category-specific modules into
a complete grammar:
```
abstract Grammar =
Adjective, Noun, Verb, ..., Structural, Idiom
```
The module Structural is a lexicon of structural words (function words),
such as determiners.
The module Idiom is a collection of idiomatic structures whose
implementation is very language-dependent. An example is existential
structures ("there is", "es gibt", "il y a", etc).
The module Lang combines Grammar with a Lexicon of ca. 350 content words:
```
abstract Lang = Grammar, Lexicon
```
Using Lang instead of Grammar as a library may give the advantage of prociding
for free some words needed in an application. But its main purpose is to
help testing the resource library. It does not seem possible to maintain
a general-purpose multilingual lexicon, and this is the form that the module
Lexicon has.
===Language-specific syntactic structures===
The API collected in Grammar has been designed to be implementable for
all languages in the resource package. It does contain some rules that
are strange or superfluous in some languages; for instance, the distinction
between definite and indefinite articles does not apply to Finnish and Russian.
But such rules are still easy to implement: they only create some superfluous
ambiguity in the languages in question.
But the library makes no claim that all languages should have exactly the same
abstract syntax. The common API is therefore extended by language-dependent
rules. The top level of each languages looks as follows (with English as example):
```
abstract English = Grammar, ExtraEngAbs, DictEngAbs
```
where ExtraEngAbs is a collection of syntactic structures specific to English,
and DictEngAbs is an English dictionary (at the moment, it consists of IrregEngAbs,
the irregular verbs of English). Each of these language-specific grammars has
the potential to grow into a full-scale grammar of the language. These grammar
can also be used as libraries, but the possibility of using functors is lost.
To give a better overview of language-specific structures, modules like ExtraEngAbs
are built from a language-independent module ExtraAbs by restricted inheritance:
```
abstract ExtraEngAbs = Extra [f,g,...]
```
Thus any category and function in Extra may be shared by a subset of all
languages. One can see this set-up as a matrix, which tells what Extra structures
are implemented in what languages. For the common API in Grammar, the matrix
is filled with 1's (everything is implemented in every language).
Language-specific extensions and the use of restricted
inheritance is a recent addition to the resource grammar library, and
has only been exploited in a very small scale so far.
==API Documentation==
===Top-level modules===
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Grammar.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Lang.txt
===Type system===
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Cat.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Common.txt
===Phrase category modules===
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Adjective.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Adverb.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Conjunction.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Idiom.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Noun.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Numeral.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/OldLexicon.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Phrase.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Question.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Relative.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Sentence.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Structural.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Text.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Verb.txt
===Inflectional paradigms===
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/danish/ParadigmsDan.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/english/ParadigmsEng.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/finnish/ParadigmsFin.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/french/ParadigmsFre.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/german/ParadigmsGer.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/italian/ParadigmsIta.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/norwegian/ParadigmsNor.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/russian/ParadigmsRus.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/spanish/ParadigmsSpa.txt
%!include: ../lib/resource-1.0/swedish/ParadigmsSwe.txt

View File

@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Adjectives and adjectival phrases</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Adjectives and adjectival phrases</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-01-10 20:56:21 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:38 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Adjectives and adjectival phrases</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Adjectives and adjectival phrases</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Adjective = Cat ** { abstract Adjective = Cat ** {

View File

@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Adverbs and adverbial phrases</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Adverbs and adverbial phrases</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-05-23 22:22:34 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:38 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Adverbs and adverbial phrases</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Adverbs and adverbial phrases</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Adverb = Cat ** { abstract Adverb = Cat ** {

View File

@@ -6,22 +6,26 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The category system</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The category system</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-05-28 19:11:48 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:38 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Sentences and clauses</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">The category system</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Questions and interrogatives</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Relative clauses and pronouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Sentences and clauses</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Verb phrases</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Questions and interrogatives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Adjectival phrases</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relative clauses and pronouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Nouns and noun phrases</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc5">Verb phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Numerals</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc6">Adjectival phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Structural words</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc7">Nouns and noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Words of open classes</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc8">Numerals</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Structural words</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Words of open classes</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -32,6 +36,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>The category system</H1>
<P> <P>
The category system is central to the library in the sense The category system is central to the library in the sense
that the other modules (<CODE>Adjective</CODE>, <CODE>Adverb</CODE>, <CODE>Noun</CODE>, <CODE>Verb</CODE> etc) that the other modules (<CODE>Adjective</CODE>, <CODE>Adverb</CODE>, <CODE>Noun</CODE>, <CODE>Verb</CODE> etc)
@@ -58,7 +64,7 @@ are defined on <CODE>Conjunction</CODE> and only used locally there.
cat cat
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Sentences and clauses</H2> <H2>Sentences and clauses</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Sentence.html">Sentence</A>, and also in Constructed in <A HREF="Sentence.html">Sentence</A>, and also in
@@ -73,7 +79,7 @@ Constructed in <A HREF="Sentence.html">Sentence</A>, and also in
Imp ; -- imperative e.g. "look at this" Imp ; -- imperative e.g. "look at this"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Questions and interrogatives</H2> <H2>Questions and interrogatives</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Question.html">Question</A>. Constructed in <A HREF="Question.html">Question</A>.
@@ -85,7 +91,7 @@ Constructed in <A HREF="Question.html">Question</A>.
IDet ; -- interrogative determiner e.g. "which" IDet ; -- interrogative determiner e.g. "which"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Relative clauses and pronouns</H2> <H2>Relative clauses and pronouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Relative.html">Relative</A>. Constructed in <A HREF="Relative.html">Relative</A>.
@@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ Constructed in <A HREF="Relative.html">Relative</A>.
RP ; -- relative pronoun e.g. "in which" RP ; -- relative pronoun e.g. "in which"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H2>Verb phrases</H2> <H2>Verb phrases</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Verb.html">Verb</A>. Constructed in <A HREF="Verb.html">Verb</A>.
@@ -105,7 +111,7 @@ Constructed in <A HREF="Verb.html">Verb</A>.
Comp ; -- complement of copula, such as AP e.g. "very warm" Comp ; -- complement of copula, such as AP e.g. "very warm"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H2>Adjectival phrases</H2> <H2>Adjectival phrases</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Adjective.html">Adjective</A>. Constructed in <A HREF="Adjective.html">Adjective</A>.
@@ -114,7 +120,7 @@ Constructed in <A HREF="Adjective.html">Adjective</A>.
AP ; -- adjectival phrase e.g. "very warm" AP ; -- adjectival phrase e.g. "very warm"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H2>Nouns and noun phrases</H2> <H2>Nouns and noun phrases</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Noun.html">Noun</A>. Constructed in <A HREF="Noun.html">Noun</A>.
@@ -141,7 +147,7 @@ as defined in <A HREF="Noun.html">Noun</A>.
Ord ; -- ordinal number (used in Det) e.g. "seventh" Ord ; -- ordinal number (used in Det) e.g. "seventh"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A> <A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Numerals</H2> <H2>Numerals</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Numeral.html">Numeral</A>. Constructed in <A HREF="Numeral.html">Numeral</A>.
@@ -150,7 +156,7 @@ Constructed in <A HREF="Numeral.html">Numeral</A>.
Numeral;-- cardinal or ordinal, e.g. "five/fifth" Numeral;-- cardinal or ordinal, e.g. "five/fifth"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A> <A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H2>Structural words</H2> <H2>Structural words</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A>. Constructed in <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A>.
@@ -162,7 +168,7 @@ Constructed in <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A>.
Prep ; -- preposition, or just case e.g. "in" Prep ; -- preposition, or just case e.g. "in"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A> <A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H2>Words of open classes</H2> <H2>Words of open classes</H2>
<P> <P>
These are constructed in <A HREF="Lexicon.html">Lexicon</A> and in These are constructed in <A HREF="Lexicon.html">Lexicon</A> and in

View File

@@ -6,16 +6,20 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Infrastructure with common implementations.</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Infrastructure with common implementations.</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-05-28 19:11:48 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:38 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Top-level units</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Infrastructure with common implementations.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Adverbs</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Tense, polarity, and anteriority</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Top-level units</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Tense, polarity, and anteriority</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -26,6 +30,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Infrastructure with common implementations.</H1>
<P> <P>
This module defines the categories that uniformly have the linearization This module defines the categories that uniformly have the linearization
<CODE>{s : Str}</CODE> in all languages. <CODE>{s : Str}</CODE> in all languages.
@@ -42,27 +48,33 @@ Romance languages.
cat cat
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Top-level units</H2> <H2>Top-level units</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Text.html">Text</A>: <CODE>Text</CODE>. Constructed in <A HREF="Text.html">Text</A>: <CODE>Text</CODE>.
</P> </P>
<PRE> <PRE>
Text ; -- text consisting of several phrases e.g. "He is here. Why?" Text ; -- text consisting of several phrases e.g. "He is here. Why?"
Phr ; -- phrase in a text e.g. "But get out please."
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Phrase.html">Phrase</A>: <CODE>Phr</CODE> and Constructed in <A HREF="Phrase.html">Phrase</A>:
</P> </P>
<PRE> <PRE>
Phr ; -- phrase in a text e.g. "but be quiet please"
Utt ; -- sentence, question, word... e.g. "be quiet" Utt ; -- sentence, question, word... e.g. "be quiet"
Voc ; -- vocative or "please" e.g. "my darling" Voc ; -- vocative or "please" e.g. "my darling"
PConj ; -- phrase-beginning conj. e.g. "therefore" PConj ; -- phrase-beginning conj. e.g. "therefore"
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Sentence.html">Sentence</A>:
</P>
<PRE>
SC ; -- embedded sentence or question e.g. "that it rains" SC ; -- embedded sentence or question e.g. "that it rains"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2> <H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Constructed in <A HREF="Adverb.html">Adverb</A>. Constructed in <A HREF="Adverb.html">Adverb</A>.
@@ -77,7 +89,7 @@ Many adverbs are constructed in <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A>.
CAdv ; -- comparative adverb e.g. "more" CAdv ; -- comparative adverb e.g. "more"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Tense, polarity, and anteriority</H2> <H2>Tense, polarity, and anteriority</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
Tense ; -- tense: present, past, future, conditional Tense ; -- tense: present, past, future, conditional

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@@ -6,16 +6,20 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Coordination</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Coordination</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-01-20 22:04:10 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:39 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Rules</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Coordination</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Categories</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">List constructors</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Rules</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Categories</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">List constructors</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -26,6 +30,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Coordination</H1>
<P> <P>
Coordination is defined for many different categories; here is Coordination is defined for many different categories; here is
a sample. The rules apply to <B>lists</B> of two or more elements, a sample. The rules apply to <B>lists</B> of two or more elements,
@@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ compatibility with API 0.9 is needed, use
abstract Conjunction = Cat ** { abstract Conjunction = Cat ** {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Rules</H2> <H2>Rules</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
fun fun
@@ -60,7 +66,7 @@ compatibility with API 0.9 is needed, use
DConjAdv : DConj -&gt; [Adv] -&gt; Adv; -- "both badly and slowly" DConjAdv : DConj -&gt; [Adv] -&gt; Adv; -- "both badly and slowly"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Categories</H2> <H2>Categories</H2>
<P> <P>
These categories are only used in this module. These categories are only used in this module.
@@ -73,7 +79,7 @@ These categories are only used in this module.
[AP]{2} ; [AP]{2} ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>List constructors</H2> <H2>List constructors</H2>
<P> <P>
The list constructors are derived from the list notation and therefore The list constructors are derived from the list notation and therefore

View File

@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The Main Module of the Resource Grammar</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The Main Module of the Resource Grammar</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-06-01 22:30:20 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:39 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">The Main Module of the Resource Grammar</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>The Main Module of the Resource Grammar</H1>
<P> <P>
This grammar a collection of the different grammar modules, This grammar a collection of the different grammar modules,
To test the resource, import <A HREF="Lang.html">Lang</A>, which also contains To test the resource, import <A HREF="Lang.html">Lang</A>, which also contains

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@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Idiomatic expressions</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Idiomatic expressions</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-06-01 22:30:20 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:39 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Idiomatic expressions</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Idiomatic expressions</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Idiom = Cat ** { abstract Idiom = Cat ** {
</PRE> </PRE>

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@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The Main Module of the Resource Grammar</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The Main Module of the Resource Grammar</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-06-07 18:26:44 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:40 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">The Main Module of the Resource Grammar</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>The Main Module of the Resource Grammar</H1>
<P> <P>
This grammar is just a collection of the different modules, This grammar is just a collection of the different modules,
and the one that can be imported when one wants to test the and the one that can be imported when one wants to test the

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@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The Mathematics API to the Resource Grammar</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The Mathematics API to the Resource Grammar</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-02-25 21:36:45 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:44 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">The Mathematics API to the Resource Grammar</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>The Mathematics API to the Resource Grammar</H1>
<P> <P>
This grammar is a collection of the different modules. This grammar is a collection of the different modules.
It differs from <CODE>Lang</CODE> in two main ways: It differs from <CODE>Lang</CODE> in two main ways:

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@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Multimodal additions to the resource grammar library</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Multimodal additions to the resource grammar library</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-05-23 23:36:59 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:44 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Multimodal additions to the resource grammar library</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Multimodal additions to the resource grammar library</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Multi = Lang ** { abstract Multi = Lang ** {

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@@ -6,17 +6,21 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The construction of nouns, noun phrases, and determiners</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The construction of nouns, noun phrases, and determiners</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-05-23 23:27:56 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:40 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Noun phrases</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">The construction of nouns, noun phrases, and determiners</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Determiners</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Common nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Apposition</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Determiners</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Common nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Apposition</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -27,11 +31,13 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>The construction of nouns, noun phrases, and determiners</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Noun = Cat ** { abstract Noun = Cat ** {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Noun phrases</H2> <H2>Noun phrases</H2>
<P> <P>
The three main types of noun phrases are The three main types of noun phrases are
@@ -66,7 +72,7 @@ verb or by an adverb.
AdvNP : NP -&gt; Adv -&gt; NP ; -- Paris at midnight AdvNP : NP -&gt; Adv -&gt; NP ; -- Paris at midnight
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Determiners</H2> <H2>Determiners</H2>
<P> <P>
The determiner has a fine-grained structure, in which a 'nucleus' The determiner has a fine-grained structure, in which a 'nucleus'
@@ -160,7 +166,7 @@ in semantically odd expressions.
<P> <P>
Other determiners are defined in <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A>. Other determiners are defined in <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A>.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Common nouns</H2> <H2>Common nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Simple nouns can be used as nouns outright. Simple nouns can be used as nouns outright.
@@ -206,7 +212,7 @@ to decide. Sentential complements are defined in <A HREF="Verb.html">Verb</A>.
SentCN : CN -&gt; SC -&gt; CN ; -- fact that John smokes, question if he does SentCN : CN -&gt; SC -&gt; CN ; -- fact that John smokes, question if he does
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H2>Apposition</H2> <H2>Apposition</H2>
<P> <P>
This is certainly overgenerating. This is certainly overgenerating.

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@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Numerals</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Numerals</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-01-17 17:56:17 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:40 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Numerals</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Numerals</H1>
<P> <P>
This grammar defines numerals from 1 to 999999. This grammar defines numerals from 1 to 999999.
The implementations are adapted from the The implementations are adapted from the

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@@ -2,52 +2,64 @@
<HTML> <HTML>
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> Danish Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Danish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-06-01 22:30:20 CEST</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Danish Lexical Paradigms</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Prepositions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc9">Two-place adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Verbs with a particle</A> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Deponent verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Two-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc11">Prepositions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Three-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Other complement patterns</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Verbs with a particle</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Deponent verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc18">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc19">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc18">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:42 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../scandinavian:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Danish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2003 Aarne Ranta 2003
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
@@ -85,7 +97,7 @@ words.
CatDan in { CatDan in {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2> <H2>Parameters</H2>
<P> <P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
@@ -125,7 +137,7 @@ Prepositions used in many-argument functions are just strings.
Preposition : Type = Str ; Preposition : Type = Str ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2> <H2>Nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the
@@ -168,13 +180,13 @@ indefinite
mk3N : (bil,bilen,biler : Str) -&gt; N ; mk3N : (bil,bilen,biler : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3> <H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns, All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
such as <I>fotboll</I>. such as <I>fotboll</I>.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3> <H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition. Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition.
@@ -202,7 +214,7 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>the connection from x to y</I>) need two prepos
mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ; mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3> <H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
@@ -210,7 +222,7 @@ relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE> <CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this. and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3> <H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
@@ -234,7 +246,7 @@ genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
mkNP : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Number -&gt; Gender -&gt; NP ; mkNP : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Number -&gt; Gender -&gt; NP ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A> <A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2> <H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P> <P>
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need three forms: Non-comparison one-place adjectives need three forms:
@@ -257,7 +269,7 @@ In most cases, two forms are enough.
mk2A : (stor,stort : Str) -&gt; A ; mk2A : (stor,stort : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A> <A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3> <H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument. Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
@@ -304,7 +316,7 @@ long adjective, the following pattern is used:
compoundA : A -&gt; A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk compoundA : A -&gt; A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A> <A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2> <H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
@@ -322,7 +334,7 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ; mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A> <A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H2>Prepositions</H2> <H2>Prepositions</H2>
<P> <P>
A preposition is just a string. A preposition is just a string.
@@ -331,7 +343,7 @@ A preposition is just a string.
mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ; mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A> <A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2> <H2>Verbs</H2>
<P> <P>
The worst case needs six forms. The worst case needs six forms.
@@ -362,7 +374,7 @@ In practice, it is enough to give three forms, as in school books.
irregV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -&gt; V ; irregV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A> <A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</H3> <H3>Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</H3>
<P> <P>
By default, the auxiliary is <I>have</I>. This function changes it to <I>være</I>. By default, the auxiliary is <I>have</I>. This function changes it to <I>være</I>.
@@ -371,7 +383,7 @@ By default, the auxiliary is <I>have</I>. This function changes it to <I>v
vaereV : V -&gt; V ; vaereV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A> <A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Verbs with a particle</H3> <H3>Verbs with a particle</H3>
<P> <P>
The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string. The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
@@ -380,7 +392,7 @@ The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
partV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ; partV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A> <A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Deponent verbs</H3> <H3>Deponent verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>hoppas</I>, some as Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>hoppas</I>, some as
@@ -391,7 +403,7 @@ reflexive e.g. <I>
reflV : V -&gt; V ; reflV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A> <A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3> <H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
@@ -403,7 +415,7 @@ Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ; dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc16"></A> <A NAME="toc17"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3> <H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
@@ -415,7 +427,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,_ dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,_
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc17"></A> <A NAME="toc18"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3> <H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P> <P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
@@ -449,7 +461,7 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc18"></A> <A NAME="toc19"></A>
<H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2> <H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2>
<P> <P>
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are

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@@ -2,51 +2,63 @@
<HTML> <HTML>
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> English Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> English Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-04-21 16:38:25 CEST</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">English Lexical Paradigms</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Prepositions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs with a particle.</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc9">Two-place adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Reflexive verbs</A> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Two-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Three-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc11">Prepositions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Other complement patterns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Verbs with a particle.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Reflexive verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc18">Definitions of paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Definitions of paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:42 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude:../common
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>English Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2003--2005 Aarne Ranta 2003--2005
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
@@ -85,7 +97,7 @@ The following modules are presupposed:
in { in {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2> <H2>Parameters</H2>
<P> <P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
@@ -126,7 +138,7 @@ Prepositions are used in many-argument functions for rection.
Preposition : Type ; Preposition : Type ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2> <H2>Nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Worst case: give all four forms and the semantic gender. Worst case: give all four forms and the semantic gender.
@@ -160,7 +172,7 @@ function:
genderN : Gender -&gt; N -&gt; N ; genderN : Gender -&gt; N -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3> <H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
A compound noun ia an uninflected string attached to an inflected noun, A compound noun ia an uninflected string attached to an inflected noun,
@@ -170,7 +182,7 @@ such as <I>baby boom</I>, <I>chief executive officer</I>.
compoundN : Str -&gt; N -&gt; N ; compoundN : Str -&gt; N -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3> <H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition. Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition.
@@ -198,7 +210,7 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>the connection from x to y</I>) need two prepos
mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ; mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3> <H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
@@ -209,7 +221,7 @@ relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>).
cnN3 : CN -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ; cnN3 : CN -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3> <H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
@@ -233,7 +245,7 @@ genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
mkNP : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Number -&gt; Gender -&gt; NP ; mkNP : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Number -&gt; Gender -&gt; NP ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A> <A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2> <H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P> <P>
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need two forms: one for Non-comparison one-place adjectives need two forms: one for
@@ -251,7 +263,7 @@ even for cases with the variation <I>happy - happily</I>.
regA : Str -&gt; A ; regA : Str -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A> <A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3> <H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument. Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
@@ -301,7 +313,7 @@ From a given <CODE>ADeg</CODE>, it is possible to get back to <CODE>A</CODE>.
adegA : ADeg -&gt; A ; adegA : ADeg -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A> <A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2> <H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
@@ -319,7 +331,7 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ; mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A> <A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H2>Prepositions</H2> <H2>Prepositions</H2>
<P> <P>
A preposition as used for rection in the lexicon, as well as to A preposition as used for rection in the lexicon, as well as to
@@ -333,7 +345,7 @@ build <CODE>PP</CODE>s in the resource API, just requires a string.
<P> <P>
(These two functions are synonyms.) (These two functions are synonyms.)
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A> <A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2> <H2>Verbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Except for <I>be</I>, the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and Except for <I>be</I>, the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and
@@ -372,7 +384,7 @@ duplication in the present participle.
irregDuplV : (get, got, gotten : Str) -&gt; V ; irregDuplV : (get, got, gotten : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A> <A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3> <H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3>
<P> <P>
The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string. The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
@@ -381,7 +393,7 @@ The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
partV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ; partV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A> <A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Reflexive verbs</H3> <H3>Reflexive verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
By default, verbs are not reflexive; this function makes them that. By default, verbs are not reflexive; this function makes them that.
@@ -390,7 +402,7 @@ By default, verbs are not reflexive; this function makes them that.
reflV : V -&gt; V ; reflV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A> <A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3> <H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
@@ -402,7 +414,7 @@ Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ; dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A> <A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3> <H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
@@ -414,7 +426,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,_ dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,_
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc16"></A> <A NAME="toc17"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3> <H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P> <P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
@@ -448,7 +460,7 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc17"></A> <A NAME="toc18"></A>
<H2>Definitions of paradigms</H2> <H2>Definitions of paradigms</H2>
<P> <P>
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are

View File

@@ -2,24 +2,24 @@
<HTML> <HTML>
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> Finnish Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Finnish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-03-07 21:08:18 CET</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Finnish Lexical Paradigms</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Verbs</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Three-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Other complement patterns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Verbs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
</UL> </UL>
@@ -27,11 +27,23 @@
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:42 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Finnish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2003--2005 Aarne Ranta 2003--2005
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
@@ -77,7 +89,7 @@ flags optimize=all ;
flags optimize=noexpand ; flags optimize=noexpand ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2> <H2>Parameters</H2>
<P> <P>
To abstract over gender, number, and (some) case names, To abstract over gender, number, and (some) case names,
@@ -117,7 +129,7 @@ just a case, or a pre/postposition and a case.
casePrep : Case -&gt; Prep ; -- adessive casePrep : Case -&gt; Prep ; -- adessive
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2> <H2>Nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
The worst case gives ten forms and the semantic gender. The worst case gives ten forms and the semantic gender.
@@ -317,7 +329,7 @@ The plural forms are filtered away by the compiler.
mkNP : N -&gt; Number -&gt; NP ; mkNP : N -&gt; Number -&gt; NP ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2> <H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P> <P>
Non-comparison one-place adjectives are just like nouns. Non-comparison one-place adjectives are just like nouns.
@@ -349,7 +361,7 @@ The regular adjectives are based on <CODE>regN</CODE> in the positive.
regA : (punainen : Str) -&gt; A ; regA : (punainen : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2> <H2>Verbs</H2>
<P> <P>
The grammar does not cover the potential mood and some nominal The grammar does not cover the potential mood and some nominal
@@ -455,7 +467,7 @@ But this is taken care of by <CODE>ClauseFin</CODE>.
dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ; dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3> <H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
@@ -467,7 +479,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- acc, allat dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- acc, allat
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3> <H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P> <P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,

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@@ -2,49 +2,61 @@
<HTML> <HTML>
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> French Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> French Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-03-07 21:08:17 CET</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">French Lexical Paradigms</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Comparison adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Two-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc9">Two-place adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Three-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc10">Comparison adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Other complement patterns</A> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:43 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../romance:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>French Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2003 Aarne Ranta 2003
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
@@ -84,7 +96,7 @@ words.
flags optimize=all ; flags optimize=all ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2> <H2>Parameters</H2>
<P> <P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
@@ -123,7 +135,7 @@ amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' <I>de</I> and the
mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ; mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2> <H2>Nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Worst case: give both two forms and the gender. Worst case: give both two forms and the gender.
@@ -153,7 +165,7 @@ Adding gender information widens the scope of the foregoing function.
regGenN : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; N ; regGenN : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3> <H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but
@@ -165,7 +177,7 @@ they are frequent in lexica.
compN : N -&gt; Str -&gt; N ; compN : N -&gt; Str -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3> <H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Relational nouns (<I>fille de x</I>) need a case and a preposition. Relational nouns (<I>fille de x</I>) need a case and a preposition.
@@ -190,7 +202,7 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>la connection de x
mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ; mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3> <H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
@@ -198,7 +210,7 @@ relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE> <CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this. and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3> <H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
Proper names need a string and a gender. Proper names need a string and a gender.
@@ -215,7 +227,7 @@ you can use the worst-case function.
mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Number -&gt; NP ; mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Number -&gt; NP ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A> <A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2> <H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P> <P>
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need four forms in the worst Non-comparison one-place adjectives need four forms in the worst
@@ -246,7 +258,7 @@ provided.
prefA : A -&gt; A ; prefA : A -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A> <A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3> <H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument. Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
@@ -255,7 +267,7 @@ Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
mkA2 : A -&gt; Preposition -&gt; A2 ; mkA2 : A -&gt; Preposition -&gt; A2 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A> <A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H3>Comparison adjectives</H3> <H3>Comparison adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two
@@ -281,7 +293,7 @@ provided.
prefA : A -&gt; A ; prefA : A -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A> <A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2> <H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
@@ -305,7 +317,7 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ; mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A> <A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2> <H2>Verbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Irregular verbs are given in the module <CODE>VerbsFre</CODE>. Irregular verbs are given in the module <CODE>VerbsFre</CODE>.
@@ -342,7 +354,7 @@ To change it to <I>
reflV : V -&gt; V ; reflV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A> <A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3> <H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
@@ -361,7 +373,7 @@ You can reuse a <CODE>V2</CODE> verb in <CODE>V</CODE>.
v2V : V2 -&gt; V ; v2V : V2 -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A> <A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3> <H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
@@ -373,7 +385,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- donner,_,_ dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- donner,_,_
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A> <A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3> <H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P> <P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
@@ -409,7 +421,7 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A> <A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2> <H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2>
<P> <P>
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are

View File

@@ -34,13 +34,20 @@
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Last update: 2006-01-20 22:04:10 CET Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:43 2006
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>German Lexical Paradigms</H1> <H1>German Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P> <P>

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@@ -2,49 +2,61 @@
<HTML> <HTML>
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> Italian Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Italian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-02-22 19:06:50 CET</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Italian Lexical Paradigms</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Comparison adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Two-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc9">Two-place adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Three-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc10">Comparison adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Other complement patterns</A> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">The definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">The definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:43 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../romance:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Italian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2003 Aarne Ranta 2003
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
@@ -85,7 +97,7 @@ words.
flags optimize=all ; flags optimize=all ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2> <H2>Parameters</H2>
<P> <P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
@@ -124,7 +136,7 @@ amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' <I>de</I> and the
mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ; mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2> <H2>Nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Worst case: give both two forms and the gender. Worst case: give both two forms and the gender.
@@ -151,7 +163,7 @@ To force a different gender, use one of the following functions.
femN : N -&gt; N ; femN : N -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3> <H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but
@@ -163,7 +175,7 @@ they are frequent in lexica.
compN : N -&gt; Str -&gt; N ; compN : N -&gt; Str -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3> <H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Relational nouns (<I>figlio di x</I>) need a case and a preposition. Relational nouns (<I>figlio di x</I>) need a case and a preposition.
@@ -188,7 +200,7 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>la connessione di x a y</I>) need two prepositi
mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ; mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3> <H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
@@ -196,7 +208,7 @@ relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE> <CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this. and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3> <H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
Proper names need a string and a gender. Proper names need a string and a gender.
@@ -213,7 +225,7 @@ you can use the worst-case function.
mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Number -&gt; NP ; mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Number -&gt; NP ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A> <A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2> <H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P> <P>
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need five forms in the worst Non-comparison one-place adjectives need five forms in the worst
@@ -241,7 +253,7 @@ provided.
prefA : A -&gt; A ; prefA : A -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A> <A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3> <H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument. Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
@@ -250,7 +262,7 @@ Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
mkA2 : A -&gt; Preposition -&gt; A2 ; mkA2 : A -&gt; Preposition -&gt; A2 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A> <A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H3>Comparison adjectives</H3> <H3>Comparison adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two
@@ -276,7 +288,7 @@ with comparison by <I>plus</I>.
regADeg : Str -&gt; A ; regADeg : Str -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A> <A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2> <H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
@@ -300,7 +312,7 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ; mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A> <A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2> <H2>Verbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Regular verbs are ones with the infinitive <I>er</I> or <I>ir</I>, the Regular verbs are ones with the infinitive <I>er</I> or <I>ir</I>, the
@@ -331,7 +343,7 @@ Reflexive implies <I>essere</I>.
reflV : V -&gt; V ; reflV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A> <A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3> <H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
@@ -350,7 +362,7 @@ You can reuse a <CODE>V2</CODE> verb in <CODE>V</CODE>.
v2V : V2 -&gt; V ; v2V : V2 -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A> <A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3> <H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
@@ -362,7 +374,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- donner,_,_ dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- donner,_,_
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A> <A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3> <H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P> <P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
@@ -398,7 +410,7 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A> <A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H2>The definitions of the paradigms</H2> <H2>The definitions of the paradigms</H2>
<P> <P>
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are

View File

@@ -2,52 +2,64 @@
<HTML> <HTML>
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> Norwegian Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Norwegian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-06-01 22:30:20 CEST</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Norwegian Lexical Paradigms</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Prepositions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc9">Two-place adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Verbs with a particle.</A> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Deponent verbs.</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Two-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc11">Prepositions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Three-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Other complement patterns</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Verbs with a particle.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Deponent verbs.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc18">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc19">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc18">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:43 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../scandinavian:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Norwegian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2003 Aarne Ranta 2003
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
@@ -85,7 +97,7 @@ words.
CatNor in { CatNor in {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2> <H2>Parameters</H2>
<P> <P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
@@ -126,7 +138,7 @@ Prepositions used in many-argument functions are just strings.
Preposition : Type = Str ; Preposition : Type = Str ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2> <H2>Nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the
@@ -162,13 +174,13 @@ gender is computed from the definite form.
mk2N : (bil,bilen : Str) -&gt; N ; mk2N : (bil,bilen : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3> <H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns, All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
such as <I>fotboll</I>. such as <I>fotboll</I>.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3> <H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition. Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition.
@@ -196,7 +208,7 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>the connection from x to y</I>) need two prepos
mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ; mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3> <H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
@@ -204,7 +216,7 @@ relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE> <CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this. and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3> <H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
@@ -228,7 +240,7 @@ genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
mkNP : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Number -&gt; Gender -&gt; NP ; mkNP : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Number -&gt; Gender -&gt; NP ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A> <A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2> <H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P> <P>
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need three forms: Non-comparison one-place adjectives need three forms:
@@ -251,7 +263,7 @@ In most cases, two forms are enough.
mk2A : (stor,stort : Str) -&gt; A ; mk2A : (stor,stort : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A> <A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3> <H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument. Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
@@ -298,7 +310,7 @@ long adjective, the following pattern is used:
compoundA : A -&gt; A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk compoundA : A -&gt; A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A> <A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2> <H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
@@ -316,7 +328,7 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ; mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A> <A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H2>Prepositions</H2> <H2>Prepositions</H2>
<P> <P>
A preposition is just a string. A preposition is just a string.
@@ -325,7 +337,7 @@ A preposition is just a string.
mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ; mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A> <A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2> <H2>Verbs</H2>
<P> <P>
The worst case needs six forms. The worst case needs six forms.
@@ -356,7 +368,7 @@ In practice, it is enough to give three forms, as in school books.
irregV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -&gt; V ; irregV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A> <A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</H3> <H3>Verbs with //være// as auxiliary</H3>
<P> <P>
By default, the auxiliary is <I>have</I>. This function changes it to <I>være</I>. By default, the auxiliary is <I>have</I>. This function changes it to <I>være</I>.
@@ -365,7 +377,7 @@ By default, the auxiliary is <I>have</I>. This function changes it to <I>v
vaereV : V -&gt; V ; vaereV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A> <A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3> <H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3>
<P> <P>
The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string. The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
@@ -374,7 +386,7 @@ The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
partV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ; partV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A> <A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Deponent verbs.</H3> <H3>Deponent verbs.</H3>
<P> <P>
Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>hoppas</I>, some as Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>hoppas</I>, some as
@@ -385,7 +397,7 @@ reflexive e.g. <I>
reflV : V -&gt; V ; reflV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A> <A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3> <H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
@@ -397,7 +409,7 @@ Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ; dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc16"></A> <A NAME="toc17"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3> <H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
@@ -409,7 +421,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,_ dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,_
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc17"></A> <A NAME="toc18"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3> <H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P> <P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
@@ -443,7 +455,7 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc18"></A> <A NAME="toc19"></A>
<H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2> <H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2>
<P> <P>
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are

View File

@@ -2,33 +2,45 @@
<HTML> <HTML>
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> Russian Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Russian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-05-20 11:51:24 CEST</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Russian Lexical Paradigms</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Adverbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Verbs</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:43 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude:../common
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Russian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Janna Khegai 2003--2005 Janna Khegai 2003--2005
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
@@ -70,7 +82,7 @@ The following modules are presupposed:
flags coding=utf8 ; flags coding=utf8 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2> <H2>Parameters</H2>
<P> <P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
@@ -110,7 +122,7 @@ To abstract over number names, we define the following.
plural : Number ; plural : Number ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2> <H2>Nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Best case: indeclinabe nouns: <I>кофе</I>, <I>пальто</I>, <I>ВУЗ</I>. Best case: indeclinabe nouns: <I>кофе</I>, <I>пальто</I>, <I>ВУЗ</I>.
@@ -142,6 +154,14 @@ since there are a lot of exceptions and the gain is just one form less.
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
The regular function captures the variants for some popular nouns
endings below:
</P>
<PRE>
regN : Str -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Here are some common patterns. The list is far from complete. Here are some common patterns. The list is far from complete.
Feminine patterns. Feminine patterns.
</P> </P>
@@ -213,7 +233,7 @@ On the top level, it is maybe <CODE>CN</CODE> that is used rather than <CODE>N</
mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Animacy -&gt; NP ; mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Animacy -&gt; NP ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2> <H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P> <P>
Non-comparison (only positive degree) one-place adjectives need 28 (4 by 7) Non-comparison (only positive degree) one-place adjectives need 28 (4 by 7)
@@ -230,6 +250,14 @@ Notice that 4 short forms, which exist for some adjectives are not included
in the current description, otherwise there would be 32 forms for in the current description, otherwise there would be 32 forms for
positive degree. positive degree.
mkA : ( : Str) -&gt; A ; mkA : ( : Str) -&gt; A ;
The regular function captures the variants for some popular adjective
endings below:
</P>
<PRE>
regA : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Invariable adjective is a special case. Invariable adjective is a special case.
</P> </P>
<PRE> <PRE>
@@ -269,7 +297,7 @@ On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
just to use a one-place adjective. just to use a one-place adjective.
ap : A -&gt; IsPostfixAdj -&gt; AP ; ap : A -&gt; IsPostfixAdj -&gt; AP ;
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2> <H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
@@ -279,7 +307,7 @@ after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. <I>always</I>).
mkAdv : Str -&gt; Adv ; mkAdv : Str -&gt; Adv ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2> <H2>Verbs</H2>
<P> <P>
In our lexicon description (<I>Verbum</I>) there are 62 forms: In our lexicon description (<I>Verbum</I>) there are 62 forms:
@@ -342,10 +370,10 @@ between stem and ending lies it is sufficient to compare
first person from with second person form: first person from with second person form:
<I>я люб-лю</I>, <I>ты люб-ишь</I>. Stems shoud be the same. <I>я люб-лю</I>, <I>ты люб-ишь</I>. Stems shoud be the same.
So the definition for verb <I>любить</I> looks like: So the definition for verb <I>любить</I> looks like:
mkRegVerb Imperfective Second <I>люб</I> <I>лю</I> <I>любил</I> <I>люби</I> <I>любить</I>; regV Imperfective Second <I>люб</I> <I>лю</I> <I>любил</I> <I>люби</I> <I>любить</I>;
</P> </P>
<PRE> <PRE>
mkRegVerb :Aspect -&gt; Conjugation -&gt; (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -&gt; V ; regV :Aspect -&gt; Conjugation -&gt; (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
@@ -361,9 +389,9 @@ Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice that
a particle can be included in a <CODE>V</CODE>. a particle can be included in a <CODE>V</CODE>.
</P> </P>
<PRE> <PRE>
mkTV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; Case -&gt; V2 ; -- "войти в дом"; "в", accusative mkV2 : V -&gt; Str -&gt; Case -&gt; V2 ; -- "войти в дом"; "в", accusative
mkV3 : V -&gt; Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Case -&gt; Case -&gt; V3 ; -- "сложить письмо в конверт" mkV3 : V -&gt; Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Case -&gt; Case -&gt; V3 ; -- "сложить письмо в конверт"
tvDir : V -&gt; V2 ; -- "видеть", "любить" dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ; -- "видеть", "любить"
tvDirDir : V -&gt; V3 ; tvDirDir : V -&gt; V3 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>

View File

@@ -2,49 +2,61 @@
<HTML> <HTML>
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> Spanish Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Spanish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-03-14 11:21:47 CET</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Spanish Lexical Paradigms</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Comparison adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Two-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc9">Two-place adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Three-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc10">Comparison adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Other complement patterns</A> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">The definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">The definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:43 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../romance:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Spanish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2003 Aarne Ranta 2003
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
@@ -82,7 +94,7 @@ escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
flags optimize=all ; flags optimize=all ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2> <H2>Parameters</H2>
<P> <P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
@@ -121,7 +133,7 @@ amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' <I>de</I> and the
mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ; mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2> <H2>Nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Worst case: two forms (singular + plural), Worst case: two forms (singular + plural),
@@ -152,7 +164,7 @@ To force a different gender, use one of the following functions.
femN : N -&gt; N ; femN : N -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3> <H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but
@@ -164,7 +176,7 @@ they are frequent in lexica.
compN : N -&gt; Str -&gt; N ; compN : N -&gt; Str -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3> <H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Relational nouns (<I>fille de x</I>) need a case and a preposition. Relational nouns (<I>fille de x</I>) need a case and a preposition.
@@ -189,7 +201,7 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>la connessione di x a y</I>) need two prepositi
mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ; mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3> <H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
@@ -197,7 +209,7 @@ relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE> <CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this. and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3> <H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
Proper names need a string and a gender. Proper names need a string and a gender.
@@ -214,7 +226,7 @@ you can use the worst-case function.
mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Number -&gt; NP ; mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Number -&gt; NP ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A> <A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2> <H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P> <P>
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need five forms in the worst Non-comparison one-place adjectives need five forms in the worst
@@ -243,7 +255,7 @@ provided.
prefA : A -&gt; A ; prefA : A -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A> <A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3> <H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument. Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
@@ -252,7 +264,7 @@ Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
mkA2 : A -&gt; Preposition -&gt; A2 ; mkA2 : A -&gt; Preposition -&gt; A2 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A> <A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H3>Comparison adjectives</H3> <H3>Comparison adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two
@@ -278,7 +290,7 @@ with comparison by <I>mas</I>.
regADeg : Str -&gt; A ; regADeg : Str -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A> <A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2> <H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
@@ -302,7 +314,7 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ; mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A> <A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2> <H2>Verbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Regular verbs are ones inflected like <I>cortar</I>, <I>deber</I>, or <I>vivir</I>. Regular verbs are ones inflected like <I>cortar</I>, <I>deber</I>, or <I>vivir</I>.
@@ -338,7 +350,7 @@ in masculine singular form as second argument.
special_ppV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ; special_ppV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A> <A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3> <H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
@@ -357,7 +369,7 @@ You can reuse a <CODE>V2</CODE> verb in <CODE>V</CODE>.
v2V : V2 -&gt; V ; v2V : V2 -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A> <A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3> <H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
@@ -369,7 +381,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- donner,_,_ dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- donner,_,_
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A> <A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3> <H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P> <P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
@@ -405,7 +417,7 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A> <A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H2>The definitions of the paradigms</H2> <H2>The definitions of the paradigms</H2>
<P> <P>
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are

View File

@@ -2,51 +2,63 @@
<HTML> <HTML>
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> Swedish Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Swedish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-06-01 22:30:20 CEST</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Swedish Lexical Paradigms</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Prepositions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs with a particle.</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc9">Two-place adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Deponent verbs.</A> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Two-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Three-place verbs</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc11">Prepositions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Other complement patterns</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Verbs with a particle.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Deponent verbs.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc18">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Definitions of the paradigms</A>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:44 2006
</P>
<P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
# -path=.:../scandinavian:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
</P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Swedish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2003 Aarne Ranta 2003
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
@@ -84,7 +96,7 @@ words.
CatSwe in { CatSwe in {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2> <H2>Parameters</H2>
<P> <P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
@@ -124,7 +136,7 @@ Prepositions used in many-argument functions are just strings.
Preposition : Type = Str ; Preposition : Type = Str ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2> <H2>Nouns</H2>
<P> <P>
Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the
@@ -167,13 +179,13 @@ It does not work if there are changes in the stem.
mk1N : (bilarna : Str) -&gt; N ; mk1N : (bilarna : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3> <H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns, All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
such as <I>fotboll</I>. such as <I>fotboll</I>.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3> <H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P> <P>
Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition. Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition.
@@ -201,7 +213,7 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>the connection from x to y</I>) need two prepos
mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ; mkN3 : N -&gt; Preposition -&gt; Preposition -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3> <H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
@@ -209,7 +221,7 @@ relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE> <CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this. and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3> <H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P> <P>
Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
@@ -233,7 +245,7 @@ genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
mkNP : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Number -&gt; Gender -&gt; NP ; mkNP : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; Number -&gt; Gender -&gt; NP ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A> <A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2> <H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P> <P>
Adjectives may need as many as seven forms. Adjectives may need as many as seven forms.
@@ -272,7 +284,7 @@ Comparison forms may be compound (<I>mera svensk</I> - <I>mest svensk</I>).
compoundA : A -&gt; A ; compoundA : A -&gt; A ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A> <A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3> <H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument. Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
@@ -281,7 +293,7 @@ Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
mkA2 : A -&gt; Preposition -&gt; A2 ; mkA2 : A -&gt; Preposition -&gt; A2 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A> <A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2> <H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P> <P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
@@ -299,7 +311,7 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ; mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A> <A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H2>Prepositions</H2> <H2>Prepositions</H2>
<P> <P>
A preposition is just a string. A preposition is just a string.
@@ -308,7 +320,7 @@ A preposition is just a string.
mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ; mkPreposition : Str -&gt; Preposition ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A> <A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2> <H2>Verbs</H2>
<P> <P>
The worst case needs five forms. The worst case needs five forms.
@@ -346,7 +358,7 @@ In practice, it is enough to give three forms, as in school books.
irregV : (dricka, drack, druckit : Str) -&gt; V ; irregV : (dricka, drack, druckit : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A> <A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3> <H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3>
<P> <P>
The particle, such as in <I>passa på</I>, is given as a string. The particle, such as in <I>passa på</I>, is given as a string.
@@ -355,7 +367,7 @@ The particle, such as in <I>passa p
partV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ; partV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A> <A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Deponent verbs.</H3> <H3>Deponent verbs.</H3>
<P> <P>
Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>hoppas</I>, some as Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>hoppas</I>, some as
@@ -366,7 +378,7 @@ reflexive e.g. <I>
reflV : V -&gt; V ; reflV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A> <A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3> <H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
@@ -378,7 +390,7 @@ Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ; dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A> <A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3> <H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P> <P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
@@ -390,7 +402,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- ge _ _ dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- ge _ _
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc16"></A> <A NAME="toc17"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3> <H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P> <P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
@@ -424,7 +436,7 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc17"></A> <A NAME="toc18"></A>
<H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2> <H2>Definitions of the paradigms</H2>
<P> <P>
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are

View File

@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Phrases and utterances</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Phrases and utterances</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-01-25 20:10:39 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:40 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Phrases and utterances</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Phrases and utterances</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Phrase = Cat ** { abstract Phrase = Cat ** {
</PRE> </PRE>

View File

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Last update: 2005-11-17 17:36:49 CET Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:45 2006
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
Produced by Produced by
@@ -21,6 +22,9 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
==
</P>
<P>
operations for precedence-dependent strings. operations for precedence-dependent strings.
five levels: five levels:
p4 (constants), p3 (applications), p2 (products), p1 (sums), p0 (arrows) p4 (constants), p3 (applications), p2 (products), p1 (sums), p0 (arrows)

View File

@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Predefined functions for concrete syntax</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Predefined functions for concrete syntax</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-02-25 22:19:20 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:45 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Predefined functions for concrete syntax</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Predefined functions for concrete syntax</H1>
<P> <P>
The definitions of these constants are hard-coded in GF, and defined The definitions of these constants are hard-coded in GF, and defined
in <A HREF="../src/GF/Grammar/AppPredefined.hs">AppPredefined.hs</A>. Applying in <A HREF="../src/GF/Grammar/AppPredefined.hs">AppPredefined.hs</A>. Applying

View File

@@ -13,13 +13,17 @@
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<P> <P>
Last update: 2006-06-03 10:54:51 CEST Author:
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:45 2006
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
Produced by Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<P>
==
</P>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract PredefAbs = { abstract PredefAbs = {
cat Int ; String ; Float ; cat Int ; String ; Float ;

View File

@@ -6,19 +6,23 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> A Small Predication Library</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> A Small Predication Library</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-02-25 23:46:32 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:44 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">The category of atomic sentences</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">A Small Predication Library</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Predication patterns.</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Imperatives and infinitives.</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">The category of atomic sentences</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Individual-valued function applications</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Predication patterns.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Families of types</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Imperatives and infinitives.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Type constructor</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc5">Individual-valued function applications</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Families of types</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Type constructor</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -29,6 +33,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>A Small Predication Library</H1>
<P> <P>
(c) Aarne Ranta 2003-2006 under Gnu GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta 2003-2006 under Gnu GPL.
</P> </P>
@@ -40,7 +46,7 @@ API of resource grammars.
abstract Predication = Cat ** { abstract Predication = Cat ** {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>The category of atomic sentences</H2> <H2>The category of atomic sentences</H2>
<P> <P>
We want to use sentences in positive and negative forms but do not care about We want to use sentences in positive and negative forms but do not care about
@@ -52,7 +58,7 @@ tenses.
NegCl : Cl -&gt; S ; -- negative sentence: "x doesn't intersect y" NegCl : Cl -&gt; S ; -- negative sentence: "x doesn't intersect y"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Predication patterns.</H2> <H2>Predication patterns.</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
predV : V -&gt; NP -&gt; Cl ; -- one-place verb: "x converges" predV : V -&gt; NP -&gt; Cl ; -- one-place verb: "x converges"
@@ -70,14 +76,14 @@ tenses.
predPrep : Prep -&gt; NP -&gt; NP -&gt; Cl ; -- preposition: "x is outside y" predPrep : Prep -&gt; NP -&gt; NP -&gt; Cl ; -- preposition: "x is outside y"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Imperatives and infinitives.</H2> <H2>Imperatives and infinitives.</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
impV2 : V2 -&gt; NP -&gt; Phr ; -- imperative: "solve the equation E" impV2 : V2 -&gt; NP -&gt; Phr ; -- imperative: "solve the equation E"
infV2 : V2 -&gt; NP -&gt; Phr ; -- infinitive: "to solve the equation E" infV2 : V2 -&gt; NP -&gt; Phr ; -- infinitive: "to solve the equation E"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H2>Individual-valued function applications</H2> <H2>Individual-valued function applications</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
appN2 : N2 -&gt; NP -&gt; NP ; -- one-place function: "the successor of x" appN2 : N2 -&gt; NP -&gt; NP ; -- one-place function: "the successor of x"
@@ -85,7 +91,7 @@ tenses.
appColl : N2 -&gt; NP -&gt; NP -&gt; NP ; -- collective function: "the sum of x and y" appColl : N2 -&gt; NP -&gt; NP -&gt; NP ; -- collective function: "the sum of x and y"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H2>Families of types</H2> <H2>Families of types</H2>
<P> <P>
These are expressed by relational nouns applied to arguments. These are expressed by relational nouns applied to arguments.
@@ -96,7 +102,7 @@ These are expressed by relational nouns applied to arguments.
famColl : N2 -&gt; NP -&gt; NP -&gt; CN ; -- collective family: "path between x and y" famColl : N2 -&gt; NP -&gt; NP -&gt; CN ; -- collective family: "path between x and y"
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H2>Type constructor</H2> <H2>Type constructor</H2>
<P> <P>
This is similar to a family except that the argument is a type. This is similar to a family except that the argument is a type.

View File

@@ -6,20 +6,24 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The GF Prelude</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The GF Prelude</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-02-25 22:31:06 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:46 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Strings, records, and tables</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">The GF Prelude</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Optional elements</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Infixes. prefixes, and postfixes</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Strings, records, and tables</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Booleans</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Optional elements</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">High-level acces to Predef operations</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Infixes. prefixes, and postfixes</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Lexer-related operations</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc5">Booleans</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Miscellaneous</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc6">High-level acces to Predef operations</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Lexer-related operations</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Miscellaneous</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -30,6 +34,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>The GF Prelude</H1>
<P> <P>
This file defines some prelude facilities usable in all grammars. This file defines some prelude facilities usable in all grammars.
</P> </P>
@@ -39,7 +45,7 @@ This file defines some prelude facilities usable in all grammars.
oper oper
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Strings, records, and tables</H2> <H2>Strings, records, and tables</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
SS : Type = {s : Str} ; SS : Type = {s : Str} ;
@@ -68,7 +74,7 @@ Discontinuous constituents.
sd2 : (_,_ : Str) -&gt; SD2 = \x,y -&gt; {s1 = x ; s2 = y} ; sd2 : (_,_ : Str) -&gt; SD2 = \x,y -&gt; {s1 = x ; s2 = y} ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Optional elements</H2> <H2>Optional elements</H2>
<P> <P>
Missing form. Missing form.
@@ -100,7 +106,7 @@ Parametric order between two strings.
if_then_Str pr (x ++ y) (y ++ x) ; if_then_Str pr (x ++ y) (y ++ x) ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Infixes. prefixes, and postfixes</H2> <H2>Infixes. prefixes, and postfixes</H2>
<P> <P>
Fixes with precedences are defined in <A HREF="Precedence.html">Precedence</A>. Fixes with precedences are defined in <A HREF="Precedence.html">Precedence</A>.
@@ -112,7 +118,7 @@ Fixes with precedences are defined in <A HREF="Precedence.html">Precedence</A>.
embedSS : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; SS -&gt; SS = \f,g,x -&gt; ss (f ++ x.s ++ g) ; embedSS : Str -&gt; Str -&gt; SS -&gt; SS = \f,g,x -&gt; ss (f ++ x.s ++ g) ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H2>Booleans</H2> <H2>Booleans</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
param Bool = True | False ; param Bool = True | False ;
@@ -148,7 +154,7 @@ Interface to internal booleans
last : Tok -&gt; Tok = Predef.dp 1 ; last : Tok -&gt; Tok = Predef.dp 1 ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H2>High-level acces to Predef operations</H2> <H2>High-level acces to Predef operations</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
isNil : Tok -&gt; Bool = \b -&gt; pbool2bool (Predef.eqStr [] b) ; isNil : Tok -&gt; Bool = \b -&gt; pbool2bool (Predef.eqStr [] b) ;
@@ -157,7 +163,7 @@ Interface to internal booleans
case Predef.eqStr t u of {Predef.PTrue =&gt; a ; Predef.PFalse =&gt; b} ; case Predef.eqStr t u of {Predef.PTrue =&gt; a ; Predef.PFalse =&gt; b} ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A> <A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H2>Lexer-related operations</H2> <H2>Lexer-related operations</H2>
<P> <P>
Bind together two tokens in some lexers, either obligatorily or optionally Bind together two tokens in some lexers, either obligatorily or optionally
@@ -185,7 +191,7 @@ These should be hidden, and never changed since they are hardcoded in (un)lexers
CAPIT : Str = "&amp;|" ; CAPIT : Str = "&amp;|" ;
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A> <A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Miscellaneous</H2> <H2>Miscellaneous</H2>
<P> <P>
Identity function Identity function

View File

@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Questions and interrogative pronouns</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Questions and interrogative pronouns</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-04-20 21:45:11 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:41 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Questions and interrogative pronouns</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Questions and interrogative pronouns</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Question = Cat ** { abstract Question = Cat ** {
</PRE> </PRE>

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@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Relative clauses and pronouns</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Relative clauses and pronouns</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-01-17 17:56:17 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:41 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Relative clauses and pronouns</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Relative clauses and pronouns</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Relative = Cat ** { abstract Relative = Cat ** {

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@@ -6,18 +6,22 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Sentences, clauses, imperatives, and sentential complements</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Sentences, clauses, imperatives, and sentential complements</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-01-25 20:10:39 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:41 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Clauses</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Sentences, clauses, imperatives, and sentential complements</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Clauses missing object noun phrases</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Imperatives</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Clauses</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Embedded sentences</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Clauses missing object noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Sentences</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc4">Imperatives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Embedded sentences</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Sentences</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -28,11 +32,13 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Sentences, clauses, imperatives, and sentential complements</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Sentence = Cat ** { abstract Sentence = Cat ** {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Clauses</H2> <H2>Clauses</H2>
<P> <P>
The <CODE>NP VP</CODE> predication rule form a clause whose linearization The <CODE>NP VP</CODE> predication rule form a clause whose linearization
@@ -53,7 +59,7 @@ is only meaningful for some verb phrases.
PredSCVP : SC -&gt; VP -&gt; Cl ; -- that you go makes me happy PredSCVP : SC -&gt; VP -&gt; Cl ; -- that you go makes me happy
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Clauses missing object noun phrases</H2> <H2>Clauses missing object noun phrases</H2>
<P> <P>
This category is a variant of the 'slash category' <CODE>S/NP</CODE> of This category is a variant of the 'slash category' <CODE>S/NP</CODE> of
@@ -71,7 +77,7 @@ the style of CCG.
SlashPrep : Cl -&gt; Prep -&gt; Slash ; -- (with whom) he walks SlashPrep : Cl -&gt; Prep -&gt; Slash ; -- (with whom) he walks
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Imperatives</H2> <H2>Imperatives</H2>
<P> <P>
An imperative is straightforwardly formed from a verb phrase. An imperative is straightforwardly formed from a verb phrase.
@@ -82,7 +88,7 @@ To fix these parameters, see <A HREF="Phrase.html">Phrase</A>.
ImpVP : VP -&gt; Imp ; -- go ImpVP : VP -&gt; Imp ; -- go
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H2>Embedded sentences</H2> <H2>Embedded sentences</H2>
<P> <P>
Sentences, questions, and infinitival phrases can be used as Sentences, questions, and infinitival phrases can be used as
@@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ subjects and (adverbial) complements.
EmbedVP : VP -&gt; SC ; -- to go EmbedVP : VP -&gt; SC ; -- to go
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A> <A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H2>Sentences</H2> <H2>Sentences</H2>
<P> <P>
These are the 2 x 4 x 4 = 16 forms generated by different These are the 2 x 4 x 4 = 16 forms generated by different

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@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> GF Resource Grammar API for Structural Words</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> GF Resource Grammar API for Structural Words</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-05-23 23:38:09 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:41 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">GF Resource Grammar API for Structural Words</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>GF Resource Grammar API for Structural Words</H1>
<P> <P>
AR 21/11/2003 -- 30/11/2005 AR 21/11/2003 -- 30/11/2005
</P> </P>

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@@ -6,16 +6,20 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Symbolic expressions</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Symbolic expressions</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-03-17 12:02:40 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:44 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Noun phrases with symbols and numbers</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Symbolic expressions</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Sentence consisting of a formula</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Symbol lists</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Noun phrases with symbols and numbers</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Sentence consisting of a formula</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Symbol lists</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -26,6 +30,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Symbolic expressions</H1>
<P> <P>
<B>Note</B>. This module is not automatically included in the main <B>Note</B>. This module is not automatically included in the main
grammar <A HREF="Lang.html">Lang</A>. grammar <A HREF="Lang.html">Lang</A>.
@@ -34,7 +40,7 @@ grammar <A HREF="Lang.html">Lang</A>.
abstract Symbol = Cat, PredefAbs ** { abstract Symbol = Cat, PredefAbs ** {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Noun phrases with symbols and numbers</H2> <H2>Noun phrases with symbols and numbers</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
fun fun
@@ -46,13 +52,13 @@ grammar <A HREF="Lang.html">Lang</A>.
CNSymbNP : Det -&gt; CN -&gt; [Symb] -&gt; NP ; -- (the) (2) numbers x and y CNSymbNP : Det -&gt; CN -&gt; [Symb] -&gt; NP ; -- (the) (2) numbers x and y
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Sentence consisting of a formula</H2> <H2>Sentence consisting of a formula</H2>
<PRE> <PRE>
SymbS : Symb -&gt; S ; -- A SymbS : Symb -&gt; S ; -- A
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Symbol lists</H2> <H2>Symbol lists</H2>
<P> <P>
A symbol list has at least two elements. The last two are separated A symbol list has at least two elements. The last two are separated

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@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Tense, Polarity, and Anteriority</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Tense, Polarity, and Anteriority</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-02-26 18:06:25 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:41 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Tense, Polarity, and Anteriority</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Tense, Polarity, and Anteriority</H1>
<P> <P>
This module defines the abstract parameters of tense, polarity, and This module defines the abstract parameters of tense, polarity, and
anteriority, which are used in <A HREF="Tensed.html">Tensed</A> to generate different anteriority, which are used in <A HREF="Tensed.html">Tensed</A> to generate different

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@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Texts</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Texts</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-05-23 18:27:29 CEST</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:41 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Texts</A>
</UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -20,6 +25,8 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>Texts</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Text = Common ** { abstract Text = Common ** {

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@@ -6,17 +6,21 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The construction of verb phrases</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The construction of verb phrases</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-02-26 18:02:58 CET</I><BR> <I>Author: </I><BR>
Last update: Tue Jun 13 11:42:41 2006
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P> <P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P> <P></P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Complementization rules</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc1">The construction of verb phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Other ways of forming verb phrases</A> <UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Complements to copula</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Complementization rules</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Coercions</A> <LI><A HREF="#toc3">Other ways of forming verb phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Complements to copula</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Coercions</A>
</UL>
</UL> </UL>
<P></P> <P></P>
@@ -27,11 +31,13 @@ Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL. (c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H1>The construction of verb phrases</H1>
<PRE> <PRE>
abstract Verb = Cat ** { abstract Verb = Cat ** {
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A> <A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Complementization rules</H2> <H2>Complementization rules</H2>
<P> <P>
Verb phrases are constructed from verbs by providing their Verb phrases are constructed from verbs by providing their
@@ -51,7 +57,7 @@ complements. There is one rule for each verb category.
ComplV2A : V2A -&gt; NP -&gt; AP -&gt; VP ; -- paint the house red ComplV2A : V2A -&gt; NP -&gt; AP -&gt; VP ; -- paint the house red
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A> <A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>Other ways of forming verb phrases</H2> <H2>Other ways of forming verb phrases</H2>
<P> <P>
Verb phrases can also be constructed reflexively and from Verb phrases can also be constructed reflexively and from
@@ -92,7 +98,7 @@ vs. next to (or before) the verb.
<B>Agents of passives</B> are constructed as adverbs with the <B>Agents of passives</B> are constructed as adverbs with the
preposition <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A><CODE>.8agent_Prep</CODE>. preposition <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A><CODE>.8agent_Prep</CODE>.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A> <A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H2>Complements to copula</H2> <H2>Complements to copula</H2>
<P> <P>
Adjectival phrases, noun phrases, and adverbs can be used. Adjectival phrases, noun phrases, and adverbs can be used.
@@ -103,7 +109,7 @@ Adjectival phrases, noun phrases, and adverbs can be used.
CompAdv : Adv -&gt; Comp ; -- (be) here CompAdv : Adv -&gt; Comp ; -- (be) here
</PRE> </PRE>
<P></P> <P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A> <A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H2>Coercions</H2> <H2>Coercions</H2>
<P> <P>
Verbs can change subcategorization patterns in systematic ways, Verbs can change subcategorization patterns in systematic ways,